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THE BATTLE OF
GETTYSBURG
Spilled Blood on Sacred Ground
rosen
central
New York
Published in 2007 by The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc.
29 East 21st Street, New York, NY 10010
Copyright B 2007 Rosen Book Works, LLC, New York, NY, and Osprey Publishing Ltd, Oxford, England
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without permission in writing
Photo Credits: p. 4 (top) Courtesy of Military Images Magazine, (bottom) Harper's Weekly; p. 5 Harper's
Weekly; p. 7 (top) Harper's Weekly, (bottom) Courtesy of Anne S. K. Brown Military Collection, Brown
University Library; p. 44 Hulton Getty, p. 45 (top) Courtesy of Anne S. K. Brown Military Collection,
Abnett, Dan.
The Battle of Gettysburg : spilled blood on sacred ground / by Dan Abnett. -
1st ed.
Series.
E475.53.A23 200
973.7'349-dc22
2006014272
The American Civil War, 1861-1865 3
Key Commanders 3
Invading the North 4
The Officers 6
The Battle of Gettysburg: Spilled Blood on Sacred Ground ...8
Aftermath 44
Glossary 46
For More Information 47
Index and Web Sites 48
1863. On those days, the course of American history was forever changed.
KEY COMMANDERS
MAJ. GEN. GEORGE COL. JOSHUA
G. MEADE CHAMBERLAIN
Meade took charge of the The hero of Little Round
Army of the Potomac Top, holding the high
days before Gettysburg. Earlier, he ground and the Union line at
had led a successful offensive at Gettysburg, he was awarded the
Fredricksburg in December 1862. Medal of Honor.
JAMES
LT. GEN. MAJ. GEN. GEORGE
LONGSTREET E. PICKETT
Nicknamed "Old Perhaps the most fear-
Warhorse," he was less—yet tragic-figure at
dependable, but sometimes slow to Gettysburg. The disastrous charge he
act on orders because he tended to led was later named after him.
be cautious.
Invading the Nort
the summer of 1863,
In Confederate States of America
(CSA) president, Jefferson Davis,
and Confederate general Robert E. Lee
developed a plan to solve several
problems that Southern forces were
facing in the fighting of the Civil War.
Although the Confederates had
enough men in their armies at this time,
uniforms, equipment, and medical
supplies were often hard to come by.
The lack of industry in the South was
a major cause of this problem.
Food was also often in low supply.
To make the situation worse, the
South was trying to avoid fighting on Gen. George Gordon Meade
its own land in order to protect the
Union general George Gordon Meade replaced
crops it grew for its armies. General Hooker as commander of the Army of
General Lee proposed a plan for the the Potomac in June 1863. He led the army
Confederates to fight a major battle until the end of the war.
The Officers
eneral Hooker was
Joseph also incorrectly believed that Southern
commander of the Union forcesoutnumbered his own by 2 to 1
^fl army. Hooker's army had the Hooker was also indecisive about
supplies that the South did not, but he whether he should attack Richmond,
was uncertain over where and how to Virginia, the capital of the Confederate
do battle with the Confederates. He government, or take his battle directly
«• j*
The Battle of Gettysburg, July 1-3, 1863, was made up of several smaller fights between Union
and Confederate forces. The most important of these were (1) the initial fight between Generals
Heth and Buford on July 1 {which resulted in the death of Union general Reynolds at McPherson's
Ridge (2), the July 2 battle between Generals Longstreet and Sickles in the fight to break the Union
line (3), and Pickett's charge on July 3, which led to the death of 6,500 Confederates (4).
6
to General Lee. Because of General
Hooker's lack of strong action,
President Lincoln replacedhim as
commander of the Union army with
General George Meade.
Unlike Hooker, General Lee was
brimming with confidence. In early
May he had defeated Hooker's army at
the Battle of Chancellorsville in
Virginia. Lee believed his army was
capable of anything, and he was deter-
mined to defeat the Union army on
their home ground— even though he
Gen. JEB Stuart
had no fixed plan as to where the
battle would take place. Confederate general JEB Stuart was only
Confederate General JEB Stuart was twenty-eight at the start of the war. He went
also eager for battle. His reputation as on to become one of the most important
cavalry commanders of the war.
commander in
the greatest cavalry the
world had been severely hurt by his
defeat at the Battle of Brandy Station in
Virginia on June 9, 1863. Fighting the
Union army on its home ground, and
winning, would restore his reputation.
No one on either the Confederate
or the Union side intended to stage a
major battle at Gettysburg. The armies
met there more by accident than
anything else. However, events soon
unfolded that ensured Gettysburg
would become one of the most
famous battles in American history.
Gettysburg was a small, quiet town that suddenly became the place where
a battle would decide the fate of a nation.
THE BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG
Spilled Blood on Sacred Ground
3EHS
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HE COULD ATTACK WASHINGTON, OR
PURSUE OUR ARMIES FOR A FULL-SCALE
BATTLE. YET HE MIGHT EVEN CONVERGE
HIS TROOPS ON GETTYSBURG. SEND
0UFORD'S DISPATCHES AND MY REPORT
TO GENERAL MEADE.
I, XI, AND
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CORPS
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11
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DEFEND. WE SHOULD
PRESS
19
TWO OF CONFBPBPATB &BNBPAL LONGSTPBBT'S HOOP ASKBP lONGSTPBBT
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21
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24
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27
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LEFT BY THE
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IT'S TOO DARK TO ATTACK/
29
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WE TAKEN
HAVE [THE TERRAIN HAS BEEN KIND TO
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US, GENERAL WILLIAMS. WE HELD
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35
T GENERAL 1/ I SHALL LEAD MY IONGSTPBBT COULP PO NOTHING
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37
MY BRIGADE HAS
WITHDRAWN. THE CHARGE
WAS A MISTAKE. THE MEN
DIDN'T STAND A CHANCE.
GENERAL HANCOCK
SUGGESTS THAT V AND VI
CORPS COUNTERATTACK.
38
WH AT ABOUT SUPPLIES?]
39
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42
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JULY 0, 3:00
CAPTUZBP WAGONS, TOOK PRISONERS, ANP KILLBP BMBN MORE CONPBPBRATE
Meade.
time that the Confederate Meade proved to be a great leader,
army had tried to bring the conflict who listened to his officers and often
into theNorth. The Maryland took their suggestions. At Gettysburg,
Campaign, which ended in September he wisely recognized the strength of
1862 with the Union victory at the the fresh Confederate cavalry and
Battle of Antietam, was the first. chose not to counterattack after
As they did after Antietam, the Pickett's charge.
Confederate army retreated home, fol- General Lee had asked too much
lowing the defeat at Gettysburg. of his army, while knowing too little
The Union capture of Vicksburg, Mississippi, cut the Confederacy in half and opened the entire
Mississippi River to Union gunboats and supplies.
44
(Above) President Lincoln gave his
famous Gettysburg Address on November
19, 1863.
(Left) Gettysburg was one of the bloodi-
est battles in American history.
m.A
Potomac. If the Union forces had Gettysburg and Vicksburg boosted the
attacked the retreating Confederate Union army's morale, and they now
army in force, the war might have fought with renewed energy.
been over. The support that the Confederacy
Meade preferred to preserve his had hoped to win from Great Britain
tired troops,rather than drive them and France never came. The South
on. He had met his objectives at now realized that they were fighting
Gettysburg: He had turned back Lee's this war alone.
army and driven them out of the On November 19, 1863, President
North. However, President Lincoln Lincoln gave a speech in Gettysburg,
was very disappointed that his army known as the Gettysburg Address. In
had won the battle, but failed to end it, Lincoln honored those who fought
the war at the Battle of Gettysburg. at Gettysburg and carefully explained
While the fighting at Gettysburg the values for which the war was
was going on, the Union army took being fought. It is remembered as one
cavalry The branch of an army that was trained to fight on horses; cavalries
use armored vehicles today.
militia A group of citizens who receive military training but who are on call
musket A gun with a long barrel used before the invention of rifles.
picket A soldier positioned to protect his main army from surprise attack.
rampage Reckless or violent action.
skirmisher A soldier who engages in a minor fight with a small force of enemy
soldiers.
46
More Information
ORGANIZATIONS
Smith, Carl. Gettysburg 1863: High Tide of the Confederacy. Oxford, England:
Osprey Publishing, 1998.
47
Inde
F
artillery, 13-14, 19, 21, 24-25, flank, 17 peach orchard, 27, 34
27, 29, 31-32, 34-37 forager, 8 picket, 10
brigade, 12-13, 22, 27, 36, "Fighting Joe," 5-7 15, 21, 44
38-39
Buford, General John, 8-14, 17 I R
infantry, 9, 12, 14, 19-21, 23, rampage, 20
c 25, 27, 32-33, 40 regiment, 24, 26, 28, 34
carbine, 13 infiltrate, 10 reinforcements, 8, 13, 21-22,
cavalry, 7-9, 11, 18, 31, 40, 43 25, 27, 29, 32
Cemetery Ridge, 17, 19, 25, retreat, 11, 13, 17, 20, 23,
Custer, General George Lincoln, President Abraham, 4, Seminary Ridge, 13, 15-17,
Armstrong, 40 7, 11, 45 25, 28, 31, 34-35
Davis, President Jefferson, 4-5 Little Round Top, 3, 17, 21-24, skirmisher, 8, 12, 26
26, 37 Spangler's Wood, 33-34
D Longstreet, Lieutenant General Stuart, General JEB, 7, 18, 40
decimate, 16, 32 James, 3, 16-18, 20, 31,
deploy, 17, 22 34-36 V
Devil's Den, 20, 24 victory, 4-5, 28, 44
dispatch, 10-11 M Virginia, 6-7, 36-38, 41, 43
37 militia, 9, 15
engage, 9, 16 musket, 13
» «'
WEB SITES
Due to the changing nature of Internet links, the Rosen Publishing Group, Inc.,
has developed an online list of Web sites related to the subject of this book.
This site is updated regularly. Please use this link to access the list:
http://www.rosenlinks.com/gbcw/gettys
48
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