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The method is similar to L.T.H.W. pipe sizing except that the pressure available is not from a pump but from the head available
from the tank.
The higher the tank is above the outlets the more head will be available to force the water through the outlets and overcome
pipework resistances.
Head Available
The Head Available develops water pressure and this water pressure is used up in overcoming the frictional resistance of the pipe
and in creating the velocity pressure for water flow at the outlet.
The pressure losses in the system are frictional pipe losses and velocity pressure loss through sanitary fittings such as taps, cistern
ball valves and shower heads.
In larger more complex buildings where many sanitary appliances are installed simultaneous demand should be considered from
tables CIBSE Guide B (1986) B4.20 and B4.21
Pipe Size Procedure
1. Divide system into sections.
8. Determine pressure loss due to friction for pipe from CIBSE guide tables.
Example 1
Determine a suitable pipe size for the system shown below.
DATA
Fittings include the following; exit from tank or large vessel, 3No. bends, 1No. gate valve, 1No. 15mm tap,
Length of pipe run is 8 metres and copper pipe is to be used.
The flow rate for a 15mm Sink Tap from above Table is 0.2 l/s.
The pressure available to force the water through the pipework and tap comes from the head of water above the tap.
The formula below gives the relationship between pressure and head.
P = x g x h
Where;
P = pressure (N/m2)
= density (1000 kg/m3 for water)
g = acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m/s2)
h = head (m)
D 3
m
B Bath
3
(Private)
m
3m
E 3
Bath m
C 3 (Private)
m
4m
Answer:
From above Table the flow rate for a private bath is 0.3 l/s.
The pipe sizes, flow rates and pressures are indicated on the drawing below.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Ref Deman Flow Estimated Measured Length of Effective Pipe Pressure Total Pressure Final
d Rate Pipe Dia. Pipe Run Pipe Equal to Resistance’s Pipe Length Pressur Consumed Pressure Available at End of Pipe
Units if Col . 5 + 6 e Loss Col. 7 x 8 Consumed Section Size
require (l/s) (mm) (m) (m) (m) (kPa/m) (kPa) (kPa) (Pa)
d (mm)
A 0.9 28 7.0 Factors for fittings: 7 + 2.09 = 1.250 11.362 11.362 Static pressure = 28
1No.Exit large vessel = 0.4 9.09 m
1No.Gate Valve = 0.3 4m x 9.810 = 39.24
1 No. Bend = 1.0 Press. Available =
1 No.28 x 28 x 22 tee = 0.2 32.79 kPa=
----------- 39.24+4.91-11.362
Total 1.9
T.E.L. = Total x le
= 1.9 x 1.1
= 2.09 m
B 0.6 28 3.0 1No.28 x 22 x 22 tee = 0.20 3.0 + 0.45 = 0.600 2.070 2.070 Static pressure = 28
with 28 x 22 reducer: 3.45 m 3m x 9.810 = 29.43
A2 / A1 = x 0.0112 / x 0.0142. kPa,
= 0.617 gives = 0.25 Press. Available =
----------- 32.79 – (2.07-29.43) =
Total 0.45 60.15 kPa
T.E.L. = Total x le
= 0.45 x 1.0
= 0.45m
C 0.3 22 8.0 1No.Bend = 1.0 8.0 + 4.2 0.625 7,625 7,625 Static pressure = 22
1No. Angle valve bath tap = 5.0 = 12.2 m 2 m x 9.810 = 19.6 kPa
----------- Press. Available =
Total 6.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
T.E.L. = Total x le 60.15 – (7,625-19.6) =
= 6.0 x 0.7 72.125 kPa
= 4.2 m
D 0.3 22 4.0 1No. Angle valve bath tap = 5.0 4.0 + 3.5 = 0.625 4,69 kPa 4.69 kPa Static pressure = 22* add
T.E.L. = Total x le 7.5 m pump or
= 5.0 x 0.7 1m x 9.810 = 9.81
raise the
= 3.5 m Press. Available = cistern
32.79 – ( 4,69 + 9.81)= 1m
18.29 kPa above or
use
circular
tank
with 2m
height
E 0.3 22 3.0 1No. Angle valve bath tap = 5.0 3.0 + 3.5 = 625 4,063 4,063 Static pressure = 24
T.E.L. = Total x le 6.5 m 6m x 9810 = 58,860
= 5.0 x 0.7 Press. Available =
= 3.5 m 58,860 – 14,683 =
44,177 Pa – 4,063 =
40,114 Pa
Re-calculate pipe ref. C for 15mm pipe
C 0.3 15 7.0 1No. 28 x 15 x 22 tee (already 7.0 + 3.47 4000 41,880 41,880 + Static pressure = 15
included) = 10.47 m estimated 14,683 = 9 m x 9810 = 88,290
with 2 No.28 x 15 reducers: 56,563 Press. Available =
A2 / A1 = x 0.00752 / x 0.0142. 88,290 – 56,563 =
= 0.287 gives = 0.47 31,727 Pa
2No. Reducers = 0.94
1No.Bend = 1.0
1No. Angle valve bath tap = 5.0
-----------
Total 6.94
T.E.L. = Total x le
= 6.94 x 0.5
= 3.47 m
Cold Water
Storage Tank
A
28mm
0.9 l/s
12,754 Pa
16,817 Pa
Bath
22mm
0.3 l/s
Example 3
Determine suitable pipe sizes for the system shown below.
The building is a three-storey hotel.
DATA
Copper pipe is to be used.
Flow rates and simultaneous demand data are to be obtained from the
CIBSE guide.
3m
Cold Water
Storage Tank
6m
7m
1m 2m 7m 7m 2 1m
m
3m
3m
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Ref Demand Flow Estimated Measured Length of Effective Pipe Pressure Total Pressure Final
Units if Rate Pipe Dia. Pipe Run Pipe Equal to Pipe Pressure Consumed Pressure Available at Pipe
required Resistance’s Length Loss Col. 7 x 8 Consumed End of Size
(l/s) (mm) (m) Col . 5 + (Pa/m) (Pa) (Pa) Section
(m) 6 (Pa) (mm)
(m)
Mains Water Pipe Sizing
Pipe Sizing Procedure
1. Reference the pipe section.
2. Calculate flow rates from Table below.
3. Estimate flow rates in each section.
Keep velocity below 2 m/s. See also CIBSE Guide G
(2003) part 2, Table 2.19.
4. Estimate pipe diameter from pipe sizing tables in CIBSE
Guide C.
5. Measure the pipe run from drawings.
6. Calculate length of pipe equal to resistance of fittings.
The Total equivalent length of a fitting = Equivalent
Length x Pressure Loss factor (Zeta).
Cold water flow rates for sanitary appliances for small installations may be
found from the table below.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Ref Demand Flow Estimated Measured Length of Effective Pipe Pressure Friction Pressure Pressure Pressure Final
Units if Rate Pipe Dia. Pipe Run Pipe Equal Pipe Pressure Consumed loss + at Start Available Required Pipe
required to Fittings Length Loss due to Static of at End of at End of Size
(l/s) (mm) (m) Resistance’s Col . 5 + (kPa/m) Friction pressure Section Section Section
(m) 6 Col. 7 x 8 loss = (kPa) (mm)
(m) (kPa) Total (kPa) (Pa)
Pressure
Consumed
(kPa)
Example 1
Answer
The maximum allowable pressure drop along the length of pipe = 300,000
Pa – 250,000 Pa = 50,000 Pa
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Ref Demand Flow Estimated Measured Length of Effective Pipe Pressure Friction Pressure Pressure Pressure Final
Units if Rate Pipe Dia. Pipe Run Pipe Equal Pipe Pressure Consumed loss + at Start Available Required Pipe
required to Fittings Length Loss due to Static of at End of at End of Size
(l/s) (mm) (m) Resistance’s Col . 5 + (Pa/m) Friction pressure Section Section Section
(m) 6 From Col. 7 x 8 loss = (Pa) (mm)
(m) CIBSE (Pa) Total (Pa) (Pa)
Tables Pressure
Consumed
(Pa)
A none 0.8 22 50 none 50 3500 175,000 175,000 300,000 125,000 250,000 Too
small
Example 2
The maximum allowable pressure drop along the length of pipe = 120,000
Pa – 90,000 Pa = 30,000 Pa
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Ref Demand Flow Estimated Measured Length of Effective Pipe Pressure Friction Pressure Pressure Pressure Final
Units if Rate Pipe Dia. Pipe Run Pipe Equal Pipe Pressure Consumed loss + at Start Available Required Pipe
required to Fittings Length Loss due to Static of at End of at End of Size
(l/s) (mm) (m) Resistance’s Col . 5 + (Pa/m) Friction pressure Section Section Section
(m) 6 From Col. 7 x 8 loss = (Pa) (mm)
(m) CIBSE (Pa) Total (Pa) (Pa)
Tables Pressure
Consumed
(Pa)
A none 0.5 22 14 1.6 15.6 1500 23,400 23,400 120,000 96,600 90,000 22
All pipe sizing in building services is based on the D'Arcy equation, where:
H = 4 . f . l . v2 / 2 .g . d
The object of pipe sizing is to obtain the smallest diameter of pipe without too
high a water velocity or too high a pressure drop and therefore large pumps.
It is more convenient to use pipe sizing tables when sizing pipes rather than the
D'Arcy equation.
This is because the water velocity and head loss (or pressure loss) are unknown
at the time of pipe sizing,
and the friction coefficient (f) varies with Reynolds number which in turn
varies with velocity and diameter.
The CIBSE guide provide pipe sizing tables in sections C4.11 to C4.45.
This means that for every metre of pipework the resistance to water flow
should be no more than 300 Pa which is about 30 mm head.
To find a suitable pipe size for a heating circuit the flow rate is used to find an
appropriate diameter.
If the flow rate of water is known then look down under any pipe diameter
column to ascertain the corresponding pressure drop and velocity.
If the pressure drop and velocity exceed the criteria in the previous section then
try the next pipe size up.
If the pressure drop and velocity are within the criteria then the pipe is sized
correctly
EXAMPLE 1
Determine the smallest pipe which will carry 0.4 kg/s of water at 75oC using
Copper, Table 'X'.
The pipe diameters are written in bold type across the top of the table.
The pressure loss per unit length (Pa/m) and velocity (m/s) are written down
the LHS of the table.
A red horizontal line is drawn across the table below 300 Pa/m.
This means that suitable pipe sizes will be found above this line.
The velocity follows a stepped line the lower blue line is the
A 22 mm pipe will carry 0.4 kg/s but the pressure loss per unit length is below
the red horizontal line and outside the table.
The pressure loss is in fact (790 Pa/m) and is too high since the maximum
should be 300 Pa/m.
The velocity is also too high at about 1.3 m/s, the optimum being 1.0 m/s.
If this is the case then look at the next pipe size up, at 28 mm.
The flow rates closest to 0.4 are 0.394 and 0.414 kg/s.
A 28 mm pipe will carry 0.4 kg/s with a pressure loss of about 230 Pa/m and a
velocity of 0.7 m/s.
This meets the design criteria and therefore 28 mm would be a suitable pipe
size.
EXAMPLE 2
Determine a suitable pipe size for L.T.H.W. copper pipe for a flow rate of 1.0
kg/s.
Answer:
A 42 mm pipe gives a flow rate of 1.0 kg/s with a pressure loss of 160 Pa/m
and velocity of about 0.9 m/s.
EXAMPLE 3
Choose a pipe diameter for a heating system (L.T.H.W.) with a heat output of
32 kW.
EXAMPLE 4
Size the flow and return pipework to a 1.6 kW radiator.
A 15 mm pipe will give a flow rate of 0.038 kg/s with a pressure loss of 80
Pa/m and a velocity of about 0.25 m/s.
The concept of equivalent length is used and is defined as the length of straight
pipe which would give a friction pressure loss equivalent to one velocity head.
H = 4 . f . l . v2 / 2 .g . d
Velocity pressure = ( ½ . . v2 )
1.0 x d = 4 . f . le
le = d / 4 .f
The correction factors of Velocity pressure loss factors are called (Zeta)
factors.
See CIBSE guide C (2001) section 4.9 for more details of fittings zeta factors.
The pipe sizing table shown below is an aid to sizing more complicated
circuits.
Section B is in red.
The total length of the section is 8 metres (includes flow and return)
Example 1
The system shown below is divided into two sub-circuits A & B.
Sub-Circuit A Sub-Circuit B
Heat Emitters
No.1 No.3 No.4
No.2
Pump
No.5
BOILER
A pipe sizing calculation would determine which of the two sub-circuits had
the most resistance and therefore which was the Index Circuit.
The reason for finding the Index Circuit is to size the pump.
The pressure developed by the pump should be capable of overcoming the
resistance in the Index Circuit.
If the pump pressure can overcome the resistance in the Index Circuit, then
it can overcome the resistance in other circuits of lesser resistance.
If it was found that the Index Circuit was Circuit (B) in the above diagram
then we would include the flow of water through radiators No. 3, 4 and 5.
If we examine Circuit (B) then the Index Circuit flows past Radiator No.3
and No.4 and through Radiator No.5.
This would be the circuit with the highest resistance.
If the pump is capable of forcing water through the pipework to Radiator
No.5 then there will be enough pressure to force the water through
Radiators No.3 & No.4 since they are closer to the pump.
This is the reason why only one radiator is included in the calculations for
resistance in the Index Circuit.
Sub-Circuit B is
Heat Emitters
No.1 No.3 No.4
No.2
Pump
No.5
BOILER
Radiator No.5
Included in Index
Circuit
Example 2
A heating system is shown below.
There are seven radiators and seven pipe sections.
The pipe sections under the radiators are from tee to tee.
Radiator Radiator Radiator Radiator Radiator Radiator Radiator
No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 No. 4 No. 5 No. 6 No. 7
Section 1
BOILER
Section
BOILER 1
Index Circuit;
Sections 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7.