ETABS Manual: Seismic Design of Steel Building Accordance To Eurocode 3 and 8

ETABS
manual

Seismic design of steel
building accordance to
Eurocode 3 and 8

-‐Worked examples – Hand calculations

Valentinos Neophytou BEng, MSc

JULY 2013
ABOUT THIS DOCUMENT
This publication provides a concise compilation of selected rules in the Eurocode 8, together
with relevant Cyprus National Annex, that relate to the design of common forms of concrete
building structure in the South Europe. It id offers a detail view of the design of steel framed
buildings to the structural Eurocodes and includes a set of worked examples showing the
design of structural elements with using software (CSI ETABS). It is intended to be of
particular to the people who want to become acquainted with design to the Eurocodes. Rules
from EN 1998-1-1 for global analysis, type of analysis and verification checks are presented.
Detail design rules for steel composite beam, steel column, steel bracing and composite slab
with steel sheeting from EN 1998-1-1, EN1993-1-1 and EN1994-1-1 are presented. This
guide covers the design of orthodox members in steel frames. It does not cover design rules
for regularities. Certain practical limitations are given to the scope.
Due to time constraints and knowledge, I may not be able to address the whole issues.
Please send me your suggestions for improvement. Anyone interested to share his/her
knowledge or willing to contribute either totally a new section about Eurocode 8 or within
this section is encouraged.
For further details:
My LinkedIn Profile:
http://www.linkedin.com/profile/view?id=125833097&trk=hb_tab_pro_top
Email: valentinos_n@hotmail.com
Slideshare Account: http://www.slideshare.net/ValentinosNeophytou
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List of contents
1.1 DESIGN AND ANALYSIS EXAMPLE OF STEEL FRAME WITH CONCENTRIC

BRACING ................................................................................................................................. 7
1.1 LAYOUT OF STRUCTURE............................................................................................... 7
1.2 PRELIMINARY DESIGN................................................................................................... 9
1.2.1 PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF COLUMNS AND BEAMS ............................................ 9
1.3 MATERIAL PROPERTIES .............................................................................................. 11
1.3.1 MATERIAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE ............................................................... 11
1.3.2 MATERIAL PROPERTIES OF STEEL ........................................................................ 12
1.3.3 MATERIAL PROPERTIES OF STEEL AND CONCRETE AS DEFINE IN ETABS 13
1.3.4.1 MODELING REQUIREMENTS OF EC8 FOR CONCRETE MEMBERS............... 15
1.3.4.2 MODELING REQUIREMENTS OF EC8 FOR FLOOR DIAPHRAGMS ................ 15
1.3.4.3 MESHING OF SLABS ................................................................................................ 16
1.4 JOINT MODELING (EN1993-1-1,CL.5.1.2) ................................................................... 17
2.0 MODAL RESPONSE SPECTRUM ANALYSIS ............................................................. 20
2.1 STRUCTURAL TYPES AND BEHAVIOR FACTOR ACCORDING TO EN1998-1-
1,CL.6.3 ................................................................................................................................... 20
2.2 DEFINE DESIGN HORIZONTAL RESPONSE SPECTRUM ........................................ 24
2.2.1 VERTICAL RESPONSE SPECTRUM (EN1998-1-1,CL.3.2.2.3) ................................ 24
2.2.2 HORIZONTAL RESPONSE SPECTRUM (EN1998-1-1,CL.3.2.2.5) .......................... 24
2.2.3 PARAMETERS OF ELASTIC RESPONSE SPECTRUM (EN1998-1-1,CL.3.2.2.5).. 25
2.2.3.1 GROUND INVESTIGATION CONDITIONS ........................................................... 29
2.2.3.2 IMPORTANCE FACTOR ........................................................................................... 29
2.2.3.3 DUCTILITY CLASS ................................................................................................... 30
2.3 ANALYSIS TYPES .......................................................................................................... 31
2.3.1 MODAL RESPONSE SPECTRUM ANALYSIS .......................................................... 31
2.3.1.1 ACCIDENTAL ECCENTRICITY .............................................................................. 32
2.3.2 LATERAL FORCE ANALYSIS REQUIREMENTS .................................................... 34
2.3.4 ESTIMATION OF FUNDAMENTAL PERIOD T1 ...................................................... 35
2.3.5 AUTOMATIC LATERAL FORCE ANALYSIS USING ETABS ................................ 36
2.3.6 USER LOADS - LATERAL FORCE ANALYSIS USING ETABS ............................. 38
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2.3.7 TORSIONAL EFFECTS ................................................................................................ 45
2.3.8 SUMMARY OF ANALYSIS PROCESS IN SEISMIC DESIGN SITUATION........... 46
3.0 DEFINE STATIC LOADS ................................................................................................ 47
4.0 SEISMIC MASS REQUIREMENTS ACCORDING TO EC8 ......................................... 48
4.1 MASS SOURCE OPTION ................................................................................................ 49
5.0 WIND LOADING ON STRUCTURE (EN1991-1-4:2004).............................................. 51
5.1 CALCULATION OF WIND LOAD ACCORDING TO EN1991-1-4:2004 .................... 51
5.2 APPLICATION OF WIND LOADING USING ETABS ................................................. 54
6.0 LOAD COMBINATION ................................................................................................... 59
7.0 DESIGN PREFERENCES ................................................................................................ 61
8.0 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR CONCENTRICALLY BRACED
FRAMES ACCORDING TO EN1998-1-1,CL.6.7.2 .............................................................. 64
8.1 STEPS OF THE DESIGN DETAIL OF CONCENTRIC STEEL FRAMES ................... 65
8.2 CLASSIFICATION OF STEEL SECTIONS .................................................................... 66
8.3 DESIGN OF COMPOSITE SLAB UNDER GRAVITY LOADS .................................... 68
8.4 DESIGN OF COMPOSITE BEAM (WITH STEEL SHEETING) UNDER GRAVITY
LOADS .................................................................................................................................... 72
8.5 DETAIL DESIGN OF STEEL COLUMNS UNDER GRAVITY LOADS...................... 79
8.6 DETAIL DESIGN RULES OF STEEL CONCENTRIC BRACED FRAMES (CBF)
ACCORDING TO EUROCODE 8.......................................................................................... 87
8.6.1 DETAIL DESIGN RULES OF STEEL BRACING ACCORDING TO EUROCODE 8
.................................................................................................................................................. 87
8.7 DETAIL DESIGN RULES OF STEEL COLUMNS AND BEAMS ACCORDING TO
EUROCODE 8 ......................................................................................................................... 88
8.8 DETAIL DESIGN RULES OF STEEL COMPOSITE MEMBERS ACCORDING TO
EUROCODE 8 ......................................................................................................................... 89
8.9 DETAIL DESIGN RULES OF STEEL MOMENT RESISTANCE FRAMES (MRF)
ACCORDING TO EUROCODE 8.......................................................................................... 90
8.9.1 DETAIL DESIGN RULES FOR MRF - DESIGN CRITERIA .................................... 90
8.9.2 DETAIL DESIGN RULES OF STEEL BEAM FOR MRF ........................................... 90
8.9.3 DETAIL DESIGN RULES OF STEEL COLUMN FOR MRF ..................................... 91
9.0 DESIGN OF STEEL FRAMES ......................................................................................... 92
9.1 DESIGN OF STEEL MEMBER OVERWRITES DATA................................................. 92
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9.2 DESIGN OF COLUMNS / BEAMS USING ETABS – GRAVITY LOAD ANALYSIS
ONLY ...................................................................................................................................... 97
9.3 DESIGN OF STEEL COLUMN (GRAVITY DESIGN SITUATION) – HAND
CALCULATIONS ................................................................................................................. 105
9.4 DESIGN OF STEEL COLUMN (SEISMIC DESIGN SITUATIONN) ......................... 118
9.4.1 DESIGN OF STEEL COLUMN (SEISMIC DESIGN SITUATION – HAND
CALCULATION) .................................................................................................................. 124
9.5 DESIGN OF COMPOSITE BEAMS - HAND CALCULATIONS ................................ 128
9.5 DESIGN OF STEEL BRACING ..................................................................................... 145
9.5.1 MAIN CONFIGURATION OF DESIGN OF STEEL BRACING .............................. 145
9.5.2 SIMPLIFIED DESIGN OF FRAMES WITH X BRACING (EXTRACT FROM
DESIGN GUIDANCE TO EC8) ........................................................................................... 147
9.5.3 MODEL IN ETABS ..................................................................................................... 148
9.5.4 DESIGN OF STEEL BRACING (GRAVITY/SEISMIC DESIGN SITUATION) –
HAND CALCULATION....................................................................................................... 156
10.0 MODAL RESPONSE SPECTRUM ANALYSIS ......................................................... 170
10.1 SET THE ANALYSIS OPTIONS ................................................................................. 170
10.2 EVALUATE THE ANALYSIS RESULTS OF THE STRUCTURE ACCORDING TO
THE MODAL ANALYSIS REQUIREMENTS ................................................................... 171
10.2.1 ASSESS THE MODAL ANALYSIS RESULTS BASED ON THE EN1998 ........... 172
11.0 SECOND ORDER EFFECTS (P – Δ EFFECTS) ACCORDING TO EN1998-1-
1,CL.4.4.2.2 ........................................................................................................................... 173
11.1 DISPLACEMENT CALCULATION ACCORDING TO EN1998-1-1,CL.4.4.2.2 ..... 174
11.2 INTERSTOREY DRIFT................................................................................................ 174
11.3 CALCULATION OF SECOND ORDER EFFECT USING ETABS ........................... 175
11.3.1 INTERSTOREY DRIFT DISPLACEMENT ............................................................. 176
11.3.2 TOTAL GRAVITY LOAD PTOT ................................................................................ 178
11.3.2 TOTAL SEISMIC STOREY SHEAR VTOT ............................................................... 180
12.0 DAMAGE LIMITATION ACCORDING TO EN1998-1-1,CL.4.4.3 .......................... 184
12.1 CALCULATION OF DAMAGE LIMITATION .......................................................... 185
ANNEX - A .......................................................................................................................... 186
ANNEX A.1 - ASSUMPTIONS MADE IN THE DESIGN ALGORITHM (MANUAL OF
ETABS – EC3 & EC8) .......................................................................................................... 186
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A1.1:LIMITATION MADE IN THE DESIGN ALGORITHM (MANUAL OF ETABS –
EC3&EC8) ............................................................................................................................. 187
ANNEX –B: STEEL DESIGN FLOWCHARTS .................................................................. 188
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1.1 Design and analysis example of steel frame with concentric bracing
1.1 Layout of structure
Figure 1.1: Plan view
Figure 1.2: Side Elevation (4) & (1)
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Figure 1.3: Side Elevation (A) & (D)
Table 1.1: Dimensions of the building
Dimensions Symbol Value Units

Storey height h 3.0 m
Total height of the building H 9.0 m
Beam length in X-direction lx 5.0 m
Beam length in Y-direction ly 5.0 m
Building width in X-direction Lx 15.0 m
Building width in Y-direction Ly 15.0 m
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1.2 Preliminary design
Table 1.2: Seismic design data
Data Symbol Value Units

Seismic zone - 3 -
Reference peak ground acceleration on type A agR 0.25 m/s2
ground, agR.
Importance class γI 1.0 -
Design ground acceleration on type A ground ag 0.25 m/s2
Design spectrum - Type 1 -
Ground type - B -
Structural system Steel frame with concentric bracing
Behavior factor q 4.0 -
1.2.1 Preliminary design of columns and beams
Preliminary design of steel beam
Design data:
Span of beam Lx := 5000mm
Bay width wbay := 5000mm
Overall depth of slab h := 130mm

Loading data:
−3
Density of concrete γ c := 25kN⋅ m
−1
Loads of floor per meter g floor := γ c⋅ h ⋅ Lx = 16.25⋅ kN⋅ m
−2
Live load q office := 2kN⋅ m
−1
Live load per meter q service := q office⋅ Lx = 10⋅ kN⋅ m
Partial factor for actions:

Safety factor are obtain from Table A.1(2)B EN1990
Permanent actions, γ G γ G := 1.35
Variable actions, γ Q γ Q := 1.5

−1
Total load Ed := γ G⋅ g floor + γ Q⋅ q service = 36.94⋅ kN⋅ m
Page 9
Material properties:
−2
Young Modulus of Elasticity Es := 210kN⋅ mm
Structural steel (clause 6.1(1) EN 1993 1-1) γ M0 := 1.0
Structural steel properties:

Yield strength, fy −2
fy := 355N ⋅ mm
Ultimate strength, fu −2
fu := 450N ⋅ mm
Yield strength of reinforcement, fyk −2

fyk := 500N ⋅ mm
Deflection limitation:
Lx
Deflection limit - General purpose F :=
300
3
300⋅ Ed ⋅ Lx 3 4
Ireq := = 1.718 × 10 ⋅ cm
Second moment area required 384⋅ Es
Second moment area provided (IPE240) 4

Iprov := 3892cm
(
Check_1 := if Iprov > Ireq, "OK" , "NOT OK" )
Check_1 = "OK"
Moment resistance check:

2
Ed ⋅ Lx
Design moment (Fixed end) MEd := = 76.953⋅ kN⋅ m
12
MEd 3
Plastic modulus required W pl.y.req := = 216.769⋅ cm
fy
3
Plastic modulus provided (IPE240) W pl.y := 324.4cm
(
Check_2 := if Wpl.y > Wpl.y.req, "OK" , "NOT OK" )
Check_2 = "OK"
Weak Beam - Strong column -Capacity design:

3
Plastic modulus of column required W pl.y.c.req := 1.3⋅ W pl.y = 421.72cm
3
Plastic modulus of column provided (HE220A) W pl.y.c := 515cm
(
Check_3 := if Wpl.y.c > Wpl.y.c.req , "OK" , "NOT OK" )
Check_3 = "OK"
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1.3 Material properties
ETABS: Define > Material properties
1.3.1 Material properties of concrete
Design requirement
Poisson ratio is equal to v = 0 (cracked concrete) and v = 0.2 (un-cracked concrete) as

(EN1992-1-1,cl.3.1.3).
Table 1.3: Concrete properties (EN 1992, Table 3.1)
C16/20 C20/25 C25/30 C30/37

Property Data for concrete (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (N/mm2)
Mass per unit Volume 2,5E-09 2,5E-09 2,5E-09 2,5E-09
Weight per unit volume 2,5E-05 2,5E-05 2,5E-05 2,5E-05
Modulus of Elasticity 29000 30000 31000 33000
Poisson’s Ratio (cracked concrete) 0 0 0 0
Coeff. of thermal expansion 10E-06 10E-06 10E-06 10E-06
Charact. ConcCyl. Strength, fck 16 20 25 30
Bending Reinf. Yield stress, fyk 500 500 500 500
Shear Reinf. Yield stress, fyk 500 500 500 500
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1.3.2 Material properties of steel
Table 1.4: Material properties of steel
Material Properties Symbol Value Units References

Mass per unit Volume γs 7.85E-09 kg/mm3 EN1991-1-1,table A.4
Weight per unit γs 7.70E-05 N/mm3 EN1991-1-1,table A.4
Volume
Modulus of Elasticity Es 210,000 N/mm2 EN1993-1-1,cl.3.2.6(1)
Poisson’s ratio ν 0.3 - EN1993-1-1,cl.3.2.6(1)
Coeff of Thermal
Expansion α 1.2x10-5 per K (for T ≤ 100oC) K EN1993-1-1,cl.3.2.6(1)
(Steel structures)
Coeff of Thermal
Expansion α 1.2x10-5 per K (for T ≤ 100oC) K EN1993-1-1,cl.3.2.6(1)
(Composite Concrete-
Steel structures)
Shear Modulus G ≈81,000 N/mm2 EN1993-1-1,cl.3.2.6(1)
Characteristic yield fy 275 N/mm2 EN1993-1-1,table 3.1
strength of steel profile
Ultimate strength fu 430 N/mm2 EN1993-1-1,table 3.1
Table 1.5: Strength vales of steel sections (EN1993-1-1,table 3.1)
Nominal thickness of the element t (mm)

Steel grade t ≤ 40mm 40mm < t ≤ 80mm Grade
fy (N/mm2) fu (N/mm2) fy (N/mm2) fu (N/mm2) reference
S235 235 360 215 360 EN 10025-2
S275 275 430 255 410 EN 10025-2
S355 355 510 335 470 EN 10025-2
S450 440 550 410 550 EN 10025-2
Note: You may use the product standard instead of those given in EN1993-1-1
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1.3.3 Material properties of steel and concrete as define in ETABS
Figure 1.4: Material properties of concrete (C25/30)
Figure 1.5: Material properties of steel (S275)
1.3.4 Slab modeling
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Table 1.6: Slab properties
Slab depth hs 170 mm
Diameter of stud d 19 mm
Height of stud haw 152 mm
Tensile strength of stud fu 430 N/mm2
ETABS: Define > Wall/Slab/Deck Sections/Add new deck
Figure 1.6: Deck section properties
Press “Set Modifier” in order

to modify the slab properties
Page 14
1.3.4.1 Modeling requirements of EC8 for concrete members
1. Unless a more accurate analysis of the cracked elements is performed, the elastic
flexural and shear stiffness properties of concrete and masonry elements may be taken
to be equal to one-half of the corresponding stiffness of the un-cracked elements
(EN1998-1-1,cl.4.3.1(7)).
Figure 1.7: Modified “Stiffness Modifiers”
1.3.4.2 Modeling requirements of EC8 for floor diaphragms
ETABS: Select > Wall/Slab/Deck section > Select Deck

ETABS: Define > Diaphragms
ETABS: Select “D1” (Rigid diaphragms)
2. When the floor diaphragms of the building may be taken as being rigid in their planes,
the masses and the moments of inertia of each floor may be lumped at the centre of
gravity (EN1998-1-1,cl.4.3.1(4)).
Page 15
1.3.4.3 Meshing of slabs
ETABS: Select > Wall/Slab/Deck section > Select Deck

ETABS: Assign > Shell area > Auto Object Auto mesh option
When you have a composite beam floor system, ETABS, by default, automatically meshes
(divides) the deck at every beam and girder. This allows ETABS to automatically distribute
the loading on the deck to each beam or girder in an appropriate manner.
Figure 1.8: Meshing of composite slab
Figure 1.9: Meshing of normal slab
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1.4 Joint modeling (EN1993-1-1,cl.5.1.2)
(1) The effects of the behavior of the joints on the distribution of internal forces and
moments within a structure, and on the overall deformations of the structure, may
generally be neglected, but where such effects are significant (such as in the case of
semi-continuous joints) they should be taken into account, see EN 1993-1-8.
(2) (2) To identify whether the effects of joint behavior on the analysis need be taken into
account, a distinction may be made between three joint models as follows, see EN
1993-1-8, 5.1.1:
– simple, in which the joint may be assumed not to transmit bending

moments.
– continuous, in which the behavior of the joint may be assumed to have no
effect on the analysis.
– semi-continuous, in which the behavior of the joint needs to be taken into
account in the analysis.
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Table 1.7: Example of joint types
Simple joint Continuous Fixed joint Semi- continuous joint
ETABS: Pin joint in ETABS
The pin-joint in ETABS can be achieved by selecting the members that you assumed to be
pinned in the analysis process. This can be done as follow:
Select member > Assign > Frame/Line > Frame Releases Partial Fixity
Figure 1.10: Pinned joint (both ends)
Page 18
ETABS: Fixed joint in ETABS
The fixed-joint in ETABS can be achieved by selecting the members that you assumed to be
fixed in the analysis process. This can be done as follow:
Select member > Assign > Frame/Line > Frame Releases Partial Fixity
Figure 1.11: Fixed joint
Page 19
2.0 Modal Response Spectrum Analysis
2.1 Structural types and behavior factor according to EN1998-1-1,cl.6.3

Table 2.1: Structural types and behavior factor
q-factor
Structural Type
DCM DCH
Moment resisting frames (MRF)
4 5αu/ α1
αu/ α1 =1.1 αu/ α1 =1.2 (1 bay)

αu/ α1 =1.3 (multi-bay)
dissipative zones in beams and column bases

Concentrically braced frames (CBF)
4 4
Dissipative zones in tension diagonals

V-braced frames (CBF)
2 2.5
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Dissipative zones in tension and compression diagonals
Frames with K-bracing (CBF)
Not allowed in
dissipative design
Eccentrically braced frame (EBF)
4 5αu/ α1
αu/ α1 =1.2
dissipative zones in bending or shear links
Inverted pendulum system
2 2αu/ α1
αu/ α1 =1.0 αu/ α1 =1.1
dissipative zones in column base, or column ends (NEd/Npl,Rd < 0.3)

Moment-resisting frames with concentric bracing (MRF) + (CBF)
4 4αu/ α1
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αu/ α1 =1.2
dissipative zones in moment frame and tension diagonals
Moment frames with
infills Unconnected concrete or masonry infills,
in contact with the frame 2 2
Connected reinforced concrete

See EN1998-1-1,table
Infills
5.1
Infills isolated from moment frame

4 5αu/ α1
Structures with concrete cores or walls
See EN1998-1-1,table
5.1
Note: If the building is non-regular in elevation (see EN1998-1-1,cl.4.2.3.3) the upper limit
values of q listed above should be reduced by 20 %
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Table 2.2: Values of behavior factor for regular and irregular structure
Structural type Regular in plan Irregular in Regular in plan Irregular in Irregular in Regular in plan Irregular in
and elevation plan / Regular / Irregular in plan & plan / Regular / Irregular in plan &
in elevation elevation elevation in elevation elevation elevation
DCM DCH DCM DCM DCM DCH DCH DCH
Moment resisting frame
Single storey portal 4.0 5.5 3.2 3.2 3.2 5.25 4.4 4.2
One bay multi-storey 4.0 6.0 3.2 3.2 3.2 5.5 4.8 4.4
Multi-bay, multi-storey 4.0 6.5 3.2 3.2 3.2 5.75 5.2 4.6
Concentrically braced frame
Diagonal bracing 4.0 4.0 3.2 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.2 3.2
V-bracing 2.0 2.5 1.6 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.0 2.0
Frame with masonry infill
2.0 2.0 1.6 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.6 1.6
panels
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2.2 Define design horizontal response spectrum
2.2.1 Vertical response spectrum (EN1998-1-1,cl.3.2.2.3)
The vertical component of the seismic action should be taken into account if the avg>0.25g
(2.5m/s2) in the cases listed below:
• for horizontal structural member spanning 20m or more,
• for horizontal cantilever components longer than 5m,
• for horizontal pre-stressed components,
• for beams supporting columns,
• in based-isolated structures.
2.2.2 Horizontal response spectrum (EN1998-1-1,cl.3.2.2.5)
For the horizontal components of the seismic action the design spectrum, Sd(T), shall be
defined by the following expressions:
! ! !.! !
0 ≤ 𝑇 ≤ 𝑇! : 𝑆! 𝑇 = 𝑎! ∙ 𝑆 ∙ !
+! ∙ !
− ! (ΕΝ1998-1-1,Eq. 3.13)
!
!.!
𝑇! ≤ 𝑇 ≤ 𝑇! : 𝑆! 𝑇 = 𝑎! ∙ 𝑆 ∙ !
(ΕΝ1998-1-1,Eq. 3.14)
2.5 𝑇!
𝑇! ≤ 𝑇 ≤ 𝑇! : 𝑆! 𝑇 = 𝑎! ∙ 𝑆 ∙
𝑞 𝑇
≥ 𝛽 ∙ 𝑎! (ΕΝ1998-1-1,Eq. 3.15)
!.! !! !!
𝑇! ≤ 𝑇 ≤ 4𝑠: 𝑆! 𝑇 = 𝑎! ∙ 𝑆 ∙ ! !!
≥ 𝛽 ∙ 𝑎! (ΕΝ1998-1-1,Eq. 3.5)
Design ground acceleration on type A ground: ag=γIagR
Lower bound factor for the horizontal spectrum: β=0.2
Note: the value of q are already incorporate with an appropriation value of damping viscous,
however the symbol η is not present in the above expressions.
Page 24
2.2.3 Parameters of elastic response spectrum (EN1998-1-1,cl.3.2.2.5)
Table 2.3: Parameters of Type 1 elastic response spectrum (CYS NA EN1998-1-1,table

3.2)
Ground S TB (s) TC (s) TD (s)
Type
A 1.0 0.15 0.4 2.0
B 1.2 0.15 0.5 2.0
C 1.15 0.20 0.6 2.0
D 1.35 0.20 0.8 2.0
E 1.4 0.15 0.5 2.0
Note: For important structures (γI>1.0), topographic amplification effects should be taken
into account (see Annex A EN1998-5:2004 provides information for topographic
amplification effects).
ETABS: Define > Response spectrum function
Select EUROCODE8
Spectrum
Add New Function
1. Peak ground acceleration agR=0,25g,

2. Type C or D for building within category of importance I and II,
3. Define two response spectrum cases if the factor q is different in each direction,
Page 25
4. Modify the existing values of elastic response spectrum case in order to change it into
the design response spectrum.
Convert the existing elastic response

spectrum case to design response
spectrum case
Figure 2.1: Response Spectrum to EC8
PERIOD ACCELERATION g = 9.81 m/sec2
T Sd(T) β = 0.2 -‐

0.0000 0.2000 SoilType = B -‐
0.1000 0.1917 q = 4.00 -‐
0.1500 0.1875 αgR = 0.25 -‐
0.2000 0.1875 S = 1.20 -‐
0.4000 0.1875 TB = 0.15 sec
0.6000 0.1563 TC = 0.50 sec
0.8000 0.1172 TD = 2.00 sec
1.0000 0.0938 T = 0.50 sec
1.5000 0.0625
2.0000 0.0469 Data for soil type -‐ Type Spectrum 1
2.5000 0.0300 index Soil Type S TB TC TD
3.0000 0.0500 1 A 1 0.15 0.4 2
4.0000 0.0500 2 B 1.2 0.15 0.5 2
5.0000 0.0500 3 C 1.15 0.2 0.6 2
6.0000 0.0500 4 D 1.35 0.2 0.8 2
8.0000 0.0500 5 E 1.4 0.15 0.5 2
10.0000 0.0500
Page 26
Page 27
Figure 2.2: Amendment Response spectrum (q = 4)
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2.2.3.1 Ground investigation conditions
Table 2.4: Geological studies depend on the importance class (CYS NA EN1998-1-1, NA
2.3 / cl.3.1.1 (4))
Importance class of buildings
Ground I II III IV
Type
A NRGS NRGS RGS RGS
B NRGS NRGS RGS RGS
C NRGS NRGS RGS RGS
D NRGS NRGS RGS RGS
E NRGS NRGS RGS RGS
NRGS: Not required geological studies

RGS: required geological studies if there is not adequate information
2.2.3.2 Importance factor
Table 2.5: Importance classes for buildings (ΕΝ1998-1-1,table.4.3 and CYS NA EN1998-
1-1,cl NA2.12)
Importance Buildings Important Consequences
class factor γI Class
Buildings of minor importance for public
I 0.8 CC1
safety, e.g. argricultural buildings, etc.
Ordinary buildings, not belonging in the other
II 1.0 CC2
categories.
Buildings whose seismic resistance is of
importance in view of the consequences
III 1.2 CC3
associated with a collapse, e.g. schools,
assembly halls, cultural institutions etc.
Buildings whose integrity during earthquakes
IV is of vital importance for civil protection, e.g. 1.4 CC3
hospitals, fire stations, power plants, etc.
Page 29
CC1: Low consequence for loss of human life, and economic, social or environmental
consequences small or negligible.
CC2: Medium consequence for loss of human life, economic, social or environmental
consequences considerable.
CC3: High consequence for loss of human life, or economic, social or environmental
consequences very great
2.2.3.3 Ductility class
Table 2.6: Requirement for importance class relate to ductility class (CYS NA EN1998-
1-1,cl NA2.16 & cl.5.2.1(5))
Importance
Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3
class
I DCL DCL DCL
II DCM/DCH DCM/DCH DCM/DCH
III DCM/DCH DCM/DCH DCM/DCH
IV DCH DCH DCH
DCL: Ductility class low.

DCM: Ductility class medium.
DCH: Ductility class high.
Page 30
2.3 Analysis types
2.3.1 Modal Response spectrum analysis
Table 2.7: Requirements of modal response spectrum analysis according to Eurocode 8

Requirements Values References
Regular in plan YES / NO ΕΝ1998-1-1,table 4.1
Regular in elevation NO ΕΝ1998-1-1,table 4.1
Sum of the effective ≥ 90%
EN1998-1-1,cl.4.3.3.1(3)
modal masses ≥ 5% of total mass
k ≥3.√n
Minimum number of
k: is the number of modes EN1998-1-1,cl.4.3.3.1(5)
modes
n: is the number of storey
Tk ≤ 0.20sec
Behaviour factor q Tk: is the period of vibration of EN1998-1-1,cl.4.3.3.1(5)
mode k.
Tj ≤ 0.9 Ti SRSS
Fundamental period EN1998-1-1,cl.4.3.3.2.1(2)
Tj ≥ 0.9 Ti CQC
Accidental eccentricity See section 2.1.1.1 EN1998-1-1,cl.4.3.2
1. Independently in X and Y direction,

2. Define design spectrum,
3. Use CQC rule for the combination of different modes (EN1998-1-1,cl.4.3.3.3.2(3))
4. Use SRS rule for combined the results of modal analysis for both horizontal directions
(EN1998-1-1,cl.4.3.3.5.1(21)).
5. Modal Combination: “Complete Quadratic Combination” (CQC) can be used if the Tj
≤ 0,9 Ti (EN1998-1-1,cl.4.3.3.3.2(3)P).
Page 31
2.3.1.1 Accidental eccentricity
Accidental eccentricity of each storey cause of uncertainties location of masses have been
taken into account 5% (EN1998-1-1,cl.4.3.2). Moreover, if there are masonry infills with a
moderately irregular and asymmetric distribution in plan, is doubled further in Eurocode 8
(i.e., to 10% of the storey orthogonal dimension in the baseline case, or 20% if accidental
torsional effects are evaluated in a simplified way when using two separate 2D models).
Table 2.8: Summary of accidental eccentricity

Percentage of Geometry Asymmetric Masonry infills
accidental of model distribution of mass (Regular/Irregular)
eccentricity (3D/2D) (Regular/Irregular)
5% 3D Regular Regular
10% 3D Irregular Irregular
20% 2D - -
Note: Accidental eccentricity is automatically included during response-spectrum analysis in

ETABS, though equivalent static-load procedures are also available for manual evaluation.
Note that floor diaphragms must be rigid, otherwise torsional effects are not substantial.
ETABS implements an efficient and practical approach while formulating dynamic response
from accidental eccentricity. After the response-spectrum load case is run, the X and Y
acceleration at each joint location is determined, then multiplied by the tributary mass and the
diaphragm eccentricity along either Y or X. The larger absolute value of these resultant
moments (m*Xacc*dY or m*Yacc*dX) is then applied as torsion about the joint location.
Static response is then added to response-spectrum output to account for the additional design
forces caused by accidental eccentricity.
Page 32
Define > Response spectrum cases
Note: Add two response spectrum cases: EQX and EQY as showing below (figure 9).
Figure 2.3: Response Spectrum case Data for EQY& EQX
Page 33
2.3.2 Lateral force analysis requirements
Table 2.9: Requirements of lateral force analysis according to Eurocode 8

Requirements Values References
Regular in plan YES / NO ΕΝ1998-1-1,table 4.1
Regular in elevation YES ΕΝ1998-1-1,table 4.1
CYS NA EN1998-1-
Ground acceleration 0.10-0.25g
1:Seismic zonation map
Spectrum type 1 EN1998-1-1,cl.3.2.2.2(2)P
A,B,C,D,E
Ground type Normally type B or C can be used EN1998-1-1,cl.3.1.2(1)
normal condition
Lower bound factor for λ = 0.85 if T1 ≤ 2TC and more than
the horizontal design 2 storey EN1998-1-1,cl.4.3.3.2.2(1Ρ)
spectrum λ=1.0 in all other case
Concrete DCM q= 1.5 – 3.90 EN1998-1-1,cl.5.2.2.2(2)
Concrete DCH q= 1.6 – 5.85 EN1998-1-1,cl.5.2.2.2(2)
Behaviour factor q
Steel DCM q= 2.0 – 4.00 EN1998-1-1,cl.6.3.2(1)
Steel DCH q= 2.0 – 5.85 EN1998-1-1,cl.6.3.2(1)
T1≤4Tc
Fundamental period EN1998-1-1,cl.4.3.3.2.1(2)
T1≤2,0s
Accidental eccentricity See section 2.1.1.1 EN1998-1-1,cl.4.3.2
Table 2.10: Equivalent Static Force Case

Load case name Direction and Eccentricity % Eccentricity
EQXA X Dir + Eccen. Y 0.05
EQYA X Dir – Eccen. Y 0.05
EQXB Y Dir + Eccen. X 0.05
EQYB Y Dir – Eccen. X 0.05
Page 34
2.3.4 Estimation of fundamental period T1
Table 2.11: Estimation of fundamental period T1

Reference structure Period T1
Exact formula for Single Degree of Freedom
𝑀𝐻!
Oscillator. Mass M lumped at top of a vertical 𝑇! = 2𝜋
3𝐸𝐼
cantilever of height H. Cantilever mass MB = 0.
0.24𝑀! 𝐻!
Oscillator. Vertical cantilever of height H and of 𝑇! = 2𝜋
3𝐸𝐼
total mass MB.
𝑀 + 0.24𝑀! 𝐻!
Oscillator. Mass M lumped at top of a vertical 𝑇! = 2𝜋
3𝐸𝐼
cantilever of height H and of total mass MB.
Approximate Relationship (Eurocode 8).
Ct = 0,085 for moment resisting steel space frames 𝑇! = 𝐶! 𝐻!/!
Ct = 0,075 for eccentrically braced steel frames H building height in m measured from
Ct = 0,050 for all other structures foundation or top of rigid basement.
Approximate Relationship (Eurocode 8).
d : elastic horizontal displacement of top of
𝑇! = 2 𝑑
building in m under gravity loads applied
horizontally.
Page 35
2.3.5 Automatic Lateral force analysis using ETABS
ETABS: Define > Static load cases
Figure 2.4: Apply the Equivalent Static Force Case
Figure 2.5: Modify the Equivalent Static Force Case
Note: The seismic forces

should be applied only
above the top of the
basement
Page 36
Fundamental period (EN1998-1-1,Eq.4.6) Value of Ct(EN1998-1-1,cl.4.3.3.2.2(3))
T1=CtH3/4 (For heights up to 40m) Ct = 0.085 (for moment resisting steel frames)
Ct= 0.075 (for moment resisting concrete frames)
Ct= 0.05 (for all other structures)

(EN 1998-1-1:2004, cl. 4.3.3.2.2(3))
Fundamental period requirements Ct= 0.075/√ΣAc(for concrete/masonry shear wall

(EN1998-1-1,Eq.4.6) structures)
T1≤4TCT1≤2sec (EN 1998-1-1:2004, Eq. 4.7)
IF this
Ac= Σ[Ai·(0,2+(lwi/H2))]
(EN 1998-1-1:2004, Eq. 4.8)
YES NO
LATERAL FORCE RESPONSE SPECTRUM

ANALYSIS ANALYSIS
Correction factor λ(EN1998-1- Design spectrum Seismic mass(EN1998-1-

1,cl.4.3.3.2.2(1Ρ)) Sd(T)(EN1998-1- 1,cl.3.2.4)
λ=0.85 if T1≤2TC and more than 2 storey 1,cl.3.2.2.5) ΣGk,j/g”+”ΣψE,i.Qk,i/g
λ=1.0 in all other case 0≤T≤TB (EN 1998-1-1:2004, Eq.3.17)
TB≤T≤TcTC≤T≤TD
TD≤T
Base shear(EN1998-1-
1,cl.4.3.3.2.2)
Fb=Sd(T1).m.λ
(EN 1998-1-1:2004, Eq. 4.5)
Horizontal seismic forces Horizontal seismic forces
(according to displacement of (according to height of the
the masses) masses)
s! ∙ m ! z! ∙ m !
F! = F! ∙ F! = F! ∙
s! ∙ m ! z! ∙ m !
(EN 1998-1-1:2004, Eq. 4.10) (EN 1998-1-1:2004, Eq. 4.11)
Page 37
2.3.6 User loads - Lateral force analysis using ETABS
Geometrical data
Lx := 15m
Span of the longitutinal direction
Ly := 15m
Span of the transverse direction
Span of each beam Lb := 5m
Span of each bracing Lt := 5.831m
Height of each column hc := 3m
Total heigh of building H := 9m

2
Area of floor for each storey A f := Ly ⋅ Lx = 225m
Number of floors Nf := 3
Number of beams IPE240 at each floor Nb := 24
Number of beams IPE180 at each floor Ns := 9
Number of columns HE280A at each floor Nc := 16
Number of TUBE sections D127-4 at each floor Nt := 8
Page 38
Dead load
−1
Weight of steel column HE280A g c := 76.4kg⋅ m
−1
Weight of primary beams IPE240 g p := 30.7kg⋅ m
−1
Weight of secondary beams IPE180 g s := 18.8kg⋅ m
−1
Weight of steel beams TUBE-D127-4 g t := 12.38kg⋅ m
Slab thickness hs := 170mm
−3
Weigth of concrete γ c := 25kN⋅ m
−2
g slab := γ c⋅ h s = 4.25⋅ kN⋅ m
Weight of slab
−2
g fin := 1kN⋅ m
Weigth of finishes
Total dead load
3
( )
Gk.storey := ⎡ gc⋅ Nc ⋅ hc + g p⋅ Nb ⋅ Lb + g s ⋅ Ns ⋅ Lb + gt⋅ Nt ⋅ Lt g + g slab ⋅ A f + g fin⋅ A f⎤ = 1.267 × 10 ⋅ kN
⎣ ⎦
Total dead load
3
( )
Gk := ⎡ g c⋅ Nc ⋅ h c + g p ⋅ Nb ⋅ Lb + g s ⋅ Ns ⋅ Lb + g t⋅ Nt ⋅ Lt g + g slab ⋅ A f + g fin⋅ A f⎤ ⋅ Nf = 3.802 × 10 ⋅ kN
⎣ ⎦
Live load
Combination coefficient for variable action ψEi := 0.3

−2
Live load q k := 2kN⋅ m
Qk := qk⋅ Af = 450⋅ kN
Total live load
3
Total gravity load per storey ( )
FEd.storey := Gk.storey + ψEi⋅ Qk = 1.402 × 10 ⋅ kN
(EN1998-1-1,cl.3.2.4(2)P)
3
Total gravity load per storey ( )
FEd := Gk + ψEi⋅ Qk ⋅ Nf = 4.207 × 10 ⋅ kN
(EN1998-1-1,cl.3.2.4(2)P)
FEd 5
Seismic mass S_mass := = 4.29 × 10 kg
g
Page 39
Horizontal design response Spectrum (EN1998-1-1,cl.3.2.2.5)
Behaviour factor q q := 1.5

(EN1998-1-1,cl.6.3)
Lower bound factor
β := 0.2
(EN1998-1-1,cl.3.2.2.5(4)P)
Seismic zone Seismic_zone := "3"

(CYS NA EN1998-1-1,
zonation map) m
agR := 0.15g if Seismic_zone "1" = 2.452
2
0.2g if Seismic_zone "2" s
0.25g if Seismic_zone "3"
Importance factor Importance_factor := "II"

(CYS NA EN1998-1-1,cl. NA2.12)
γ I := 0.8 if Importance_factor "I" =1
1.0 if Importance_factor "II"
1.2 if Importance_factor "III"
1.4 if Importance_factor "IV"
m
Design ground acceleration on type A ag := γ I⋅ agR = 2.452
2
(EN1998-1-1,cl.3.2.1(3)) s
Value of Ct Value_Ct := "OTHER"

(EN1998-1-1,cl.4.3.3.2.2(3))
Ct := 0.085 if Value_Ct "MRSF" = 0.05
0.075 if Value_Ct "MRCF"
0.05 if Value_Ct "OTHER"
⎡ 3⎤
⎢ ⎥
4
Fundamental period of vibration ⎢ ⎛ H ⎞ ⎥
T1 := ⎢Ct⋅ ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ s = 0.26s
(EN1998-1-1,cl.4.3.3.2.2(3)) ⎣ ⎝ m ⎠ ⎦
Type of soil
Soil_type := "B"
(EN1998-1-1,cl.3.1.2(1))
Value of parameters describing the Type 1 elastic response spectrum (EN1998-1-1,table 3.2)
Soil factor, S S := 1.0 if Soil_type "A" = 1.2

1.2 if Soil_type "B"
1.15 if Soil_type "C"
1.35 if Soil_type "D"
Page 40
Lower limit of the period, TB TB := 0.15s if Soil_type "A" = 0.15s
0.15s if Soil_type "B"
0.20s if Soil_type "C"
0.20s if Soil_type "D"
Upper limit of the period, TC TC := 0.40s if Soil_type "A" = 0.5s

Constant displacement value, TD TD := 2.0s if Soil_type "A" = 2s

Corection factor λ λ := 0.85 if T1 ≤ 2TC ∧ Nf > 2 = 0.85

(EN1998-1-1,cl.4.3.3.2.2(1)P) 1 otherwise
Check the fundamental period of vibration requirements

(EN1998-1-1,cl.4.3.3.2.1(2))
(
Check_1 := if T1 ≤ 4TC ∧ T1 ≤ 2s , "Lateral force analysis" , "Response spectrum analysis" )
Check_1 = "Lateral force analysis"
Design spectrum for elastic analysis (EN1998-1-1,cl.3.2.2.5(4)P)
⎡ 2 T1 ⎛ 2.5 2 ⎞⎤
( )
S1e T1 := ag ⋅ S⋅ ⎢ + ⋅ ⎜
3 TB ⎝ q
− ⎟⎥
3 ⎠ S1e( 0) = 1.961⋅ m⋅ s
−2
⎣ ⎦
2.5 −2
( )
S2e T1 := ag⋅ S⋅
q
( )
S2e TB = 4.903⋅ m⋅ s
2.5 TC 2.5 TC
( )
S3e T1 := ag ⋅ S⋅ ⋅
q T1
if ag ⋅ S⋅ ⋅
q T1
≥ β ⋅ ag
( )
S3e TC = 4.903⋅ m⋅ s
−2
2.5 TC
( β ⋅ ag ) if β ⋅ ag ≥ ag ⋅ S⋅ ⋅
q T1
⎛ 2.5 TC⋅ TD ⎞ 2.5 TC⋅ TD

( )
S4e T1 := ⎜ ag⋅ S⋅ ⋅
q
⎟ if ag⋅ S⋅ ⋅
2 ⎟ q 2
≥ β ⋅ ag
⎜ T1 T1
⎝ ⎠
Page 41
2.5 TC⋅ TD
( β ⋅ ag ) if ag ⋅ S⋅
q
⋅
2
≤ β ⋅ ag
( )
T1
m
( )
S4e T1 = 72.642
2
s
( ( (
Se( T) := if T < TB, S1e( T) , if T < TC, S2e( T) , if T < TD, S3e( T) , S4e( T) )))
T := 0.01sec , 0.02sec .. 4sec
Se( T )4
0
0 1 2 3 4
T
m
Design spectrum acceleration Se := S1e( 0) if 0 ≤ T1 ≤ TB = 4.903
2
s
( )
S2e TB if TB ≤ T1 ≤ TC
S3e( TC) if TC ≤ T1 ≤ TD
S4e( T1) if TD ≤ T1 ≤ 4s
T1
Seismic base shear Fb := S_mass ⋅ Se⋅ ⋅ λ = 464.519kN
⋅
s
(EN1998-1-1,cl.4.3.3.2.2(1))
Fb
Seismic base shear on each bracing Fb.bracing := = 232.259kN
⋅
2
Note: 2 bracing on each direction
Page 42
3
Mass per storey mi := FEd.storey = 1.402 × 10 kN
Heigth at roof level z3 := 9m
Heigth at level 2 z2 := 6m
Heigth at level 1 z1 := 3m
4
Total mass: Σmi_zi := FEd.storey ⋅ z3 + FEd.storey ⋅ z2 + FEd.storey ⋅ z1 = 2.524 × 10 kN⋅ m
Lateral force at roof level mi⋅ z3

F3 := ⋅ F = 232.259kN
⋅
(EN1998-1-1,Eq.4.11) Σmi_zi b
Lateral force at level 2 mi⋅ z2

F2 := ⋅ F = 154.84kN
⋅
(EN1998-1-1,Eq.4.11) Σmi_zi b
Lateral force at level 1 mi⋅ z1

F1 := ⋅ F = 77.42kN
⋅
(EN1998-1-1,Eq.4.11) Σmi_zi b
F := F3 + F2 + F1 = 464.519kN
Check lateral force per storey Check_2 := if F ≠ Fb , "OK" , "NOT OK" ( )

Check_2 = "OK"
Table 2.12: Summary table of the lateral force results
Torsional Moment due to

Heigth Mass Moment Accidental
Fb F=Fb(zi*mi)/
Length of moment SRSS
Story zi mi zi*mi M=F*zi eccentricity
(kN) Σzi*mi floor Lx=Ly M=F*ei MSRS=√Mx^2+My^2
(m) (kN) (kNm) ei=0.05L
(kNm) (kNm)
STORY1 9 1402 12618 464.52 232.26 2090.34 15 0.75 174.195 246.3489315

STORY2 6 1402 8412 464.52 154.84 929.04 15 0.75 116.13 164.232621
STORY3 3 1402 4206 464.52 77.42 232.26 15 0.75 58.065 82.1163105
TOTAL 4206 25236 464.52 3251.64
Page 43
ETABS: Define > Static load case >
Figure 2.6: Define manually the lateral forces
Figure 2.7: Define manually the lateral forces/moments per storey
Page 44
2.3.7 Torsional effects
FLOW CHART OF TORSIONAL EFFECTS
Carry out Lateral force analysis/

Response spectrum analysis
𝑒! = +0.05 ∗ 𝐿! 𝑒! = −0.05 ∗ 𝐿! 𝑒! = +0.05 ∗ 𝐿! 𝑒! = −0.05 ∗ 𝐿!
𝑀! = 𝑒! 𝐹! 𝑀! = 𝑒! 𝐹!
SRSS rule
𝑀!"!! = 𝑀! ! + 𝑀! !
Page 45
2.3.8 Summary of analysis process in seismic design situation
Importance class/Ductility class
I II III IV
DCL DCM DCM DCH

DCH DCH
Ignore “topographic Consider “topographic

amplification effects” amplification effects”
Ignore Consider
Slopes <15o Slopes <15o

IF
Cliffs height Cliffs height
<30m <30m
Type of soil:
A , B ,C ,D, E, S1, S2
0≤T≤TB
TB≤T≤TC
Type 1 elastic response
TC≤T≤TD
spectrum
TD≤T≤4s
Regular in plan: YES Regular in plan: NO Regular in plan: YES Regular in plan: NO
Regular in elevation YES Regular in elevation YES Regular in elevation NO Regular in elevation NO
LATERAL MODAL
FORCE ANALYSIS
P-Δ effects Interstorey drift

Frame joint
Displacement θ≤0.1 – Ignore drv≤0.005h - Brittle
ΣMRC≥1.3ΣMRB
ds=qd·de 0.1≤θ≤0.2 Consider drv≤0.0075h - Ductile
Storey ≥ 2
0.2≤θ≤0.3 Consider drv≤0.010h - Other
θ≥0.3 Not Permitted
Page 46
3.0 Define static loads
Here define as many load cases for your model as you need e.g. dead loads, live loads, wind
loads, seismic loads, thermal loads etc. To be simple define only one dead load with self
weight multiplier 1(including finishes, dead, walls etc) and one live load.
Figure 3.1: Static load cases
Page 47
4.0 Seismic mass requirements according to EC8
Combination of the seismic action with other actions (EN 1998-1-1,cl.3.2.4):
1. Define the category of building (EN 1991,Table 6.1),

2. Define the reduce factor (EN 1991, Table A.1.1).
Combination of seismic mass
𝐆𝐤,𝐣 + 𝛙𝐄𝐢 𝐐𝐤,𝐢 (ΕΝ1998-1-1,Eq. 3.17)
Combination coefficient for variable action is: ψ!" = ϕ ∙ ψ!" (ΕΝ1998-1-1,Eq. 4.2)
Table 4.1: Values of φ for calculating 𝛙𝐄𝐢 (CYS NA EN1998-1-1:2004)
Type of Variable Storey φ

action
Roof 1,0
Categories A-C1 Storeys with correlated occupancies 0,8
Independently occupied storeys 0,5
Categories A-F1 1.0
Table 4.2: Values of ψ coefficients
Category Specific Use ψο ψ1 ψ2
A Domestic and residential 0.7 0.5 0.3

B Office 0.7 0.5 0.3
C Areas for Congregation 0.7 0.7 0.6
D Shopping 0.7 0.7 0.6
E Storage 1.0 0.9 0.8
F Traffic < 30 kN vehicle 0.7 0.7 0.6
G Traffic < 160 kN vehicle 0.7 0.5 0.3
H Roofs 0.7 0 0
Snow, altitude < 1000 m 0.5 0.2 0
Wind 0.5 0.2 0
Page 48
4.1 Mass Source Option
In ETABS, the user has the option of choosing one of three options for defining the source of
the mass of a structure. Click the Define menu > Mass Source command to bring up the
Define Mass Source form. The following options appear on the form:
1. From Self and Specified Mass:
Each structural element has a material property associated with it; one of the items specified
in the material properties is a mass per unit volume. When the ‘From Self and Specified
Mass’ box is checked, ETABS determines the building mass associated with the element
mass by multiplying the volume of each structural element times it’s specified mass per unit
volume. This is the default. It is also possible to assign additional mass to account for
partitions and cladding, etc. ETABS adds any additional mass assignments to the element
mass to derive a total mass. You cannot have a negative mass in ETABS.
2. From Loads:
This specifies a load combination that defines the mass of the structure. The mass is equal to
the weight defined by the load combination divided by the gravitational multiplier, g. This
mass is applied to each joint in the structure on a tributary area basis in all three translational
directions.
3. From Self and Specified Mass and Loads:
This option combines the first two options, allowing you to consider self- weight, specified
mass, and loads in the same analysis.
It is important to remember when using the ‘From Self and Specified Mass and Loads’
option, NOT to include the Dead Load Case in the ‘Define Mass Multiplier for Loads’
box. This will account for the dead load of the structure TWICE.
Page 49
Figure 4.1: Seismic source
Page 50
5.0 Wind loading on structure (EN1991-1-4:2004)
5.1 Calculation of Wind load according to EN1991-1-4:2004

Figure 1 Isotach contours of the fundamental value of the basic wind velocity v
Step by step procedure c z

v z
Figure 5.1: Fundamental Basic wind velocity, vb,0

c z
(CYS NA EN1991-1-4,Fig.1)
Season factor
(CYS EN1991-1-4,NA 2.4)
cseason=1.0
Directional factor
(CYSEN1991-1-4,NA 2.4)
cdir=1.0
(Conservative value for all direction)
Basic wind velocity

(EN1991-1-4, Eq. 4.1)
vb=cdir.cseasonvb,0
Page 51
Table 5.1: Terrain category and terrain parameters (EN1991-1-4, Tab.:4.1)
Terrain Description z0 (m) zmin(m)
category
Sea, costal area exposed to the open

0 SEA 0.003 1
sea.
Lakes or area with negligible

I 0.01 1
vegetation and without obstacles.
COUNTRY
Area with low vegetation such as
grass and isolated obstacles trees,
II 0.05 2
buildings) with separations of at least
20 obstacle height.
Area with regular cover of vegetation
or buildings or woth isolatd obstacles
III with seperations of maximum 20 0.3 5
obstacle height (such as villages,
suburban terrain, permanent forest). TOWN
Area in which at least 15% of the
IV* surface is covered with building and 1.0 10
their average height exceeds 15m.
*
For buildings in terrain category IV, displacement height hdis should be consider and information can be found
in Aneex A.5 of EN1991-1-4:2005.
Wind turbulence, Iv(z) Roughness factor, cr(z) Terrain factor,

(EN1991-1-4,Eq.4.7) (EN1991-1-4,Eq.4.3-4.5) (EN1991-1-4,cl.4.4)
Iv(z)=σv/vm(z)=kl/co(z)ln(z/z0) for cr(z)=kr . ln(z/z0) for zmin≤z≤zmax kr=0.19(z0/z0,II)0.07
cr(z)=cr . (zmin) for z≤zmin
zmin≤z≤zmax
z0: is the roughness length
Iv(z)=Iv(zmin) for
Maximum height, zmax
z≤zmin (EN1991-1-4, cl. 4.3.2)
Turbulence factor: kl=1.0 zmax=200m
(NA CYS EN1991-1-4, cl. NA 2.10) Orography factor co(z)
Note: for co(z)=1 Iv(z) is not co(z)=1
important
Mean wind velocity, vm(z) Peak velocity pressure, qpeak(z)

(EN1991-1-4 cl.4.3.1 ) (EN1991-1-4 Eq.4.8 )
vm(z)=cr(z).co(z).vb qpeak(z)=[1+7 Iv(z)]0.5ρ vm2
(z)=ce(z)·0.5·ρ·vb2
Air density:ρ=1.25kg/m3
Page 52
Table 5.2: Reference height ze, depending on h and b, and corresponding velocity pressure
profile (EN1991-1-4, Fig. 7.4)
Table 5.3: Values of external pressure coefficient for vertical walls of rectangular plan building
(EN1991-1-4, Tab.:4.1)
ZONE A B C D E
h/d cpe,10 cpe,1 cpe,10 cpe,1 cpe,10 cpe,1 cpe,10 cpe,1 cpe,10 cpe,1
5 -1.2 -1.4 -0.8 -1.1 -0.5 +0.8 +1.0 -0.7
1 -1.2 -1.4 -0.8 -1.1 -0.5 +0.8 +1.0 -0.5
≤0.25 -1.2 -1.4 -0.8 -1.1 -0.5 +0.7 +1.0 -0.3
Note: Values for cpe,1 are intended for the design of small elements and fixings with an element of 1m2 or
less such as cladding elements and roofing elements. Values for cpe,10 may be used for the design of the
overall load bearing structure of buildings. The external pressure coeffiecient cpe,1 and cpe,10 is using for
loadaded area of 1m2 and 10m2 respectively.
Key for vertical walls –Mono&dual pitch Key for vertical walls – Flat Roof
Roof (EN1991-1-4, Fig.7.5)
(EN1991-1-4, Fig.7.5)
Pressure on surface &Wind force (EN1991-1-4, Eq. 5.1&5.5) Page 53

we=qp(ze).(cpe +cpi) & Fw=cscd·Σwe·Aref
5.2 Application of wind loading using ETABS
Table 5.4: Wind load assumptions

Basic wind velocity vb,0 24 m/s
Terrain category - II -
Structural factor cscd 1 -
Turbulence factor kl 1 -
Orography factor co(z) 1 -
ETABS: Clink on
ETABS: Select from first drop-down menu
ETABS: Click on select “NONE” and draw rectangular cover all side of plan view
Draw walls in plan
Page 54
ETABS: Select the area of elevation A-A
ETABS: Assign > Shell/Area loads > Wind pressure coefficients
Figure 5.2: Wind load areas
Table 5.5: Wind pressure coefficient applied on walls

Wind pressure coefficient for load case WINDX
Windward load “Area D” Leeward load “Area E”
Side load “Area A & B” Side load “Area A & B”
Page 55
Wind pressure coefficient for load case WINDY
Windward load “Area D” Leeward load “Area E”
Side load “Area A & B” Side load “Area A & B”
Page 56
WIND LOADING ACCORDING TO Job No.:
EN1991-1-4:2005
Sheet No.:
Date: December 2012 Check by:
CALCULATION OF WIND LOADING TO EN 1991-1-4:2005.

Loading available for rectangular, clad buildings with flat
roofs only.
Obstruction height, have = 7.5 m

Distance to nearest adjacent building, x = 50 m
Height of building, h = 9 m
Longitudinal length of the building d = 15 m
,
Transverse length of the building, b = 15 m
Edge distance, (Wind direction - θ=90°) e = 15
Basic Wind Velocity, Vbo = 24 m/s ( Figure1)
Season Factor, Cseason = 1.0 (cl.NA2.4)
Directional Factor, Cdir = 1.0 (cl.NA2.4)
Basic Wind Velocity, Vb0=CdirCseasonVb,o Vb = 24 m/s (Eq.4.1)
Structural factor, CsCd = 1.0 (cl.6.2)
Orography factor, Co(z) = 1.0 cl.4.3.1(1))
Turbulence factor, kI = 1.0 (cl.NA2.10)

z0 zmin (Τable 4.1)
Terrain Category Define terrain category II 0.05 2
Max heigh, zmax = 200 m (cl. 4.3.2)
Height above ground, z = 100 m
Dispacement height, hdis = 4.5 m (Annex A.5)
Clear height of h-hdis = 4.5

building,
Define height z
5
Page 57
External Pressure Coefficients Walls Cpe
Wind direction
θ=0°
Width b = 15 m
Height h = 9 m
Depth d = 15 m
Edge distance, (Wind direction - θ=0°) e = 15 m
Actual h/b (For zone D -‐ windward face) h/b = 0.60

Length in Zones A & B 3 m
Zone A exist
Length in 12 m
Zone B
Length in 0 m
Zone C

Wind direction
θ=90°
Width b = 15 m
Height h = 9 m
Depth d = 15 m
Edge distance, (Wind direction - θ=90°) e = 15 m
Actual h/b (For zone D -‐ windward face) h/b = 0.60

Length in Zones A & B 3 m
Zone A exist
Length in 12 m
Zone B
Length in 0 m
Zone C

Table 7.1 values of Cpe for
wind on
Front (θ=90°) Front (θ=0°) Zones (θ=90°) Zones (θ=0°)
D 0.747 0.747 A 3 m A -‐1.2 m
E -‐0.567 -‐0.567 B 12 m B -‐0.8 m
A -‐1.2 -‐1.2 C 0 m C 0 m
B -‐0.8 -‐0.8
C 0 0
Page 58
6.0 Load combination
Table 6.1: Load combination factors and coefficients

Data Symbol Value Reference
Permanent action γG 1.35 EN1990,cl.6.4.3.2
Variable action γQ 1.5 EN1990,cl.6.4.3.2
Office areas (Type B), ψ0 0.7 CYS NA EN1990:2002, Table A1.1
Roofs ψ0 0.7 CYS NA EN1990:2002, Table A1.1
Wind loads ψ0 0.5 CYS NA EN1990:2002, Table A1.1
Persistent and transient design situation – STR/GEO Equation 6.10

Ed=ΣγG Gk +γQ Qk1 + γQ ψ0,2 Qk2
Ultimate limit state (ULS)
Static load combination

STATIC 2. 1.35DL + 1.5LL
STATIC 3. 1.35DL + 1.5LL + 0.75WINDX
STATIC 4. 1.35DL + 1.5LL - 0.75WINDX
STATIC 5. 1.35DL + 1.5LL + 0.75WINDY
STATIC 6. 1.35DL + 1.5LL - 0.75WINDY
STATIC 7. 1.35DL + 1.5WINDX + 1.05LL
STATIC 8. 1.35DL - 1.5WINDX – 1.05LL
STATIC 9. 1.35DL + 1.5WINDY + 1.05LL
STATIC 10. 1.35DL - 1.5WINDY – 1.05LL
Seismic load combination for “Modal Analysis”

SEISMIC 2. DL + 0.3LL + EQX + 0.3EQY
SEISMIC 3. DL + 0.3LL + EQX – 0.3EQY
SEISMIC 4. DL + 0.3LL - EQX + 0.3EQY
SEISMIC 5. DL + 0.3LL - EQX – 0.3EQY
SEISMIC 6. DL + 0.3LL + EQY + 0.3EQX
SEISMIC 7. DL + 0.3LL + EQY – 0.3EQX
SEISMIC 8. DL + 0.3LL - EQY + 0.3EQX
SEISMIC 9. DL + 0.3LL - EQY – 0.3EQX
Page 59
Seismic load combination for “Lateral force Analysis”
SEISMIC 10. DL + 0.3LL + EQXA + 0.3EQYA

SEISMIC 11. DL + 0.3LL + EQXA – 0.3EQYA
SEISMIC 12. DL + 0.3LL - EQXA + 0.3EQYA
SEISMIC 13. DL + 0.3LL - EQXA – 0.3EQYA
SEISMIC 14. DL + 0.3LL + EQYA + 0.3EQXA
SEISMIC 15. DL + 0.3LL + EQYA – 0.3EQXA
SEISMIC 16. DL + 0.3LL - EQYA + 0.3EQXA
SEISMIC 17. DL + 0.3LL - EQYA – 0.3EQXA
SEISMIC 18. DL + 0.3LL + EQXB + 0.3EQYB

SEISMIC 19. DL + 0.3LL + EQXB – 0.3EQYB
SEISMIC 20. DL + 0.3LL - EQXB + 0.3EQYB
SEISMIC 21. DL + 0.3LL - EQXB – 0.3EQYB
SEISMIC 22. DL + 0.3LL + EQYB + 0.3EQXB
SEISMIC 23. DL + 0.3LL + EQYB – 0.3EQXB
SEISMIC 24. DL + 0.3LL - EQYB + 0.3EQXB
SEISMIC 25. DL + 0.3LL - EQYB – 0.3EQXB
Serviceability limit state (SLS)
STATIC 1. DL + LL
Page 60
7.0 Design preferences
ETABS: Options > Preferences > Steel frame design
Figure 7.1: Steel frame design preferences
Page 61
Table 7.1: Steel frame design parameters
Note 1: Reliability class
Class section classification according to EN1998-1-1,cl.6.5.3(2)
1. Depending on the ductility class and the behavior factor q used in the design, the
requirements regarding the cross-sectional classes of the steel elements which
dissipate energy are indicated in table below (EN1998-1-1,cl.6.5.3(2).
Ductility class Reference q factor Cross-Section Class

Lower q factor Upper
limit limit
1.5< q ≤2 Class 1, 2 or 3
DCM
2.0< q ≤4 Class 1 or 2
DCH 4.0< q Class 1
Note 2: Frame type

See section 2.0 of this manual
Note 3: Gamma factors

Partial factors Values Reference
Resistance of cross-sections whatever the γΜ0=1.00 EN1993-1-1,cl.6.1(1)
class
Resistance of members to instability assessed γΜ1=1.00 EN1993-1-1,cl.6.1(1)
by member checks
Resistance of cross-sections in tension to γΜ1=1.25 EN1993-1-1,cl.6.1(1)
fracture
Note 4: Behavior factor

See section 2.0 of this manual
Note 5: System Omega

Omega Factor (System Overstrength Factor) axial load member: (𝛀 = 𝑵𝒑𝒍,𝑹𝒅 /𝑵𝑬𝒅 )
Omega factor may different for each diagonal member.
Page 62
1. Run the design analysis with the Ω=1
2. Find the Npl,Rd and NEd of the bracing member and then overwrite the omega factor for
each diagonal member separately and then re-run the analysis.(Ω=1).
Note: Omega factor should be limited to the following for all diagonal members
(
Check_16 := if Ωmax ≤ 1.25Ωmin, "OK" , "NOT OK" )
Note 6: Vertical deflection limits

STEEL MEMBERS
(CYS NA EN1993-1-1,table NA.1)
Vertical deflection Limits
wmax
Cantilevers L/180
Beams carrying plaster or other brittle finish L/360
Other beams (except purlin and sheeting L/250
rails)
Purlins and sheeting rails To suit cladding
General use L/300
ETABS deflection limits
DL limit, L/ 360
Super DL+LL Limit, L/ 360
Live load Limit, L/ 360
Total Limit, L/ 360
Total Camper Limit, L/ 360
Page 63
8.0 Analysis and design requirements for Concentrically braced frames according to
EN1998-1-1,cl.6.7.2
Analysis requirements according to EN1998-1-1,cl.6.7.2
Beams & Columns
1. Under gravity load conditions, only beams and columns shall be considered to resist
such loads, without taking into account the bracing members (EN1998-1-
1,cl6.7.2(1)P).
Diagonal members
2. The diagonals shall be taken into account as follows in an elastic analysis of the
structure for the seismic action:
a) in frames with diagonal bracings, only the tension diagonals shall be taken into
account,
b) in frames with V bracings, both the tension and compression diagonals shall be
taken into account (EN1998-1-1,cl6.7.2(2).
3. Taking into account of both tension and compression diagonals in the analysis of any
type of concentric bracing is allowed provided that all of the following conditions are
satisfied:
a) a non-linear static (pushover) global analysis or non-linear time history analysis is
used,
b) both pre-buckling and post-buckling situations are taken into account in the
modeling of the behavior of diagonals and,
c) background information justifying the model used to represent the behavior of
diagonals is provided (EN1998-1-1,cl6.7.2(3).
Page 64
8.1 Steps of the design detail of Concentric steel frames
Table 8.1: Detail steel frame design
Design step Description

number
Step 1 Design of slab under gravity loads (without CBF bracings) considering columns
as fixed supports
Step 2 Design columns under gravity loads (without CBF bracings)
Step 3 Design beams under gravity loads (without CBF bracings)
Step 4 Check concentric bracings under gravity loads combination
Step 5 Accidental torsional effects
Step 6 Second order effects (P-Δ) (P loads are those taken in the definition of the
seismic mass “m”)
Step 7 Check of beams and of concentric bracings under gravity loads combination
Step 8 Design of concentric bracing under seismic combination of loads with the
accidental torsional effects and P-Δ effects taken into account
Step 9 Check of beams and columns under seismic combination of loads with bracings
overstrength factors Ω and with second order effects taken into account
Step 10 Re-run the analysis with the modified overstrength factors Ω
Page 65
8.2 Classification of steel sections
Table 8.2: Section classification (EN1993-1-1,cl.5.5)

Classes Analysis type Description
Class 1 Plastic analysis Section can form a plastic hinge with the rotation capacity
required from plastic analysis, without reduction of the resistance
Class 2 Plastic/ Elastic analysis Section can develop its plastic moment capacity, but has limited
rotation capacity.
Class 3 Elastic analysis Section in which the stress in the extreme compression fiber of the
section, assuming an elastic distribution of stresses, can reach the
yield strength, but local buckling is likely to prevent the
development of the plastic moment capacity.
Description of detail Equations References

requirements
fy. := fy if t < 16mm
−2
fy − 10N ⋅ mm if 16mm < t < 40mm
−2
fy − 20N ⋅ mm if 40mm < t < 80mm
Reduction of yield and
EN10025-2
ultimate strength of sections fu. := fu if t ≤ 16mm
−2
fu − 10N ⋅ mm if 16mm < t ≤ 40mm
−2
fu − 20N ⋅ mm if 40mm < t ≤ 80mm
235 EN1993-1-1,Table 5.2

ε - Factor ε :=
fy
Depth of a part of section for
internal compression cw := h − 2⋅ tf − 2⋅ r EN1993-1-1,Table 5.2
(I-sections)
cw
Class_type web := "CLASS 1" if ≤ 72⋅ ε
tw
Section classification for web cw
"CLASS 2" if 84⋅ ε < ≤ 83⋅ ε EN1993-1-1,Table 5.2
element tw
cw
"CLASS 3" if 105⋅ ε < ≤ 124⋅ ε
tw
Page 66
Depth of a part of section for
oustand flange
(b − tw − 2.r ) EN1993-1-1,Table 5.2
cf :=
2
(I-sections)
cf
Class_type flange := "CLASS 1" if ≤ 9⋅ ε
tf
Section classification for cf
"CLASS 2" if 9⋅ ε < ≤ 10⋅ ε EN1993-1-1,Table 5.2
flange element tf
cf
"CLASS 3" if 10⋅ ε < ≤ 14⋅ ε
tf
Page 67
8.3 Design of composite slab under gravity loads
Table 8.3: Detail design of composite slab (with steel sheeting)

Partial factor Value References
Partial factor of longitudinal shear in composite slabs γvs = 1.25 CYS EN1994-1-
1cl.2.4.1.2(6)P
Partial factor for shear connector γv = 1.25 CYS EN1994-1-
1cl.2.4.1.2(5)P
Partial factor for steel reinforcement γs = 1.15 CYS EN1992-1-1,table 2.1
Partial factor of concrete γc = 1.5 CYS EN1992-1-1,table 2.1
Partial factor of structural steel γM0 = 1.0 CYS EN1993-1-1,cl 6.1(1)
Description of detail requirements Equations References

Minimum nominal thickness of profile steel sheets t ≥ 0.70mm CYS EN1994-1-1,cl.3.5(2)
Minimum depth of slab h ≥ 90mm EN1994-1-1,cl.9.2.1(2)
Depth of concrete slab above steel sheeting hc ≥ 50mm EN1994-1-1,cl.9.2.1(2)
Minimum steel reinforcement in both direction As.prov ≥80mm2/m EN1994-1-1,cl.9.2.1(4)
Spacing of the reinforcement bars s = min{2h,350mm} EN1994-1-1,cl.9.2.1(5)
Maximum height of steel decking hp ≤ 85mm EN1994-1-1,cl.6.6.4.2(3)
Minimum width per ribs b0 ≥ hp EN1994-1-1,cl.6.6.4.2(3)
Diameter of stud that welded in the sheeting d ≤ 20mm EN1994-1-1,cl.6.6.4.2(3)
Page 68
For holes provided in the sheeting, the diameter of the stud d ≤ 22mm EN1994-1-1,cl.6.6.4.2(3)
Maximum overall height of stud hsc ≤ hp +75mm EN1994-1-1,cl.6.6.4.1(2)
Design
Description of checks Equations References
stage
Resistance verifications of metal decking at the construction stage
Moment resistance of steel sheeting From manufacture data -
Concrete compressive strength fcd = fck / γc EN1994-1-1,cl.2.4.1.2(2)P
Design yield strength fyo,d = fyp / γM0 -
Bending resistance of metal decking MEd / MRd <1.0 EN1993-1-3,cl.6.1.1
Construction Stage !!
𝑡 𝑓!"
Shear resistance of metal decking !"#$ EN1993-1-3,cl.6.1.5(1)
𝑉!,!" =
𝛾!!
!"!
𝛿!"# = !"#!" (W in kN/m2) -
Deflection of metal decking
δmax ≤ min {L / 180,20mm) EN1994-1-1,cl.9.6(2)
Resistance verifications of composite slab at the composite stage
Area of concrete Ac = b hc (b=1m) -
Composite Stage Compression design force of concrete Nc = 0.85 fcd Ac EN1994-1-1,cl.6.2.1.2
Tensile resistance of profiles steel sheeting Np = fyp,d Ap EN1994-1-1,cl.6.2.1.2
Page 69
Location of neutral axis Neutral axis=if{Np < Nc “Lie above steel sheeting”, “Lie
EN1994-1-1,9.7.2(5) & (6)
below steel sheeting”}
Depth of concrete in compression xpl = Ape fyp,d / 0.85 b fcd EN1994-1-1,fig.9.6
Moment resistance (full shear connection) Mpl, Rd = Ap fyd (dp – 0.5 xpl) -
Bending resistance of slab MEd / Mpl,Rd <1.0 -
The design values of m and k Should be obtain from the manufacture -
Shear span (for UDL load) Ls = L / 4 EN1994-1-1,cl.9.7.3(5)
Shear span (for UDL & point load) Ls = 3L/8 EN1994-1-1,cl.9.7.3(5)
Shear resistance (in longitudinal direction) Vl,Rd = bdp /γvs [(mAp / bLs ) + k] EN1994-1-1,Eq. 9.7
Longitudinal shear resistance of slab VEd / Vl,Rd -
Coefficient factor k k = 1+(200 / dp)1/2 EN1992-1-1,cl.6.2.2(1)
Value of vmin vmin = 0.035k3/2 fck1/2 CYS EN1992-1-1,Eq.6.3
1
Design vertical shear resistance Vv,Rd = vmin bs dp EN1992-1-1,Eq.6.2b
Vertical shear resistance check VEd / Vv,Rd < 1.0 -
Serviceability limit state (SLS) - Deflection
Calculation of deflection (simply supported slab) !"!
𝛿!"# = !"#!" (W in kN/m2) -
Deflection limits (imposed load) L / 350 (not greater than 20mm)

Deflection limits (total load) L / 250 (not greater than 30mm) EN1992-1-1,cl.7.4.1(4)
Serviceability limit state (SLS) - Cracking
Minimum amount of steel ratio (un-propped) As = 0.2% Ac EN1994-1-1,cl.9.8.1(2)
Minimum amount of steel ratio (propped) As = 0.4% Ac EN1994-1-1,cl.9.8.1(2)
Page 70
Serviceability limit state (SLS) – Floor vibration
SCI-P-076 : Design guide
Floor vibration limits f = 18 / √δa
on the vibration of floors
Note 1: Although in reality the slab is continuous, it is normally convenient to design it as simply supported. As a consequence of this, the beneficial effect of
compression from the hogging moment at the support is neglected, such that σcp = 0.
Page 71
8.4 Design of composite beam (with steel sheeting) under gravity loads
Table 8.4: Detail design of composite beam
Minimum height of stud (

hmin := if hsc ≥ 4d , "OK" , "NOT OK" ) EN1994-1-1,cl.6.6.1.2(1)
Nominal diameter of stud dlim := if ( 16mm < d < 25mm, "OK" , "NOT OK" ) EN1994-1-1,cl.6.6.1.2(1)
Ultimate strength of shear connector fus := 450N ⋅ mm
−2 EN1994-1-1,cl.6.6.4.2(1)
Check the minimum spacing of studs (
s lim := if s prov ≥ 5⋅ d ∧ s prov < 6⋅ h , "OK" , "NOT OK" ) EN1994-1-1,cl.6.6.5.5(3)
−2
h max := 600mm if fy ≤ 235N ⋅ mm
−2 −2
550mm if 235N ⋅ mm < fy ≤ 275N ⋅ mm
Preliminary depth of beams EN1994-1-1,cl.6.4.3(1)
−2 −2
400mm if 275⋅ N ⋅ mm < fy ≤ 355N ⋅ mm
−2 −2
270mm if 355⋅ N ⋅ mm < fy ≤ 460N ⋅ mm
Ultimate limit state
Bending Resistance of the steel section (EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.5)
Moment resistance of steel Mc,Rd,y =Mpl,Rd,y = Wpl,y fy / γM0 EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.5(2)
section Y-Y axis
Vertical Shear resistance of the steel section (cl.6.2.2) & (EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.6)
Factor for shear area η = 1.0 (conservative value) EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.6(3g)
Shear area 1 Av = A -2 b tf + (tw + 2r) tf ≥ η hw tw EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.6(3a)
Shear resistance of steel Vpl,Rd y = Av (fy / √3) / γM0 EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.6(2)
Page 72
section Y-Y axis
Check if the verification of hw ε
< 72⋅
shear buckling resistance tw η (EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.6(6))
required or not
Bending and shear interaction check (cl.6.2.2.4)
Area of web Aw = hw tw EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.8(5)
Coefficient of interaction vy=VEd / Vpl.Rd,y EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.8(5)
Construction Reduced yield strength ρ = [(2VEd / Vpl.Rd,y) – 1] 2 EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.8(3)
Stage ⎛ 2
⎜ ρ⋅ A w ⎞⎟
Reduced design plastic ⎜ W pl.y − 4t ⎟ ⋅ fy
⎝ w ⎠ EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.8(5)
M a.pl.Rd. := if v y > 0.5
resistance moment Y-Y axis γM0
M a.pl.Rd if v y < 0.5
Lateral torsional buckling of the steel beam
It is assumed that the steel beam is laterally restrained by the steel sheeting during construction. In order to provide restraint, the sheeting is
fixed to the beam either by the action of through-deck welding or by short-fired pins
Effective width of composite beam (cl.5.4.1.2(5))

⎛ ⎛ L1 L2 Le ⎞ ⎞
beff := bo + 2⎜ min⎜ + , ⎟ ⎟
Effective width of composite ⎝ ⎝ 2 2 8 ⎠ ⎠
(EN1994-1-1cl. 5.4.1.2(5))
beam
Plastic resistance moment of composite section with full shear connection (cl.6.2)
Page 73
Tensile resistance of steel fy ⋅ A
Npl.a := (EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.3(2))
section γ M0
Compression resistance of Nc.f := 0.85⋅ fcd ⋅ beff ⋅ hc

(EN1994-1-1,cl.6.2.1.2(1d)
concrete slab
Tensile resistance in web of
(
Npl.w := fy ⋅ tw⋅ ha − 2⋅ tf ) -
steel section
Location of neutral axis Location_neutral axis := "Lies in the concrete slab" if Nc.f > Npl.a (EN1994-1-1,cl.6.2.1.2(1))
"Lies in the top flange of the beam" if Nc.f ≤ Npl.a
"Lies in the web of the beam" if Nc.f < Npl.w
Composite Bending resistance with full ⎛ h a Npl.a h c ⎞

M pl.Rd := Npl.a ⋅ ⎜ +h − ⋅ ⎟ if Location_neutral axis "Lies in the concrete slab"
Stage shear connection ⎝ 2 Nc.f 2
⎠
ha ⎛ h c ⎞
Npl.a ⋅ + Nc.f ⋅ ⎜ + h p ⎟ if Location_neutral axis "Lies in the top flange of the beam"
2 ⎝ 2 ⎠
(EN1994-1-1,cl.6.1.2)
2
⎛ h c + h a + 2h p ⎞ Nc.f h a
M a.pl.Rd + Nc.f ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ − ⋅ if Location_neutral axis "Lies in the top flange of the beam"
⎝ 2 ⎠ Npl.w 4
Bending resistance
(
Check_7 := if MEd ≤ Mpl.Rd , "OK" , "NOT OK" ) (EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.5(1))
check checks
Vertical Shear resistance of the composite steel section (cl.6.2.2) & (EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.6)
Design of shear
(
Check_8 := if VEd ≤ Vpl.Rd , "OK" , "NOT OK" ) (EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.6(1)P)
resistance check
Check if the verification of ⎛ hw ε ⎞
Check_9 := if ⎜ < 72⋅ (EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.6(6))
, "Not required shear buckling resistance" , "Required shear buckling resistance" ⎟
shear buckling resistance ⎝ tw η
⎠
Page 74
required or not
Design resistance of shear stud connector (cl.6.6.3.1(1))
Upper limit of reduction kt.max := 0.85 if n r 1 ∧ 1mm ≥ ts ∧ d < 20mm
factor kt 1.0 if n r 1 ∧ 1mm < ts ∧ d < 20mm
0.75 if n r 1 ∧ 1mm ≥ ts ∧ 19mm ≤ d < 22mm
0.75 if n r 1 ∧ 1mm < ts ∧ 19mm ≤ d < 22mm

(EN1994-1-1,Table:6.2)
0.70 if n r 2 ∧ 1mm ≥ ts ∧ d < 20mm
0.80 if n r 2 ∧ 1mm < ts ∧ d < 20mm
0.60 if n r 2 ∧ 1mm ≥ ts ∧ 19mm ≤ d < 22mm
0.60 if n r 2 ∧ 1mm < ts ∧ 19mm ≤ d < 22mm
Composite Reduction factor kt 0.7 b o ⎛ h sc ⎞

kt := ⋅ ⋅ ⎜ − 1⎟
n r h p ⎝ h p (EN1994-1-1,cl.6.6.4.2)
Stage ⎠
Ribs transverse to the supporting beams
Limitation of kt (
Check_10 := if kt < kt.max, "OK" , "NOT OK" ) (EN1994-1-1,cl.6.6.4.2(2))
b o ⎛ h sc ⎞ (EN1994-1-1,cl.6.6.4.1)
Reduction factor kt kt := 0.6⋅ ⋅ ⎜ − 1⎟ ≤ 1.0
hp hp
⎝ ⎠
Ribs parallel to the supporting beams
Minimum height of shear stud (
hmin := if hsc ≥ 4d , "Ductile" , "Not Ductile" ) (EN1994-1-1,cl.6.6.1.2(1))
Limitation of stud diameter dlim:= if ( 16mm < d < 25mm, "Ductile" , "Not ductile" ) (EN1994-1-1,cl.6.6.1.2(1))
Factor α ⎛ hsc ⎞ hsc (EN1994-1-1,cl.6.6.3.1(1))
α := 0.2⋅ ⎜ + 1⎟ if 3 ≤ ≤4 =1
⎝ d ⎠ d
h sc
1 if >4
d
Page 75
⎛ 2 ⎞
Design shear resistance of a ⎜ 0.8⋅ f ⋅ π ⋅ d 2 ⎟
us 0.29⋅ α⋅ d ⋅ f ⋅ E
PRd := kt⋅ min
⎜ 4
,
ck cm ⎟ (EN1994-1-1,cl.6.6.3.1(1))
headed stud ⎜ γv γv ⎟
⎝ ⎠
Degree of shear connection (cl.6.6.1.2(1))
Ratio of the degree shear Nc.f
η := (EN1994-1-1,cl.6.2.1.3(3))
connection Npl.a
Minimum degree of shear 355 ⎞⎟ ⋅ ⎛⎜ 0.75 − 0.03⋅ Le ⎞⎟ if L < 25m
ηmin := 1 − ⎛⎜ e
connection for equal flange fy m ⎠
⎜ ⎟ ⎝ (EN1994-1-1,cl.6.6.1.2(1))
⎜ N⋅ mm
−2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
1.0 if Le > 25m
Composite Check the degree of shear

(
Check_11 := if η > ηmin ∧ η ≥ 0.4, "OK" , "NOT OK" ) (EN1994-1-1,cl.6.6.1.2(1))
Stage interaction within the limits
Number of shear connector 2⋅ Npl.a
n := -
required PRd
Le
Stud spacing s prov := -
Nstud
Check the minimum
(
s lim := if s prov ≥ 5⋅ d ∧ s prov < 6⋅ h , "OK" , "NOT OK" ) (EN1994-1-1,cl.6.6.5.7(4))
spacing of studs
Adequacy of the shear (
Check_12 := if Mpl.Rd < 2.5⋅ Ma.pl.Rd , "Uniform spacing" , "Not uniform spacing" ) (EN1994-1-1,cl.6.6.1.3(3))
connection
Design of transverse reinforcement (cl.6.6.6.2) & (EN1992-1-1,cl.6.2.4)
Length under consideration Le
-
Δ x :=
2
Page 76
Npl.a
Longitudinal shear stress v Ed := (EN1992-1-1,cl.6.2.4(3))
2⋅ h c⋅ Δ x
Strength reduction factor ⎛ fck ⎞⎟
v := 0.6⋅ ⎜ 1 − (EN1992-1-1,Eq.6.6N)
⎜ − 2 ⎟
⎝ 250⋅ N ⋅ mm ⎠
Area of transverse v Ed⋅ h c⋅ s f
A s.req :=
reinforcement required sin θf ( ) (EN1992-1-1,cl.6.2.4(4))
fyd ⋅
cos θf ( )
Check the crushing
( ( ) ( ( ))
Check_14 := if vEd ≤ v⋅ fcd ⋅ sin θf ⋅ cos cos θf , "OK" , "NOT OK" ) (EN1992-1-1cl.6.2.4(4))
compression in the flange
Serviceability limit state
Vertical deflection
Maximum deflection at 4
(
5⋅ Gk.c + Qk.c ⋅ Le ) -
δc :=
Construction construction stage 384⋅ Es ⋅ Iyy
Stage ⎛ Le ⎞ (CYS NA EN1993-1-1,table
Vertical deflection limit Check_15 := if ⎜ δc < , "OK" , "NOT OK" ⎟
⎝ 250 ⎠ NA.1)
Short term elastic modular Es
n o :=
ration Ecm
(EN1994-1-1,cl.7.2.1)
A
r :=
beff ⋅ hc
Composite Second moment of area of the
(
A ⋅ h + 2⋅ h p + h c )2 b eff ⋅ h c
3
-
Stage composite section Ic := + + Iyy
(
4⋅ 1 + n o ⋅ r ) 12⋅ n o
Deflection with full shear
(
5⋅ Gk + Qk ⋅ Le ) ( )4 -
δcom :=
connection 384⋅ Es ⋅ Ic
Vibration of floor (Simplified analysis) (EN1990 A1.4.4)
Page 77
Total load on beam is Fv := Gk + ψ1⋅ Qk EN1990,A1.4.4
Increase the inertia, Ic by 10% to allow for the
(
Icl := Iy + Iy⋅ 0.1 ) -
increased dynamic stiffness of the composite beam
Instantaneous deflection caused by re-application of
3
the self weigth of the floor and the beam to the ( )
5⋅ Fv ⋅ Le ⋅ Le
-
δα :=
384⋅ Es ⋅ Icl
composite beam
18⋅ Hz
f :=
Natural frequency δα SCI P354
mm
Check natural frequency limitation Check_17 := if ( f < 4Hz, "OK" , "NOT OK" ) -
Page 78
8.5 Detail design of steel columns under gravity loads
Table 8.5: Detail design of composite beam

Partial factor Value References
Partial factor of cross-sections whatever the class CYS EN1993-1-1,cl 6.1(1)
γM0 = 1.0
is
Partial factor of member to instability assessed by CYS EN1993-1-1,cl 6.1(1)
γM1 = 1.0
member checks
Description of detail requirements Equations References

Design plastic resistance of the gross cross-section Npl,Rd = A fy / γM0 EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.3(2)
Compression resistance of steel section Nc,Rd =A fy / γM0 EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.4(1)
Bending interaction check
Moment resistance of steel section Y-Y axis Mc,Rd,y =Mpl,Rd,y = Wpl,y fy / γM0 EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.5(2)
Moment resistance of steel section Z-Z axis Mc,Rd,z= Mpl,Rd,z = Wpl,z fy / γM0 EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.5(2)
Shear interaction check
Factor for shear area η = 1.0 (conservative value) EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.6(3g)
Shear area 1 Av = A -2 b tf + (tw + 2r) tf ≥ η hw tw EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.6(3a)
Shear resistance of steel section Y-Y axis Vpl,Rd y = Av (fy / √3) / γM0 EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.6(2)
Shear resistance of steel section Z-Z axis Vpl,Rd,z = 2b tf (fy / √3) / γM0 EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.6(2)
Bending and shear interaction check
Area of web Aw = hw tw EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.8(5)
Page 79
Coefficient of interaction vy=VEd / Vpl.Rd,y EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.8(5)
Reduced yield strength ρ = [(2VEd / Vpl.Rd,y) – 1] 2 EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.8(3)
⎛ 2
⎜ ρ⋅ A w ⎞⎟
⎜ W pl.y − 4t ⎟ ⋅ fy
Reduced design plastic resistance moment Y-Y axis ⎝ w ⎠ EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.8(5)
M c.Rd.y := if v y > 0.5
γ M0
M c.Rd.y if v y < 0.5
Coefficient of interaction vz=VEd / VRd,y EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.8(5)
Reduced yield strength ρ = [(2VEd / Vpl.Rd,z) – 1] 2 EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.8(3)
⎛ 2
⎜ ρ⋅ A w ⎞⎟
⎜ W pl.z − 4t ⎟ ⋅ fy
Reduced design plastic resistance moment Z-Z axis ⎝ w ⎠ EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.8(5)
M c.Rd.z := if v z > 0.5
γ M0
M c.Rd.z if v z < 0.5
⎛ NEd MEd.y MEd.z ⎞ EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.1(7)
Check combination of axial and bending Check_1 := if ⎜ + + ≤ 1.0, "OK" , "NOT OK" ⎟
⎝ Npl.Rd Mc.Rd.y Mc.Rd.z ⎠
Bending and axial interaction check
Criteria 1 – Y-Y axis c1=NEd ≤ Npl,Rd EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.9.1(4)
Criteria 2 – Y-Y axis c2=NEd ≤ (0.5 hw tw fy )/ γM0 EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.9.1(4)
Check criteria c= max(cy1, cy2)
Factor a a = min {(A-2 b tf) / A) ,0.5} EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.9.1(5)
Factor n n = NEd / Npl,Rd EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.9.1(5)
β := 5n if 5n ≥ 1 =1
Factor β EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.9.1(6)
1 otherwise
Reduced design value of the resistance to bending MN,y,Rd = Mpl,y,Rd (1-n)/(1-0,5a) if c>1.0 EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.9.1(5)
and
Page 80
moments making allowance for the presence of MN,y,Rd = Mpl,y,Rd if 0 ≤ c ≤ 1.0
axial forces (Y-Y axis)
Reduced design value of the resistance to bending MN,z,Rd = Mpl,z,Rd for n<a
moments making allowance for the presence of and EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.9.1(5)
MN,z,Rd = Mpl,z,Rd [1-(n-a/1-a)2] for n>a
axial forces (Z-Z axis)
⎡⎡⎛ M a β
Check combination of bi-axial bending ⎢⎢ Ed.y ⎞ ⎛ MEd.z ⎞ ⎤⎥ ⎤
⎥ EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.9.1(6)
Check_1 := if ⎜ ⎟ ⎜+ ⎟ ⎥ ≤ 1.0, "OK" , "NOT OK"
⎢⎢ M M ⎥
⎣⎣⎝ N.y.Rd ⎠ ⎝ N.z.Rd ⎠ ⎦ ⎦
Buckling interaction check
Buckling length See: Figure 1: Effective length columns Design Guidance of EC3)
Elastic critical force for the relevant buckling mode based on the 𝐸! 𝐼! 𝜋 !
𝑁!".! = -
gross cross sectional properties 𝐿!".! !
Non dimensional slenderness 𝐴𝑓! EN1993-1-1,cl.6.3.1.2(1)

λ! =
𝑁!".!
h
Buckling_class_Y := if > 1.2
b
"a" if tf < 40mm
"b" if 40mm < tf < 100mm

Buckling curve h
EN1993-1-1,table 6.2
if ≤ 1.2
b
"b" if tf ≤ 100mm
"d" if tf > 100mm
Imperfection factor a EN1993-1-1,table 6.1
Page 81
αy := 0.1 if Buckling_class_Y "ao"
0.21 if Buckling_class_Y "a"
0.34 if Buckling_class_Y "b"
0.49 if Buckling_class_Y "c"
0.76 if Buckling_class_Y "d"
Value to determine the reduction factor χ Φ = 0.5 [1 + α (λ – 0.2) + λ2 EN1993-1-1,cl.6.3.1.2(1)
1
Reduction factor χ χ= ≤ 1,0 EN1993-1-1,cl.6.3.1.2(1)
Φ + Φ ! − λ!
Design buckling resistance of a compression member 𝜒𝐴𝑓! EN1993-1-1,cl.6.3.1.1(3)
𝑁!,!" =
𝛾!! )
Buckling length See: Figure 1: Effective length columns Design Guidance of EC3)
Elastic critical force for the relevant buckling mode based on the 𝐸! 𝐼! 𝜋 !
𝑁!".! = -
gross cross sectional properties 𝐿!".! !
Non dimensional slenderness 𝐴𝑓! EN1993-1-1,cl.6.3.1.2(1)

λ! =
𝑁!".!
h
Buckling_class_Y := if > 1.2
b
"a" if tf < 40mm
"b" if 40mm < tf < 100mm

Buckling curve h
EN1993-1-1,table 6.2
if ≤ 1.2
b
"b" if tf ≤ 100mm
"d" if tf > 100mm
Imperfection factor a EN1993-1-1,table 6.1
Page 82
αz := 0.1 if Buckling_class_Z "ao"
0.21 if Buckling_class_Z "a"
0.34 if Buckling_class_Z "b"
0.49 if Buckling_class_Z "c"
0.76 if Buckling_class_Z "d"
Value to determine the reduction factor χ Φ = 0.5 [1 + α (λ – 0.2) + λ2 EN1993-1-1,cl.6.3.1.2(1)
1
Reduction factor χ χ= ≤ 𝜒 ≤ 1,0 EN1993-1-1,cl.6.3.1.2(1)
Φ + Φ ! − λ!
Design buckling resistance of a compression member 𝜒𝐴𝑓! EN1993-1-1,cl.6.3.1.1(3)
𝑁!,!",! =
𝛾!! )
Non dimensional slenderness (
λ := max λ y , λ z ) EN1993-1-1,cl.6.3.1.2(1)
Check the bukling effects if can be ignored and only cross
Check := if (λ < 0.2, "Ignored buckling effects" , "Consider buckling effects" ) EN1993-1-1,cl.6.3.1.2(4)
section check is adequate
Lateral torsional buckling interaction check
2 2 I 2
π ⋅ Es ⋅ Izz k w ( cr) t
k⋅ L G⋅ I 2
Elastic critical moment for lateral torsional buckling Mcr := C1⋅ ⋅ ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ ⋅ + + (C2⋅ zg) − C2⋅ zg NCCI: SN003a-EN-EU
(k⋅ Lcr)2 ⎝ kw ⎠ Izz 2
π Es ⋅ Izz
Effective length factor (Pinned End) k = 1.0 NCCI: SN003a

Factor for end warping kw = 1.0 NCCI: SN003a
C1 := 1.88 − 1.40ψ + 0.52ψ

2 NCCI: SN003a
Coefficient factor C1 (Load condition: UDL)
(
Check_5 := if C1 ≤ 2.7, "OK" , "NOT OK" )
Coefficient factor C2 C2 = 1.554 NCCI: SN003a
Distance between the point of load application and the
zg = 0m NCCI: SN003a
shear centre (load applied on centre)
Page 83
h
Buckling_curve_Z := "a" if ≤2
b
Lateral torsional buckling curves EN1993-1-1,table 6.4
h
"b" if >2
b
αLT := 0.21 if Buckling_curve_Z "a"
0.34 if Buckling_curve_Z "b"
Imperfection factors for lateral torsional buckling curves EN1993-1-1,table 6.3
0.49 if Buckling_curve_Z "c"
0.76 if Buckling_curve_Z "d"
W pl.y ⋅ fy
Non dimensional slenderness for lateral torsional buckling λ LT := EN1993-1-1,cl.6.3.2.2(1)
Mcr
Value to determine the reduction factor χLT φ LT := 0.5⋅ ⎡1 + αLT⋅ λ LT − 0.2 + λ LT ⎤
( ) 2 EN1993-1-1,cl.6.3.2.2(1)
⎣ ⎦
1
Reduction factor for lateral-torsional buckling χ LT := EN1993-1-1,cl.6.3.2.2(1)
2 2
φ LT + φ LT − λ LT
(
Check_6 := if λ LT < λ LTO, "Ignored torsional buckling effects" , "Consider torsional buckling effects" )
Check if the lateral torsional buckling
EN1993-1-1,cl.6.3.2.2(4)
can be ignored ⎛ MEd.y 2 ⎞
Check_7 := if ⎜ < λ LTO , "Ignored torsional buckling effects" , "Consider torsional buckling effects" ⎟
⎝ Mcr ⎠
Moments due to the shift of the centroidal axis for ΔM Ed.z := 0 EN1993-1-
class sections 1,2 & 3 ΔM Ed.y := 0 1,cl.6.3.3(4)/table 6.7
Characteristic resistance to normal force of the EN1993-1-
NRk := fy ⋅ A
critical cross-section 1,cl.6.3.3(4)/table 6.7
Characteristic moment resistance of the critical My.Rk := fy ⋅ Wpl.y E1993-1-1,cl.6.3.3(4)/table
cross-section Mz.Rk := fy ⋅ Wpl.z 6.7)
Page 84
MEd.y1 MEd.y1
ψy := if −1 ≤ ≤1
MEd.y2 MEd.y2
MEd.y2 MEd.y2
if −1 ≤ ≤1
MEd.y1 MEd.y1
Ratio of end moments M Ed.z1 M Ed.z1 EN193-1-1,Table B2)
ψz := if −1 ≤ ≤1
M Ed.z2 M Ed.z2
M Ed.z2 M Ed.z2
if −1 ≤ ≤1
M Ed.z1 M Ed.z1
Cmy := 0.6 + 0.4⋅ ψy

Equivalent uniform moment factor EN1993-1-1,table B.1&B.2
Cmz := 0.6 + 0.4⋅ ψz
⎡⎡ ⎡ NEd
⎤⎤ ⎛ NEd ⎞⎤
(
kyy := min⎢⎢Cmy⋅ ⎢1 + λ y − 0.2 ⋅ ) ⎥⎥ , Cmy⋅ ⎜ 1 + 0.8⋅
NRk ⎥⎥
⎟⎥
NRk ⎟⎥
⎢⎢ ⎢ ⎜
⎢⎢ ⎢ χ y⋅ χ y⋅
γ M1 ⎥⎥ ⎜ γ M1 ⎟⎥
⎣⎣ ⎣ ⎦⎦ ⎝ ⎠⎦
⎡⎡ ⎡ N Ed ⎤⎤ ⎛ N ⎞⎤
kzz := min⎢⎢Cmz⋅ ⎢1 + ( 2λ z − 0.6) ⋅ ⎥⎥ , Cmz⋅ ⎜ 1 + 1.4⋅ Ed ⎟⎥
⎢⎢ ⎢ NRk ⎥⎥ ⎜ NRk ⎟⎥
⎢⎢ ⎢ χ z⋅ χ z⋅
γ M1 ⎥⎥ ⎜ γ M1 ⎟⎥ EN1993-1-1,table B.1&B.2
Interaction factors ⎣⎣ ⎣ ⎦⎦ ⎝ ⎠⎦
kyz := 0.6kzz
kzy := 0.6kyy
NEd MEd.y + ΔM Ed.y Mz.Ed + ΔM Ed.z

+ kyy ⋅ + kyz⋅
Combined bending and axial compression xy ⋅ NRk My.Rk M z.Rk EN1993-1-1,Eq.6.61
χ LT⋅
γ M1 γ M1 γ M1
Page 85
NEd MEd.y + ΔM Ed.y MEd.z + ΔM Ed.z
+ kzy⋅ + kzz⋅
Combined bending and axial compression χ z ⋅ NRk My.Rk M z.Rk EN1993-1-1,Eq.6.62
χ LT⋅
γ M1 γ M1 γ M1
Note: This equations is applicable only for I and H sections with section class 1 and 2
Note 1: The shear area is for rolled I and H sections, load parallel to web
Page 86
8.6 Detail design rules of steel Concentric Braced Frames (CBF) according to Eurocode 8
8.6.1 Detail design rules of steel bracing according to Eurocode 8
Description Value References

Overstrength factor used in design γov = 1.25 CYS EN1998-1-1cl.6.2(3)P
Non-dimensional slenderness (X bracing) (
Check_6 := if 1.3 < λ y < 2, "OK" , "NOT OK" ) EN1998-1-1,cl.6.7.3(1)
Non-dimensional slenderness (one diagonal) λ ≤ 2.0 EN1998-1-1,cl.6.7.3(2)
Non-dimensional slenderness (V bracing) λ ≤ 2.0 EN1998-1-1,cl.6.7.3(3)
Non-dimensional slenderness (V,X & one bracing) (
Check_5 := if Ns ≥ 3, "Consider limitation (As EC8)" , "Ignore limitation (As EC3)" ) EN1998-1-1,cl.6.7.3(4)
Yield resistance check (
Check_15 := if NEd ≤ Npl.Rd , "OK" , "NOT OK" ) EN1998-1-1,cl.6.7.3(5)
Npl.Rd
Check Ω factor Ω. := EN1998-1-1,cl.6.7.3(8)
NEd
Check Ω factor (
Check_16 := if Ωmax ≤ 1.25Ωmin, "OK" , "NOT OK" ) EN1998-1-1,cl.6.7.3(8)
Class_type_req := "CLASS 1 , 2 or 3" if 1.5 < q ≤ 2 ∧ Ductility_class "DCM"
Ductility class require for seismic design "CLASS 1 or 2" if 2 < q ≤ 4 ∧ Ductility_class "DCM" EN1998-1-1,cl.6.5.3(2)
"CLASS 1" if q > 4 ∧ Ductility_class "DCH"
Page 87
8.7 Detail design rules of steel columns and beams according to Eurocode 8

Check_15 := if NEd ≤ Npl.Rd , "OK" , "NOT OK" ) EN1998-1-1,cl.6.7.3(5)
Npl.Rd
Check Ω factor Ω. := EN1998-1-1,cl.6.7.3(8)
NEd
Minimum resistance requirement, NEd NEd. := NEd.G + 1.1⋅ γ ov⋅ Ω⋅ NEd.E EN1998-1-1,cl.6.7.4(1)
Page 88
8.8 Detail design rules of steel composite members according to Eurocode 8

Minimum concrete strength C20/25 – C40/50 CYS EN1998-1-1cl.7.2.1(1)
Steel reinforcement class B or C EN1998-1-1,cl.7.2.2(2)
Minimum degree of connection η ≤ 0.8 EN1998-1-1,cl.7.6.2(3)
Reduction factor kt = 0.75 EN1998-1-1,cl.7.6.2(4)
kt = kt * kr
Profiled steel sheeting with ribs transverse to the
EN1998-1-1,cl.7.6.2(6)
supporting beams is used, the reduction factor
x
fy := "fy=355" if 1.5 < q ≤ 4 ∧ Ductility_class "DCM " ∧ ≤ 0.27
d
x
"fy=235" if 1.5 < q ≤ 4 ∧ Ductility_class "DCM " ∧ 0.27 < ≤ 0.36
d
Yield strength of steel "fy=355" if q > 4 ∧ Ductility_class "DCH" ∧
x
≤ 0.20
EN1998-1-1,cl.7.6.2(8)
d
x
"fy=235" if q > 4 ∧ Ductility_class "DCH" ∧ 0.20 < ≤ 0.27
d

Page 89
8.9 Detail design rules of steel moment resistance frames (MRF) according to Eurocode 8
8.9.1 Detail design rules for MRF - Design criteria

Below design criteria apply to (Bottom – Top) Single/Multi-story buildings EN1998-1-1cl.6.6.1(1)
Moment capacity (where fixed support is provided) ∑MRc ≥ 1.3MRb EN1998-1-1,cl.4.4.2.3(4)
8.9.2 Detail design rules of steel beam for MRF

𝑀!"
Moment capacity verification ≤ 1.0 EN1998-1-1,cl.6.6.2.(2)
𝑀!".!"
VEd = VEd.G + VEd.M
Design shear force Where EN1998-1-1,cl.6.6.2.(2)
VEd.M = (Mpl.Rd.A + Mpl.Rd.B)/L

𝑉!"
Shear capacity verification ≤ 0.5 EN1998-1-1,cl.6.6.2.(2)
𝑉!".!"
𝑁!"
Axial capacity verification ≤ 0.15 EN1998-1-1,cl.6.6.2.(2)
𝑁!".!"
Page 90
8.9.3 Detail design rules of steel column for MRF

Check Ω factor (derivate from all beam with !!".!" MEd.E : Lateral force
Ω!"# = !!".! EN1998-1-1cl.6.6.3(1P)
moment connection)
Design axial compression force NEd = NEd.G +1.1γvoΩ NEd.E NEd.E : Lateral force EN1998-1-1cl.6.6.3(1P)
Design bending moment MEd = MEd.G +1.1γvoΩ MEd.E MEd.E : Lateral force EN1998-1-1cl.6.6.3(1P)
Design shear force VEd = VEd.G +1.1γvoΩ VEd. VEd.E : Lateral force EN1998-1-1cl.6.6.3(1P)
Design shear force verification 𝑉!" EN1998-1-1cl.6.6.3(4)
≤ 0.5
𝑉!".!"
Page 91
9.0 Design of steel frames
9.1 Design of steel member overwrites data
Figure 9.1: Steel design result of the member
Overwrites
Page 92
Figure 9.2: Steel frame design overwrites for Eurocode 3
4
5
6 7
10
11
12
Page 93
Table 9.1: Steel frame design overwrites for Eurocode 3
Explanation of Steel frame design overwrites for Eurocode 3

Note No. Parameter Values
Effective length
1
factor
kyy
2 Moment coefficient
kzz
Page 94
Bending Coefficient
3
(C1)
4 Moment coefficient
Overstrength factor Npl.Rd

5 Ω. :=
used in design1 NEd
Omega gamma
6 γov = 1.25
factor
Compressive/Tensile
7
capacity
Major bending
8
capacity, Mc3Rd
Minor bending
9
capacity, Mc2Rd
Buckling resistance
10
moment
Page 95
Major shear
11
capacity, Vc3Rd
Minor shear
12
capacity, Vc2Rd
1
Notes: Ω is not calculated automatically by the program. Rather, its value can be overwritten by the user through design Preference and Overwrites.
Page 96
9.2 Design of columns / beams using ETABS – Gravity load analysis only
STEP 1: Analyze > Run Analysis
STEP 2: Design > Steel frame design > Select design combo…
Note: Under gravity load conditions, only beams and columns shall be considered to resist
such loads, without taking into account the bracing members (EN1998-1-1,cl6.7.2(1)P).
Design combination at ULS

Figure 9.3: Gravity load combination at ULS
Design combination at SLS
DSTLD 1. DL + LL
DSTLD 2. DL
Page 97
Figure 9.4: Gravity load combination at SLS
Figure 9.5: Steel design under gravity load ONLY
Write click on each

member in order to check
it individually
Column name: C2
Storey level: Storey 1
Page 98
Figure 9.6: Steel design result of the member
Worst case combination
Figure 9.7: Ultimate moment results under worst case combination
ETABS: Display > Show tables
Page 99
Take the ultimate moment and shear force from the above table and place them into the Excel
spreadsheet or Mathcad file in order to verify the steel design results of ETABS.
Press the button summary
Table 9.2: Summarize of design values required to carry out the design of steel member
Results
Design value Symbol
(kN)
Design axial force for gravity load combination (G+0.3Q) NEd.GV 344.75
Design moment at y-y at end 1 (seismic load combination) MEd.GV.y1 -1.293
Design moment at y-y at end 2 (seismic load combination) MEd.GV.y2 3.195
Design moment at z-z at end 1 (seismic load combination) MEd.GV.z1 -0.173
Design moment at z-z at end 2 (seismic load combination) MEd.GV.z2 -0.142
Shear forces at y-y at end (seismic load combination) VEd.GV.y -0.01
Shear force at z-z at end 1 (seismic load combination) VEd.GV.z -1.63
Page 100
Design results of ETABS
Description of
ETABS/HAND Results
comparison
ETABS 0.160
Equation 6.62 in EC3
HAND (see section 9.3) 0.135
Page 101
ETABS/HAND N.c.Rd N.t.Rd N.pl.Rd
ETABS 2675.75 2675.75 2675.75
HAND (see section 9.3) 2675.75 2675.75 2675.75
Curve Alpha LambarBar Phi Chi Nb.Rd

ETABS/HAND
y-y z-z y-y z-z y-y z-z y-y z-z y-y z-z y-y z-z
ETABS “b” “c” 0.340 0.490 0.268 0.454 0.548 0.66 0.976 0.868 2610 2322
HAND (see section 9.3) “b” “b” 0.340 0.340 0.248 0.42 0.539 0.625 0.983 0.918 2630 2534
Page 102
M.c.Rd M.v.Rd
ETABS/HAND M.b.rd
y-y z-z y-y z-z
ETABS 305.8 142.45 305.8 142.45 302.05
HAND (see section 9.3) 305.8 142.45 305.8 142.45 305.80
ETABS/HAND Curve AlphaLT LambdaBarLT PhiLT ChiLT C1 Mcr

ETABS a 0.21 0.255 0.538 0.988 2.532 4694
HAND (see section 9.3) b 0.34 0.24 0.535 0.986 2.532 4679
ETABS/HAND kyy kyz kzy kzz

ETABS 0.442 0.582 0.964 0.970
HAND (see section 9.3) 0.441 0.576 0.265 0.96
Page 103
V.c.Rd
ETABS/HAND V.pl.Rd η
y-y z-z
ETABS 504 1234 504 1.2
HAND (see section 9.3) 504 1156 504 1.0
Page 104
9.3 Design of steel column (Gravity design situation) – Hand calculations
1. Rolled I - section
2. Limit to class 1 and 2 section
3. Column not susceptible to torsional deformations
Length of column hc := 3m
Total axial load on column, NEd NEd := 344.798kN
Shear force y-y axis VEd.y := 0.011kN
Shear force z-z axis VEd.z := 1.626kN
Design moment y-y axis MEd.y1 := 3.195kN⋅ m
Design moment y-y axis MEd.y2 := −1.293kN⋅ m
Maximum moment ( )
MEd.y := max MEd.y1, MEd.y2 = 3.195kN
⋅ ⋅m
Design moment z-z axis MEd.z1 := −0.142kN⋅ m
Maximum moment ( )
MEd.z := max MEd.z1, MEd.z2 = −0.142⋅ kN⋅ m
Section properties:
h := 270mm
Depth of section,h:
b := 280mm
Width of section,b:
tw := 8mm
Thickness of web, tw:
tf := 13mm
Thickness of flange, tf :
Thickness of element ( )
t := max tw, tf = 13⋅ mm
4
Izz := 47630000mm
Second moment of area z-z:
8 4
Iyy := 1.367⋅ 10 mm
Second moment of area y-y:
2
A := 9730mm
Cross section area, A:
Radius of section: r := 24mm
Heigth of web, hw hw := h − 2tf − 2r = 196⋅ mm
Page 105
3 2
Area of the web A w := h w⋅ tw = 1.568 × 10 ⋅ mm
9 6
Warping Constant, Iw: Iw := 753.7⋅ 10 ⋅ mm
4
Torsional Constant, IT: It := 635000mm
3
Plastic Modulus, Wply W pl.y := 1112000mm
3
Plastic Modulus, Wplz W pl.z := 518000mm
−2
Elastic modulus, E: Es := 210kN⋅ mm
−2
Yield strength of steel , fy: fy := 275N ⋅ mm
−2
Ultimate strength, fu: fu := 430N ⋅ mm
−2
Shear modulus G := 81kN⋅ mm
fy := fy if t ≤ 16mm
−2 −2
fy − 10N ⋅ mm if 16mm < t ≤ 40mm fy = 275⋅ N ⋅ mm
−2
Reduction of yield and ultimate fy − 20N ⋅ mm if 40mm < t ≤ 80mm
strength of sections EN10025-2
fu := fu if t ≤ 16mm
−2 −2
fu − 10N ⋅ mm if 16mm < t ≤ 40mm fu = 430⋅ N ⋅ mm
−2
fu − 20N ⋅ mm if 40mm < t ≤ 80mm
Partial safety factor
Resistance of cross-sections whatever the class γ M0 := 1

(CYS EN1993-1-1,cl 6.1(1))
Resistance of members to instability
γ M1 := 1
(CYS EN1993-1-1,cl 6.1(1))
Resistance of cross-section in tension γ M2 := 1.25
(CYS EN1993-1-1,cl.6.1(1))
Section classification 235

ε := = 0.924
fy
For section classification the coefficient ε is:
−2
N⋅ mm
For a flange element:
Page 106
cf (b − tw − 2.r )
cf := = 112⋅ mm
Class_type flange := "CLASS 1" if ≤ 9⋅ ε 2
tf
cf
"CLASS 2" if 9⋅ ε < ≤ 10⋅ ε
tf
Class_type flange = "CLASS 2"
cf
"CLASS 3" if 10⋅ ε < ≤ 14⋅ ε
tf
For a web element: cw := h − 2⋅ tf − 2⋅ r = 196⋅ mm
cw
tw Class_type web = "CLASS 1"
cw
"CLASS 2" if 84⋅ ε < ≤ 83⋅ ε
tw
cw
"CLASS 3" if 105⋅ ε < ≤ 124⋅ ε
tw
(
Class_type := if Class_type flange Class_type web , Class_type flange , "ADD MANUALY" )
Class_type = "ADD MANUALY"
Tension resistance (cl.6.2.3)

A ⋅ fy
Design plastic resistance of the cross section Npl.Rd :=
3
= 2.676 × 10 ⋅ kN
(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.3(2) γ M0
Design ultimate resistance 0.9A ⋅ fy 3

(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.3(2b)) Nu.Rd := = 1.927 × 10 ⋅ kN
γ M2
Design tension resistance 3
( )
Nt.Rd := min Nu.Rd , Npl.Rd = 1.927 × 10 ⋅ kN
(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.3(2))
⎛ NEd ⎞
Check tension capacity Check1 := if ⎜ ≤ 1.0, "OK" , "NOT OK" ⎟
⎝ Nt.Rd ⎠
Check1 = "OK"
Page 107
Compression resistance (cl.6.2.4)
Compression resistance of steel section Nc.Rd := Npl.Rd = 2.676 × 10 ⋅ kN

3
(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.4(1))
Check compression capacity ⎛ NEd ⎞
Check2 := if ⎜ ≤ 1.0, "OK" , "NOT OK" ⎟
(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.4(1)P) ⎝ Nc.Rd ⎠
Check2 = "OK"
Bending resistance (cl.6.2.5)

W pl.y⋅ fy
Moment resistance of steel section at Y-Y Mc.Rd.y := = 305.8⋅ kN⋅ m
γ M0
(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.5(2)
W pl.z⋅ fy
Moment resistance of steel section at Z-Z Mc.Rd.z := = 142.45⋅ kN⋅ m
γ M0
(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.5(2)
Shear resistance (cl.6.2.6)
Factor for shear area η := 1

(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.6(g))
Shear area of steel section (
Avy := A − 2⋅ b ⋅ tf + tw + 2r ⋅ tf )
(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.6(3))
A v := A vy if A vy > η ⋅ tw⋅ hw 3 2
A v = 3.178 × 10 ⋅ mm
η ⋅ tw⋅ h w if A vy < η ⋅ tw⋅ h w
−1
fy ⋅ ( 3)
Shear resistance of steel section Y-Y Vpl.Rd.y := A v ⋅ = 504.575kN
⋅
γ M0
(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.6(2))
3 2
Shear area of steel section A vz := 2⋅ b ⋅ tf = 7.28 × 10 ⋅ mm
(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.6(3))
−1
fy ⋅ ( 3) 3
Shear resistance of steel section Z-Z Vpl.Rd.z := 2⋅ b ⋅ t f ⋅ = 1.156 × 10 ⋅ kN
γ M0
(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.6(2))
Page 108
Check if the verification of shear
buckling resistance required or not
(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.6(6))
⎛ hw ε ⎞
Check := if ⎜ < 72⋅ , "Not required shear buckling resistance" , "Required shear buckling resistance" ⎟
⎝ tw η
⎠
Check = "Not required shear buckling resistance"
Bending and shear interaction check (cl.6.2.8)
Strong axis Y-Y

VEd.y −5
Interaction check 1 vy := = 2.18 × 10
Vpl.Rd.y
2
⎛ 2VEd.y ⎞
Reduced yield strength ρ := ⎜ − 1⎟ = 1
⎝ Vpl.Rd.y ⎠
⎛ 2
⎜ ρ⋅ A w ⎞⎟
⎜ W pl.y − 4t ⎟ ⋅ fy
Reduced design plastic resistance moment M c.Rd.y :=
⎝ w ⎠
if v y > 0.5
(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.8(5)) γ M0
M c.Rd.y if v y < 0.5
Mc.Rd.y = 305.8kN
⋅ ⋅m
Weak axis Z-Z

VEd.z −3
vz := = 1.407 × 10
Interaction check 1 Vpl.Rd.z
2
⎛ 2VEd.z ⎞
ρ := ⎜ − 1⎟ = 0.994
Reduced yield strength
⎝ Vpl.Rd.z ⎠
⎛ 2
⎜ ρ⋅ A w ⎞⎟
⎜ W pl.z − 4t ⎟ ⋅ fy
Reduced design plastic resistance moment
M c.Rd.z :=
⎝ w ⎠
if v z > 0.5
(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.8(5)) γ M0
Mc.Rd.z = 142.45kN
⋅ ⋅m
Page 109
Check combination of axial and bending
(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.1(7))
⎛ NEd MEd.y MEd.z ⎞
Check_1 := if ⎜ + + ≤ 1.0, "OK" , "NOT OK" ⎟
⎝ Npl.Rd Mc.Rd.y Mc.Rd.z
⎠
NEd MEd.y MEd.z

+ + = 0.138
Unity factor Npl.Rd Mc.Rd.y Mc.Rd.z
Check_1 = "OK"
Bending and axial force interaction check (cl.6.2.9)

⎡ (A − 2b ⋅ tf ) ⎤
Factor a a := min⎢ , 0.5⎥ = 0.252
⎣ A ⎦
NEd
Factor n n := = 0.129
Npl.Rd
β := 5n if 5n ≥ 1 =1
Factor β
1 otherwise
NEd
Coefficient 1 c1 := = 0.515
0.25Npl.Rd
NEd
Coefficient 2 c2 := = 1.599
0.5hw⋅ tw⋅ fy
Coefficient check ( )
c := max c1, c2 = 1.599
Strong axis Y-Y Mc.Rd.y⋅ ( 1 − n )

Reduced design value of the resistance to M N.y.Rd := if c > 1
1 − 0.5a
bending moments making allowance for the Mc.Rd.y if 0 ≤ c ≤ 1
presence of axial forces (EN1993-1-
1,cl.6.2.9.1(5)) MN.y.Rd = 304.764kN
⋅ ⋅m
Page 110
Weak axis Z-Z MN.z.Rd := Mc.Rd.z if n ≤ a
Reduced design value of the resistance to ⎡ 2
n − a ⎞ ⎤
bending moments making allowance for the Mc.Rd.z⋅ ⎢1 − ⎛⎜ ⎟ ⎥ if n ≥ a
⎣ ⎝ 1 − a ⎠ ⎦
presence of axial forces (EN1993-1-
1,cl.6.2.9.1(5)) MN.z.Rd = 142.45kN
⋅ ⋅m
Check combination of bi-axial bending

(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.9.1(6))
⎡⎡⎛ M a β
⎢⎢ Ed.y ⎞ ⎛ MEd.z ⎞ ⎤⎥ ⎤
⎥
Check_1 := if ⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ ≤ 1.0, "OK" , "NOT OK"⎥
⎢⎢ M
⎣⎣⎝ N.y.Rd ⎠ ⎝ MN.z.Rd ⎠ ⎦ ⎦
a β
⎛ MEd.y ⎞ ⎛ MEd.z ⎞
+ = 0.316
Unity factor ⎜ MN.y.Rd ⎟ ⎜ MN.z.Rd ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
Check_1 = "OK"
Bucking interaction check (cl.6.3)
Strong axis Y-Y
Status of effective length Effective_Length := " Pinned Fixed"
Effective length factor k := 0.7 if Effective_Length "Fixed Fixed" = 0.85

(Guidance of EC3) 0.85 if Effective_Length "Partial restraint"
0.85 if Effective_Length " Pinned Fixed"
1 if Effective_Length "Pinned Pinned"
Buckling length of column Lcr := k hc = 2.55m

(fixed end)
2
Es ⋅ Iyy⋅ π 4
Euler Buckling at y-y axis Ncry := = 4.357× 10 ⋅ kN
2
(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.3.1.2(1) Lcr
Page 111
Slenderness parameter at y-y axis A ⋅ fy
(for class 1,2 and 3 cross-section) λ y := = 0.248
Ncry
(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.3.1.2(1)
h
Buckling curve Buckling_class_Y := if > 1.2
b
(EN1993-1-1,table 6.2)
"a" if tf < 40mm
"b" if 40mm < tf < 100mm
h
if ≤ 1.2
b
"b" if tf ≤ 100mm
"d" if tf > 100mm
Buckling_class_Y = "b"
αy := 0.1 if Buckling_class_Y "ao"

0.21 if Buckling_class_Y "a"
0.34 if Buckling_class_Y "b"
0.49 if Buckling_class_Y "c"
0.76 if Buckling_class_Y "d"
Imperfection factor αy := 0.34
(EN1993-1-1,table 6.1)
2⎤
Value to determine the reduction factor χ φ y := 0.5⋅ ⎡1 + αy ⋅ λ y − 0.2 + λ y
( )
⎣ ⎦ = 0.539
(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.3.1.2(1))
1
Reduction factor χ χ y := = 0.983
2 2
(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.3.1.2(1)) φy + φ y − λy
Reduction factor χ check (

Check1 := if χ y ≤ 1.0, "OK" , "NOT OK" )
Check1 = "OK"
χ y⋅ A⋅ fy
Design buklcing resistance Nb.Rd.y :=
3
= 2.63 × 10 ⋅ kN
(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.3.1.1(3)) γ M1
⎛ NEd ⎞
Buckling resistance of compression member Check2 := if ⎜ , "OK" , "NOT OK" ⎟
check (EN1993-1-1,cl.6.3.1.1(1)) ⎝ Nb.Rd.y ⎠
Check2 = "OK"
Page 112
Weak axis Z-Z
Buckling length of column Lcr := k⋅ hc = 2.55m

(fixed end)
2
Es ⋅ Izz⋅ π 4
Euler Buckling at y-y axis Ncrz := = 1.518 × 10 ⋅ kN
2
(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.3.1.2(1) Lcr

(for class 1,2 and 3 cross-section) λ z := = 0.42
Ncrz
(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.3.1.2(1)
Check if the buckling may be ignored
(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.3.1.2(4))
Slenderness parameter (
λ := max λ y , λ z )
MinimumEuler Buckling (
Ncr := min Ncry , Ncrz )
⎛ NEd ⎞
Check_2 := if ⎜ λ < 0.2 ∧ < 0.04, "Ignored buckling effects" , "Consider buckling effects" ⎟
Ncr
⎝ ⎠
Check_2 = "Consider buckling effects"
h
Buckling curve Buckling_class_Z := if > 1.2
b
(EN1993-1-1,table 6.2)
"a" if tf < 40mm
"b" if 40mm < tf < 100mm
h
if ≤ 1.2
b
"b" if tf ≤ 100mm
"d" if tf > 100mm
Buckling_class_Z = "b"
Imperfection factor αz := 0.1 if Buckling_class_Z "ao"

(EN1993-1-1,table 6.1) 0.21 if Buckling_class_Z "a"
0.34 if Buckling_class_Z "b"
0.49 if Buckling_class_Z "c"
αz := 0.34 0.76 if Buckling_class_Z "d"
Page 113
2
Value to determine the reduction factor χ φ z := 0.5⋅ ⎡1 + αz⋅ λ z − 0.2 + λ z ⎤ = 0.625
( )
⎣ ⎦
(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.3.1.2(1))
1
Reduction factor χ χ z := = 0.918
2 2
(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.3.1.2(1)) φz + φ z − λz

Check_3 := if χ z ≤ 1.0, "OK" , "NOT OK" )
Check_3 = "OK"
χ z⋅ A ⋅ fy 3
Design buklcing resistance Nb.Rd.z := = 2.457 × 10 ⋅ kN
γ M1
(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.3.1.1(3))
⎛ NEd ⎞
Buckling resistance of compression member Check_4 := if ⎜ , "OK" , "NOT OK" ⎟
check (EN1993-1-1,cl.6.3.1.1(1)) ⎝ Nb.Rd.z ⎠
Check_4 = "OK"
Lateral torsional buckling check (cl.6.3.2)
Effective length factor, k

k = 0.85
(SN003a-EN-EU)
Factor for end warping, kw kw := 1.0
(SN003a-EN-EU)
MEd.y2
ψ := = −0.405
Ratio of the smaller and larger moment MEd.y1
2
Coefficient factor C1 C1 := 1.88 − 1.40ψ + 0.52ψ = 2.532
(SN003a-EN-EU)
Coefficient factor C1 check (
(SN003a-EN-EU)
Check_5 = "OK"
Coefficient factor C2 C2 := 1.554

(SN003a-EN-EU)
Distance between the point of load zg := 0m
application and the shear centre
Page 114
Elastic critical moment for lateral
torsional buckling (SN003a-EN-EU)
2 2 I 2
π ⋅ Es ⋅ Izz k w L( cr) t
G⋅ I 2 3
Mcr := C1⋅ ⋅ ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ ⋅ + + ( C2⋅ zg) − C2⋅ zg = 4.679× 10 ⋅ kN⋅ m
(Lcr)2 ⎝ kw ⎠ Izz π 2Es ⋅ Izz
h
Lateral torsional buckling curve Buckling_curve_Z := "b" if ≤2
b
(EN1993-1-1,table 6.4)
h
"c" if >2
b
Buckling_curve_Z = "b"
Imperfection factor for lateral torsional αLT := 0.21 if Buckling_curve_Z "a"

(EN1993-1-1,table 6.3) 0.34 if Buckling_curve_Z "b"
αLT = 0.34
W pl.y ⋅ fy
Non dimensional slenderness λ LT := = 0.256
(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.3.2.2(1)) Mcr
Value to determine the reduction φ LT := 0.5⋅ ⎡1 + αLT⋅ λ LT − 0.2 + λ LT ⎤ = 0.542

2
⎣ ( )⎦
factor (EN1993-1-1,cl.6.3.2.2(1))
1
Reduction factor for lateral-torsional χ LT := = 0.98
2 2
buckling φ LT + φ LT − λ LT
(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.3.2.2(1))
1
Check_6 := if ⎛⎜ χ LT ≤ 1 ∧ χ LT ≤ , "OK" , "NOT OK" ⎞⎟
⎜ 2 ⎟
λ LT
⎝ ⎠
Check_6 = "OK"
Parameter λ LTO λ LTO := 0.4

(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.3.2.3(1)) fy
Design buckling resistance moment Mb.Rd := χ LT⋅ W pl.y ⋅ = 299.741kN
⋅ ⋅m
γ M1
(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.3.2.1(3))
⎛ MEd.y ⎞
Check_7 := if ⎜ ≤ 1, "OK" , "NOT OK" ⎟
⎝ Mb.Rd ⎠
Page 115
Check if the lateral torsional buckling Check_7 = "OK"
be ignored
(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.3.2.2(4))
⎛ MEd.y 2 ⎞
Check_8 := if ⎜ λ LT < λ LTO ∧ < λ LTO , "Ignored torsional buckling effects" , "Consider torsional buckling effects" ⎟
Mcr
⎝ ⎠
Check_8 = "Ignored torsional buckling effects"
Combine bending and axial compression cl.6.3.3
Moments due to the shift of the centroidal axis ΔM Ed.z := 0

for class sections 1,2 & 3
ΔM Ed.y := 0
(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.3.3(4)/table 6.7)
Characteristic resistance to normal force 3
of the critical cross-section NRk := fy ⋅ A = 2.676 × 10 ⋅ kN
(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.3.3(4)/table 6.7)
Characteristic moment resistance My.Rk := Mc.Rd.y = 305.8kN
⋅ ⋅m
of the critical cross-section
Mz.Rk := Mc.Rd.z = 142.45kN
⋅ ⋅m
(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.3.3(4)/table 6.7)
MEd.y1 MEd.y1
ψy := if −1 ≤ ≤1
MEd.y2 MEd.y2
MEd.y2 MEd.y2
if −1 ≤ ≤1
Ratio of end moments MEd.y1 MEd.y1
(EN1993-1-1,Table B2)
M Ed.z1 M Ed.z1
ψz := if −1 ≤ ≤1
M Ed.z2 M Ed.z2
M Ed.z2 M Ed.z2
if −1 ≤ ≤1
M Ed.z1 M Ed.z1
Equivalent uniform moment factor Cmy := 0.6 + 0.4⋅ ψy = 0.438
Equivalent uniform moment factor Cmz := 0.6 + 0.4⋅ ψz = 0.928
Page 116
⎡⎡ ⎡ NEd ⎤⎤ ⎛ N ⎞⎤
(
kyy := min⎢⎢Cmy⋅ ⎢1 + λ y − 0.2 ⋅ ) ⎥⎥ , Cmy⋅ ⎜ 1 + 0.8⋅ Ed ⎟⎥ = 0.441
⎢⎢ ⎢ NRk ⎥⎥ ⎜ NRk ⎟⎥
⎢⎢ ⎢ χ y⋅ ⎥⎥ ⎜ χ y⋅
γ M1 γ M1 ⎟⎥
⎣⎣ ⎣ ⎦⎦ ⎝ ⎠⎦
Interaction factors
(EN1993-1-1,table ⎡⎡ ⎡ NEd ⎤⎤ ⎛ N ⎞⎤
kzz := min⎢⎢Cmz⋅ ⎢1 + ( 2λ z − 0.6) ⋅ ⎥⎥ , Cmz⋅ ⎜ 1 + 1.4⋅ Ed ⎟⎥ = 0.96
B.1&B.2) ⎢⎢ ⎢ NRk ⎥⎥ ⎜ NRk ⎟⎥
⎢⎢ ⎢ χ z⋅ χ z⋅
γ M1 ⎥⎥ ⎜ γ M1 ⎟⎥
⎣⎣ ⎣ ⎦⎦ ⎝ ⎠⎦
kyz := 0.6kzz = 0.576
kzy := 0.6kyy = 0.265
EN1993-1-1,Equation 6.61
⎛ NEd MEd.y + ΔM Ed.y MEd.z + ΔM Ed.z ⎞
Check_9 := if ⎜ + kyy ⋅ + kyz⋅ ≤ 1.0, "OK" , "NOT OK" ⎟
⎜ χ y ⋅ NRk My.Rk M z.Rk ⎟
⎜ χ LT⋅ ⎟
γ M1 γ M1 γ M1
⎝ ⎠

+ kyy ⋅ + kyz⋅ = 0.135
Unity factor χ y ⋅ NRk My.Rk M z.Rk
χ LT⋅
γ M1 γ M1 γ M1
Check_9 = "OK"

Check_10 := if ⎜ + kzy⋅ + kzz⋅ ≤ 1.0, "OK" , "NOT OK" ⎟
⎜ χ z ⋅ NRk My.Rk M z.Rk ⎟
⎜ χ LT⋅ ⎟
γ M1 γ M1 γ M1
⎝ ⎠

+ kzy⋅ + kzz⋅ = 0.142
Unity factor χ z ⋅ NRk My.Rk M z.Rk
χ LT⋅
γ M1 γ M1 γ M1
Check_10 = "OK"
Page 117
9.4 Design of steel column (Seismic design situationn)
Column name: C2
Page 118
Step 1: Option > Preferences > Steel frame design
Modify the existing “System

Omega”. The omega factor is equal
to the minimum section overstrength
factor of concentric bracing. See
below:
Note: the minimum value of Ω is

calculate over all the diagonals of the
braced frame system
Step 2: Design > Steel frame design > Select design combo…
Figure 9.7: Lateral/gravity load combination at ULS
Page 119

Page 120
STATIC 10. DL + 0.3LL

DSTLD 1. DL + LL
DSTLD 2. LL
ETABS: Display > Show Tables
Select all
combinations
Table 9.3a: Analysis results of gravity load combination (STATIC 10: G + 0.3Q)
Story Column Load Loc P V2 V3 T M2 M3
STORY1 C2 STATIC10 0 -‐245.17 -‐0.28 -‐0.27 0 -‐0.43 0.001

STORY1 C2 STATIC10 1.38 -‐244.13 -‐0.28 -‐0.27 0 -‐0.055 0.389
Page 121
STORY1 C2 STATIC10 2.76 -‐243.1 -‐0.28 -‐0.27 0 0.321 0.776
Note: P = NEd.G
Table 9.3b: Analysis results of seismic action (MODAL EQX / EQY)
STORY1 C2 EQX 0 38.99 29.66 0.49 -‐0.001 0.884 58.02

STORY1 C2 EQX 1.38 38.99 29.66 0.49 -‐0.001 0.202 17.094
STORY1 C2 EQX 2.76 38.99 29.66 0.49 -‐0.001 -‐0.48 -‐23.833
STORY1 C2 EQX 0 33.61 26.3 1.15 0.001 1.917 51.189
STORY1 C2 EQX 1.38 33.61 26.3 1.15 0.001 0.332 14.928
STORY1 C2 EQX 2.76 33.61 26.3 1.15 0.001 1.256 21.431
STORY1 C2 EQY 0 3.55 2.72 8.97 0.003 14.692 5.227
STORY1 C2 EQY 1.38 3.55 2.72 8.97 0.003 2.313 1.468
STORY1 C2 EQY 2.76 3.55 2.72 8.97 0.003 10.076 2.297
STORY1 C2 EQY 0 2.6 1.89 10.93 0.002 17.899 3.709
STORY1 C2 EQY 1.38 2.6 1.89 10.93 0.002 2.813 1.097
STORY1 C2 EQY 2.76 2.6 1.89 10.93 0.002 -‐12.273 -‐1.516
Note: P = NEd.E
Results of Seismic load combination (SEISMIC 1-8)
Select all the seismic load

combinations
Sort out the highest values

of P, V and M
Page 122
Table 9.4: Analysis result of design values of V and M based on worst case seismic design
combination
STORY1 C2 SEISMIC1 MIN 0 -‐279.84 -‐27.4 -‐4.11 -‐0.002 -‐6.755 -‐52.756

STORY1 C2 SEISMIC1 MIN 1.38 -‐278.8 -‐27.4 -‐4.11 -‐0.002 -‐1.081 -‐14.979
STORY1 C2 SEISMIC1 MIN 2.76 -‐277.77 -‐27.4 -‐4.11 -‐0.002 -‐3.958 -‐21.344
Results
Design value Symbol
(kN/kNm)
Design axial force for gravity load combination (G+0.3Q) NEd.G 245
Design axial force for the design seismic action alone NEd.E 39
Design moment at y-y at end 1 (seismic load combination) MEd.SC.y1 52.8
Design moment at y-y at end 2 (seismic load combination) MEd.SC.y2 21.3
Design moment at z-z at end 1 (seismic load combination) MEd.SC.z1 6.8
Design moment at z-z at end 2 (seismic load combination) MEd.SC.z2 4.0
Shear forces at y-y at end (seismic load combination) VEd.SC.y 27.4
Shear force at z-z at end 1 (seismic load combination) VEd.SC.z 4.1
Page 123
9.4.1 Design of steel column (Seismic design situation – Hand calculation)
Detail design of steel column using Eurocode 3 and Eurocode 8
3. Column not susceptible to torsional deformations
Design data
Length of column hc := 3m
Overstrength factor
γ ov := 1.25
(EN1998-1-1,cl.6.1.3(2))
Omega factor of bracing members Ω := 2.5
at storey 1
Behavior factor q q := 4
Ductlity class Ductility_class := "DCM"
Total axial force due to the non-seismic actionsNEd.G := 245.17kN

(G+ψ EiQ)
Total axial force due to the non-seismic actionsNEd.E := 39kN
(seismic)
Design shear force due to
Eurocode requirement VEd.y := 4.11kN
(EN1998-1-1,cl.6.7.4(1))
Eurocode requirement VEd.z := 27.4kN
(EN1998-1-1,cl.6.7.4(1))
(seismic combination)
Design moment y-y axis MEd.z1 := 6.75kN⋅ m
Design moment y-y axis MEd.z2 := 3.96kN⋅ m
Maximum moment ( )
⋅ ⋅m
Maximum moment ( )
MEd.z := max MEd.z1, MEd.z2 = 6.75⋅ kN⋅ m
Page 124
NEd := NEd.G + 1.1⋅ γ ov⋅ Ω⋅ NEd.E = 379.233kN
⋅
Eurocode requirement
(EN1998-1-1,cl.6.7.4(1))
Section properties:
Depth of section,h: h := 270mm
Width of section,b: b := 280mm
tw := 8mm
tf := 13mm
4
Izz := 47630000mm
8 4
Iyy := 1.367⋅ 10 mm
2
A := 9730mm
Radius of section,r: r := 24mm
Heigth of web, hw hw := h − 2tf − 2r = 196⋅ mm

3 2
9 6
4
3
3
−2
−2
−2
−2
Page 125
−2 −2
−2
strenght of sections EN10025-2
−2 −2
−2
fu − 20N ⋅ mm if 40mm < t ≤ 80mm
Partial safety factor
Resistance of cross-sections whatever the class

γ M0 := 1
(CYS EN1993-1-1,cl 6.1(1))
γ M1 := 1
(CYS EN1993-1-1,cl 6.1(1))
Resistance of cross-section in tension
γ M2 := 1.25
(CYS EN1993-1-1,cl.6.1(1))

ε := = 0.924
fy
−2
N⋅ mm
For a flange element:
(b − tw − 2.r )
cf := = 112⋅ mm
cf 2
tf
cf
"CLASS 2" if 9⋅ ε < ≤ 10⋅ ε
tf
Class_type flange = "CLASS 2"
cf
"CLASS 3" if 10⋅ ε < ≤ 14⋅ ε
tf
Page 126
For a web element: cw := h − 2⋅ tf − 2⋅ r = 196⋅ mm
cw
cw
"CLASS 2" if 84⋅ ε < ≤ 83⋅ ε
tw
cw
"CLASS 3" if 105⋅ ε < ≤ 124⋅ ε
tw
(
Class_type = "ADD MANUALY"
Requirements on cross-sectional class of dissipative elements depending on

Ductility class (EN1998-1-1,cl.6.5.3(2))
Section classification rule for EC8

(EN1998-1-1,cl.6.5.3(2))
"CLASS 1 or 2" if 2 < q ≤ 4 ∧ Ductility_class "DCM"
Class_type_req = "CLASS 1 or 2"
Note: The column now has to be check using the resistance verification checks of Eurocode
3 as shown in section 9.3 of this document.
Page 127
9.5 Design of composite beams - Hand calculations
ETABS: Define > Wall/Slab/Deck sections
Figure 9.9: Define deck section Comflor60 -Corus
Figure 9.10: Modified “Stiffness Modifiers” (crack-sections)
Page 128
ETABS: Analyze > Run analysis
ETABS: Display > Show Tables >
Select all
combinations
Page 129
Assumptions - Design and analysis
This design process is envisaging a analyzed to determine the forces and moments in the
individual structural members.
Simple design approach:
This method applies to structures in which the connections between members will not
develop any significant restraint moments. Members forces and moments are calculated
on the basic of the following assumptions:
1. Simply supported beam.

2. The steel sheeting with ribs is placed transverse to the beam.
3. Limited only to I abd H rolled sections with equal flanges
4. Ignored any contribution of steel sheeting to the transverse reinforcements
Length of beam Le := 5m
Spacing of the secondary beams (LHS) L1 := 5m
Spacing of the secondary beams (RHS) L2 := 5m

L1 L2
Loading length L := + = 5m
2 2
Slab design data
Comfloor 60
Overall depth of slab h := 150mm
Steel sheeting deck profile hp := 60mm

(Comflor 60)
Depth of concrete slab above steel sheeting hc := h − hp = 90⋅ mm
Rib width at top b1 := 131mm
Rib width at bottom b2 := 180mm
Page 130
b1 + b2
Distance between shear connector bo := = 155.5⋅ mm
2
(Assume single shear connector)
Space of each troughs e := 300mm
Thickness of steel sheeting ts := 1mm
Structural steel properties
Depth of section, h: ha := 240mm
Width of section,b: b := 120mm
Thickness of web, tw: tw := 6.2mm
Thickness of flange, tf : tf := 9.8mm
t := max tw, tf = 9.8⋅ mm
Radius of section,r: r := 15mm
Heigth of web, hw hw := ha − 2tf − 2r = 190.4mm

⋅
3 2
Radious of gyration iz := 26.9507mm

4
Second moment of area z-z: Izz := 2840000mm
4
Second moment of area y-y: Iyy := 38920000mm
2
Cross section area, A: A := 3910mm
4
9 6
3
3
−2
Yield strength fy := 275N ⋅ mm
−2
Ultimate strength fu := 430N ⋅ mm
−2
Modulus of Elasticity Es := 210kN⋅ mm
−2
Page 131
Concrete properties
−2
Yield strength of reinforcement fyk := 500N ⋅ mm
−2
Cylinder strength fck := 25N ⋅ mm
−2
Modulus of Elasticity Ecm := 31kN⋅ mm
Shear connector properties
Diameter d := 19mm
hsc := 95mm
Overall height before welding
−2
Ultimate strength of shear connector fus := 450N ⋅ mm
Number of stud per in one rib n r := 1
Material partial factors for resistance
Resistance of cross-sections whatever the class

γ M0 := 1.0
(CYS EN1993-1-1,cl 6.1(1))
γ M1 := 1.0
(CYS EN1993-1-1,cl 6.1(1))
Partial factor for concrete γ c := 1.5
(EN 1992 1-1 Table 2.1N)
Partial factor for reinforcing steel γ s := 1.15
(EN 1992 1-1 Table 2.1N)
Partial factor for design shear γ v := 1.25
resistance of a headed stud
(CYS EN1994-1-1,cl.2.4.1.2(5)P)
Partial factor for design shear γ vs := 1.25
resistance of a composite slab
(CYS EN1994-1-1,cl.2.4.1.2(6)P)
Partial factor for permanent action γ G := 1.35
Partial factor for variable action γ Q := 1.5
Design value of the cylinder fck −2

fcd := = 16.667⋅ N ⋅ mm
compressive strength of concrete γc
(EN1992-1-1,cl.
Page 132
fyk
Design value of the yield strength fyd := = 434.783N
⋅ ⋅ mm
−2
of structural steel γs
Loading at construction stage
Dead load
−2
Weight of steel deck (Comfloor 60) g k.deck := 0.114kN⋅ m
−2
Weight of wet concrete gk.c.wet := 2.79kN⋅ m
−1
Weight of steel beam (IPE240) g k.b := 0.8kN⋅ m
Live load
−2
Construction live load q k := 0.75kN⋅ m
Total load at construction stage
−1
( )
FEd := γ G⋅ gk.deck ⋅ L + gk.c.wet⋅ L + g k.b + γ Q⋅ q k⋅ L = 26.307⋅ kN⋅ m
2
FEd⋅ L
Moment at construction stage MEd.c := = 82.209⋅ kN⋅ m
8
FEd⋅ L
Shear force at construction stage VEd.c := = 65.767kN
⋅
2
Design moments and shear forces
Shear force at composite stage VEd.c = 65.767kN

⋅
Design moment at composite stage MEd.c = 82.209kN

⋅ ⋅m
Shear force at composite stage VEd := 55.5kN
Design moment at composite stage MEd := 132kN⋅ m
Page 133
Ultimate limit state verification
Construction stage
Section classification (EN19931-1,cl.5.6(6))
−2 −2
−2
strength of sections EN10025-2
−2 −2
−2
fu − 20N ⋅ mm if 40mm < t ≤ 80mm
235
For section classification the coefficient ε is: ε := = 0.924
fy
−2
N⋅ mm
(b − tw − 2.r )
For a flange element: cf := = 41.9⋅ mm
2
cf
tf
cf
"CLASS 2" if 9⋅ ε < ≤ 10⋅ ε Class_type flange = "CLASS 1"
tf
cf
"CLASS 3" if 10⋅ ε < ≤ 14⋅ ε
tf
Page 134
For a web element: cw := ha − 2⋅ tf − 2⋅ r = 190.4mm
⋅
cw
cw
"CLASS 2" if 84⋅ ε < ≤ 83⋅ ε
tw
cw
"CLASS 3" if 105⋅ ε < ≤ 124⋅ ε
tw
(
Class_type = "CLASS 1"
Bending Resistance of the steel section (EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.5)
W pl.y ⋅ fy
Design resistance for bending Ma.pl.Rd := = 100.925⋅ kN⋅ m
γ M0
(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.5(2))
Bending resistance check (

Check_1 := if MEd.c ≤ Ma.pl.Rd , "OK" , "NOT OK" )
checks
(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.5(1))
Check_1 = "OK"
Vertical Shear resistance of the steel section (cl.6.2.2) & (EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.6)

(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.6(g))
Shear area of steel section (
Av1 := A − 2⋅ b ⋅ tf + tw + 2r ⋅ tf )
(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.6(3))
A v := A v1 if A v1 > η ⋅ tw⋅ h w 3 2
A v = 1.913 × 10 ⋅ mm
η ⋅ tw⋅ h w if A v1 < η ⋅ tw⋅ h w
−1
fy ⋅ ( 3)
Shear resistance of steel section Y-Y Vpl.Rd := A v ⋅ = 303.691kN
⋅
γ M0
(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.6(2))
Page 135
Design of shear resistance (
Check_2 := if VEd ≤ Vpl.Rd , "OK" , "NOT OK" )
check
Check_2 = "OK"
(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.6(1)P)

(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.6(6))
⎛ hw ε ⎞
Check_3 := if ⎜ < 72⋅ , "Not required shear buckling resistance" , "Required shear buckling resistance" ⎟
⎝ tw η
⎠
Check_3 = "Not required shear buckling resistance"
Bending and shear interaction check (cl.6.2.2.4)
Strong axis Y-Y

VEd
Interaction check 1 vy := = 0.183
Vpl.Rd
2
⎛ 2VEd ⎞
Reduced yield strength ρ := ⎜ − 1⎟ = 0.403
⎝ Vpl.Rd ⎠
⎛ 2
⎜ ρ⋅ A w ⎞⎟
⎜ W pl.y − 4t ⎟ ⋅ fy
Reduced design plastic resistance moment M a.pl.Rd. :=
⎝ w ⎠
if v y > 0.5
(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.8(5)) γ M0
M a.pl.Rd if v y < 0.5
Ma.pl.Rd = 100.925kN
⋅ ⋅m
Lateral torsional buckling resistance of steel beam (EN1993-1-1,cl.6.3.2)
Status of effective length Effective_Length := "Pinned Pinned"
Effective length factor k := 0.7 if Effective_Length "Fixed Fixed" =1

Page 136
Effective length (pinned) Lcr := k⋅ Le = 5m

(SN003a-EN-EU)
(SN003a-EN-EU)
(SN003a-EN-EU)
2 2 I 2
π ⋅ Es ⋅ Izz k w L ( cr) t
G⋅ I 2
Mcr := C1⋅ ⋅ ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ ⋅ + + (C2⋅ zg) − C2⋅ zg = 176.744kN
⋅ ⋅m
kw Izz
(Lcr)2 ⎝ ⎠ 2
π Es ⋅ Izz
h
Lateral torsional buckling curve Buckling_curve_Z := "b" if ≤2
b
(EN1993-1-1,table 6.4)
h
"c" if >2
b
Buckling_curve_Z = "b"
Imperfection factor for lateral torsional αLT := 0.21 if Buckling_curve_Z "a"

(EN1993-1-1,table 6.3) 0.34 if Buckling_curve_Z "b"
αLT = 0.34
Non dimensional slenderness W pl.y ⋅ fy

λ LT := = 0.756
(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.3.2.2(1)) Mcr
Parameter introducing the effect of

β := 0.75
biaxial bending
(EN1994-1-1,cl.6.3.2.3(1))
Parameter λ LTO
λ LTO := 0.4
(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.3.2.3(1))
Page 137
Value to determine the reduction φ LT := 0.5⋅ ⎡1 + αLT⋅ λ LT − λ LTO + ⎛ β ⋅ λ LT
2⎞⎤
⎣ ( ⎝ ) ⎠⎦ = 0.775
factor (EN1993-1-1,cl.6.3.2.2(1))
1
2 2
buckling φ LT + φ LT − β λ LT
(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.3.2.2(1))
1
⎜ 2 ⎟
λ LT
⎝ ⎠
Check_5 = "OK"
Design plastic resistance W pl.y⋅ fy

Mb.Rd := χ LT⋅ = 84.882⋅ kN⋅ m
(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.3.2.1) γ M1
Section verification for lateral torsional ⎛ MEd.c ⎞

buckling Check_6 := if ⎜ M < 1, "OK" , "NOT OK" ⎟
⎝ b.Rd ⎠
(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.3.2.1(1))
Check_6 = "OK"
Composite stage
Effective width of composite beam (cl.5.4.1.2(5))
Total effective width at mid-span ⎛ ⎛ L1 L2 Le ⎞ ⎞

beff := bo + 2⎜ min⎜ + , ⎟ ⎟
(EN1994-1-1cl. 5.4.1.2(5)) ⎝ ⎝ 2 2 8 ⎠ ⎠
Plastic resistance moment of composite section with full shear connection (cl.6.2)
Tensile resistance of steel section fy ⋅ A 3

Npl.a := = 1.075 × 10 ⋅ kN
(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.3(2)) γ M0
3
Compression resistance of concrete slab Nc.f := 0.85⋅ fcd ⋅ b eff ⋅ h c = 1.792 × 10 ⋅ kN
(EN1994-1-1,cl.6.2.1.2(1d)
Tensile resistance in web of steel section (
Npl.w := fy ⋅ tw⋅ ha − 2⋅ tf )
Page 138
Location of neutral axis
(EN1994-1-1,cl.6.2.1.2(1))
Location_neutral axis := "Lies in the concrete slab" if Nc.f > Npl.a
"Lies in the top flange of the beam" if Nc.f ≤ Npl.a
"Lies in the web of the beam" if Nc.f < Npl.w
Location_neutral axis = "Lies in the concrete slab"
Bending resistance with full shear connection

(EN1994-1-1,cl.6.1.2)
⎛ h a Npl.a h c ⎞
M pl.Rd := Npl.a ⋅ ⎜ +h − ⋅ ⎟ if Location_neutral axis "Lies in the concrete slab"
⎝ 2 Nc.f 2
⎠
ha ⎛ h c ⎞
Npl.a ⋅ + Nc.f ⋅ ⎜ + h p ⎟ if Location_neutral axis "Lies in the top flange of the beam"
2 ⎝ 2 ⎠
2
⎛ h c + h a + 2h p ⎞ Nc.f h a
M a.pl.Rd + Nc.f ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ − ⋅ if Location_neutral axis "Lies in the top flange of the beam"
⎝ 2 ⎠ Npl.w 4
Mpl.Rd = 261.285kN
⋅ ⋅m
Bending resistance check (

Check_7 := if MEd ≤ Mpl.Rd , "OK" , "NOT OK" )
checks
(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.5(1))
Check_7 = "OK"
Vertical Sheat resistance of the composite steel section (cl.6.2.2) & (EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.6)
Shear resistance of steel section Y-Y Vpl.Rd = 303.691kN

⋅
(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.6(2))
Design of shear resistance (

Check_8 := if VEd ≤ Vpl.Rd , "OK" , "NOT OK" )
check
(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.6(1)P)
Check_8 = "OK"
Page 139
(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.6(6))
⎛ hw ε ⎞
Check_9 := if ⎜ < 72⋅ , "Not required shear buckling resistance" , "Required shear buckling resistance" ⎟
⎝ tw η
⎠
Design resistance of shear stud connector (cl.6.6.3.1(1))
For sheeting with ribs transverse to the beam
For sheeting parallel to the beam see Equation 6.22 of

EC4
Upper limit of reduction factor kt kt.max := 0.85 if n r 1 ∧ 1mm ≥ ts ∧ d < 20mm
(EN1994-1-1,Table:6.2) 1.0 if n r 1 ∧ 1mm < ts ∧ d < 20mm
0.75 if n r 1 ∧ 1mm ≥ ts ∧ 19mm ≤ d < 22mm
0.75 if n r 1 ∧ 1mm < ts ∧ 19mm ≤ d < 22mm
0.70 if n r 2 ∧ 1mm ≥ ts ∧ d < 20mm
0.80 if n r 2 ∧ 1mm < ts ∧ d < 20mm
0.60 if n r 2 ∧ 1mm ≥ ts ∧ 19mm ≤ d < 22mm
0.60 if n r 2 ∧ 1mm < ts ∧ 19mm ≤ d < 22mm
kt.max = 0.75
bo ⎛ hsc ⎞
Reduction factor kt kt := 0.6⋅ ⋅ ⎜ − 1⎟
hp hp
(EN1994-1-1,cl.6.6.4.2) ⎝ ⎠
Limitation of kt kt := kt if kt < kt.max = 0.75

(EN1994-1-1,cl.6.6.4.2(2)) kt.max otherwise
Minimum height of shear stud

(EN1994-1-1,cl.6.6.1.2(1))
(
hmin := if hsc ≥ 4d , "Ductile" , "Not Ductile" )
hmin = "Ductile"
Page 140
Limitation of stud diameter dlim:= if ( 16mm < d < 25mm, "Ductile" , "Not ductile" )
(EN1994-1-1,cl.6.6.1.2(1))
dlim = "Ductile"
Factor α ⎛ hsc ⎞ hsc

α := 0.2⋅ ⎜ + 1⎟ if 3 ≤ ≤4 =1
(EN1994-1-1,cl.6.6.3.1(1)) ⎝ d ⎠ d
h sc
1 if >4
d
Design shear resistance of a headed stud

(EN1994-1-1,cl.6.6.3.1(1)) 2
⎛ ⎞
⎜ 0.8⋅ f ⋅ π ⋅ d 2 ⎟
⎜ us 4 0.29⋅ α⋅ d ⋅ fck ⋅ Ecm ⎟
PRd := kt⋅ min
⎜ γv
,
γv ⎟ = 55.298⋅ kN
⎝ ⎠
Degree of shear connection (cl.6.6.1.2(1))
Nc.f
Ratio of the degree shear connection η := = 1.667
Npl.a
(EN1994-1-1,cl.6.2.1.3(3))
Minimum degree of shear connection ηmin := 1 − ⎛⎜

355 ⎞⎟ ⋅ ⎛⎜ 0.75 − 0.03⋅ Le ⎞⎟ if L < 25m
fy m ⎠ e
for equal flange ⎜ ⎟ ⎝
⎜ −2 ⎟
(EN1994-1-1,cl.6.6.1.2(1)) ⎝ N⋅ mm ⎠
1.0 if Le > 25m ηmin = 0.225
Check the degree of shear interaction

within the limits
Check_11 := if (η > ηmin ∧ η ≥ 0.4, "OK" , "NOT OK" )
(EN1994-1-1,cl.6.6.1.2(1))
Check_11 = "OK"
2⋅ Npl.a
Number of shear connector required n := = 38.889
PRd
Numper of stud provided Nstud := 40
Le
Stud spacing s prov := = 0.125m
Nstud
Page 141
Check the minimum spacing (
s lim := if s prov ≥ 5⋅ d ∧ s prov < 6⋅ h , "OK" , "NOT OK" )
of studs
(EN1994-1-1,cl.6.6.5.7(4)) s lim = "OK"
Adequacy of the shear connection (

Check_12 := if Mpl.Rd < 2.5⋅ Ma.pl.Rd , "Uniform spacing" , "Not uniform spacing"
(EN1994-1-1,cl.6.6.1.3(3))
Check_12 = "Not uniform spacing"
Design of transverse reinforcement (cl.6.6.6.2) & (EN1992-1-1,cl.6.2.4)
Le
Length under consideration Δ x := = 2.5m
2
Longitudinal shear stress Npl.a

v Ed :=
(EN1992-1-1,cl.6.2.4(3)) 2⋅ h c⋅ Δ x
Strength reduction factor ⎛ fck ⎞⎟

v := 0.6⋅ ⎜ 1 −
(EN1992-1-1,Eq.6.6N) ⎜ − 2 ⎟
250⋅ N ⋅ mm ⎠
⎝
Angle between the diagonal strut θf := 45deg
(EN1992-1-1,cl.6.2.4(4))
Assume spacing of the bars s f := 200mm
v Ed⋅ h c⋅ s f
Area of transverse reinforcement required A s.req :=
(EN1992-1-1,cl.6.2.4(4))
( )
sin θf
fyd ⋅
( )
cos θf
2
Area of transverse reinforcement provided As.prov := 193mm
(
Check_13 := if As.req ≤ As.prov , "OK" , "NOT OK" )
Check_13 = "OK"
Check the crushing compression

in the flange
Check_14 := if (vEd ≤ v⋅ fcd ⋅ sin(θf )⋅ cos (cos (θf )) , "OK" , "NOT OK" )
(EN1992-1-1cl.6.2.4(4))
Check_14 = "OK"
Page 142
Serviceability limit state verification
Construction stage
−1
Dead load at composite stage Gk := 10.88kN⋅ m
−1
Live load at composite stage Qk := 5.0kN⋅ m
4
Maximum deflection at construction (
5⋅ Gk + Qk ⋅ Le )
δcon := = 15.812⋅ mm
stage 384⋅ Es ⋅ Iyy
Vertical deflection limit ⎛ Le ⎞

Check_15 := if ⎜ δcon < , "OK" , "NOT OK" ⎟
(CYS NA EN1993-1-1,table NA.1) ⎝ 250 ⎠
Check_15 = "OK"
Es
Short term elastic modular ration n o :=
Ecm
(EN1994-1-1,cl.7.2.1)
A
r :=
beff ⋅ hc
Second moment of area of the (

A ⋅ h + 2⋅ h p + h c )2 b eff ⋅ h c
3
−4 4
composite section, Ic Iy := + + Iyy = 1.563 × 10 m
(
4⋅ 1 + n o ⋅ r ) 12⋅ n o
(
5⋅ Gk + Qk ⋅ Le ) ( )4
Deflection with full shear connection δcom := = 3.938⋅ mm
384⋅ Es ⋅ Iy
Vertical deflection limit ⎛ Le ⎞

Check_16 := if ⎜ δcom < , "OK" , "NOT OK" ⎟
(CYS NA EN1993-1-1,table NA.1) ⎝ 200 ⎠
Check_16 = "OK"
Page 143
Vibration (Simplified analysis):
Loading:
−1
Permanent load Gk = 10.88⋅ kN⋅ m
−1
Imposed load Qk = 5⋅ kN⋅ m
For category B building ψ1 := 0.5
Total weigth floor, Fv Fv := Gk + ψ1⋅ Qk
Increase the inertia, Ic by 10% to allow for the increased dynamic stiffness of the
composite beam, Icl
(
Icl := Iy + Iy⋅ 0.1 )
Instantaneous deflection caused by re-application of the self weight of the floor and the beam to
the composite beam, δ α
3
( )
5⋅ Fv ⋅ Le ⋅ Le
δα := = 3.016⋅ mm
384⋅ Es ⋅ Icl
18 ⎞
Natural frequncy, f f := ⎛
⎜ δ ⎟ Hz = 10.364Hz
⋅
⎜ α ⎟
⎝ mm ⎠
Check beam vibration Check_17 := if (f > 4⋅ Hz, "OK" , "NOT OK" )

(SCI-P-076)
Check_17 = "OK"
Page 144
9.5 Design of steel bracing
9.5.1 Main configuration of design of steel bracing
Basic theory:
Tension only, utilises two members at each storey but only the tension element is assumed to
resist wind load and seismic load, the compression element is assumed to buckle and offer no
resistance to lateral movement.
Eurocode 8 requirement:
The diagonals shall be taken into account as follows in an elastic analysis of the structure for the
seismic action:
a) in frames with diagonal bracings, only the tension diagonals shall be taken into
account,
b) in frames with V bracings, both the tension and compression diagonals shall be taken
into account (EN1998-1-1,cl6.7.2(2).
Taking into account of both tension and compression diagonals in the analysis of any type of
concentric bracing is allowed provided that all of the following conditions are satisfied:
a) a non-linear static (pushover) global analysis or non-linear time history analysis is

used,
b) both pre-buckling and post-buckling situations are taken into account in the modeling
of the behavior of diagonals and,
c) background information justifying the model used to represent the behavior of
diagonals is provided (EN1998-1-1,cl6.7.2(3).
Page 145
Figure 9.11: Method of design bracing in this manual
Ignore compression
members
Compression members
Tension members
Direction of shear
Steps for designing steel bracing member:
1. Delete the compression member.

2. Leave the tension members only.
3. Run the design of steel frame.
4. Find the suitable section and ensure that the section pass all the checks.
5. Ensure that the compression member has been placed at the construction drawings.
Page 146
9.5.2 Simplified design of frames with X bracing (Extract from Design guidance to EC8)
In a standard design, the following simplified approach may be used:
• The analysis of the structure is realized considering that only one diagonal in each X
bracing is present, the other diagonal being considered as already buckled and unable to
provide strength. This corresponds to an underestimation of both the stiffness and the
strength of the structural system at the initial (pre-buckling) stage, but to a safe-side
estimate at the post-buckling stage.
• The beams and columns are capacity designed according to the real yield strength of the
diagonals, for bending with increased axial force and bending moment from the analysis
for the combination of the design seismic action with gravity loads.
However, this simplified approach could be dangerous for the stability of the structure, if it does
not take into account that action effects of compression in columns and beams at the pre-buckling
stage are higher than in the post-buckling stage envisaged in the analysis. Indeed, if the buckling
loads of the diagonal are closed to their yield load in tension, the initial shear resistance Vinit of
the X bracing is underestimated by a model where only one diagonal is considered present. If
low-slenderness diagonals are used, Vinit can be close to double the value of Vpl.Rd computed with
the hypothesis of one active yielded diagonal. The only way to prevent this unsafe situation is to
design slender diagonal having their buckling load at most around 0.5Npl.Rd. This condition is
behind the prescribed lower bound limit value of 1.3 for the slenderness λ. The prescribed upper
bound limit max λ=2, is justified by the aim to avoid shock effects during the load reversal in
diagonals.
Page 147
9.5.3 Model in ETABS
Figure 9.12: Amendment model
Assume that the steel

bracing resist the lateral
force at the +X direction

force at the -X direction
Page 148
force at the +Y direction

force at the -Y direction
Page 149
STEP 2: Design > Steel frame design > Select design combo…
Figure 9.13: Lateral/gravity load combination at ULS
Page 150


DSTLD 3. DL + LL
Page 151
Figure 9.15: Design steel bracing member
Write click on member

Brace name: D3
Page 152
Table 9.6: Design value of brace D3
Story Brace Load Loc P V2 V3 T M2 M3
STORY1 D3 SEISMIC1 MIN 0 -‐361.83 -‐1.41 -‐0.05 -‐0.044 -‐0.173 -‐1.792

STORY1 D3 SEISMIC1 MIN 2.915 -‐361.06 -‐0.13 -‐0.05 -‐0.044 -‐0.054 0.443
Page 153
Worst case combination
Modify the default steel

design data if needed
Page 154
Modify the effective length
factor if needed
Modify the omega factors

if needed
Results
Design value Symbol
(kN/kNm)
Design axial force for the worse case design load combination NEd 361.83
Design moment at y-y at end 1 (worse case combination) MEd.y1 -1.792
Design moment at y-y at end 2 (worse case combination) MEd.y2 0.443
Design moment at z-z at end 1 (worse case combination) MEd.z1 -0.173
Design moment at z-z at end 2 (worse case combination) MEd.z2 -0.054
Shear forces at y-y at end (worse case combination) VEd.y -0.05
Shear force at z-z at end 1 (worse case combination) VEd.z -1.41
Page 155
9.5.4 Design of steel bracing (Gravity/Seismic design situation) – Hand calculation
Design data
Overstrength factor γ ov := 1.25

(EN1998-1-1,cl.6.1.3(2))
Behavior factor q q := 4
Ductlity class Ductility_class := "DCM"
Number of storeys Ns := 3
Length of bracing hc := 5.831m
Total axial load on column, NEd NEd := 361.83kN

Shear force y-y axis VEd.y := 0.05kN
Shear force z-z axis VEd.z := 1.41kN
Maximum moment ( )
⋅ ⋅m
Maximum moment ( )
MEd.z := max MEd.z1, MEd.z2 = −0.054⋅ kN⋅ m
Section properties:
d := 120mm
Depth of section,d:
b := 120mm
Width of section,b:
tw := 16mm
tf := 16mm
Page 156
4
Izz := 12280000mm
4
Iyy := 12280000mm
2
A := 6656mm
6
Warping Constant, Iw: Iw := 0⋅ mm
4
3
3
−2
−2
−2
−2
−2 −2
−2
strenght of sections EN10025-2
−2 −2
−2
Partial safety factor fu − 20N ⋅ mm if 40mm < t ≤ 80mm
Resistance of cross-sections whatever the class γ M0 := 1

(CYS EN1993-1-1,cl 6.1(1))
Resistance of members to instability γ M1 := 1
(CYS EN1993-1-1,cl 6.1(1))
Resistance of cross-section in tension γ M2 := 1.25
(CYS EN1993-1-1,cl.6.1(1))
Page 157
ε := = 0.924
fy
−2
N⋅ mm
cf := d − 2tf = 88⋅ mm
cf
Class_type_flange := "CLASS 1" if ≤ 33⋅ ε
t
cf
"CLASS 2" if 33⋅ ε < ≤ 38⋅ ε
t
cf
"CLASS 3" if 38⋅ ε < ≤ 42⋅ ε Class_type_flange = "CLASS 1"
t
cw := d − 2tw = 88⋅ mm
cw
Class_type_web := "CLASS 1" if ≤ 72⋅ ε
t
cw
"CLASS 2" if 72⋅ ε < ≤ 83⋅ ε
t
cw
"CLASS 3" if 83⋅ ε < ≤ 124⋅ ε Class_type_web = "CLASS 1"
t
Class_type := if (Class_type_flange Class_type_web , Class_type_flange , "ADD MANUALY" )
Class_type = "CLASS 1"
Requirements on cross-sectional class of dissipative elements depending on

Ductility class (EN1998-1-1,cl.6.5.3(2))
Section classification rule for EC8

(EN1998-1-1,cl.6.5.3(2))
Class_type_req := "CLASS 1 , 2 or 3" if 1.5 < q ≤ 2 ∧ Ductility_class "DCM" = "CLASS 1 or 2"
"CLASS 1 or 2" if 2 < q ≤ 4 ∧ Ductility_class "DCM"
Class_type_req = "CLASS 1 or 2"
Page 158
Tension resistance (cl.6.2.2)
A ⋅ fy
Design plastic resistance of the cross section Npl.Rd :=
3
= 1.83 × 10 ⋅ kN
(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.3(2a)) γ M0
Modified plastic resistance of cross section Npl.Rd := 0.5⋅ Npl.Rd = 915.2kN

⋅
as described in "Design Guidance to EC8"
(cl.6.10.2)
0.9A ⋅ fy
Design ultimate resistance Nu.Rd :=
3
= 1.318 × 10 ⋅ kN
(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.3(2b)) γ M2
Design tension resistance (

Nt.Rd := min Nu.Rd , Npl.Rd = 915.2kN
⋅ )
(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.3(2))
⎛ NEd ⎞
Check tension capacity Check_1 := if ⎜ ≤ 1.0, "OK" , "NOT OK" ⎟
(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.3(1)P) ⎝ Nt.Rd ⎠
Check_1 = "OK"
Compression resistance (cl.6.2.3)
Compression resistance of steel section Nc.Rd := Npl.Rd = 915.2kN

⋅
(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.4(1))
Check compression capacity ⎛ NEd ⎞
Check_2 := if ⎜ ≤ 1.0, "OK" , "NOT OK" ⎟
(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.4(1)P) ⎝ Nc.Rd ⎠
Check_2 = "OK"
Bending resistance (cl.6.2.5)

W pl.y⋅ fy
Moment resistance of steel section at Y-Y Mc.Rd.y := = 71.94⋅ kN⋅ m
γ M0
(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.5(2)
W pl.z⋅ fy
Moment resistance of steel section at Z-Z Mc.Rd.z := = 71.94⋅ kN⋅ m
γ M0
(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.5(2)
Sheat resistance (cl.6.2.6)

(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.6(g))
A⋅ b 3 2
Shear area of steel section Avy := = 3.328× 10 ⋅ mm
b+d
(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.6(3))
A⋅ d 3 2
Shear area of steel section Avz := = 3.328× 10 ⋅ mm
b+d
(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.6(3))
−1
fy ⋅ ( 3)
Shear resistance of steel section Y-Y Vpl.Rd.y := A vy ⋅ = 528.391⋅ kN
γ M0
(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.6(2))
Page 159
−1
fy ⋅ ( 3)
Shear resistance of steel section Z-Z Vpl.Rd.z := A vz⋅ = 528.391kN
⋅
γ M0
(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.6(2))

(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.6(6))
d ε
Check_3 := if ⎛⎜ < 72⋅ , "Not required shear buckling resistance" , "Required shear buckling resistance" ⎞⎟
⎝ t η ⎠
Bending and shear interaction check (cl.6.2.8)
Strong axis Y-Y

VEd.y −5
Interaction check 1 vy := = 9.463× 10
Vpl.Rd.y
2
⎛ 2VEd.y ⎞
Reduced yield strength ρ := ⎜ − 1⎟ = 1
⎝ Vpl.Rd.y ⎠
⎛ 2 ⎞
⎜ W pl.y − ρ⋅ A ⎟ ⋅ fy
Mc.Rd.y :=
⎝ 4t ⎠
if v y > 0.5
(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.8(5)) γ M0
Mc.Rd.y if v y < 0.5
Mc.Rd.y = 71.94kN
⋅ ⋅m
Weak axis Z-Z

VEd.z −3
Interaction check 1 vz := = 2.668 × 10
Vpl.Rd.z
2
⎛ 2VEd.z ⎞
Reduced yield strength ρ := ⎜ − 1⎟ = 0.989
⎝ Vpl.Rd.z ⎠
Page 160
⎛ 2 ⎞
⎜ W pl.z − ρ⋅ A ⎟ ⋅ fy
M c.Rd.z :=
⎝ 4t ⎠
if v z > 0.5
(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.8(5)) γ M0
Mc.Rd.z = 71.94kN
⋅ ⋅m

(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.1(7))
Check_4 := if ⎜ + + ≤ 1.0, "OK" , "NOT OK" ⎟
⎠
NEd MEd.y MEd.z

+ + = 0.42
Check_4 = "OK"
Bending and axial force interaction check (cl.6.2.9)
⎡ (A − 2b ⋅ tw) ⎤
Factor a aw := min⎢ , 0.5⎥ = 0.423
⎣ A ⎦
⎡ (A − 2d ⋅ tf ) ⎤
Factor a af := min⎢ , 0.5⎥ = 0.423
⎣ A ⎦
NEd
Factor n n := = 0.395
Npl.Rd
1.66 1.66
β := if ≤6 = 2.016
Factor β 2 2
1 − 1.13n 1 − 1.13n
6 otherwise
Factor α a := β = 2.016
Page 161
Strong axis Y-Y Mc.Rd.y⋅ ( 1 − n )
Reduced design value of the resistance to M N.y.Rd :=
1 − 0.5aw
bending moments making allowance for the
MN.y.Rd := MN.y.Rd if MN.y.Rd ≤ Mc.Rd.y
presence of axial forces
(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.9.1(5)) Mc.Rd.y if MN.y.Rd > Mc.Rd.y
MN.y.Rd = 55.168kN
⋅ ⋅m
Mc.Rd.z⋅ ( 1 − n )
Weak axis Z-Z MN.z.Rd :=
Reduced design value of the resistance to 1 − 0.5af
bending moments making allowance for the M
N.z.Rd := MN.z.Rd if MN.z.Rd ≤ Mc.Rd.z
presence of axial forces
Mc.Rd.z if MN.z.Rd > Mc.Rd.z
(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.9.1(5))
MN.z.Rd = 55.168kN
⋅ ⋅m

(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.1(7))
Check_5 := if ⎜ + + ≤ 1.0, "OK" , "NOT OK" ⎟
⎠
NEd MEd.y MEd.z

+ + = 0.42
Check_5 = "OK"
Bucking interaction check (cl.6.3)
Strong axis Y-Y
Effective length factor ky := 0.7 if Effective_Length "Fixed Fixed" =1

Page 162
Buckling length of column Lcry := ky hc = 5.831m
(fixed end)
2
Es ⋅ Iyy ⋅ π
Euler Buckling at y-y axis Ncry := = 748.568⋅ kN
2
(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.3.1.2(1) Lcry

(for class 1,2 and 3 cross-section) λ y := = 1.564
Ncry
(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.3.1.3(1)
Check for X bracing (
Check_6 := if Ns ≥ 3, "Consider limitation (As EC8)" , "Ignore limitation (As EC3)" )
(EN1998-1-1,cl.6.7.3(4))
Check_6 = "Consider limitation (As EC8)"

Check_7 := if 1.3 < λ y < 2, "OK" , "NOT OK" )
(EN1998-1-1,cl.6.7.3(1))
Check_7 = "OK"
Type of the section Section := "Hot finished"
Buckling curve Buckling_curve := "a" if Section "Hot finished"

(EN1993-1-1,table 6.2) "c" if Section "Cold formed"
Buckling_curve = "a"
αy := 0.21 if Buckling_curve "a"

0.49 if Buckling_curve "c"
Imperfection factor αy = 0.21

(EN1993-1-1,table 6.1)
2⎤
Value to determine the reduction factor χ φ y := 0.5⋅ ⎡1 + αy ⋅ λ y − 0.2 + λ y
( )
⎣ ⎦ = 1.866
(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.3.1.2(1))
1
Reduction factor χ χ y := = 0.347
2 2
(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.3.1.2(1)) φy + φ y − λy

Check_8 := if χ y ≤ 1.0, "OK" , "NOT OK" )
Check_8 = "OK"
Page 163
χ y⋅ A ⋅ fy
Design buklcing resistance Nb.Rd.y := = 634.758⋅ kN
(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.3.1.1(3)) γ M1
⎛ NEd ⎞
check (EN1993-1-1,cl.6.3.1.1(1)) ⎝ Nb.Rd.y ⎠
Check_9 = "OK"
Weak axis Z-Z
Effective length factor kz := 0.7 if Effective_Length "Fixed Fixed" =1

Buckling length of column Lcrz := kz hc = 5.831m

(fixed end)
2
Es ⋅ Izz⋅ π
Euler Buckling at y-y axis Ncrz := = 748.568kN
⋅
2
(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.3.1.2(1) Lcrz

(for class 1,2 and 3 cross-section) λ z := = 1.564
Ncrz
(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.3.1.3(1)
Check_10 := if Ns ≥ 3, "Consider limitation (As EC8)" , "Ignore limitation (As EC3)" )
(EN1998-1-1,cl.6.7.3(4))
Check_10 = "Consider limitation (As EC8)"

Check_11 := if 1.3 < λ z < 2, "OK" , "NOT OK" )
(EN1998-1-1,cl.6.7.3(1))
Check_11 = "OK"
Type of the section Section := "Hot finished"
Page 164
Buckling curve Buckling_curve := "a" if Section "Hot finished"
(EN1993-1-1,table 6.2) "c" if Section "Cold formed"
Buckling_curve = "a"
αz := 0.21 if Buckling_curve "a"

0.49 if Buckling_curve "c"
αz = 0.21
2
Value to determine the reduction factor χ φ z := 0.5⋅ ⎡1 + αz⋅ λ z − 0.2 + λ z ⎤ = 1.866
( )
⎣ ⎦
(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.3.1.2(1))
1
Reduction factor χ χ z := = 0.347
2 2
(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.3.1.2(1)) φz + φ z − λz

Check_12 := if χ z ≤ 1.0, "OK" , "NOT OK" )
Check_12 = "OK"
χ z⋅ A ⋅ fy
Design buklcing resistance Nb.Rd.z := = 634.758⋅ kN
(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.3.1.1(3)) γ M1
⎛ NEd ⎞
check (EN1993-1-1,cl.6.3.1.1(1)) ⎝ Nb.Rd.z ⎠
Check_13 = "OK"
Lateral torsional buckling check (cl.6.3.2)
Effective length factor, k kz = 1

(SN003a-EN-EU)
(SN003a-EN-EU)
MEd.y2
ψ := = 0.247
Ratio of the smaller and larger moment MEd.y1
2
Coefficient factor C1 C1 := 1.88 − 1.40ψ + 0.52ψ = 1.566
(SN003a-EN-EU)
Page 165
Coefficient factor C1 check (
(SN003a-EN-EU)
Check_14 = "OK"

(SN003a-EN-EU)
2 2 2
π ⋅ Es ⋅ Izz ⎛ kz ⎞ Iw (Lcrz) G⋅ It 2 3
Mcr := C1⋅ ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ + + (C2⋅ zg) − C2⋅ zg = 1.636× 10 ⋅ kN⋅ m
kw Izz
(Lcrz)2 ⎝ ⎠ 2
π Es ⋅ Izz
Imperfection factor for lateral torsional αLT := 0.76

CHS sections
(EN1993-1-1,table 6.3)
W pl.y ⋅ fy
Non dimensional slenderness λ LT := = 0.21
(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.3.2.2(1)) Mcr
Value to determine the reduction φ LT := 0.5⋅ ⎡1 + αLT⋅ λ LT − 0.2 + λ LT ⎤ = 0.526

2
⎣ ( ⎦)
factor (EN1993-1-1,cl.6.3.2.2(1))
1
2 2
buckling φ LT + φ LT − λ LT
(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.3.2.2(1))
1
⎜ 2 ⎟
λ LT
⎝ ⎠
Check_15 = "OK"
Parameter λ LTO λ LTO := 0.4

(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.3.2.3(1))
fy
Design buckling resistance moment Mb.Rd := χ LT⋅ W pl.y⋅ = 71.389⋅ kN⋅ m
γ M1
(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.3.2.1(3))
⎛ MEd.y ⎞
Check_16 := if ⎜ ≤ 1, "OK" , "NOT OK" ⎟
⎝ Mb.Rd ⎠
Page 166
Check_16 = "OK"
Check if the lateral torsional buckling

be ignored
(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.3.2.2(4))
⎛ MEd.y 2 ⎞
Check_17 := if ⎜ λ LT < λ LTO ∧ < λ LTO , "Ignored torsional buckling effects" , "Consider torsional buckling effects" ⎟
Mcr
⎝ ⎠
Check_17 = "Ignored torsional buckling effects"
Combine bending and axial compression cl.6.3.3
Moments due to the shift of the centroidal axis ΔM Ed.z := 0

for class sections 1,2 & 3
ΔM Ed.y := 0
(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.3.3(4)/table 6.7)
Characteristic resistance to normal force 3
of the critical cross-section NRk := fy ⋅ A = 1.83 × 10 ⋅ kN
(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.3.3(4)/table 6.7)
Characteristic moment resistance My.Rk := fy ⋅ Wpl.y = 71.94kN
⋅ ⋅m
of the critical cross-section
Mz.Rk := fy ⋅ Wpl.z = 71.94kN
⋅ ⋅m
(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.3.3(4)/table 6.7)
MEd.y1 MEd.y1
ψy := if −1 ≤ ≤1
MEd.y2 MEd.y2
MEd.y2 MEd.y2
if −1 ≤ ≤1
Ratio of end moments MEd.y1 MEd.y1
(EN1993-1-1,Table B2)
M Ed.z1 M Ed.z1
ψz := if −1 ≤ ≤1
M Ed.z2 M Ed.z2
M Ed.z2 M Ed.z2
if −1 ≤ ≤1
M Ed.z1 M Ed.z1
Equivalent uniform moment factor Cmy := 0.6 + 0.4⋅ ψy = 0.699
Equivalent uniform moment factor Cmz := 0.6 + 0.4⋅ ψz = 0.725
⎡⎡ ⎡ NEd ⎤⎤ ⎛ N ⎞⎤

( )
kyy := min⎢⎢Cmy⋅ ⎢1 + λ y − 0.2 ⋅ ⎥⎥ , Cmy⋅ ⎜ 1 + 0.8⋅ Ed ⎟⎥ = 1.018
⎢⎢ ⎢ NRk ⎥⎥ ⎜ NRk ⎟⎥
⎢⎢ ⎢ χ y⋅ χ ⋅
y γ
γ M1 ⎥⎥ ⎜ ⎟⎥
M1 ⎠⎦
⎣⎣ ⎣ ⎦⎦ ⎝
Page 167
Interaction factors
(EN1993-1-1,table ⎡⎡ ⎡ NEd ⎤⎤ ⎛ N ⎞⎤
kzz := min⎢⎢Cmz⋅ ⎢1 + ( 2λ z − 0.6) ⋅ ⎥⎥ , Cmz⋅ ⎜ 1 + 1.4⋅ Ed ⎟⎥ = 1.303
B.1&B.2) ⎢⎢ ⎢ NRk ⎥⎥ ⎜ NRk ⎟⎥
⎢⎢ ⎢ χ ⋅
zγ ⎥⎥ ⎜ χ ⋅
zγ ⎟⎥
⎣⎣ ⎣ M1 ⎦⎦ ⎝ M1 ⎠⎦
kyz := 0.6kzz = 0.782
kzy := 0.6kyy = 0.611
Check_18 := if ⎜ + kyy ⋅ + kyz⋅ ≤ 1.0, "OK" , "NOT OK" ⎟
⎜ χ y ⋅ NRk My.Rk M z.Rk ⎟
⎜ χ LT⋅ ⎟
γ M1 γ M1 γ M1
⎝ ⎠

+ kyy ⋅ + kyz⋅ = 0.595
Unity factor χ y ⋅ NRk My.Rk M z.Rk
χ LT⋅
γ M1 γ M1 γ M1
Check_18 = "OK"

Check_19 := if ⎜ + kzy⋅ + kzz⋅ ≤ 1.0, "OK" , "NOT OK" ⎟
⎜ χ z ⋅ NRk My.Rk M z.Rk ⎟
⎜ χ LT⋅ ⎟
γ M1 γ M1 γ M1
⎝ ⎠

+ kzy⋅ + kzz⋅ = 0.584
Unity factor χ z ⋅ NRk My.Rk M z.Rk
χ LT⋅
γ M1 γ M1 γ M1
Check_19 = "OK"
Page 168
Eurocode 8 requirements
Yield resistance (EN1998-1-1,cl.6.7.3(5))

Check_20 := if NEd ≤ Npl.Rd , "OK" , "NOT OK" )
(EN1998-1-1,cl.6.7.3(5))
Check_20 = "OK"
Check omega factor (EN1998-1-1,cl.6.7.3(8))
Axial force at storey 3 NEd.3 := 162.34kN
Axial force at storey 2 NEd.2 := 317.56kN
2
Area of steel section (RHS 100X100X10) A := 3600mm
0.5A ⋅ fy
Design plastic resistance of the cross section Npl.Rd.3 := = 495⋅ kN
Storey 3: RHS 100X100X10 γ M0
(EN1993-1-1,cl.6.2.3(2a))
Npl.Rd
Omega factor Ωstorey1 := = 2.529
NEd
Npl.Rd
NEd.2
Npl.Rd.3
NEd.3
Minimum omega (
Ωmin := min Ωstorey1 , Ωstorey2 , Ωstorey3 )
Ωmin = 2.529
Minimum omega (
Ωmax := max Ωstorey1 , Ωstorey2 , Ωstorey3 )
Ωmax = 3.049
Check Ω factor (
Check_21 := if Ωmax ≤ 1.25Ωmin, "OK" , "NOT OK" )
(EN1998-1-1,cl.6.7.3(8))
Check_21 = "OK"
Page 169
10.0 Modal response spectrum analysis
10.1 Set the analysis options
1. ETABS: Analyze > Set analysis Options
Calculate the number of modes:
Figure 10.1: Set the modal analysis parameters
Page 170
10.2 Evaluate the analysis results of the structure according to the modal analysis
requirements
2. ETABS: Display > Show Tables
Figure 10.2: Modal response spectrum results
Page 171
10.2.1 Assess the modal analysis results based on the EN1998
The requirements of the sum of effective modal masses for the modes taken into account
amounts to at least 90% of the total mass of the structure is satisfied (EN1998-1-
1,cl.4.3.3.3.1(3)).
Page 172
Effective mass of mode 6 = 97% > 90% “OK”
11.0 Second order effects (P – Δ effects) according to EN1998-1-1,cl.4.4.2.2
The criterion for taking into account the second order effect is based on the interstorey drift
sensitivity coefficient θ, which is define with equation (EN 1998-1-1,cl.4.4.2.2(2)).
P!"! ∙ d!
Θ=
V!"! ∙ h
dr: is the interstorey drift
h: is the storey height.
Vtot: is the total seismic storey shear.
Ptot: is the total gravity load at and above storey considered in the seismic design situation
(G+0.3Q).
Table 11.1: Consequences of value of P-Δ coefficient θ on the analysis
θ≤0,1 No need to consider P-Δ effects
P-Δ effects may be taken into account approximately by

0,1≤θ≤0,2 !
amplifying the effects of the seismic actions by !!!
P-Δ effects must be accounted for by an analysis including

0,2≤θ≤0,3
second order effects explicity
θ≥0,3 Not permitted
Important note: If the above expression is not satisfied, second order effects, should be
enable in ETABS.
ETABS: Analyze > Set analysis option > > Set the parameters
Page 173
11.1 Displacement calculation according to EN1998-1-1,cl.4.4.2.2
d! = q ∗ d!
ds : is the displacement of a point of the structural system induced by the design seismic
action.
qd : is the displacement behaviour factor, assumed equal to q unless otherwise specified.
de : is the displacement of the same point of the structural system, as determined by a linear
analysis based on the design response spectrum.
11.2 Interstorey drift
Interstorey drift is the design interstorey drift, evaluated as the difference of the average lateral
displacements ds at the top and bottom of the storey under consideration and calculated in
accordance with EN1993-1-1,cl.4.3.4.
d!.!"# − d!.!"#
d! =
2
Page 174
11.3 Calculation of second order effect using ETABS
3. ETABS: Run the model

4. ETABS: Display > Show tables
Select the design

combinations
Static load case combination (include wind load)

Seismic load case combination

Page 175
Figure 11.1: Displacement due to lateral load
For floor with the non

use of diaphragm, the
maximum displacement
can be found in this
table
For floor with the use

of diaphragm, the
maximum displacement
can be found in this
table
11.3.1 Interstorey drift displacement
Page 176
Sort smallest to largest in
order to find the maximum
displacement
or
Sort largest to smallest in

displacement
Consider the maximum

value
Do this process for all

storeys separately as
showing below
Table 11.2: Displacement due to lateral load
Storey no. Max Displacement at X Max Displacement at Y
Storey 3
Storey 2
Storey 1
Page 177
Table 11.3: Drift displacement
Displacement Displacement Displacement Displacement Interstorey Interstorey

Direction x Direction y Behaviour dsx dsy drift drift
Storey
dx.e dy.e factor q (mm) (mm) drx dry
(mm) (mm) cl.4.4.2.2 cl.4.4.2.2 (mm) (mm)
Storey 3 11.742 11.7452 4 46.968 46.9808 6.7754 6.7776
Storey 2 8.3543 8.3564 4 33.4172 33.4256 9.0274 9.0296
Storey 1 3.8406 3.8416 4 15.3624 15.3664 7.6812 7.6832
d!" = q ∗ d!" d!".!"# − d!".!"#

d!" =
2
d!" = q ∗ d!"
d!".!"# − d!".!"#
d!" =
2
11.3.2 Total gravity load Ptot
Select the design

combinations
Static load case combination
STATIC 10. DL + 0.3LL
Page 178
Export the results
in Excel sheet
Filter the value of

the bottom storey
Page 179
Story Load Loc P Record the total gravity load
(G+ψEiQ) of each storey
STORY3 STATIC10 Bottom 1402.76
11.3.2 Total seismic storey shear Vtot
Select the design

combinations
Seismic load case combination

Page 180
Export the results
in Excel sheet
Sort smallest to largest in

shear force
or
Sort largest to smallest in

shear force
Consider the worst load

combination
Do this process for all

storeys separately as
showing below
Page 181
Filter the values
using the worst
case combination
Filter the value of

the bottom storey
Story Load Loc P VX
STORY1 SEISMIC1 MAX Bottom 4207.11 663.91

STORY3 SEISMIC1 MAX Bottom 1402.76 330
Repeat the above procedure in order to obtain the Vtot at Y-direction
Record the total seismic

shear of each storey for
VY Vtot at X-direction
Story Load Loc P

STORY3 SEISMIC5 MAX Bottom 1402.76 330
Page 182
Table 11.4: Second order effects check (EN1993-1-1,cl.4.4.2.2(2))

Storey
(mm) (mm) cl.4.4.2.2 cl.4.4.2.2 (mm) (mm)
Storey 3 11.742 11.7452 4 46.968 46.9808 6.7754 6.7776
Storey 2 8.3543 8.3564 4 33.4172 33.4256 9.0274 9.0296
Storey 1 3.8406 3.8416 4 15.3624 15.3664 7.6812 7.6832
Total Total Total Height of Interstorey drift Interstorey drift

gravity load seismic seismic each sensitivity coefficient θ sensitivity coefficient θ
Ptot storey shear storey shear storey at at
(kN) Vtotx (kN) Vtoty (kN) (mm) X direction Y direction
663.91 663.91 663.91 3000 OK OK
550.8 550.8 550.8 3000 OK OK
330 330 330 3000 OK OK

P!"! ∙ d!" P!"! ∙ d!"
Θ= ≤ 0.10 Θ= ≤ 0.10
V!"!# ∙ h V!"!# ∙ h
Page 183
12.0 Damage limitation according to EN1998-1-1,cl.4.4.3
The “damage limitation requirement” is considered to have been satisfied, if, under a seismic
action having a larger probability of occurrence than the design seismic action corresponding
to the “no-collapse requirement” in accordance with 2.1(1)P and 3.2.1(3), the interstorey
drifts are limited in accordance with 4.4.3.2.
The damage limitation requirements should be verified in terms of the interstorey drift (dr)
(EN 1998-1-1,cl.4.4.3.2) using the equation below:
d! ∙ v ≤ 0.005 ∙ h
dr: is the difference of the average lateral displacement ds in CM at the top and bottom of
storey.
v: is the reduction factor which takes into account the lower return period of the seismic
action.
h: is the storey height
Table 12.1: Damage limitation (EN1998-1-1,cl.4.4.3)
drv≤0.005h
For non-structural elements of brittle material attached to the structure
drv≤0.0075h
For building having ductile non structural elements
For building having non-structural elements fixed in a way so as not to drv≤0.010h

interfere with structural deformation
Table 12.2: Reduction factor of limitation to interstorey drift (CYA NA EN1998-1-

1,cl.NA.2.15)
Importance class Reduction factor v
I 0.5
II 0.5
III 0.4
IV 0.4
Page 184
12.1 Calculation of damage limitation
Table 12.3: Interstorey drift (see table 11.3)

Storey
(mm) (mm) cl.4.4.2.2 cl.4.4.2.2 (mm) (mm)
Storey 3 11.742 11.7452 4 46.968 46.9808 6.7754 6.7776
Storey 2 8.3543 8.3564 4 33.4172 33.4256 9.0274 9.0296
Storey 1 3.8406 3.8416 4 15.3624 15.3664 7.6812 7.6832
Reduction Heigh of

Damage limitation Damage limitation
factor each
check check
v storey
X-‐direction Y-‐direction
cl.4.4.3.2(2) (mm)
0.4 3000 OK OK
0.4 3000 OK OK
0.4 3000 OK OK
d! ∙ v ≤ 0.005 ∙ h d! ∙ v ≤ 0.005 ∙ h
Page 185
ANNEX - A
ANNEX A.1 - Assumptions made in the design algorithm (Manual of ETABS – EC3 &
EC8)
1. Load combination
• The automated load combinations are based on the STR ultimate limit states and the
characteristic serviceability limit states.
2. Axial force check
• Tubular sections are assumed to be hot finished for selecting the appropriate buckling
curve from EC3 Table 6.2. This is non conservative if cold formed sections are used.
3. Bending moment check
• The load is assumed to be applied at the shear center for the calculation of the elastic
critical moment.
• Any eccentric moment due to load applied at other locations is not automatically
accounted for.
4. Shear Force Check
• Plastic design is assumed such that Vc,Rd is calculated in accordance with EC3
6.2.6(2).
• The shear area, Av is taken from the input frame section property, rather than using
the equations defined in EC3 6.2.6(3).
• Transverse stiffeners exist only at the supports and create a non-rigid end post for the
shear buckling check. No intermediate stiffeners are considered.
Page 186
• The contribution from the flanges is conservatively ignored for the shear buckling
capacity.
5. Combined Forces Check
• The interaction of bending and axial force is checked in accordance with EC3
6.2.1(7), which may be conservative compared to EC3 6.2.9.
• The calculation of the equivalent uniform moment factors, Cm, assumes uniform
loading, which is conservative.
A1.1:Limitation made in the design algorithm (Manual of ETABS – EC3&EC8)
6. General
• Class 4 sections are not designed (EC3 5.5) and should be considered using other
methods.
• The effects of torsion are not considered in the design (EC3 6.2.7) and should be
considered using other methods.
7. Axial Force Check
• The net area is not determined automatically. This can be specified on a member-by-
member basis using the Net Area to Total Area Ratio overwrite.
• The axial buckling check does not consider torsional or torsional-flexural buckling.
8. Combined Forces Check
• The effect of high shear is checked only for Class 1 or 2 I-sections when combined
with bending. Other section shapes and classes require independent checks to be
carried out.
Page 187
ANNEX –B: Steel design flowcharts
BASIS OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN

(EN1990:2002)
Vertical deflection
(EN1993-1-1,cl.7.2.1)
w1 = Initial part of the deflection under

permanent loads
wc = Precamber in the unloaded structural
member
w2 = due to Permanent load
w3 = due to Variable load
STEEL MEMBERS
Vertical deflection Limits
wmax
Cantilevers L/180
Beams carrying plaster or other brittle finish L/360
Other beams (except purlin and sheeting rails) L/250
Purlins and sheeting rails To suit
cladding
General use L/300
Horizontal deflection
(EN1993-1-1,cl.7.2.2)
u = Overall horizontal displacement over the building height H
ui = Horizontal displacement over height Hi
STEEL MEMBERS
Horizontal deflection Limits
wmax
Top of columns in single storey buildings, exept portal frames H/300
Columns in portal frame buildings, not supporting crane runways To suit
cladding
In each storey of the building with more than one storey Storey
height/300
On the multi-storey building as a whole Building
height/500
Page 188
Dynamic effects (vibration of floors)
(EN1993-1-1,cl.7.2.3)
STEEL MEMBERS
Design situation Limits natural
frequency
Floors over which people walk regularly 5Hz
Floor which is jumped or danced on in a rhythmical manner 9Hz
Effective length
(Design Guidance of EC3)
Figure 1: Effective length columns (Design Guidance of EC3)
Partial restrain Free in

End restraints Fixed/Fixed Pined/Fixed Pinned/Pined Free/Fixed
in direction position/Fixed
Effective length
0.7L 0.85L 0.85L 1.0L 1.2L 2.0L
factor, ky,z
Page 189
Compression resistance
(EN1993-1-1,cl. 6.2.4)
Class 1 or 2and3
𝛢𝑓!
𝛮!.!" =
𝛾!!
𝑵𝑬𝒅 ≤ 𝑵𝒄,𝑹𝒅
Bending resistance
(EN1993-1-1,cl. 6.2.5)
Class 1 or 2 Class 3
𝑊!",! 𝑓! 𝑊!",!"# 𝑓!
𝑀!.!" = 𝑀!.!" =
𝛾!! 𝛾!!
𝑴𝑬𝒅 ≤ 𝑴𝒄.𝑹𝒅
Fastener holes in tension flange may be ignored if:
𝑨𝒇,𝒏𝒆𝒕 𝟎. 𝟗𝒇𝒖 /𝜸𝑴𝟐 ≥ 𝑨𝒇 𝒇𝒚 /𝜸𝑴𝟎
Page 190
Shear resistance
(EN1993-1-1,cl. 6.2.6)
Elastic design Plastic design
𝐴! = ℎ! ∙ 𝑡!
Rolled I and Rolled C CHS RHS

H sections channel
𝐴! /𝐴! ≥ 0.6 (load parallel sections
to web) (load parallel
to web) 𝐴! = 𝐴ℎ/(𝑏 +
𝑉!" 𝐴! = 2𝐴/𝜋 ℎ)Load parallel to
𝜏!" = depth
𝐴! 𝜂= 1.0
(conservative
𝐴! = 𝐴𝑏/(𝑏 +
value)
ℎ)Load parallel to
𝜏!" width
𝑉!,!" =
𝑓! /( 3𝛾!! )
𝐴! = 𝐴 − 2𝑏𝑡! + 𝑡! + 2𝑟 𝑡!
𝑽𝑬𝒅
≤ 𝟏. 𝟎
𝑽𝒄.𝑹𝒅
but
≥𝜂ℎ! 𝑡!
𝐴! (𝑓! / 3)
𝑉!".!" =
𝛾!!
𝑽𝑬𝒅 ≤ 𝑽𝒄,𝑹𝒅
Ignore Shear buckling resistance for

webs without intermediate stiffeners
𝒉𝒘 𝜺
> 72
𝒕𝒘 𝜼
Page 191
Combine Bending and shear
(EN1993-1-1,cl. 6.2.8)
Shear design
NO resistance YES
Reduction of NO Reduction of
resistances resistances
(effect on Mc,Rd) 𝑉!" ≤ 0.5 ∙ 𝑉!".!" (no effect on Mc,Rd)
𝐴! (𝑓! / 3)
𝑉!".!" =
𝛾!!
! If torsion present:
2𝑉!"
𝜌= 1− −1 2𝑉!"
!
𝑉!",!"
𝜌= 1− −1
𝑉!",!,!"
For an I and H sections

𝑓!" = 1 − 𝜌 𝑓!
𝜏!,!"
𝑉!",!,!" = 1− 𝑉!",!"
1.25 𝑓! / 3 /𝛾!!
Reduced design plastic

resistance moment
𝐴! = ℎ! 𝑡!
𝝆𝑨𝒘 𝟐
(𝑾𝒑𝒍,𝒚 − )𝒇𝒚
𝟒𝒕𝒘
𝑴𝒚.𝑽,𝑹𝒅 = ≤ 𝑴𝒚,𝒄,𝑹𝒅
𝜸𝑴𝟎
Page 192
Bending & Axial force
(EN1993-1-1,cl. 6.2.9)
Class 1 or 2
Doubly symmetrical Doubly symmetrical

I and H sections I and H sections
Y-Y axis Z-Z axis
0.5 ∙ ℎ! ∙ 𝑡! ∙ 𝑓! ℎ! ∙ 𝑡! ∙ 𝑓!
𝑁!" ≤ 𝑁!" ≤
𝛾!! 𝛾!!
𝑁!" ≤ 0.25𝑁!".!"
NO YES
NO YES
Consider Ignored
axial force axial force
Consider Ignored
𝐴 − 2𝑏𝑡!
𝑎= ≤ 0,5
𝐴
𝐴 − 2𝑏𝑡! 𝑁!"
𝑎= ≤ 0,5 𝑛=
𝐴 𝑁!",!"
𝑁!"
𝑛=
𝑁!",!" 𝑛>𝑎 𝑛<𝑎
𝑀!,!,!" = 𝑀!",!,!" (1 − 𝑛)/(1 − 0,5𝑎)

𝑛−𝑎 !
𝑀!,!,!" = 𝑀!",!,!"
𝑀!,!,!" = 𝑀!",!,!" 1 −
1−𝑎
MN,y,Rd≤ Mpl,y,Rd
𝑵𝑬𝒅 𝑴𝒚,𝑬𝒅 𝑴𝒛,𝑬𝒅

+ + ≤ 𝟏. 𝟎
𝑵𝑹𝒅 𝑴𝒚,𝑹𝒅 𝑴𝒛,𝑹𝒅
Page 193
Bending & Axial force
(EN1993-1-1,cl. 6.2.9)
Class 1 or 2
For RHS
Y-Y axis
Z-Z axis
ℎ! ∙ 𝑡! ∙ 𝑓!
𝑁!" ≤
𝛾!!
NO YES
Consider Ignored
Hollow section Welded box section
𝑎! = (𝐴 − 2𝑏𝑡)/𝐴) ≤ 0.5 𝑎! = (𝐴 − 2𝑏𝑡! )/𝐴) ≤ 0.5
𝑎! = (𝐴 − 2ℎ𝑡)/𝐴) ≤ 0.5 𝑎! = (𝐴 − 2ℎ𝑡! )/𝐴) ≤ 0.5
𝑀!",!,!" 1 − 𝑛
𝑀!,!,!" = ≤ 𝑀!",!,!"
1 − 0.5𝑎!
𝑀!",!,!" 1 − 𝑛
𝑀!,!,!" = ≤ 𝑀!",!,!"
1 − 0.5𝑎!
I and H section CHS RHS
𝑎=2 𝑎=2 1.66

𝑎=𝛽=
𝛽 = 5𝑛 ≥ 1 𝛽 = 5𝑛 ≥ 1 1 − 1.13𝑛!
𝑛 = 𝑁!" /𝑁!",!" 𝑛 = 𝑁!" /𝑁!",!" but𝑎 = 𝛽 ≤ 6
𝒂 𝜷
𝑴𝒚,𝑬𝒅 𝑴𝒛,𝑬𝒅
+ ≤ 𝟏. 𝟎
𝑴𝑵,𝒚,𝑹𝒅 𝑴𝑵,𝒛,𝑹𝒅
Page 194
Buckling resistance in compression
(EN1993-1-1,cl. 6.3.1.1)
Class 1 or 2and3
Slenderness for flexural buckling
!! !"
𝑁!" = !!
for ideal strut
𝐴𝑓!
λ=
𝑁!"
𝜆 ≤ 0.2
𝑁!" /𝑁!" ≤ 0.04
NO YES
(consider buckling effects) (ignored buckling effects)
Cross-section Limits Buckling Buckling

about axis curve
y-y a
tf≤40mm
z-z b
h/b>1.2
y-y b
40mm<tf≤100mm
Rolled z-z c
I sections y-y b
tf≤ 100mm
z-z c
h/b≤1.2
y-y d
tf> 100mm
z-z d
U-T and solid section any C
L-sections any b
Hollow Hot finished any a
sections Cold formed any c
Buckling curve ao a b c d
Imperfection factor a 0,13 0,21 0,34 0,49 0,76
Φ = 0,5 1 + 𝑎 𝜆 − 0,2 + 𝜆!
1
χ= ≤ 𝜒 ≤ 1,0
Φ + Φ ! − λ!
𝜒𝐴𝑓!
𝑁!,!" =
𝛾!! )
𝑵𝑬𝒅 ≤ 𝑵𝒃,𝑹𝒅
Page 195
Buckling resistance in bending
(EN1993-1-1,cl. 6.3.2)
Class 1 or 2and3
Slenderness for flexural buckling
235 𝐸 See following pages for

𝜀= λ! = 𝜋 = 93,9𝜀 calculation of Mcr and λL
𝑓! 𝑓!
𝑊! 𝑓!
λ!" =
𝑀!"
1
χ!" = ≤ 𝜒!" ≤ 1,0
! !
Φ!" + Φ!" − λ!"
Φ!" = 0,5 1 + 𝑎!" 𝜆!" − 0,2 + 𝜆!" !
Cross-section Limits Buckling

curve
Rolled I-sections h/b≤2 a
h/b>2 b
Welded I-sections h/b≤2 c
h/b>2 d
Other cross-sections - d
Buckling curve a b c d
Imperfection factor aLT 0,21 0,34 0,49 0,76
Class 1 or 2 Class 3
Wy=Wpl,y Wy=Wel,y
𝜒!" 𝑊! 𝑓!
𝑀!,!" =
𝛾!!
𝑴𝑬𝒅
≤ 𝟏. 𝟎
𝑴𝒃.𝑹𝒅
Page 196
Calculation process of Mcr
(www.access-steel.com - Document SN003a&b)
Step 1: Define the properties of member

Term Description Values
L Distance between point of Lcr=kl
lateral restraint
E Young’s modulus 210000 N/mm2
G Shear modulus 80770 N/mm2
Iz Second moment of area about
the weak axis From section table
It Torsion constant
Iw Warping constant
k Effective length factor 1.0 unless justified otherwise
kw Factor for end warping 1.0 unless justified otherwise
zg Distance between the point of +/-(h/2) or 0 if the load is
load application and the shear applied through the shear
centre centre
Step 2: Calculate the coefficient C1 and C2

Loading and C2 Ψ=M1/M2 C1
support conditions
Pinned UDL 0,454 1.00 1,00
Fixed UDL 1,554 0.75 1.14
Pinned central P 0,630 0.50 1,31
Fixed central P 1,645 0.25 1,62
0 1,77
-0.25 2,05
-0.50 2,33
-0.75 2,57
-1.00 2,55
Pinned UDL 1,127
Pinned, central P 1,348
Point of application of the load is

through the shear centre
YES NO
zg=0 zg
!.!
𝜋 ! 𝐸𝐼! 𝐼! 𝐿!" ! 𝐺𝐼! 𝜋 ! 𝐸𝐼! 𝑘 !
𝐼! (𝑘𝐿!" )! 𝐺𝐼! !
𝛭!" = ! + ! 𝛭!" = 𝐶! + + 𝐶! 𝑧! − 𝐶! 𝑧!
𝐿!" 𝐼! 𝜋 𝐸𝐼! (𝑘𝐿!" )! 𝑘! 𝐼! 𝜋 ! 𝐸𝐼!
Page 197
Alternative method to calculate the Mcr and λLT
Non-dimensional slenderness
!
!!
= 1.0(conservative value)
𝑈 = 0.9(conservative value)
𝑉 = 1.0 (conservative value)
K=1.0 for beams

𝑘𝐿 k=1.0 for free cantilever
𝜆! = k=0.9 for lateral restraint to top flange
𝑖! k=0.8 for torsional restraint
k=0.7 for lateral and torsional restraint
Simply supported rolled I, H

and C section
𝟏 βw = 1.0
𝝀𝑳𝑻 = 𝑼𝑽𝝀𝒛 𝜷𝒘 (conservative value)
𝑪𝟏
Page 198
Member combined bending and axial compression
(EN1993-1-1,cl. 6.3.3)
Class 1 and 2 Class 3

𝝌𝒚 𝑵𝑹𝒌 + 𝒌𝒚𝒚 𝑴𝒚,𝑹𝒌 + 𝒌𝒚𝒛 𝑴𝒛,𝑹𝒌 ≤ 𝟏. 𝟎
𝜸𝑴𝟏
𝝌𝑳𝑻 𝜸𝑴𝟏 𝜸𝑴𝟏

𝝌𝒛 𝑵𝑹𝒌 + 𝒌𝒛𝒚 𝑴𝒚,𝑹𝒌 + 𝒌𝒛𝒛 𝑴𝒛,𝑹𝒌 ≤ 𝟏. 𝟎
𝜸𝑴𝟏
𝝌𝑳𝑻 𝜸𝑴𝟏 𝜸𝑴𝟏
Method 2:Interaction factor kij for members not susceptible to torsional deformations
(Recommended by CYS NA EN 1993-1-1,cl.NA2.20 – Table B.1)
Interaction Plastic cross-sectional properties Elastic cross-sectional properties
Type of sections
factors Class 1 and 2 Class 3
𝑵𝑬𝒅 𝑵𝑬𝒅
𝑪𝒎𝒚 𝟏 + 𝝀𝒚 − 𝟎. 𝟐 𝑪𝒎𝒚 𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟔𝝀𝒚
𝝌𝒚 𝑵𝑹𝒌 /𝜸𝑴𝟏 𝝌𝒚 𝑵𝑹𝒌 /𝜸𝑴𝟏
I-sections
kyy
RHS-sections 𝑵𝑬𝒅 𝑵𝑬𝒅
≤ 𝑪𝒎𝒚 𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟖 ≤ 𝑪𝒎𝒚 𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟔
𝝌𝒚 𝑵𝑹𝒌 /𝜸𝑴𝟏 𝝌𝒚 𝑵𝑹𝒌 /𝜸𝑴𝟏
I-sections
kyz 0.6kzz kzz
RHS-sections
I-sections
kzy 0.6kyy 0.8kyy
RHS-sections
𝑵𝑬𝒅
𝑪𝒎𝒛 𝟏 + 𝟐𝝀𝒛 − 𝟎. 𝟔
𝝌𝒛 𝑵𝑹𝒌 /𝜸𝑴𝟏
I-sections 𝑵𝑬𝒅 𝑵𝑬𝒅
≤ 𝑪𝒎𝒚 𝟏 + 𝟏. 𝟏𝟒 𝑪𝒎𝒛 𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟔𝝀𝒛
𝝌𝒛 𝑵𝑹𝒌 /𝜸𝑴𝟏 𝝌𝒛 𝑵𝑹𝒌 /𝜸𝑴𝟏
kzz 𝑵𝑬𝒅 𝑵𝑬𝒅
𝑪𝒎𝒛 𝟏 + 𝝀𝒛 − 𝟎. 𝟐 ≤ 𝑪𝒎𝒚 𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟔
𝝌𝒛 𝑵𝑹𝒌 /𝜸𝑴𝟏 𝝌𝒛 𝑵𝑹𝒌 /𝜸𝑴𝟏
RHS-sections 𝑵𝑬𝒅
≤ 𝑪𝒎𝒛 𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟖
𝝌𝒛 𝑵𝑹𝒌 /𝜸𝑴𝟏
Page 199
Method 2:Interaction factor kij for members susceptible to torsional deformations
(Recommended by CYS NA EN 1993-1-1,cl.NA2.20 – Table B.2)
Interaction Plastic cross-sectional properties Elastic cross-sectional properties
factors Class 1 and 2 Class 3
kyy Kyy from Table B.1 Kyy from Table B.1
kyz Kyz from Table B.1 Kyz from Table B.1
𝟎. 𝟏𝝀𝒛 𝑵𝑬𝒅
𝟏−
𝑪𝒎𝑳𝑻 − 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 𝝌𝒛 𝑵𝑹𝒌 /𝜸𝑴𝟏
𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝝀𝒛 𝑵𝑬𝒅
𝟎. 𝟏 𝑵𝑬𝒅 𝟏−
≥ 𝟏− 𝑪𝒎𝑳𝑻 − 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 𝝌𝒛 𝑵𝑹𝒌 /𝜸𝑴𝟏
kzz 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓 𝑵𝑬𝒅
for𝜆! < 0.4: ≥ 𝟏−
𝒌𝒛𝒚 = 𝟎. 𝟔 + 𝝀𝒛
𝟎. 𝟏𝝀𝒛 𝑵𝑬𝒅
≤𝟏−
Page 200
Summary design of steel member in bending
Design step Results
fy (N/mm2)
Choose yield strength of Steel
Nominal thickness of element t (mm)
section, fy from table 3.1 in fy grade
t≤16 16≤t≤40 40≤t≤63 63≤t≤80
EN 1993-1-1 S275 275 265 255 245
S355 355 345 335 325
Get starinε from table 5.2 in 235 fy 235 275 355 420
EN 1993-1-1 ε 𝜀= ε
𝑓! 1.00 0.92 0.81 0.75
Substitute the value of εinto Flange Class Flange under compression: c=(b-tw-2r)/2
the class limits in table 5.2 to c/tf
work out the class of the Web class Web under pure bending: c=(h-2tf-2r)
flange and web c/tw
Take the latest favourable Overall

Class 1 or 2
class from the flange outstand, Section
Class 3
web in bending and web in Class
Class 4
compression results
Mc,Rd = Mpl,Rd = Wpl,yfy/γM0 Class 1 & 2

Use the required value of W
for the defined class to work Mc,Rd
Mc,Rd = Mel,Rd = Wel,minfy/γM0 Class 3
out Mc,Rd
Mc,Rd = Weff,minfy/γM0 Class 4
Cross-section Resistance
check
Page 201
Summary design of steel member in shear
Design step Results
fy (N/mm2)
Calculate the shear area of the Steel
Nominal thickness of element t (mm)
section, Av Av grade
t≤16 16≤t≤40 40≤t≤63 63≤t≤80
S275 275 265 255 245
S355 355 345 335 325
Calculate the design plastic 𝐴! (𝑓! / 3)

shear resistance, Vpl,Rd Vpl,Rd 𝑉!".!" =
𝛾!!
Shear resistance check VEd≤Vc,Rd
Page 202
Summary of buckling resistance in bending
Design step Results
Calculate the design bending

moment and shear MEd &VEd
Section classification
Wy&fy
Calculate critical length

Lcr
Calculate Critical moment

Mcr
Calculate non-dimensional
slenderness λLT λLT
Calculate imperfection factor

αLT αLT
Calculate reduction factor

φLT φLT
Calculate modified/reduction χLTχLT,mod

factor for lateral-torsional
buckling
χLTorχLT,mod
Calculate buckling resistance

Mb,Rd Mb,Rd
𝑴𝑬𝒅
Buckling resistance check ≤ 𝟏. 𝟎
𝑴𝒃,𝑹𝒅
Page 203

ETABS Manual: Seismic Design of Steel Building Accordance To Eurocode 3 and 8

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ETABS Manual: Seismic Design of Steel Building Accordance To Eurocode 3 and 8

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ETABS

Valentinos Neophytou BEng, MSc

For further details:

Slideshare Account: http://www.slideshare.net/ValentinosNeophytou

1.1 DESIGN AND ANALYSIS EXAMPLE OF STEEL FRAME WITH CONCENTRIC

1.1 Layout of structure

Figure 1.1: Plan view

Figure 1.2: Side Elevation (4) & (1)

Table 1.1: Dimensions of the building

Dimensions Symbol Value Units

Table 1.2: Seismic design data

Data Symbol Value Units

1.2.1 Preliminary design of columns and beams

Preliminary design of steel beam

Span of beam Lx := 5000mm

Bay width wbay := 5000mm

Overall depth of slab h := 130mm

Partial factor for actions:

Variable actions, γ Q γ Q := 1.5

Structural steel (clause 6.1(1) EN 1993 1-1) γ M0 := 1.0

Structural steel properties:

Yield strength of reinforcement, fyk −2

Second moment area provided (IPE240) 4

Moment resistance check:

Weak Beam - Strong column -Capacity design:

ETABS: Define > Material properties

1.3.1 Material properties of concrete

Poisson ratio is equal to v = 0 (cracked concrete) and v = 0.2 (un-cracked concrete) as

Table 1.3: Concrete properties (EN 1992, Table 3.1)

C16/20 C20/25 C25/30 C30/37

Mass per unit Volume 2,5E-09 2,5E-09 2,5E-09 2,5E-09

Weight per unit volume 2,5E-05 2,5E-05 2,5E-05 2,5E-05

Modulus of Elasticity 29000 30000 31000 33000

Poisson’s Ratio (cracked concrete) 0 0 0 0

Coeff. of thermal expansion 10E-06 10E-06 10E-06 10E-06

Charact. ConcCyl. Strength, fck 16 20 25 30

Bending Reinf. Yield stress, fyk 500 500 500 500

Shear Reinf. Yield stress, fyk 500 500 500 500

Table 1.4: Material properties of steel

Material Properties Symbol Value Units References

Table 1.5: Strength vales of steel sections (EN1993-1-1,table 3.1)

Nominal thickness of the element t (mm)

Figure 1.4: Material properties of concrete (C25/30)

Figure 1.5: Material properties of steel (S275)

1.3.4 Slab modeling

ETABS: Define > Wall/Slab/Deck Sections/Add new deck

Figure 1.6: Deck section properties

Press “Set Modifier” in order

Figure 1.7: Modified “Stiffness Modifiers”

1.3.4.2 Modeling requirements of EC8 for floor diaphragms

ETABS: Select > Wall/Slab/Deck section > Select Deck

ETABS: Select > Wall/Slab/Deck section > Select Deck

Figure 1.9: Meshing of normal slab

– simple, in which the joint may be assumed not to transmit bending

Simple joint Continuous Fixed joint Semi- continuous joint

ETABS: Pin joint in ETABS

Figure 1.10: Pinned joint (both ends)

Figure 1.11: Fixed joint

2.1 Structural types and behavior factor according to EN1998-1-1,cl.6.3

αu/ α1 =1.1 αu/ α1 =1.2 (1 bay)

dissipative zones in beams and column bases

Dissipative zones in tension diagonals

Frames with K-bracing (CBF)

T Sd(T) β = 0.2 -‐