CATIONS:

REACTION WITH
CATIONS NaOH NH3

ALUMINIUM WHITE PRECIPITATE WHITE PRECIPITATE

SOLUBLE IN EXCESS TO GIVE A INSOLU ZXBLE IN EXCESS

COLOURLESS PRECIPITATE

AMMONIUM RED LITMUS PAPER TURNS BLUE

AMMONIA GAS PRODUCED

BARIUM NO PRECIPITATE NO PRECIPITATE

CALCIUM WHITE PRECIPITATE NO PRECIPITATE

INSOLUBLE IN EXCESS

CHROMIUM GREY-GREEN PRECIPITATE GREY-GREEN PRECIPITATE

SOLUBLE IN EXCESS TO GIVE A GREEN INSOLUBLE IN EXCESS

SOLUTION

COPPER PALE-BLUE PRECIPITATE PALE-BLUE PRECIPITATE

INSOLUBLE IN EXCESS SOLUBLE IN EXCESS TO GIVE A DEEP-

BLUE PRECIPITATE

IRON (II) DIRTY-GREEN PRECIPITATE GREEN PRECIPITATE

INSOLUBLE IN EXCESS INSOLUBLE IN EXCESS

IRON (III) REDDISH-BROWN PRECIPITATE REDDISH-BROWN PRECIPITATE

INSOLUBLE IN EXCESS INSOLUBLE IN EXCESS

LEAD (II) WHITE PRECIPITATE WHITE PRECIPITATE

SOLUBLE IN EXCESS TO GIVE A INSOLUBLE IN EXCESS

COLOURLESS PRECIPITATE

MAGNESIUM WHITE PRECIPITATE WHITE PRECIPITATE

INSOLUBLE IN EXCESS INSOLUBLE IN EXCESS

MANGANESE OFF-WHITE PRECIPITATE OFF-WHITE PRECIPITATE

INSOLUBLE IN EXCESS INSOLUBLE IN EXCESS

ZINC WHITE PRECIPITATE WHITE PRECIPITATE

SOLUBLE IN EXCESS TO GIVE A SOLUBLE IN EXCESS TO GIVE A

COLOURLESS PRECIPITATE COLOURLESS PRECIPITATE
GASES:

GASES TEST OBSERVATION AND EQUATION

OXYGEN ADD A LITTLE MANGANESE OXIDE TO SPLINT REKINDLES
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE IN A TEST TUBE.

INSERT A GLOWING SPLINT INTO THE

TEST TUBE.

CARBON DIOXIDE BUBBLE GAS EVOLVED USING A WHITE PRECIPITATE IS FORMED IN

DELIVERY TUBE INTO A TEST TUBE THE LIMEWATER
CONTAINING Ca(OH)2.

AMMONIA HEAT A LITTLE AMMONIUM(aq) WITH PUNGENT GAS IS EVOLVED.

SODIUM HYDROXIDE MOIST RED LITMUS PAPER TURNS
BLUE
CHLORINE SHAKE MIXTURE WITH A PALE-YELLOWISH-GREEN GAS IS
TETRACHLOROMETHANE AND NOTE EVOLVED
THE COLOUR OF THE SOLVENT
BLUE LITMUS PAPER IS BLEACHED
INSERT A PIECE OF MOIST BLUE LITMUS WHITE
INTO THE GAS

HYDROGEN HOLD A LIGHTED SPLINT OVER THE THE LIGHTED SPLINT

MOUTH OF THE TEST TUBE EXTINGUISHES WITH A POP
SOUND

SULFUR DIOXIDE INSERT A STRIP OF FILTER PAPER THE FILTER PAPER TURNS FROM
SOAKED IN POTASSIUM MANGANTE PURPLE TO COLOURLESS
ACIDIFIED WITH DILUTE SULFURIC ACID
INTO THE GAS

ANIONS:

CHLORIDE BROMIDE IODIDE

ADD AQUEOUS SILVER WHITE PPT OF AgCl CREAM PPT OF AgBr YELLOW PPT OF AgI
NITRATE, THAN:
1. ADD DILUTE WHITE PPT IS CREAM PPT IS YELLOW PPT IS
NITRIC ACID INSOLUBLE INSOLUBLE INSOLUBLE
2. AQUEOUS WHITE PPT DISSOLVES CREAM PPT YELLOW PPT
AMMONIA DISSOLVES DISSOLVES

CHLORIDE BROMIDE IODIDE

ADD LEAD NITRATE, WHITE PPT OF PbCl2 WHITE PPT OF PbBr2 YELLOW PPT OF PbI2
THAN:
BOIL MIXTURE SOLUBLE SOLUBLE SOLUBLE
COOL MIXTURE WHITE CRYSTALS WHITE CRYSTALS GOLDEN CRYSTALS
ANION TEST OBSERVATION
SULFATE 1. ADD LEAD NITRATE WHITE PPT OF PbSO4 PRODUCED
2. ADD DILUTE NITRIC ACID
INSOLUBLE IN HNO3

SULFITE 1. ADD LEAD NITRATE WHITE PPT OF PbSO3 PRODUCED

2. ADD DILUTE NITRIC ACID
PPT SOLUBLE IN HNO3
PUNGENT GAS IS EVOLVED, WHICH
DECOLOURISES PURPLE KMnO4

CARBONATE 1. ADD LEAD NITRATE WHITE PPT OF PBCO3 FORMED

2. ADD DILUTE NITRIC ACID
PPT SOLUBLE IN HNO3
EFFERVESCENCE FORMED WHICH
FORMS A WHITE PPT WHEN
BUBBLED THROUGH Ca(OH)2

NITRITE HEAT WITH OH- (aq) AND AMMONIA IS LIBERATED

ALUMINIUM FOIL

NITRATE HEAT WITH OH- (aq) AND AMMONIA IS LIBERATED

ALUMINIUM FOIL