Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
BIOINDICADORES Y BIOMARCADORES DE
CONTAMINACIÓN AMBIENTAL
Dr. Rodrigo Orrego
rodrigo.orrego@uantof.cl
www.iio.cl
Contenido
Introduccion
Nutrientes vs toxicos
Condicion fisiologica y estrés
Monitoreo fisicoquimico de contaminantes
Biondicadores
Conceptos y Criterios de seleccion
Ventajas y desventajas
Biomarcadores
Concepto y Clasificacion
Ventajas y desventajas
Usos
DE TOXICIDAD
REGION
Nutrientes
esenciales
Respuesta
DE NO-EFECTO
REGION
Tóxicos
Homeostasis (no-nutritivos)
UMBRAL
DE SEGURIDAD
Estrés Respuestas
ZONA 1 compensatorias
Saludable
Rápida
OK adaptabilidad
DETERIORO
Monitoreo Ambiental
Las desventajas de los análisis fisicoquímico de contaminantes en distintas
matrices ambientales se relacionan con :
Ambiente K1
Atmosférico AIRE SUELO
Terrestre
K2
K3 AGUA K5
SUSPENDIDO BIOTA
K4
Ambiente
Acuático
SEDIMENTO
Bioindicators: Using Organism s to Measure Environm ental Im pacts | Learn Science at Scitable 12- 08- 24 11:44 AM
How do we assess the impacts of hum an activities on natural ecosystem s? What can the biota tell us about the
environment and its response to natural stress?
Introduction
What can the canary in the coal m ine tell us? Historically, canaries accom panied coal m iners deep underground. Their sm all lung capacity and unidirectional lung ventilation
system made them more vulnerable to sm all concentrations of carbon m onox ide and m ethane gas than their hum an companions. As late as 1986, the acute sensitivity of these
birds served as a biological indicator of unsafe conditions in underground coal m ines in the United Kingdom. Since hum an health concerns continue to drive the developm ent
and application of bioindicators, the loss of ecosystem services (e.g., clean air, drinking water, plant pollinators) has increasingly focused our attention on the health of natural
ecosystem s. All species (or species assem blages) tolerate a limited range of chem ical, physical, and biological conditions, which we can use to evaluate environm ental quality.
Despite m any technological advances, we find ourselves turning to the biota of natural ecosystem s to tell us the story of our world.
BIOMONITOR
Organismo que acumula contaminantes en sus tejidos, y por lo tanto pueden ser analizados
para identificar la abundancia y biodisponibilidad de estos en los ambientes acuáticos.
HIDRODINAMICA DISPONIBILIDAD
ALIMENTOS
FACTORES CONTAMINACION
FISICOQUIMICOS
RESPUESTA
INTEGRADA
CRECIMIENTO REPRODUCCION
RESPUESTA
POBLACIONAL
CAMBIOS
COMUNIDAD
EFECTOS
ECOSISTEMICOS
(adapted from: Adams, 2001).
EL CONCEPTO DE BIOMARCADOR
BIOCHEMICAL
ENZIMATICAL DETOXICATION
IMMUNOLOGICAL
PHYSIOLOGICAL
HISTOPATHOLOGICAL
BIOENERGETIC
REPRODUCTIVE
POPULATION / COMMUNITY
Proteínas de estress
Actividad Tipos mas importantes Respuesta de exposición Respuesta ecologica Referencias
de estresores representativa relevante
Two versions of the Biomarkers Database were provided to EPA. One vers ion all
contents of the database without making any modifications or additions. The othe
allows users to modify the database’s contents and to add additional references. B
database require the user’s computer to have Microsoft Access installed. Since the
developed in Microsoft Access 2000, this is the preferred version of Access to use
versions of Access should be functional. If Access 2000 is not being used, a mess
converting the database to the newer version of Access upon opening the database
that users do NOT convert the database.
Most of the biomarker information recorded in the database was obtained from ab
information is found in the Keywords too. During the abstract review process, eac
name of any biomarker(s) that were discussed in the references abstract. In additio
biomarker type, health outcome, specimen type, and exposure were recorded.
BIOMARCADORES DE EXPOSICIÓN
ENZIMAS
METABOLITOS METALO- DAÑO ANTIOXI- ACETILCO-
MFO PROTEINAS DE
ENZIMAS BILIARES TIONINA ADN DANTES LINESTERASA ESTRÉS
COMUNIDAD
X X
BIOINDICADORES DE EFECTOS
PLANTAS DE ENERGIA
REPRODUCCION
X X X
DESARROLLO URBANO
X
BIOENERGETICOS
X X X
AGRICULTURA
PULPA Y PAPEL
DESCARGAS DOMESTICAS
PETROQUIMICA
CRECIMIENTO
X X
INCREMENTO
MINERIA
X X
DECRECIMIENTO X X
HISTOPATOLOGIA
X X
BRANQUIAS X X X X
HIGADO X X
ECOSYSTEM EFFECTS
Reproductive output falls below critical levels required for maintaining the population survival
POPULATION EFFECTS
Decrease in gamete quality, changes in Inmuno-suppression, reduced Impaired development and survival,
secondary sex characteristics affecting gamete quality and quantity delay in metamorphosis or sexual
behaviour maturation
Changes in blood hormone levels, Vtg Effects on neuro-endocrine system Impaired or failed synthesis of
and Zr-protein synthesis (e.g. corticosteroid production) essential enzymes or hormones
ME1 (untreated)
ME2 (Primary Treated)
ME3 (Secondary
Treated)
OH OH
c c ab
ab
ab
c ab
c
EC
ab 400 CO
TZ
100
300
200
0
Day 4 Day 7 Day 14 Day 21 Day 28
100 a a a a
a a a a a a
a
0
Day 0 Day 4 Day 7 Day 14 Day 21 Day 28
600
500
400
300
VTG
200
100
-100
-200
EC
EC
EC
EC
EC
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
BS
DHAA
BS
DHAA
BS
DHAA
BS
DHAA
BS
DHAA
ME3
E2
ME2
ME3
E2
ME2
ME3
E2
ME2
ME3
E2
ME2
ME3
E2
ME2
DHAA / E2
DHAA / E2
DHAA / E2
DHAA / E2
DHAA / E2
Fem ale
Male
T ime: Day 4 T ime: Day 7 T ime: Day 14 T ime: Day 21 T ime: Day 28
Waterborne exposure Post-fertilized
embryos
ME3
ME2
ME1
CO
BS
EC
TE
E2
1 ppm
5 ppm 25 ppm
Trout
Medaka
Flagfish
0
Collection
Fertilized
eggs
hpf
viability
4
24
exposure
Exposure
period
dpf
Control eggs
5
11
28
first hatch
Hatching
period
Control eggs
7
16
33
last hatch
Delayed last
9
23
43
eggs hatch
14
43
47
10L
dph Growth
period
64
1000L
87
Sex ratio
226
60
They were used as sentinels to be early
warning systems of toxic gases in the
mine. The canaries would become sick
from toxic fumes sooner than miners
would notice them, and that would give
them time to either escape or put on
respirators . . . .