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Question 1. A small candle, 2.5 cm in size is placed at 27 cm in front of
a concave mirror of radius of curvature 36 cm. At what distance from the
mirror should a screen be placed in order to obtain a sharp image?
Describe the nature and size of the image. If the candle is moved closer to
the mirror, how would the screen have to be moved?
Solution Given, radius of curvature of concave mirror, R = − 36 m
(For concave mirror radius of curvature is taken as negative)
R 36
∴ Focal length f = = = − 18 cm
2 2
Distance of object u = − 27 cm
(Object distance is always taken as negative)
Height of object O = 2.5 cm P
C F
Use the mirror formula 36 cm
1 1 1 1 1 1
= + ⇒ − = −
f v u 18 v 27
1 1 1 −3 + 2 1
=− + = =−
v 18 27 54 54
Distance of screen from mirror v = − 54 cm
Let the size of image be I. By using the formula of magnification for
mirror
v I
m= − =
u O
− (−54) I
=
− 27 2.5
I = − 5 cm
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The negative sign shows that the image is formed in front of the mirror
and it is inverted. Thus, the screen should be placed at a distance 54 cm
and the size of image is 5 cm, real, inverted and magnified in nature.
If we move the object near to the mirror (as u → f, v → ∞) the screen
should be moved away from mirror. As the distance of object is less than
focal length, (u < f) no screen is required, because the image formed is
virtual.
Question 2. A 4.5 cm needle is placed 12 cm away from a convex
mirror of focal length 15 cm. Give the location of the image and the
magnification. Describe what happens as the needle is moved farther
from the mirror?
Solution Given, focal length of convex mirror
f = + 15 cm (Focal length of convex mirror is taken
as positive)
Distance of object u = − 12 cm
F C
Size of object O = 4.5 cm
Using the mirror formula,
1 1 1
= +
f v u
1 1 1 1 1 1 4+5 9
= − ⇒ = + = =
15 v 12 v 15 12 60 60
Distance of image from the mirror v = 6.7 cm
The positive sign shows that the image is formed behind the mirror.
Using the formula of magnification,
v I
m= − =
u O
− 6.7 I
=
−12 4.5
Size of image I = 2.5 cm
As I is positive, so image is erect and virtual.
Magnification m is given by
I 2.5 25 5
m= = = =
O 4.5 45 9
As the needle moves away from the mirror, the image also moves away
from the mirror (as u → ∞, v → f) and the size of image goes on
decreasing.
Question 3. A tank is filled with water to a height of 12.5 cm. The
apparent depth of a needle lying at the bottom of the tank is measured by
a microscope to be 9.4 cm. What is the refractive index of water? If water
is replaced by a liquid of refractive index 1.63 up to the same height, by
what distance would the microscope have to be moved to focus on the
needle again?
NCERT Class XII Physics Solutions 217
Air
Glass 35° ?°
60° Glass
Air
60° Water 47° 45° Water
AB
In ∆OAB tan ic =
AO
r
or tan ic =
l
r = l tan ic = 80 tan 48.6
r = 80 × 1.1345 =90.7 cm
Area of circular surface of water, through which light will emerge
A = πr 2
A = 3.14 × (90.7)2 = 25865.36 cm2
A = 2.58 m2
1 1 1
Using Lens formula, − =
v u f
1 1 1
− =
v 12 20
1 1 1 3+5 8
= + = =
v 20 12 60 60
v= 7.5 cm
Thus, the beam converges on the right side of lens at a distance of
7.5 cm.
(b) Distance of object from the lens u = 12 cm
Focal length of concave lens f = − 16 cm
Using Lens formula,
P
1 1 1 12 cm
− =
v u f
1 1 1
− =−
v 12 16
1 1 1 4 −3
⇒ = − =
v 12 16 48
v = 48 cm
Thus, the beam converges on the right side of lens at a distance of
48 cm.
Question 9. An object of size 3.0 cm is placed 14 cm in front of a
concave lens of focal length 21 cm. Describe the image produced by the
lens. What happens if the object is moved further away from the lens?
Solution Size of object, O = 3 cm
Focal length of lens f = − 21 cm
f
(QFocal length of convex lens is taken as
negative.) 14 cm
Distance of object from the concave lens
u = − 14 cm 21 cm
(QFocal lenth of concave lens is taken as negative)
Using Lens formula,
1 1 1
− =
v u f
1 1 1
+ =−
v 14 12
1 1 1 −2 −3 5
⇒ =− − = =−
v 21 14 42 42
v = − 8.4 cm
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1 1 −1 − 4 − 5
= − = =
− 25 6.25 25 25
u e = − 5 cm
O E
B vo ve
C1 C2
Fo A'
A uo
B' Fe
A''
x
2 cm
B''
10 cm 5 cm 25 cm
15 cm
As the distance between objective and eye-piece (v o + u e ) = 15 cm
L = vo + ue
Distance of image formed by object lens
v o = L −|u e| = 15 − 5 = 10 cm
Using the lens equation for objective lens
1 1 1
− =
v o u o fo
1 1 1 1 1 1−5 4
= − = − = =−
u o v o fo 10 2 10 10
u o = − 2.5 cm
So, the object should be 2.5 cm in front of convex lens.
Magnifying power of compound microscope
v d 10 25
m = o 1 + = 1 + (Qd = 25 cm)
uo fe 2.5 6.25
m = 20
(b) The final image will be formed at infinity only if the image formed
by the objective is in the focal plane of the eye-piece i. e., at
principal focus of the eye-piece.
Thus, here v e = − ∞, u e = fe = 6.25 cm
Image distance of objective lens
v o = L − fe = − 15 − 6.25 =8.75 cm
Using Lens formula,
1 1 1
− =
v o u o fo
1 1 1 1 1 2 – 8 . 75
= − = − =
u o v o fo 8.75 2 17.5
17.5
uo = − = − 2.59 cm
6.75
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O E
Fo Fe
uo
2 cm ∞
8.75 cm
6.25 cm
15 cm
Magnifying power of the microscope
v d 8.75 25
m = o 1 + = 1 +
uo fe 2.59 6.25
m = 13.51
Question 12. A person with a normal near point (25 cm) using a
compound microscope with objective of focal length 8.0 mm and an
eye-piece of focal length 2.5 cm can bring an object placed at 9.0 mm from
the objective in sharp focus. What is the separation between the two
lenses? Calculate the magnifying power of the microscope.
Solution Given, focal length of objective fo = 8 mm = 0.8 cm
Focal length of eye-piece fe = 2.5 cm
Distance of object from objective − u o = − 9 mm = – 0.9 cm
Distance of image from eye-piece
v e = − d = − 25 cm
Using Lens equation for eye-piece
1 1 1
− =
v e u e fe
1 1 1 1 1 − 1 − 10 11
or = − =− − = =−
u e v e fe 25 2.5 25 25
u e = − 2.27 cm
Using Lens equation for objective
1 1 1
− =
v o u o fo
1 1 1 1 1 0.9 − 0.8 0.1
or = + = − − =
v o fo u o 0.8 0.9 0.72 0.72
Distance of image for objective lens
v o = 7.2 cm
Separation between two lenses
L = |u e | + | v o | = 2.27 + 7.2
NCERT Class XII Physics Solutions 225
L = 9.47 cm
Magnifying power of compound microscope
v d 7.2 25
m = o 1 + = 1 +
uo fe 0.9 2.5
m = 88
Question 13. A small telescope has an objective lens of focal length
144 cm and an eye-piece of focal length 6.0 cm. What is the magnifying
power of the telescope? What is the separation between the objective and
the eye-piece?
Solution Given, focal length of objective lens fo = 144 cm
Focal length of eye-piece fe = 6 cm
Magnifying power of the telescope in normal adjustment
1 1 1
From Lens formula, = − as f > 0, and u < 0
v f u
1
The value of > 0, or v > 0 or v is always positive. The image formed
v
is virtual. It does not depends on the location of object.
(c) For convex mirror f > 0, u < 0
1 1 1 1 1
From Lens formula, = − so > or v < f
v f u v f
Thus, image always located between pole and focus of the mirror, as
v <|u|. So the image is always diminished in size.
(d) For concave mirror f < 0.
As object is placed between pole and focus.
∴ f <u <0
1 1
∴ − >0
f u
1 1 1
From Lens formula, − = >0⇒v>0
f u v
It means that v is positive, image formed on right and virtual.
1 1
<
v u
v >|u| so image is enlarged.
Question 16. A small pin fixed on a table top is viewed from above from
a distance of 50 cm. By what distance would the pin appear to be raised if
it is viewed from the same point through a 15 cm thick glass slab held
parallel to the table? Refractive index of glass = 1.5. Does the answer
depend on the location of the slab?
Solution Given, thickness of glass slab (real depth) = 15 cm
Refractive index of glass aµ g with respect to air = 1.5
Real depth 15
Using the formula a
µg = = a
Apparent depth µg
Apparent depth of pin y = 15 /1.5 = 10 cm
Distance by which the pin appears to be raised
= Real depth – Apparent depth = 15 − 10 = 5 cm
The answer does not depend on the location of the slab.
Alternate Method
Given thickness of glass slab t = 15 cm
Refractive index of glass µ = 1.5
The normal shift in the position of the pin
1 2 1
d = t 1 − = 15 1 − = 15 × = 5 cm
µ 3 3
The pin appears raised by 5 cm.
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i i
r
i
d 25
(c) Magnifying power = = = 3.5
u 7.14
Yes the magnification equal to the magnifying power because, the
image formed at least distance of distinct vision.
Question 31. What should be the distance between the object in
question 30 and the magnifying glass if the virtual image of each square in
the figure is to have an area of 6.25 mm 2 . Would you be able to see the
squares distinctly with your eyes very close to the magnifier?
Solution Given, area of image, AI = 6.25 mm2
Area of object, AO = 1 mm2
Focal length of lens, f = 10 cm
AI 6.25
Linear magnification, m = = = 2.5
AO 1
v
Again, magnification, m =
u
or v = m × v = 2.5 × u …(i)
From Lens formula,
1 1 1
= −
f v u
1 1 1
= −
10 2.5 u u
From Eq. (i),
1 1 1 − 2.5
or =
10 u 2.5
− 1.5 × 10
or u= = − 6 cm
2.5
or v = 2.5 u = 2.5 (– 6) = − 15 cm
Thus, the virtual image is formed at a distance of 15 cm which is less
than the near point (25 cm) of a normal human eye. So, it cannot be
seen by the eyes distinctly.
Question 32. Answer the following questions :
(a) The angle subtended at the eye by an object is equal to the angle
subtended at the eye by the virtual image produced by a magnifying
glass. In what sense then does a magnifying glass provide angular
magnification?
(b) In viewing through a magnifying glass, one usually positions one’s
eyes very close to the lens. Does angular magnification change if
the eye is moved back?
(c) Magnifying power of a simple microscope is inversely proportional
to the focal length of the lens. What then stops us from using a
NCERT Class XII Physics Solutions 239
Objective
mirror
Secondary
mirror
Eye piece
Let f2 be the focal length of the plano concave lens made of liquid
between the convex lens and plane mirror.
For combination of lenses
1 1 1
+ =
f1 f2 f
1 1 1
+ =
30 f2 45
1 1 1 1
⇒ = − =−
f2 45 30 90
f2 = − 90 cm
We know that radii of curvature of two surfaces of plano-concave lens of
liquid formed between foci convex lens and plane mirror are –R and ∞.
For the convex lens of glass, R1 = R, R2 = − R
Using Lens maker’s formula
1 1 1
= (µ − 1) −
f1 R1 R2
3 1 1
= − 1 +
2 R R
1 1 2
= ×
30 2 R
⇒ R = 30 cm
Again, R1 = − R = − 30 cm, R2 = ∞
Using the Lens maker’s formula
1 1 1
= (µ l − 1) −
f2 R1 R2
1 1 1
− = (µ l − 1) −
90 − 30 ∞
1 1
= (µ l − 1)
90 30
1 4
µ l = 1 + = = 1.33
3 3
4
Thus, the refractive index of liquid is or 1.33.
3
NCERT Class XII Physics Solutions 245
O2 O O1
u1 P
u
u2
f 2 L⋅u
or L′ =
(u − f)2 − L2 /4
L2
As the object is short and kept away from focus, we have << (u − f)2 .
4
L2
So, neglect as compared to (u − f)2
4
f2
∴ L′ = L
(u − f)2
A R C R B
Solution Let the disc is placed at distance d from the top. Initially AM
is the direction of incident ray before filling the liquid, as the liquid is
filled the incident ray is BM.
1 sin i sin i
Now = = …(i)
µ sin r sin α
a−R
sin i = and sin α = cos (90 − α )
d + (a − R)2
2
a+ R
sin α =
d + (a + R)2
2
NCERT Class XII Physics Solutions 247
.50 cm
O 0.5 (0, 0)
O'
u = – 50 cm
Let there is no cut, the object have been at a height of 0.5 cm from
principal axis OO′.
1 1 1
Using Lens formula − =
v u f
1 1 1 1 1 1
= + =− + =
v f u 50 25 50
v = 50 cm
v −50
Magnification, m = = = −1
u +50
Thus, the image would have been formed at 50 cm from lens and 0.5 cm
below principal axis. Hence, the coordinates of image are (50 cm, – 1 cm).
Question 5. A jar of height h is filled with a d
transparent liquid of refractive index µ (figure). At
the centre of the jar on the bottom surface is a dot.
h
Find the minimum diameter of a disc, such that
when placed on the top surface symmetrically i i
about the centre the dot is invisible.
Solution From Snell’s law,
1
sin i = …(i)
µ
O
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d /2
tan i = [From Eq. (i)]
h
or d = 2h tan i
2h
d=
( µ2 − 1) µ
1
1
Qtan i = i
µ2 − 1
2h
or d=
µ2 − 1
2r
i
B D
1
sin φ ≥
µ
1
cos r ≥
µ
1
or 1 − cos2 r ≤ 1 −
µ2
1
or sin2 r ≤ 1 − 2
µ
We know that
sin i = µ sin r
1 1
∴ sin2 i ≤ 1 − 2
µ 2
µ
or sin2 i ≤ µ2 − 1
The angle (smallest) φ shall be when i = π /2. If that is greater than the
critical angle then all other angles of incidence shall be more than the
critical angle.
NCERT Class XII Physics Solutions 249
If i = π /2
sin2 π /2 ≤ µ2 − 1
or 1 ≤ µ2 − 1
or µ2 ≥ 2
or µ≥ 2