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Session 745 - Human Cognition: Individual Di⅀erences I  Add To Itinerary

745.05 / KKK20 - Binaural beats for enhancing

cognitive functions in healthy individuals
 November 16, 2016, 8:00 - 12:00 PM  Halls B-H

Authors
Presenter at Poster
*G. B. PATRUDU;
Wed, Nov. 16, 2016, 8:00
Andhra Med. Col. & King George Hosp., Visakhapatnam, India
AM - 9:00 AM
Disclosures
Session Type
 G.B. Patrudu: None.
Poster
Abstract
Currently there is a surge in interest on research into the e⅀ect of binaural
beats on cognitive functions. This review summarizes the results of studies on
the e⅀ect of binaural beats on cognitive functions. Binaural beats have been
shown to improve phase synchronization which is vital for cognitive processes.
Binaural beats in the alpha (10 Hz) and theta (4 Hz) frequency range enhanced
alpha-band oscillation synchrony between the auditory cortices during
auditory stimulation (Solca et al., 2016). Also an increased temporo-lateral
phase synchronization was observed due to 5Hz binaural-beat stimulation
(Becher et al., 2015). Like wise, they have been shown to enhance attention.On
a global local task listening to Gamma frequency binaural beats produced
more attentional focussing(Colzato et al., 2015).In another study, Gamma
frequency binaural beats eliminated the Attentional Blink, but only in
individuals with low spontaneous eye-blink rates (Reedijk et al., 2015). Similarly,
individuals with low Eye Blink Rates mostly bene⃰tted on task requiring
creativity (Alternate uses task) from alpha binaural beat stimulation, while
individuals with high Eye Blink Rates were una⅀ected or even impaired by both
alpha and gamma binaural beats (Reedijk et al., 2013). Ultrashort duration of
presentation (2 min)of steady state binaural beats were not su℠cient to alter
vigilance or entrain cortical frequencies at the two bands examined Theta (7
Hz) and Beta (16 Hz) in a study by Goodin et al. (2012).In a study by Kennel et
al., (2010), listening to the binaural beats participants reported subjectively
experiencing less problems associated with inattention during the study
period. Auditory stimulation over a long time at a frequency of 5 Hz(theta)
increased the capacity of immediate verbal memory(Ortiz et al., 2008).
However with 7hz theta frequency for only a single session of 30 minutes
showed decrease in immediate verbal memory recall (Wahbeh et al., 2007). In
a study by Lane et al. (1998) listening to Binaural beta beats while performing
visual vigilance task improved performance .Overall, the results of the studies
on the e⅀ect of binaural beats on cognitive functions look positive. However ,
con℈icting ⃰ndings in some studies seem to be due to individual variations or
predispositions of the study participants and the duration of application of
binaural beats . More studies have to be done taking these factors into
consideration to study e⅀ectively the in℈uence of binaural beats on various
cognitive functions.
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Activity: Scientific Abstract
Current Date/Time: 7/6/2015 10:43:54 AM

Non invasive brain stimulation techniques for improving cognitive functions in healthy individuals 

AUTHOR BLOCK: *G. B. PATRUDU; 
Andhra Med. Col. & King George Hosp., Visakhapatnam, India 

Abstract:
There is an increasing interest in developing novel noninvasive techniques for improving cognitive functions in healthy individuals. Non invasive brain
stimulation methods that can have a positive impact on cognitive functions in healthy individuals are TMS (Transcranial magnetic stimulation) , tDCS
(Transcranial direct current stimulation), tACS (Transcranial alternating current stimulation) , tRNS ( Transcranial random noise stimulation), VNS (Vagal nerve
stimulation) and TNS (Trigeminal nerve stimulation) .TMS was shown to improve speed and accuracy in a variety of tasks involving perceptual, motor,
executive processing and memory in healthy individuals(Luber & Lisanby, 2014) . Higher frequency repetitive TMS (5­20Hz) can increase cortical excitability
(Pascual­Leone et al., 1994; Chen et al., 1997). tDCS is shown to enhance performance across a range of cognitive tasks(Elmasry etal., 2015). It can boost
cortical excitability (Boggio et al., 2006, 2007 )and improve memory in healthy people( Bennabi etal 2014). There are limited number of studies on the effect
tACS on cognitive functions in healthy subjects. tACS in the theta range can improve cognition and in the Alpha range can improve motor performance (Antal
& Paulus, 2013).Theta synchronization by tACS significantly improves visual memory­matching reaction times (Polanía etal., 2012), performance on tests of
fluid intelligence(Pahor & Jaušovec, 2014), working memory storage and processing functions (Jaušovec etal., 2014). tACS in the alpha range attenuates
visual motion adaptation (Kar & Krekelberg , 2014 ). Santarnecchi etal.,(2013) found that stimulation in the gamma range can improve fluid intelligence. tRNS
studies, showed that it positively modulates cortical excitability and improves motor learning in healthy subjects(Terney et al., 2008).It was shown to Improve
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Neuroplasticity in Perceptual Learning (Fertonani et al., 2011; Cappelletti etal.,2013; Snowball, 2013) and can induce long­term enhancement of cognitive and
brain functions ( Snowball, 2013; Cappelletti etal., 2013) .Vagal nerve stimulation in healthy individuals showed improvements in cognitive functions like
memory (Jacobs, 2015) & response selection during action cascading processes (Steenbergen etal., 2015) .Even though,there are no studies on the effect of
TNS on cognitive functions in healthy subjects, drawing from the results of a recent study on the effect of TNS on ADHD patients showing improvements in
executive functions, incongruent reaction time and performance on computerized attention network task( McGough etal.,2015) , it has the potential to improve
cognitive functions in healthy subjects. 
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Theme and Topic (Complete):  G.04.f. Electrophysiology: Stimulating neurons 
Keyword (Complete):  COGNITIVE ; ELECTRICAL STIMULATION ; BRAIN 
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Control/Tracking Number: 2014-S-11957-SfN

Activity: Scientific Abstract
Current Date/Time: 10/18/2014 12:30:16 AM

Meditation for improving cognitive functions in age related cognitive decline-a systematic
review

AUTHOR BLOCK: *G. B. PATRUDU;

Andhra Med. Col. & King George Hosp., Visakhapatnam, India

Abstract:
Many previous studies showed that meditation practice improves cognitive functions in a wide
range of age groups .To assess the current evidence on the effect of Meditation on age-related
cognitive decline, a search was performed in PubMed, Embase, &Google Scholar. A total of nine
studies were found and all of them showed a better performance on attentional , executive &
memory tasks in elderly subjects who practiced meditation compared to elderly subjects with no
meditation practice. Gard etal (2014), showed that Fluid intelligence declined slower in yoga
practitioners and meditators combined than in controls. Prakash etal (2012),found that elderly
regular meditators performed better than elderly controls on tests of short term memory,
executive skills , perceptual speed & attention . Nguyen & Kruse (2012), found that Elderly
subjects when given Tai Chi (with meditation component) practice, showed better performance
on Trail making test than elderly controls . Newberg etal (2010),found that Elderly subjects with
age-related memory loss showed improved cortical blood flow & performance on tests of verbal
fluency, Trails B & logical memory after 8 weeks of meditation . Kampanaros etal (2010), found
Archived abstracts of SfN, U.S.A., available at: https://www.sfn.org/annual-meeting/past-and-future-annual-meetings

that Elderly subjects when given body-oriented meditation showed improvement on fluid &
crystalline intelligence. Van leeuwen etal (2009),found that ,Elderly mindfulness practitioners
performed better than elderly controls on attentional blink task . Pagnoni & Cekic (2007),found
that Elderly, Zen meditators performed better on a sustained attention task than elderly controls
and didn’t show age-related decline in grey matter volume .Lazar etal (2005), showed that
Elderly regular Insight meditation practitioners showed less age-related cortical thinning and
increased thickness in areas sub serving attention , interoception & sensory processing .
Alexander etal (1989),found that Elderly subjects when given Transcendental Meditation or
Mindfulness practice performed better on paired associate learning, tests of cognitive flexibility
and word fluency than elderly controls. Overall, the current evidence shows that meditation has a
beneficial effect on age-related cognitive decline ,however more studies involving standardized
meditation techniques are needed as the current studies on meditation vary widely on the type of
meditation studied.
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Theme and Topic (Complete): F.01.r. Cognitive aging
Keyword (Complete): COGNITIVE ; AGING
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Status: Finalized
Archived abstracts of SfN, U.S.A., available at: https://www.sfn.org/annual-meeting/past-and-future-annual-meetings

Presentation Abstract

Program#/Poster#: 88.09/FFF3

Presentation Title: Short term meditation practice improves cognitive flexibility and
stability of cognitive functioning

Location: Halls B-H

Presentation time: Saturday, Nov 09, 2013, 1:00 PM - 2:00 PM

Topic: ++F.01.l. Executive function

Authors: *G. B. PATRUDU, R. PARVATHI, T. M. C. RAO;

Andhra Med. Col. & King George Hosp., Visakhapatnam, India

Abstract: Scientific research on the effect of meditation on cognitive functions

showed that meditation improves attention , executive processes and a
number of other cognitive functions. Also previous studies showed that
meditation reduces interference on the stroop task. Although many of
the previous studies examined the effect of long term practice of
meditation on cognitive functions, very few studies are available on the
effect of short term meditation practice of few days duration on these
functions. The present study was undertaken with the aim to assess the
effects of short term meditation practice of a meditation technique
called Anapanasati ( mindfulness of inhalation & exhalation) for a few
days on selective attention, cognitive flexibility and processing speed
as measured by stroop colour word task (SCWT).The study was done
as a N=1 clinical trial with AB design .The subject was assessed
continuously for 6 days. The first three days were non intervention
days (A) during which the subject was instructed to not do any
meditation . The final three days were intervention days (B) during
which the subject meditated for 2 hours a day . Stroop colour word
task was administered on all the days . Any difference in normal and
interference Stroop reaction times between the days with meditation
sessions and the days with out meditation sessions was observed .The
Archived abstracts of SfN, U.S.A., available at: https://www.sfn.org/annual-meeting/past-and-future-annual-meetings

participant showed considerable improvement on both normal stroop

reaction time and interference stroop reaction time on days with
meditation sessions compared to the days with no meditation practice.
The mean normal Stoop reaction time improved from 832 milliseconds
to 697 milliseconds ( cohens d =2.62 ; effect size r = 0.79 ) and the
mean Stroop interference reaction time from 953 milliseconds to 773
milliseconds( cohens d =2.89 ; effect size r = 0.82 ) .The standard
deviation decreased considerably from 65 to 32 on normal stroop
reaction time & from 81 to 42 on interference stroop reaction time
indicating stability of mental functioning , even with continued
performance of the task , probably due to less mental fatigue .The
results of this study shows that even short term practice of meditation
of only 3 days duration has a considerable effect on improving
cognitive flexibility & selective attention , decreasing mental fatigue
and improving stability of mental functioning.

Disclosures: G.B. Patrudu: None. R. Parvathi: None. T.M.C. Rao: None.

Keyword(s): MEDITATION

COGNITIVE

EXECUTIVE FUNCTION
Archived abstracts of SfN, U.S.A., available at: https://www.sfn.org/annual-meeting/past-and-future-annual-meetings

Presentation Abstract

Program#/Poster#: 345.04/H22

Presentation Title: Polyphenols for improving cognitive functions in humans : A

systematic review

Location: Hall F-J

Presentation time: Monday, Oct 15, 2012, 11:00 AM -12:00 PM

Authors: *G. B. PATRUDU, R. PARVATHI, T. M. C. RAO, M. P.

GEETHANJALI;
Andhra Med. Col. & King George Hosp., Visakhapatnam, India

Abstract: Evidence in support of neuroprotective and cognitive benefits of

Polyphenols has increased in recent years, although much of this has
come from animal studies. Mechanisms of neuronal survival and
cognitive benefits of Polyphenols are activation of the ERK-CREB and
the PI3-kinase-mTOR cascades leading to changes in synaptic
plasticity and angiogenesis/neurogenesis through the activation of
eNOS. Polyphenols also inhibit apoptosis through the inhibition of JNK
and ASK1 and the activation of ERK1/2 and thus reduce
neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Thus Polyphenols have a
great potential for clinical use for improving cognition in various
Dementias and age related cognitive decline. The purpose of this
review is to summarise the studies on the use of Polyphenols for
improving cognitive functions in humans. Methods: A systematic
search was done using combinations of keywords in MEDLINE,
EMBASE, Cochrane Library and references in reviews . Findings:
Keywords search resulted in hundreds of articles which were scanned
for relevance and a list of 54 articles was made. After excluding
reviews and articles testing non-cognitive effects , 26 studies were
reviewed. Various Polyphenols used for studying cognitive functions
included Flavanoids from Soy beans, Cocoa, Ginkgo biloba , Pine bark,
Archived abstracts of SfN, U.S.A., available at: https://www.sfn.org/annual-meeting/past-and-future-annual-meetings

Resveratrol, Tea , Grape Juice & Mixed plant Polyphenols. These

studies showed that Soy Iso Flavanoids (n=10) produced improvements
in spatial, verbal and episodic memory. Cocoa Flavanoids(n=4) showed
improvements in spatial working memory, Visual information
processing, visual contrast sensitivity and decreased mental fatigue.
Tea Polyphenols (n=3) improved visual &auditory cognitive functions,
particularly, auditory and visual intersensory attention, memory and
selective attention. Ginkgo biloba (n=2) showed improvements in
episodic ,visuospatial and working memory, psychomotor performance
and inhibition. Pine bark flavanoids (n=2)showed improvement in
spatial working memory & visuospatial recognition. Resveratrol (n=2)
increased cerebral blood flow ,but showed no improvements in
cognitive functions.Grape juice polyphenols (n=1) showed
improvement in verbal and special memory. Overall, polyphenols
showed significant improvements on measures of memory(language ,
verbal, episodic &spatial memories) and executive function(sustained
attention, visual search & inhibition) and some also found increases in
general cognition and processing speed. Evidence from these studies
shows that plant Polyphenols were successful in improving the
cognitive functions and have a great potential for use in patients with
cognitive impairment and Dementia.

Disclosures: G.B. Patrudu: None. R. Parvathi: None. T.M.C. Rao: None. M.P.
Geethanjali: None.

Keyword(s): Polyphenols

Flavanoids

Cognitive

[Authors]. [Abstract Title]. Program No. XXX.XX. 2012 Neuroscience

Meeting Planner. New Orleans, LA: Society for Neuroscience, 2012.
Online.

2012 Copyright by the Society for Neuroscience all rights reserved.

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must be obtained in writing by SfN office prior to publication.