UNIVERSITY TECHNOLOGY MALAYSIA

ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS- URSP6013

HOW THE POPULATION GROWTH REFLECTS THE ENERGY DEMAND AND
GIVE IMPACT TO ENVIRONMENT IN MALAYSIA.
Group Assignment Report

REVIEWED BY:
Dr. NORAZLI BINITI OTHMAN

PREPARED BY:
MAGED MOHAMMED AHMED QASEM PRS173005
MOHAMED MAHATHIR BIN MOHAMED YOUNOS PRS173005
MOUSA ABDULLAH MOHMMED HASAN PRS173006
HAMDI ABDULRAHMAN SAIF SALEM PRS173004

UTM RAZAK SCHOOL OF ENGINEERIMG

AND ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY
Table of Content

Table of Content ................................................................................................ i

List of Figures ................................................................................................. iii
1. POPULATION GROWTH AND ENERGY DEMAND .............. Error!
Bookmark not defined.
1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................ 1
1.2 Advantages of Population Growth. .. Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.2.1 Economy Growth ....................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.2.2 Increased Human Resources ...... Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.2.3 Diversity of Population .............. Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.2.4 Social Equality ........................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.2.5 Source of Happiness ................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.2.6 New Advances ............................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.2.7 Better Innovative Technologies .. Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.2.8 Increased Military Might ............ Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.3 Disadvantages of Population Growth.Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.3.1 Depletion of Natural Habitats ....... Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.3.2 Increased Organic and Inorganic WastesError! Bookmark not
defined.
1.3.3 Rise in Crime Rates ...................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.3.4 Poor Access to Quality Health ...... Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.3.5 Depletion of Fresh Water ResourcesError! Bookmark not
defined.
1.3.6 Degradation of Environment ........ Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.3.7 Increased Farming Activities ........ Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.3.8 Emergence of New Types of DiseasesError! Bookmark not
defined.
1.3.9 Child Labor ................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.3.10 Rise Unemployment ..................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.3.11 Conflicts and Wars ....................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.4 Type of Energy Demand by Society Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.4.1 Industry ......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.4.2 Transport ....................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.4.3 Other Sectors................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

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 1.5 Energy Sources in Malaysia ............. Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.5.1 Natural gas .................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.5.2 Coal ............................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.5.3 Oil and Petroleum ....................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.5.4 Renewable energy resources ...... Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.6 Environmental Impact from Energy ConsumptionError! Bookmark
not defined.
1.7 Sustainability Technology for Energy RecoveryError! Bookmark
not defined.
1.8 Pollution Control .............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.9 General View of Environmental ethicsError! Bookmark not
defined.
REFERENCES............................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

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List of Figures

Figure 1.1: population Growth Trend From 2010 to 2040 (DOSM, 2016). Error!
Bookmark not defined.
Figure 1.2: Age Structure of Malaysian Population in 2010 and 2040. Error!
Bookmark not defined.
Figure 1.3: Population Distribution in Each State for Year 2016 (DOSM, 2016)
Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 1.4: Malaysian Ethnic composition in in 2010 and 2040 (DOSM, 2016).
Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 1.5: Sex Ratio of Malaysian Population in 2010 and 2040 (DOSM, 2016).
Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 1.6: Energy Demand Growth from 1990 to 2050. Error! Bookmark not
defined.
Figure 1.7: Coal Required by Malaysia from 2008 to 2030 Error! Bookmark not
defined.
Figure 1.8: oil consumption in Malaysia from 2007 to 2016. Error! Bookmark not
defined.
Figure 1.9. Malaysian Renewable Energy Sources Error! Bookmark not defined.

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1. EFFECT ON ENVIRONMENT FROM AQUACULTURE, LIVESTOCK AND
AGRICULTURE IN MALAYSIA

1.1 Introduction

This section is meant to give an introduction and overview about aquaculture,

agriculture and livestock as whole. Hence, in this section firstly aquaculture is
presented briefly, followed by agriculture and lastly the livestock.

Beginning with aquaculture, the aquaculture has been defined in several way
however the simplest description can be given so far is the way of farming and
husbandry of aquatic creatures either under controlled or semi-controlled
environments. These creatures could be plants, fish or shellfish such as mussels,
oysters, shrimp, crabs, clams, and crawfish. By practicing that, the farmers are farming
and taking care the water with different type of creatures than the land.

Aquaculture is manipulated for a variation of uses such those fish raised to

stock public waters for sport fishing and for commercial fishing. This practice is
employed save an endangered species of aquatic creatures; or it may be to harvest a
commercially viable crop in ponds or coastal waters.

There are some important objectives for the implementation of aquaculture in

recent times. They are listed as bellow: firstly, it is to help grow national economy of
the country by way of increasing its capital production as the aquaculture could one of
the economy source. Secondly, it is to create more opportunities of employment.
Thirdly, to properly utilize the available natural water resources. Fourthly, it is to uplift
the socio economic status of the people. Fifthly, to provide new species and
strengthening stocks of existing fish in natural and man-made water-bodies. Sixthly,
to achieve sport and entrainment purpose by culturing Trouts and Mahasers. Lastly,
it’s to farm and husbandry fishes of ornamental value for aesthetic appeal.

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 There are five types of aquacultures that are categorized based on different
criteria such as type of water, Management Intensity, input intensity, water media,
Stocking Organism and integrated fish culture. Each of those types is explained briefly
with its relevant subsection in the following parts. Figure 1.1 shows the different type
of aquaculture and their relevant subtypes based on different criteria

The first type of aquaculture is characterized by type of water. Basically, the

aquaculture is found in three types of water environments. Firstly, fresh water
environment where the aquatic creatures placed in fresh water. Secondly, the Brackish
water in which aquaculture is let to live in. lastly is mariculture where culture takes
place in sea water. Aquaculture includes the culture of aquatic organism of food,
culture to improve the natural stocks, culture of ornamental fish and sport fish,
integrated farming etc.

Figure 1.1: Different Types of Aquaculture

The second type of aquaculture is based on Management Intensity. Under this

type, there are five subtypes being categorized based on the management inputs. There
are explained briefly in the following points.

 Traditional management culture: this type is considered to be the simplest

and old practice with least management inputs. There is no specific collection

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 or selection of species, fertilization and supplementary feeding. In this culture
system the yield is very less likening to other type management intensity
system.

 Extensive culture system in which an improved culture system over the

cultivable species of aquaculture are selected. The stocked species generally
influenced by natural food organism. Fertilizers and supplementary feeds are
used to limited extent in the properly prepared fields.

 Semi intensive culture system: It is an improved culture system over the

extensive system, where the cultivable species are selected and stocked in the
form of fingerling or post, larvae. Formulated compound feed as per
nutritional requirements is provided. Natural food is negligible in the culture
system.

 Intensive culture management: this type of culture system is extremely

advanced culture system with more stocking density and provide more
formulated feed and more aeration. Stoking is done more formulated feed and
more aeration. Stocking is done with hatchery reared juveniles, water quality
is maintained by frequent changing or by providing water circulation together
with constant aeration.

 Super or hyper intensive culture: this culture system the density of stocking
is greater than of intensive culture. Frequent water exchange is made through
biological filter system. Continuous aeration is provided to meet the higher
stocking densities.

The fourth type is based on input intensity in which the aquaculture is also
categorized into four levels.

 O- Level: In this level absolutely no management practice is found in this

culture system. There is no stocking manures and supplementary feeds
applied in this system.

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  I - Level: Only one management of stocking seed is prevalent. Seed is stocked
in culture system. No manuring and supplementary feeding in the culture
system. Only natural food organism useful as food or stocked animal is used.

 II - Level: Two types of management of stocking seed and manure application

are prevalent. Seed is stocked. Supplementary feed is not applied. Culture
animals still depend on natural food organism, which can be raised by
application or organic and inorganic manures in the culture system.

 III - Level: Three types of management techniques are applied in this type of
culture system. These are seed stocking, application of manured and
supplementary feeding. Semi sensitive intensive and hyper intensive culture
system are of this type only and the production is very high in contrast to the
above levels.

The fifth type of aquacultures is categorized based on Stocking Organism. This

type is characterized by which type of aquatic creature are selected and stocked with
their associated foods. There are three types of stocking organisms such as
Monoculture, Monosex culture and Polyculture

Last type of aquaculture is based on integrated fish culture. Under this type,
there are some subtype such as paddy cum fish culture, poultry cum fish culture, dairy
cum fish culture and pig cums fish culture. Culturing fishes along with paddy, poultry,
piggery and dairy is called integrated fish culture.

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 By moving to the second part of introduction, agriculture generally is briefly
explained in terms of its broad definition, its branches, evolution and its importance.
Begin with its definition, the word ‘agriculture’ was derived from two Latin words
‘ager’ means land or field and ‘cultura’ means cultivation. So, literally agriculture
means the production of crops for economic purpose by cultivating soil. Agriculture
may also be defined as the biological exploitation of soil for the purpose of production.
But in broad meaning, agriculture is the branch of applied science, which deals with
production, improvement, protection, processing, marketing, extension etc. of crops
by proper utilization of natural resources. The natural resources are soil, sunlight, air,
water, temperature etc.

There are many branches for the agriculture, however seven major braches are
mention in this report. These branches are Crop science, Animal husbandry,
Veterinary, Fisheries, Agricultural engineering, Agricultural economics and Agro-
forestry. Figure 1.2 states the seven branches of agriculture with some briefing
definition.

Figure 1.2: Seven Major Branches of Agricultures

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 Evolution of Agriculture has been investigated through continues Excavations,
legends and remote sensing tests. Those efforts have revealed that agriculture is 10,000
years old. Women by their intrinsic insight first observed that plants come up from
seeds. Men concentrated on hunting and gathering (Paleolithic and Neolithic periods)
during that time. Women were the pioneers for cultivating useful plants from the wild
flora. Evolution of agriculture involves the gradual changes of agriculture from the
ancient era to the civilized condition. Figure 1.3 presents the gradual stages of
agriculture evaluation via the chronological series of history.

Figure 1.3: Evolution Stages of Agriculture.

Agriculture has very important contribution to all life aspects. It is

indispensable to human life. Agriculture is directly or indirectly contributing in many
sectors of our basic needs or livelihoods. Firstly, Food is required for normal growth
and energy of the human body. Hence, Agriculture is the main source of the food
elements such as carbohydrate, Protein, Fat, Vitamins & minerals. Second importance
of agriculture is that it provides fiber to make clothes. Almost 70% of the fiber comes
from cotton cloths. Thirdly, is the houses in which the maximum housing materials
are the products of agriculture? Such as, timber, bamboo, straw, rope etc. lastly, it is
source of Industry Agriculture provides raw materials in different industries. Some of
the industries in which agriculture supplies are Medicine industry, paper industry,

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Rubber industry, Soap, candle and paint industry, Perfume industry, beverage industry,
bakery, narcotic and chewing industry and leather industry.

The terms "livestock" and "poultry" are used in a very broad sense, covering
all domestic animals irrespective of their age and location or the purpose of their
breeding. Non-domestic animals are excluded from the terms unless they are kept or
raised in captivity, in or outside agricultural holdings, including holdings without land.

Cattle, buffaloes, camels, sheep, goats, pigs, horses, mules, asses and chickens
are raised and enumerated in many countries. Some countries raise and enumerate
ducks, geese, turkeys and beehives, whereas rabbits, guinea fowl, pigeons, silkworm
cocoons, fur animals, reindeer and various kinds of camelids are limited to far fewer
countries.

The livestock is divided based on capital investment into two types which are
extensive livestock farming and intensive livestock farming. The extensive livestock
is controlled by the capital in which the capital investment is limited and the
productivity is low. Mostly graze cattle on large pastures in open air. The second type
is the intensive livestock farming in which capital investment is utilized in feeding the
animal and in labor force. The productivity is higher comparing to extensive farming
type.

Similarly, the livestock is also divided based on food and feeding methods.
Three types are categorized based on the above mentioned criteria which are grazing
live stock in which the animal are fed by grass, confined livestock which the cows are
kept in cow sheds and feed them and semi-confined livestock in which the cows eat
in summer but when it comes to winter , they are kept and fed.

Furthermore, three types of livestock are categorized based on the mobility of

the livestock. Firstly is nomadic herding in which herders and their family are moving
from place to place with their animal. The second type is transhumance in which the

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herders are moving livestock from one grazing ground to another in a seasonal cycle,
typically to lowlands in winter and highlands in summer. Lastly, sedentary livestock
farming in which the animal do not need to move to another place because the farmers
provide food for them.

Livestock is very significant. For instance, domestic animals are very

important to mankind. They supply valuable food products (meat, milk, eggs, honey)
and valuable non-food-industrial products (wool, hair, silk, hides, skins, furs, wax,
feathers, bones, horns, etc.). Quadrupeds are widely used, particularly in developing
countries, as beasts of burden and for draught or are used for commuting to and from
agricultural holdings. Some are used also for recreation purposes (horse riding), and
most of them are a source of organic/natural fertilizers and fuel.

Furthermore, feeds of animal origin are also important, e.g. meat meal, bone
meal, blood meal, tankage, etc. These are produced from slaughtered animals rejected
at the sanitary inspection, from inedible offal, from residues of meat scraps and
trimming after the fat has been extracted, from tannery by-products, from poultry by-
products (particularly from those processed into ready-to-cook), from hatcheries by-
products (infertile eggs and other refuse), from eggshells, etc.

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1.2 Description of Aquaculture, Livestock and Agriculture in Malaysia

Malaysia’s aquaculture sector growth had begun since the 1920’s. It started
with freshwater aquaculture and then brackish-water aquaculture in late 1930s. Cage
aquaculture sector had started in Peninsular Malaysia circa 1970s. Meanwhile, in
Sabah and Sarawak (East Malaysia), the aquaculture sector had only initiated to grow
in the early 1990s. Currently, Malaysia’s aquaculture comprises of three common
practices which are fresh water, brackish-water and marine aquaculture.

The rapid growth of aquaculture production in Malaysia has been due to huge
allocations of physical and financial facilities by the government in various
aquaculture development projects, especially in aquaculture industrial zone projects.
Thus, the aquaculture sector in Malaysia is transformed into a more technological
activity driven with high market contribution. The underlying reasons are due to the
important contribution of aquaculture sector in increasing the national food
production, to resolve insufficient marine fishery landings, and exploitation of marine
fish (Ministry of Finance [MOF], 2003; Ministry of Finance [MOF], 2011).

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2. REFERENCE

Cripps, S.J., 1993. Introduction to aquaculture. Fisheries Research 16, 87–89.

doi:10.1016/0165-7836(93)90112-K.
Hasanuzzaman, M., 2015. Crop science Agro-forestry 1–9.
Livestock statistics Concepts, definitions and classifications (2011). Available from
FAO Statistics

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