ENTERTAINMENT

Entertainment is a form of activity that holds the attention and interest of an audience, or
gives pleasure and delight. It can be an idea or a task, but is more likely to be one of the
activities or events that have developed over thousands of years specifically for the
purpose of keeping an audience's attention.[1] Although people's attention is held by
different things, because individuals have different preferences in entertainment, most
forms are recognisable and familiar. Storytelling, music, drama, dance, and different kinds
of performance exist in all cultures, were supported in royal courts, developed into
sophisticated forms and over time became available to all citizens. The process has been
accelerated in modern times by an entertainment industry which records and sells
entertainment products.

An important aspect of entertainment is the audience, which turns a

private recreation or leisure activity into entertainment. The audience may have a passive
role, as in the case of persons watching a play, opera, television show, or film; or the
audience role may be active, as in the case of games, where the participant/audience
roles may be routinely reversed. Entertainment can be public or private, involving formal,
scripted performance, as in the case of theatre or concerts; or unscripted and
spontaneous, as in the case of children's games. Most forms of entertainment have
persisted over many centuries, evolving due to changes in culture, technology, and
fashion.

Some activities that once were considered entertaining, particularly public punishments,
have been removed from the public arena. Others, such as fencing or archery, once
necessary skills for some, have become serious sports and even professions for the
participants, at the same time developing into entertainment with wider appeal for bigger
audiences. In the same way, other necessary skills, such as cooking, have developed into
performances among professionals, staged as global competitions and then broadcast for
entertainment. What is entertainment for one group or individual may be regarded as
work by another.
TYPES OF ENTERTAINMENT

Although kings, rulers and powerful people have always been able to pay for
entertainment to be provided for them and in many cases have paid for public
entertainment, people generally have made their own entertainment or when possible,
attended a live performance. Technological developments in the 20th century meant that
entertainment could be produced independently of the audience, packaged and sold on a
commercial basis by an entertainment industry. Sometimes referred to as show business,
the industry relies on business models to produce, market, broadcast or otherwise
distribute many of its traditional forms, including performances of all types. [The industry
became so sophisticated that its economics became a separate area of academic study.

Types of entertainment

 Reading

Reading has been a source of entertainment for a very long time, especially when other
forms, such as performance entertainments, were (or are) either unavailable or too costly.
Even when the primary purpose of the writing is to inform or instruct, reading is well
known for its capacity to distract from everyday worries. Both stories and information
have been passed on through the tradition of orality and oral traditions survive in the
form of performance poetry.

 Performance

Performances before an audience constitute a major form of entertainment, especially

before the invention of audio and video recording. Performance takes a wide range of
forms, including theatre, music and drama.

 Circus
A circus, described as "one of the most brazen of entertainment forms", is a special type
of theatrical performance, involving acrobatics and often performing animals, usually
thought of as a travelling show, although permanent venues have also been used. Philip
Astley is regarded as the founder of the modern circus in the second half of the 18th
century and Jules Léotard is the French performer credited with developing the art of
the trapeze, considered synonymous with circuses. Astley brought together performances
that were generally familiar in traditional British fairs "at least since the beginning of the
17th century": "tumbling, rope-dancing, juggling, animal tricks and so on". It has been
claimed that "there is no direct link between the Roman circus and the circus of modern
times. ... Between the demise of the Roman 'circus' and the foundation of Astley's
Amphitheatre in London some 1300 years later, the nearest thing to a circus ring was the
rough circle formed by the curious onlookers who gathered around the itinerant tumbler
or juggler on a village green."

 Street performance

Street entertainment, street performance or "busking" are forms of performance that

have been meeting the public's need for entertainment for centuries. It was "an integral
aspect of London's life", for example, when the city in the early 19th century was "filled
with spectacle and diversion". Minstrels or troubadours are part of the tradition. The art
and practice of busking is still celebrated at annual busking festivals.[130]

There are three basic forms of contemporary street performance. The first form is the
"circle show". It tends to gather a crowd, usually has a distinct beginning and end, and is
done in conjunction with street theatre, puppeteering, magicians, comedians,
acrobats, jugglers and sometimes musicians. This type has the potential to be the most
lucrative for the performer because there are likely to be more donations from larger
audiences if they are entertained by the act. Good buskers control the crowd so patrons
do not obstruct foot traffic. The second form, the "walk-by act", has no distinct beginning
or end. Typically, the busker provides an entertaining ambience, often with an unusual
instrument, and the audience may not stop to watch or form a crowd. Sometimes a walk-
by act will spontaneously turn into a circle show. The third form, "café busking", is
performed mostly in restaurants, pubs, bars and cafés. This type of act occasionally
uses public transport as a venue.

Among the most popular ways of entertainment we can find cinema, theatre and
television. It´s very interesting how these have developed through time.

 Theatre

Theatre performances, typically dramatic or musical, are presented on a stage for an

audience
In the early 1800s, theatre attendance lessened, owing partly to economic decline and
poor standards of acting and production. Consequently many were closed or were
converted to other uses. The Industrial Revolution saw many people from the country
migrate to the expanding industrial towns. This resulted in the decline of rural
theatres. However, in the more populated urban centres there was a significant
increase in theatre building
In 1843, the Theatres Act removed the patent monopoly and allowed other theatres to
present drama, with censorship still controlled by the Lord Chamberlain. This
encouraged the building of new theatres, invariably by speculators seeking profit.
The same legislation enabled magistrates to grant public houses licences to offer a
variety of entertainment, licences which led to the creation of a new form of popular
theatrical entertainment known as music hall. Very soon, concert or supper rooms
were built onto public houses which could sell alcohol and serve meals during their
musical productions. They were usually well-lit rooms with a flat floor and a simple
open platform stage with little or no scenery. The audience would sit on benches or at
tables in front of the stage, or on balconies against one or more of the walls. They
could come and go freely during the evening and were not restricted to performance
times.

Just like theatres, successful music halls were demolished and replaced by larger halls
to accommodate even more customers.
New theatres were built with boxes, in which only a few people sat. Although they
were close to the stage, they did not have the best views. But, they allowed the rich to
sit apart from the rest of the audience in a prominent position, enabling them to be
seen and admired in all their finery and jewellery.
The intention was to bring respectability to theatre-going and make it more socially
acceptable for the middle classes. To achieve this, different classes were segregated:
financially by the cost of the tickets; and physically by the requirement to use separate
entrances and exits and circulation routes.
Although theatre was enjoyed by much of the population, it was not always accessible
throughout Britain. In rural areas of Wales the portable theatre was popular. These
theatres toured the country and could be dismantled and moved easily. They were
well supported in the small towns and villages which could not sustain permanent
theatrical venues, and lasted until World War I.
The period from the 1880s to World War I was the greatest era of theatre building.
Over 1000 professional theatres were operating in Britain. The development of
hydraulic (water powered) stage machinery enabled more spectacular productions to
be presented. Shows with increasingly ambitious special effects were devised to
attract and retain audiences. However, this required more backstage space for storage
and operation.
Music halls were still very popular places of entertainment, but were usually called
variety theatres, owing to the variety of the acts in their shows. To make them more
suitable for families the consumption of alcohol was banned in the auditorium, though
it could still be consumed in bars at intervals or before and after performances.
Internally, they became more like conventional theatres.

The beginning of the twentieth century saw the introduction of a new component in
variety bills that would eventually lead to the closure of hundreds of theatres and
music halls. This was the bioscope, a forerunner of the cinema. It was so popular that
new or refurbished theatres often included provision for screening films.
The films were silent, but accompanied by music, usually an organ. These theatres
became known as cine-varieties, because of their mixture of variety theatre and
cinema.

Either side of World War I there were some significant new developments in theatre.
Club theatres were set up in response to the conservative nature of commercial
theatre. In order to escape censorship by the Lord Chamberlain they operated as
private clubs with ‘members’ paying a subscription fee rather than an entrance fee.
These theatres were tiny and showed specialist, political and experimental theatre, as
well as showcasing the work of foreign writers.
After World War II, it was television that led to the demise of theatre-going. But by
then many older theatres were seen as old-fashioned and did not appeal to the
modern lifestyle of the working classes. Falling audiences and increasing maintenance
costs resulted in the demolition of many theatres, especially if they were situated in
bomb-damaged town centres that were targeted for redevelopment. Others were
converted to different uses, such as bingo halls or nightclubs.

In the 1960s and 70s, local councils were the main builders of new theatres, usually as
part of their cultural and leisure programmes. Any new or replacement theatres were
often integrated into multi-purpose civic complexes that included other amenities
such as libraries, museums, sports halls, swimming pools and shopping areas.

These new ‘civic theatres’ were frequently designed for multi-purpose use and built in
a more functional architectural style. Nevertheless, they presented opportunities to
experiment with different auditoria arrangements, with some being built in the less
traditional arrangements, such as theatre-in-the-round, courtyard-style or with a wide
single rake of seating and open stage.

In 1968 censorship ended, and performances usually seen in club theatres could now
be staged in mainstream theatres. There was also an explosion of fringe and
 alternative theatre – political, feminist, gay and community – some companies
acquiring and adapting redundant buildings for rehearsal and presenting.

 Cinema

The 1900's

During the first couple of years in the 1900's, it was a time of great discovery for film. In
this time period, the use of editing, backdrops, and a different approach to the flow of
time in cinema were all becoming more apparent.

Editing allowed movies to become more refined and story like. The important role of
editing was never paid much attention to in the 1800's because the whole phenomenon of
movie making was still fairly new to the public and the inventors of the many movie
making devices. When editing, the directors were given the opportunity to perfect their
material by changing the angle in which a scene was shot, or just be completely redoing
the whole scene all together.

One of the biggest differences in modern day film and primitive film would be the
approach to temporary continuity ( the flow of time). In the early 1900's, you would see
an event in a movie being replayed over again, but only in different angles( like an instant
replay in sports). This may seem kind of strange to most people today, but this was
considered one of the coolest things to do in a movie.

Around the year 1905, an inexpensive way to view movies was created - the 5 cent movie
theatre! The period of time in which these theatres were built was called the Nickelodeon
era, due to the cost of 5 cents for viewing. No longer would people have to see a movie in
an upscale vaudeville house. By creating the 5 cent movie theatre, the general appeal of
movies greatly increased, making movies more available and affordable to watch.
The 5-cent movie theatre helped movies make the transition into the 1920's by ultimately
increasing the appeal of film and helped bring in a larger profit. The global spread of film
was taking place due to advancements in movie making technology primarily in Europe
and the new idea of using propaganda in film. World War 1 gave film makers a perfect
opportunity to incorporate some early propaganda in their work and to start to filming
documentaries. After World War I, change was in the air and the beginning of a cultural
phenomena was become apparent: the rise of Hollywood.

The 1920's

The Rise of Hollywood

The 1920's was a time for the movie industry to really blossom and expand. It was the
beginning of the studio and the birth of the "star". The majority of film making actually
took place in the Hollywood area. In fact, during the mid 1920's, around 800 movies were
being created each year. Hollywood was the rise of a new cultural phenomenon.

Hollywood Studios

Hollywood was the initial birth place of the studio. Studios were extremely important
when it came to America's image of film making. They were extremely large, sky light
buildings that had enormous laboratories, costume and research departments, acres of
out door sets and contained miniature cities for movies. In order to get a full glimpse of
the exterior of a studio, one had to see it from an airplane. When observing a studio up
close, there was a gated entrance with a number of security guards, making one's dreams
to get up close to the studio impossible.

Studios were distinctively separate into 3 different types: The Big Five, The Little Three,
and Poverty Row. Here is a list of studio's found in each category:

Directors were receiving more and more recognition during the 1920's because they were
using their own personal stylistic signatures on their products. They broke out of the usual
norm and began making movies with their own style. This is also another reason for why
so many movies were being produced. Without the limitations of movie directing, the
director's role in Hollywood dramatically changed.

Before the 1920's, actors and actresses were not given as much attention as they are
today. However, the 1920's were the best and the worst times to be a star due to publicity
campaigns. In a publicity campaign, which was primarily used by the studios to advertise
their films, they made sure their stars or starlets had every single aspect of their lives'
completely monitored. They were told to practice public behavior, where to eat, how to
dress, what they could be seen doing, and where they could go for leisurely activities.
With these rules applied to their lifestyles, they were enduring a large amount of stress
and some of them broke off of the studio's contracts.

The 1930's

The Golden Age of Hollywood

What set apart the 1930's in film history from any other decade was the use of sound in
movies. It was the age of the "talkies" and some of the most well known documentaries. It
was the time of the femme fatal and the beginning Hollywood's role in the war.

Most of the early talkies were successful at the box office, but a majority were of poor
quality. They were dialogue dominated play adaptations with inexperienced actors and an
unmoving camera or microphone. The 1930's were also the birth of many new film genres
such as gangster films, musicals, newspaper-reporting films, historical biopics, social-
realism films, lighthearted screwball comedies, westerns and horror flicks.

The 1930's were a revival of documentaries and other non fiction films. It was also the
time of political up heal that was just asking to be recorded. With World War 2 on the rise,
film makers were given plenty of opportunities to make documentaries.

The 1940's
Film Industry During the War

The 40's offered escapist entertainment, reassurance, and patriotic themes.

The early 1940's was not a promising time for the American film industry, especially
during the attack of Pear Harbor by the Japanese. However, during the years 1943 to
1946, film production rebounded and found it's profitable peak of efficiency due to the
decrease of technical challenges and advancements in technology (i.e. special affects,
sound recording, the use of color, and cinematography). These advancements in film
technology made film more watchable and modern. Following the end of the war, the film
industry raked in it's highest profits in the year 1946, with an all time high record in
theatre attendance.

Hollywood aided in defensive mobilization whether as propagandists, combatants,

documentaries, educators, and held fund-raisers for release funds or war bonds. During
this time period films dramatically changed, going from the typical happy -go- lucky dance
movies to a more realistic tone.

The 1950's

The 1950's was a time of great change in the United States as well in other places of the
world. It's been remembered in history for many things : increased post-war affluence ,
the rise of modern jazz, the inventions of the drive in theatres, the creation of fast food
restaurants, the Korean War, conformity and the advent of television sets. In fact, around
10.5 million U.S. homes had a television set in 1950. It's also been remembered for it's
musical background with artists such as Elvis Presley, Jerry Lee Lewis, Fats Domino, Little
Richard, and Chuck Berry. The 50's was also the decade of the pin up queen with women
like Marilyn Monroe, Bettie Page, and Sophia Loren.

Following World War II, most films were idealized with conventional portrayals of women
and men, but the younger generation wanted new and exciting portrayals of rebellion.
Hollywood responded to the younger audience's demands by casting various anti-heroes
such as James Dean, Paul Newman, and Marlon Brando and anti-heroines like Ava
Gardner, Kim Novak, and the blonde bombshell Marilyn Monroe.

Hollywood realized that the affluent teenage population could be heavily exploited, now
more defiant than innocent they had ever been. With the influence of rock n' roll movies
brining in many box office successes, the movie High School Confidential made in 1958
was finally released and topped of the music genre of the 50's with a story of drugs,
gangsters, alcohol, and most of all, rock n' roll.

During the 1950's there was a major decline in film attendance due to the increasing
appeal of television sets. In 1951, NBC became America's first nationwide television. In
1953, the first Academy Awards were televised by NBC, and the broadcast received the
largest single audience in network's TV five -year history. Studios were beginning to lose
money, so they were forced to find new innovative ways to make money from television.
Hollywood studios began to produce more hours of film for TV that for feature films. This
marked the major Hollywood studios into television production.

The 1960's

This new decade in history consisted of many changes. Cinema in the 1960's focused on
fun, fashion, rock n' roll, tremendous social changes such as civil right movements, and
transitional cultural values. It was also a decade of monumental changes and tragedies
such as the Viet Nam War, the assignation of president John. F. Kennedy, the death of
Marilyn Monroe and the murder of Martin Luther King Jr. However, 1963 was the worst
year in film production ; only 121 films were released. The year 1964 in the U.S. had the
largest foreign film release , with 361 film releases vs. 141 U.S. releases.

The major movie production decline was caused by the small amount of profits due to the
domination of television. American film companies began to profit with other forms of
entertainment: records, publishing, TV movies, and the production of the Television
series.
The 1970's

The 1970's started with a feeling of disillusionment due to the Viet Nam War. Movies
seemed to portray this in their often violent military themes. Although the 60's ended
with the downfall of Hollywood, the 70's was a decade of a creative high point in the U.S.
film industry. Restrictions on language, adult content, sexuality, and violence had
loosened up and these elements had become more wide spread. The counter culture of
the time had influenced Hollywood to be more free when making movies and to take risks
with young and new alternative film makers.

Hollywood was able to increase its profits by moving opening nights to Fridays and
Saturdays, making it available for more people to see. It also started advertising its new
releases on television. Another common way Hollywood advertised it's material was by
releasing publicity celebrity magazines which took over the role of celebrity watching and
film promotion for the industry.

VHS video players, laser disc players and the release of films on video cassette tapes and
discs massively increased profits and revenue for the movie studios
The ability to view movies at home once again created a down side: theaters attendance
would dramatically decrease.

The 1980's

Few 80's films became classics. This decade was characterized by the introduction of high
concept films with cinematic plots that could be easily characterized by 25 words or less.
This made the movies of the 80's easily marketable and understandable.
At the end of the 80's it was apparent that many films were not meant for the "thinking
type", but rather for audiences who just wanted to be entertained.

Film's in the 80's were less experimental and original and more formulaic. With more
special effects open, more films were eager to capitalize. Predictions for the film industry
were looking very bleak as the cost of production was increasing and the price of the
average movie ticket was dropping.

The budget of films greatly increased due to the use of special affects and inflated the
names of many actors. Big Businesses eventually took control over movies which allowed
foreign companies to own properties of Hollywood. In order to save money, more films
were being produced in non-U.S. film locations. A number of studios such as United
Artists, 20th Century Fox, and Columbia Pictures were taken over by multi-national
conglomerates as their entertainment division.

The 1990's

During the first couple of years in the 90's decade, the economic recession of 1991
lowered the box office revenue greatly.
Although the average film budget during this decade was around 54 million, the use of
special affects in high budget films.

The pressure on consecutive studio executives to make ends meet and create big hit
movies rapidly increased. In the Hollywood film industry, higher costs for stars' salaries,
agency fees, increasing production costs, promotional campaigns, increasing costs for the
use of special affects, and with actors and writers threatening to strike, it's no wonder
why movies were becoming so expensive to make.

VCR's were still very popular in the 90's and the rentals and purchases of videotapes and
big businesses were much larger than the sales of movie tickets. Instead of attending
special film screenings, members of the Academy of Motion Pictures viewed Oscar-
nominated films on videotape, beginning in 1994. By 1997, the first DVD's had emerged
into stores. They featured sharper image quality and durability as well as interactive
extras. In just a few years, the life of the videotape would sadly come to an end.
In the mid 1990's, independent film divisions such as searchlight would branch off of the
Hollywood mainstream, making films with artistic, edy, and serious in social matters
without the major stars.

2000's

The new millennium was a turning point in film history with a strong use of special affects.
Well into our second century of filmmaking, the medium of film has already documented
remarkable achievements such as the invention of the blue ray disc and will continue to
do so as time slowly ticks away. We already have advanced in several different ways such
as the creation of the IMAX theatre, the blue ray disc (as mentioned above)HD discs and
ipods and cell phones that can already play movies with just a click of a button.

 Television

The 1930s

Programming was sparse. There was no “must see TV,” networks broadcasted specials like
the 1932 presidential election, boxing matches and news reports.

One of the most recognized images from this early era includes the 1936 Olympics from
Berlin in which Hitler announced the opening of the ceremonies.

The 1940s

Much of the hype surrounding televisions in the 1940’s was swept under the rug with the
onset of WWII. Although in the earlier portion of the decade, the United States wasn’t
involved with the war, production of televisions stopped so the U.S. could put their efforts
toward developing radar technology.

Even though the production of televisions stopped, the innovation persisted and color was
introduced at the early part of the decade. This is also when the television commercial
was invented.

During the war, the television was used as a small propaganda machine. Encouraging
people to buy bonds and support the effort.

The post-war economy was strong and the late 40’s saw a boom in television production.
Two types of models surface the tabletop and console.

The 1950s

Often the 1950’s have been seen as the hay day of the economical boom in the United
States and the Golden Age of television. More people are buying consumer electronics, by
the end of 1951 and there are more than 8,000,000 TVs in the United States.

Color becomes the wave of the future and the Remote Control is invented. Although most
people had neither.

The “tube” becomes an advertiser’s dream come true. Products are marketed directly to
the consumer by sponsorships. The “soap opera” is thus named for the cleaning products
that sponsored the daytime dramas targeted directly at women. The family dinner is
revolutionized with the introduction of the TV dinner. Family meals will never be the
same.

The 1960s

Often the 60’s are seen as the end of an era. An age of innocence seen in the 1950s died
and would never be seen again in the United States. After the assignation of President
Kennedy, families gathered around to watch the news depicting a changing social climate
and growing hostility toward an oppressive government. Americans begin to get more
news from the television than the newspaper.

The United States became obsessed with space travel. Everything sold had a space age
edge, especially televisions. Everyone gathered to watch shuttle launches and moon
landings. Televisions became more portable and affordable. It is estimated 75 million
people watched the Beatles on the Ed Sullivan Show. The Vietnam War is the first conflict
to be televised. Doctors legally advertised cigarettes.

The 1970s

Sesame Street debuts to children across the country. The show is still on the air after
almost 40 years. Nighttime broadcasts broke the traditional molds. Couples were now
sleeping in the same beds, actresses could show their belly buttons and “All in the Family”
and “MASH” are two of the most popular evening programs.

The 1980s

The 80’s saw little innovation with the television specifically; however, there became a
growing number of television accessories like the VCR and home game consoles like
Nintendo.Although cable had been around since the 50’s, cable television saw a significant
boom during the 80’s. Sitcoms were more popular than ever. The 80’s spawned programs
like “Rosanne,” “The Cosby Show” and “Married with Children” (which is the longest
running sitcom in television history.)The VCR took the United States by storm. Although
introduced in the late 70’s, the VCR didn’t become a staple in the American home until the
mid 1980s. Now, people could watch movies in the comfort of their own home and record
and watch their favorite programs on their own timetable.

The 1990s

The 90’s saw big changes in technology all together. One can arguably say the 1990s was
an age of technological change, thanks largely to the Internet. The personal computer
became affordable enough for average people to own, the Internet was available through
dial-up ISPs like Prodigy and AOL, and information was seemingly at our fingertips.
Television programming became more risqué, pushing the FCC’s buttons and spawned
some of the most loved shows of all time including “Friends,” “Seinfeld,” “Twin Peaks” and
“The Simpsons.” Johnny Carson left the Tonight Show in 1993 after more than 30 years on
the air. Cable television programming saw a large boom at the end of the decade with
shows like “The Sopranos” and “Sex in the City.” Broadcast on HBO, these series were
exempt from standard FCC regulations and frequently depicted scenes with graphic
violence, gratuitous sex and foul language. Audiences and critics loved it. Various TV
technologies like Plasma and LCD are in experimental stages. Standard CRT televisions still
lead the market. However, televisions now include additional features like picture in
picture, sleep timers and parental controls.

The 2000s

DVD players take over the home theater experience. Much like the VCR, DVD players
were introduced a decade earlier, but took some time to gain momentum. At the
beginning of the decade, DVD players were in approximately seven percent of homes; in
less than 10 years, more than 80 percent of homes had a DVD player.Thin is in. Advances
in LCD and Plasma technology enable television manufacturers to produce a better
picture, larger screen sizes and save space. The “home theater” experience was in the
forefront of manufacture’s minds providing bigger and better quality to the
consumer.TiVo revolutionized the way we watch television. TiVo had the ability to pause
live broadcasts and record several programs at once, even while the television was on
another channel. TiVo can schedule recordings based on time, channel, title or celebrity.
No longer were people tethered to their couches living by the network’s times. They were
free to watch what they wanted when they wanted. Reality shows take over the airwaves
and TV becomes interactive. With the introduction of “American Idol” home viewing
audiences became part of the competition. Encouraging the public to “vote” for their
favorite performer, the programs enabled audiences to take an active part in the show’s
outcome. Now, a 30-second ad during “American Idol” costs about $750,000. Television
goes all digital. In 2009, all analog televisions will go black. Networks will only be
producing a digital signal. Less than 10 years after the DVD player’s introduction, the
second wave of video players were introduced touting better quality and longer run times.
HD DVD and Blu-ray enter a battle for high definition supremacy, which is reminiscent of
the VCR and Betamax war 30 years prior. TV goes online. With the introduction of high
speed Internet, video streaming and digital recording enter the scene. Many are posting
their favorite programs and commercials online without the permission of the
broadcasters. This has led to many networks making their programs available online.
Seventy-five years ago, the television was introduced with skepticism and awe. No one
truly believed it would change the way we view the world. Now, people are more
attached to their televisions than ever including programming on computers and cell
phones; and manufactures, broadcasters and producers are continually finding new ways
to bring big. entertainment to the small screen.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Web pages:

 http://ths1.ttsd.k12.or.us/cs/studentwork08/rebe_hubbweb/1800.html
 http://tv.toptenreviews.com/standard/television-through-the-decades-and-the-
ways-it-changed-our-world.htm
