%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

% Beamer Presentation

% LaTeX Template

% Version 1.0 (10/11/12)

% This template has been downloaded from:

% http://www.LaTeXTemplates.com

% License:

% CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/)

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

% PACKAGES AND THEMES

%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

\documentclass{beamer}

\mode<presentation> {

% The Beamer class comes with a number of default slide themes

% which change the colors and layouts of slides. Below this is a list

% of all the themes, uncomment each in turn to see what they look like.

%\usetheme{default}

%\usetheme{AnnArbor}

%\usetheme{Antibes}

%\usetheme{Bergen}

%\usetheme{Berkeley}

%\usetheme{Berlin}
%\usetheme{Boadilla}

%\usetheme{CambridgeUS}

%\usetheme{Copenhagen}

%\usetheme{Darmstadt}

%\usetheme{Dresden}

%\usetheme{Frankfurt}

%\usetheme{Goettingen}

%\usetheme{Hannover}

%\usetheme{Ilmenau}

%\usetheme{JuanLesPins}

%\usetheme{Luebeck}

\usetheme{Madrid}

%\usetheme{Malmoe}

%\usetheme{Marburg}

%\usetheme{Montpellier}

%\usetheme{PaloAlto}

%\usetheme{Pittsburgh}

%\usetheme{Rochester}

%\usetheme{Singapore}

%\usetheme{Szeged}

%\usetheme{Warsaw}

% As well as themes, the Beamer class has a number of color themes

% for any slide theme. Uncomment each of these in turn to see how it

% changes the colors of your current slide theme.

%\usecolortheme{albatross}

%\usecolortheme{beaver}

%\usecolortheme{beetle}

%\usecolortheme{crane}

%\usecolortheme{dolphin}
%\usecolortheme{dove}

%\usecolortheme{fly}

%\usecolortheme{lily}

%\usecolortheme{orchid}

%\usecolortheme{rose}

%\usecolortheme{seagull}

%\usecolortheme{seahorse}

%\usecolortheme{whale}

%\usecolortheme{wolverine}

%\setbeamertemplate{footline} % To remove the footer line in all slides uncomment this line

%\setbeamertemplate{footline}[page number] % To replace the footer line in all slides with a simple
slide count uncomment this line

%\setbeamertemplate{navigation symbols}{} % To remove the navigation symbols from the bottom

of all slides uncomment this line

\usepackage{graphicx} % Allows including images

\usepackage{booktabs} % Allows the use of \toprule, \midrule and \bottomrule in tables

%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

% TITLE PAGE

%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

\title[Short title]{Main Topic } % The short title appears at the bottom of every slide, the full title is
only on the title page

\author{Muneeb Yusufi} % Your name

\institute[CM Project Presentation] % Your institution as it will appear on the bottom of every slide,
may be shorthand to save space

{
Louisiana State University \\ % Your institution for the title page

\medskip

\textit{myusuf1@lsu.edu} % Your email address

\date{\today} % Date, can be changed to a custom date

\begin{document}

\begin{frame}

\titlepage % Print the title page as the first slide

\end{frame}

%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}

\frametitle{Overview} % Table of contents slide, comment this block out to remove it

\tableofcontents % Throughout your presentation, if you choose to use \section{} and \subsection{}
commands, these will automatically be printed on this slide as an overview of your presentation

%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

% PRESENTATION SLIDES

%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

%------------------------------------------------

% Sections can be created in order to organize your presentation into discrete blocks, all sections and
subsections are automatically printed in the table of contents as an overview of the talk

%------------------------------------------------

%\subsection{Definitions} % A subsection can be created just before a set of slides with a common
theme to further break down your presentation into chunks

%\subsection{Examples}

\end{frame}

%---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\section{Manifolds}

\begin{frame}

\frametitle{Paragraphs of Text}

Sed iaculis dapibus gravida. Morbi sed tortor erat, nec interdum arcu. Sed id lorem lectus. Quisque
viverra augue id sem ornare non aliquam nibh tristique. Aenean in ligula nisl. Nulla sed tellus ipsum.
Donec vestibulum ligula non lorem vulputate fermentum accumsan neque mollis.\\~\\

Sed diam enim, sagittis nec condimentum sit amet, ullamcorper sit amet libero. Aliquam vel dui orci,
a porta odio. Nullam id suscipit ipsum. Aenean lobortis commodo sem, ut commodo leo gravida vitae.
Pellentesque vehicula ante iaculis arcu pretium rutrum eget sit amet purus. Integer ornare nulla quis
neque ultrices lobortis. Vestibulum ultrices tincidunt libero, quis commodo erat ullamcorper id.

\end{frame}

%------------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}

\frametitle{Bullet Points}

\begin{itemize}

\item Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit

\item Aliquam blandit faucibus nisi, sit amet dapibus enim tempus eu

\item Nulla commodo, erat quis gravida posuere, elit lacus lobortis est, quis porttitor odio mauris at
libero

\item Nam cursus est eget velit posuere pellentesque

\item Vestibulum faucibus velit a augue condimentum quis convallis nulla gravida

\end{itemize}

\end{frame}

%------------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}

\frametitle{Definitions:}

\begin{block}{Manifold}
A topological space M is an n-dimensional manifold if it is paracompact and there exists an open cover
$\lbrace U_\alpha\rbrace$ , $\alpha\in I$ on M such that for every $\alpha \in I$ , a homeomorphism
to some $V_\alpha \subset \mathbb{R}^n$ exists. \end{block}

\vspace{5mm}

A manifold can be thought of as a space at least locally as an approximation to $\mathbb{R}^n$ Some

Examples are as follows:

\begin{itemize}

\item Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit

\item Aliquam blandit faucibus nisi, sit amet dapibus enim tempus eu

\item Nulla commodo, erat quis gravida posuere, elit lacus lobortis est, quis porttitor odio mauris at
libero

\end{itemize}

%\begin{block}{Block 2}

%Pellentesque sed tellus purus. Class aptent taciti sociosqu ad litora torquent per conubia nostra, per
inceptos himenaeos. Vestibulum quis magna at risus dictum tempor eu vitae velit.

%\end{block}

%\begin{block}{Block 3}

%Suspendisse tincidunt sagittis gravida. Curabitur condimentum, enim sed venenatis rutrum, ipsum
neque consectetur orci, sed blandit justo nisi ac lacus.

%\end{block}

\end{frame}

%-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}

\begin{block}{Smooth Function}
A topological space M is an n-dimensional manifold if it is paracompact and there exists an open cover
$\lbrace U_\alpha\rbrace$ , $\alpha\in I$ on M such that for every $\alpha \in I$ , a homeomorphism
to some $V_\alpha \subset \mathbb{R}^n$ exists. \end{block}

A manifold can be thought of as a space at least locally as an approximation to $\mathbb{R}^n$ Some

Examples are as follows:

\begin{itemize}

\item Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit

\item Aliquam blandit faucibus nisi, sit amet dapibus enim tempus eu

\item Nulla commodo, erat quis gravida posuere, elit lacus lobortis est, quis porttitor odio mauris at
libero

\end{itemize}

\end{frame}

%--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}

\begin{block}{Critical Points and Critical Values }

A topological space M is an n-dimensional manifold if it is paracompact and there exists an open cover
$\lbrace U_\alpha\rbrace$ , $\alpha\in I$ on M such that for every $\alpha \in I$ , a homeomorphism
to some $V_\alpha \subset \mathbb{R}^n$ exists. \end{block}

A manifold can be thought of as a space at least locally as an approximation to $\mathbb{R}^n$ Some

Examples are as follows:

\begin{itemize}

\item Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit

\item Aliquam blandit faucibus nisi, sit amet dapibus enim tempus eu

\item Nulla commodo, erat quis gravida posuere, elit lacus lobortis est, quis porttitor odio mauris at
libero

\end{itemize}

\end{frame}
%-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}

\begin{block}{ Non-Degenerate Critical Points}

A topological space M is an n-dimensional manifold if it is paracompact and there exists an open cover
$\lbrace U_\alpha\rbrace$ , $\alpha\in I$ on M such that for every $\alpha \in I$ , a homeomorphism
to some $V_\alpha \subset \mathbb{R}^n$ exists. \end{block}

A manifold can be thought of as a space at least locally as an approximation to $\mathbb{R}^n$ Some

Examples are as follows:

\begin{itemize}

\item Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit

\item Aliquam blandit faucibus nisi, sit amet dapibus enim tempus eu

\item Nulla commodo, erat quis gravida posuere, elit lacus lobortis est, quis porttitor odio mauris at
libero

\end{itemize}

\end{frame}

%-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}

\begin{block}{Hessian and Jacobian of a Smooth map}

A topological space M is an n-dimensional manifold if it is paracompact and there exists an open cover
$\lbrace U_\alpha\rbrace$ , $\alpha\in I$ on M such that for every $\alpha \in I$ , a homeomorphism
to some $V_\alpha \subset \mathbb{R}^n$ exists. \end{block}

A manifold can be thought of as a space at least locally as an approximation to $\mathbb{R}^n$ Some

Examples are as follows:

\begin{itemize}

\item Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit

\item Aliquam blandit faucibus nisi, sit amet dapibus enim tempus eu

\item Nulla commodo, erat quis gravida posuere, elit lacus lobortis est, quis porttitor odio mauris at
libero
\end{itemize}

\end{frame}

%-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

\section{Morse Theory}

\begin{frame}

\begin{block}{Morse Function}

A topological space M is an n-dimensional manifold if it is paracompact and there exists an open cover
$\lbrace U_\alpha\rbrace$ , $\alpha\in I$ on M such that for every $\alpha \in I$ , a homeomorphism
to some $V_\alpha \subset \mathbb{R}^n$ exists. \end{block}

A manifold can be thought of as a space at least locally as an approximation to $\mathbb{R}^n$ Some

Examples are as follows:

\begin{block}{Index}

\end{block}

\begin{itemize}

\item Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit

\item Aliquam blandit faucibus nisi, sit amet dapibus enim tempus eu

\item Nulla commodo, erat quis gravida posuere, elit lacus lobortis est, quis porttitor odio mauris at
libero

\end{itemize}

\end{frame}

%--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}

\frametitle{Results}

\begin{lemma}[Change of Coordinates]

Let f be a real valued, smooth function defined on the n-dim. manifold M let $(x_1,x_2,...,x_n)$ and
$(y_1,y_2,...,y_n)$ be two coordinate systems at a critical point $p_0$ of f with Hessians $H_{f}(p_0)$
and $H'_{f}(p_0)$ then:

\begin{center} $H_{f}(p_0)=J^{T}(p_0)H'_{f}(p_0)J(p_0)$ \end{center}

\end{lemma}

\begin{corollary}[Mass--energy equivalence]

The degeneracy of a critical point $p_0$ is independent of the choice of coordinates

\end{corollary}

\end{frame}

%--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}

\frametitle{Results Contd.}

\begin{lemma}[Morse]

Let $p_0$ be a non-degenerate critical point of a real valued, smooth function $f$ defined on the n-
dim. manifold M. Then for a particular choice of coordinate system $(x_1,x_2,...,x_n)$

we have

\begin{center} $f=-x_{1}^2-x_{2}^2...-x_{\lambda}^2+x_{\lambda}^2...+x_{n}^2+c $\end{center}

where $\lambda$ is the index of $f$ at $p_0$ and $c=f(p_0)$.

\end{lemma}

\begin{corollary}[Important]

A Morse function defined on a compact manifold has only finitely many critical points.

\end{corollary}

\begin{corollary}[Mass--energy equivalence]

Non degenerate critical points are isolated

\end{corollary}

\end{frame}

%--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

\section{Topology of the Manifold}

\begin{frame}

\frametitle{Topology of the Manifold}

The idea is that by understanding the critical points of a smooth function on a manifold we can recover
the topology of the space.

\begin{theorem}

Let $f:M\rightarrow R$ be a smooth function and let $p_0$ be a non-degenerate critical point with
index $\lambda$. If $c=f(p_0)$, suppose that $f^{-1}([c-\epsilon,c+\epsilon])$ is compact and contains
no other critical point other than $p_0$ then the set $M_0:=f^{-1}((-\infty,c+\epsilon])$ has the same
homotopy of $f^{-1}((-\infty,c-\epsilon])$ with a $\lambda$-cell attached

\end{theorem}

\end{frame}

%-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}

\frametitle{ Classical Example: Torus embedded in $R^3$}

\end{frame}

%--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}

\frametitle{Morse Inequalities}

So far we have seen that the critical points of a compact manifold are finite. Can we say any thing
about the bounds on the critical points of a given Index.

The Morse Inequalities, which are actually how Morse first formulated his version of critical point
theory, provide bounds on the number of critical points of a particular index

\begin{block}{Betti Numbers}

The Betti Number $\beta_{\lambda}(M)$ is the rank of the $\lambda^{th}$ homology group of M.

\end{block}

\end{frame}

%--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}
Informally, the kth Betti number refers to the number of k-dimensional holes on a topological surface.
The first few Betti numbers have the following definitions for 0-dimensional, 1-dimensional, and 2-
dimensional simplicial complexes:

\begin{itemize}

\item $\beta_0$ is the number of connected components

\item $\beta_1$ is the number of one-dimensional or "circular" holes

\item $\beta_2$ is the number of two-dimensional "voids" or "cavities"

\end{itemize}

\vspace{10mm}

\boldmath{Examples}

\begin{itemize}

\item $S^2$ has $\beta_0=\beta_2=1$ and $\beta_1=0$.

\item The Torus has $\beta_0=\beta_2=1$ and $\beta_1=2$.

\end{itemize}

\end{frame}

%--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

\section{Morse inequalities}

\begin{frame}

\begin{block}{Morse inequalities}

Let $C_\lambda$ denote the number of critical points of $f$ of index $\lambda$ then:

\begin{center}$C_{\lambda}-C_{\lambda-1}+\cdots\pm C_0 \geq \beta_{\lambda}-\beta_{\lambda-

1}+\cdots\pm\beta_0 $ \end{center}

\end{block}

\vspace{10mm}

Examples:

\begin{itemize}

\item For $S^2$ our Morse Inequalities are:

$C_0\geq1 \hspace{10mm} C_1-C_0\geq-1 \hspace{10mm} C_2-C_1+C_0\geq2 $

\vspace{5mm}

\item For the Torus they are:

$C_0\geq1 \hspace{10mm} C_1-C_0\geq+1 \hspace{10mm} C_2-C_1+C_0\geq0$

\end{itemize}

\end{frame}

%--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}

\frametitle{Examples Contd.}

Now consider the case that we would like a particular Morse function on a space. For simplicity lets
consider $S^2$ once again.

\vspace{5mm}

Originally $S^2$ has 2 critical points the "north" and "south" pole of index 2 and zero respectively.
Now say that we want a Morse function with a critical point of index 1.

Then by using the afore mentioned concepts we can have two scenarios:

\begin{itemize}

\vspace{5mm}

\item We can smoothly depress down or 'punch down' the top.Using the height function as used in
the case of the torus, we now have a new critical point of index 1.

\item We can smoothly 'punch up' from the bottom. Again using the height function, we now have a
new critical point of index 1.

\end{itemize}

\end{frame}

\begin{frame}

\frametitle{Multiple Columns}

\begin{columns}[c] % The "c" option specifies centered vertical alignment while the "t" option is used
for top vertical alignment

\column{.45\textwidth} % Left column and width

\textbf{Heading}

\begin{enumerate}

\item Statement

\item Explanation
\item Example

\end{enumerate}

\column{.5\textwidth} % Right column and width

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Integer lectus nisl, ultricies in feugiat rutrum,
porttitor sit amet augue. Aliquam ut tortor mauris. Sed volutpat ante purus, quis accumsan dolor.

\end{columns}

\end{frame}

%------------------------------------------------

%------------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}

\frametitle{Table}

\begin{table}

\begin{tabular}{l l l}

\toprule

\textbf{Treatments} & \textbf{Response 1} & \textbf{Response 2}\\

\midrule

Treatment 1 & 0.0003262 & 0.562 \\

Treatment 2 & 0.0015681 & 0.910 \\

Treatment 3 & 0.0009271 & 0.296 \\

\bottomrule

\end{tabular}

\caption{Table caption}

\end{table}

\end{frame}

%------------------------------------------------
\begin{frame}

\frametitle{Theorem}

\begin{theorem}[Mass--energy equivalence]

$E = mc^2$

\end{theorem}

\end{frame}

%------------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}[fragile] % Need to use the fragile option when verbatim is used in the slide

\frametitle{Verbatim}

\begin{example}[Theorem Slide Code]

\begin{verbatim}

\begin{frame}

\frametitle{Theorem}

\begin{theorem}[Mass--energy equivalence]

$E = mc^2$

\end{theorem}

\end{frame}\end{verbatim}

\end{example}

\end{frame}

%------------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}

\frametitle{Figure}

Uncomment the code on this slide to include your own image from the same directory as the template
.TeX file.

%\begin{figure}

%\includegraphics[width=0.8\linewidth]{test}
%\end{figure}

\end{frame}

%------------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}[fragile] % Need to use the fragile option when verbatim is used in the slide

\frametitle{Citation}

An example of the \verb|\cite| command to cite within the presentation:\\~

This statement requires citation \cite{p1}.

\end{frame}

%------------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}

\frametitle{References}

\footnotesize{

\begin{thebibliography}{99} % Beamer does not support BibTeX so references must be inserted

manually as below

\bibitem[Smith, 2012]{p1} John Smith (2012)

\newblock Title of the publication

\newblock \emph{Journal Name} 12(3), 45 -- 678.

\end{thebibliography}

\end{frame}

%------------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}

\Huge{\centerline{The End}}

\end{frame}
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

\end{document}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

% Beamer Presentation

% LaTeX Template

% Version 1.0 (10/11/12)

% This template has been downloaded from:

% http://www.LaTeXTemplates.com

% License:

% CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/)

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

% PACKAGES AND THEMES

%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

\documentclass{beamer}

\mode<presentation> {

% The Beamer class comes with a number of default slide themes

% which change the colors and layouts of slides. Below this is a list

% of all the themes, uncomment each in turn to see what they look like.

%\usetheme{default}

%\usetheme{AnnArbor}

%\usetheme{Antibes}

%\usetheme{Bergen}

%\usetheme{Berkeley}

%\usetheme{Berlin}
%\usetheme{Boadilla}

%\usetheme{CambridgeUS}

%\usetheme{Copenhagen}

%\usetheme{Darmstadt}

%\usetheme{Dresden}

%\usetheme{Frankfurt}

%\usetheme{Goettingen}

%\usetheme{Hannover}

%\usetheme{Ilmenau}

%\usetheme{JuanLesPins}

%\usetheme{Luebeck}

\usetheme{Madrid}

%\usetheme{Malmoe}

%\usetheme{Marburg}

%\usetheme{Montpellier}

%\usetheme{PaloAlto}

%\usetheme{Pittsburgh}

%\usetheme{Rochester}

%\usetheme{Singapore}

%\usetheme{Szeged}

%\usetheme{Warsaw}

% As well as themes, the Beamer class has a number of color themes

% for any slide theme. Uncomment each of these in turn to see how it

% changes the colors of your current slide theme.

%\usecolortheme{albatross}

%\usecolortheme{beaver}

%\usecolortheme{beetle}

%\usecolortheme{crane}

%\usecolortheme{dolphin}
%\usecolortheme{dove}

%\usecolortheme{fly}

%\usecolortheme{lily}

%\usecolortheme{orchid}

%\usecolortheme{rose}

%\usecolortheme{seagull}

%\usecolortheme{seahorse}

%\usecolortheme{whale}

%\usecolortheme{wolverine}

%\setbeamertemplate{footline} % To remove the footer line in all slides uncomment this line

%\setbeamertemplate{footline}[page number] % To replace the footer line in all slides with a simple
slide count uncomment this line

%\setbeamertemplate{navigation symbols}{} % To remove the navigation symbols from the bottom

of all slides uncomment this line

\usepackage{graphicx} % Allows including images

\usepackage{booktabs} % Allows the use of \toprule, \midrule and \bottomrule in tables

%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

% TITLE PAGE

%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

\title[Short title]{Main Topic } % The short title appears at the bottom of every slide, the full title is
only on the title page

\author{Muneeb Yusufi} % Your name

\institute[CM Project Presentation] % Your institution as it will appear on the bottom of every slide,
may be shorthand to save space

{
Louisiana State University \\ % Your institution for the title page

\medskip

\textit{myusuf1@lsu.edu} % Your email address

\date{\today} % Date, can be changed to a custom date

\begin{document}

\begin{frame}

\titlepage % Print the title page as the first slide

\end{frame}

%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}

\frametitle{Overview} % Table of contents slide, comment this block out to remove it

\tableofcontents % Throughout your presentation, if you choose to use \section{} and \subsection{}
commands, these will automatically be printed on this slide as an overview of your presentation

%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

% PRESENTATION SLIDES

%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

%------------------------------------------------

% Sections can be created in order to organize your presentation into discrete blocks, all sections and
subsections are automatically printed in the table of contents as an overview of the talk

%------------------------------------------------

%\subsection{Definitions} % A subsection can be created just before a set of slides with a common
theme to further break down your presentation into chunks

%\subsection{Examples}

\end{frame}

%---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\section{Manifolds}

\begin{frame}

\frametitle{Paragraphs of Text}

Sed iaculis dapibus gravida. Morbi sed tortor erat, nec interdum arcu. Sed id lorem lectus. Quisque
viverra augue id sem ornare non aliquam nibh tristique. Aenean in ligula nisl. Nulla sed tellus ipsum.
Donec vestibulum ligula non lorem vulputate fermentum accumsan neque mollis.\\~\\

Sed diam enim, sagittis nec condimentum sit amet, ullamcorper sit amet libero. Aliquam vel dui orci,
a porta odio. Nullam id suscipit ipsum. Aenean lobortis commodo sem, ut commodo leo gravida vitae.
Pellentesque vehicula ante iaculis arcu pretium rutrum eget sit amet purus. Integer ornare nulla quis
neque ultrices lobortis. Vestibulum ultrices tincidunt libero, quis commodo erat ullamcorper id.

\end{frame}

%------------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}

\frametitle{Bullet Points}

\begin{itemize}

\item Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit

\item Aliquam blandit faucibus nisi, sit amet dapibus enim tempus eu

\item Nulla commodo, erat quis gravida posuere, elit lacus lobortis est, quis porttitor odio mauris at
libero

\item Nam cursus est eget velit posuere pellentesque

\item Vestibulum faucibus velit a augue condimentum quis convallis nulla gravida

\end{itemize}

\end{frame}

%------------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}

\frametitle{Definitions:}

\begin{block}{Manifold}
A topological space M is an n-dimensional manifold if it is paracompact and there exists an open cover
$\lbrace U_\alpha\rbrace$ , $\alpha\in I$ on M such that for every $\alpha \in I$ , a homeomorphism
to some $V_\alpha \subset \mathbb{R}^n$ exists. \end{block}

\vspace{5mm}

Loosely manifolds are topological spaces that look locally like Euclidean space $\mathbb{R}^n$. Some
Examples are as follows:

\vspace{2mm}

\begin{itemize}

\item $\mathbb{R}^n$ or any open subset of $\mathbb{R}^n$ is a smooth manifold

\item The unit sphere $\mathbb{S}^n = {(x^0, x^1,\cdots,xn)| \sum (x^i)^2 = 1}$

\item The Real Projective space $\mathbb{RP}^n$ : is the topological space of lines passing through
the origin 0 in $\mathbb{R}^{n+1}$. It is a manifold of dimension n.

\end{itemize}

\end{frame}

%-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}

A little more precisely it is a space together with a way of identifying it locally

with a Euclidean space which is compatible on overlaps.

To formalize this we need the following notions.

\begin{block}

A \textbf{chart} is a pair $(U, \phi)$ where U is an open set in X and $\phi : U\rightarrow

\mathbb{R}^n$ is homeomorphism onto it image. The components of $\phi = (x^1, x^2,\cdots,x^n)$

are called \textbf{coordinates}.\end{block}

Given two charts $(U_1, \phi_1)$ and $(U_2, \phi_2)$ then we get overlap or \textbf{transition maps}

\begin{center}

$\phi_2 \circ \phi_{1}^{-1} : \phi_1(U_1 \cap U_2) \rightarrow \phi_2(U_1 \cap U_2) $

$\phi_1 \circ \phi_{2}^{-1} : \phi_2(U_1 \cap U_2) \rightarrow \phi_1(U_1 \cap U_2) $
\end{center}

\begin{block}

Two charts $(U_1, \phi_1)$ and $(U_2, \phi_2)$ are called \textbf{compatible} if the overlap

maps are smooth.\end{block}

An atlas for X is a (non-trivial) collection $A = \lbrace(U_\alpha, \phi_\alpha) | \alpha \in I\rbrace$ of

pair

wise compatible charts . Two atlases are equivalent if there their union is an atlas.

An atlas A is called maximal if any other atlas compatible with it is contained in it.

\end{frame}

%-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}

\begin{block}{Smooth Function}

A map $f:M\rightarrow N$ between two manifolds M an N of dimensions $m$ and $n$ is smooth if
the composition map:

\begin{center}

$\psi\circ f\circ\phi^{-1}:\mathbb{R}^m\rightarrow\mathbb{R}^n$\end{center} is smooth(of class

$C^{\infty}$). for any charts $(U,\phi)$ for M and $(V,\psi)$ for N \end{block}

The following result will be implicitly used throughout the remainder of the talk:

\vspace{2mm}

\begin{lemma}

Every smooth map between Manifolds is continuous.

\end{lemma}
Beyond this point in the remainder of the talk whenever we refer to a smooth function we fix the
space N to be $\mathbb{R}$. This is done so that the audience can easily follow.

\end{frame}

%--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}

\begin{block}{Critical Points and Critical Values }

For a particular coordinate system $(x^1,x^2,\cdots,x^n)$ centered around any $p\in M, p$ is called
a critical point of $f$ if:

\begin{center}$\frac{\partial f}{\partial x^i}(p)=0; \forall 1\leq i\leq n$\end{center}\end{block}

A manifold can be thought of as a space at least locally as an approximation to $\mathbb{R}^n$ Some

Examples are as follows:

\end{frame}

%-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}

\begin{block}{Hessian of a Smooth map}

Let $(x^1,x^2,\cdots,x^n)$ be local coordinates centered around a point $p\in M$ an n-dimensional

manifold.Then the Hessian of a smooth map $f$ at $p$ is denoted as $H_f(p)$ and is defined as the
$nxn$ matrix of second order derivatives :

\begin{center} $H_f=\lbrack \frac{\partial^2f}{\partial x^i \partial x^j} \rbrack$\end{center}

\end{block}

\begin{block}{Jacobian of a Coordinate Transformation}

Let $(x^1,x^2,...,x^n)$ and $(y^1,y^2,...,y^n)$ be two coordinate systems around a point $p\in M$
Then the Jacobian matrix denoted $J(p)$ is the $nxn$ coordinate change matrix given by

\begin{center}$J(p)=\lbrack\frac{\partial x^i }{\partial y^j}\rbrack$\end{center}

\end{block}

%\end{frame}
%--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

%\begin{frame}

\begin{block}{ Non-Degenerate Critical Points}

A critical point $p$ of a smooth map $f$ on a on an n-dimensional manifold M is called non-degenerate
if the Hessian $H_f(p)$ is invertible. \end{block}

\end{frame}

%-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

\section{Morse Theory}

\begin{frame}

\begin{block}{Morse Function}

A smooth map $f$ on a manifold M is called a Morse function if its every critical point is non-
degenerate \end{block}

\end{frame}

%--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}

\frametitle{Results}

\begin{lemma}[Change of Coordinates]

Let f be a real valued, smooth function defined on the n-dim. manifold M let $(x_1,x_2,...,x_n)$ and
$(y_1,y_2,...,y_n)$ be two coordinate systems at a critical point $p_0$ of f with Hessians $H_{f}(p_0)$
and $H'_{f}(p_0)$ then:

\begin{center} $H_{f}(p_0)=J^{T}(p_0)H'_{f}(p_0)J(p_0)$ \end{center}

\end{lemma}

\begin{corollary}[Mass--energy equivalence]

The degeneracy of a critical point $p_0$ is independent of the choice of coordinates

\end{corollary}

\end{frame}

%--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\begin{frame}

\frametitle{Results Contd.}

\begin{lemma}[Morse]

Let $p_0$ be a non-degenerate critical point of a real valued, smooth function $f$ defined on the n-
dim. manifold M. Then for a particular choice of coordinate system $(x_1,x_2,...,x_n)$

we have

\begin{center} $f=-x_{1}^2-x_{2}^2...-x_{\lambda}^2+x_{\lambda}^2...+x_{n}^2+c $\end{center}

where $\lambda$ is the index of $f$ at $p_0$ and $c=f(p_0)$.

\end{lemma}

This result implies that we can consider quadratic polynomials in order to

study the local behavior of a function near a non-degenerate critical

point.

\begin{corollary}[Important]

\begin{itemize}

\item A Morse function defined on a compact manifold has only finitely many critical points. \item
Non degenerate critical points are isolated.

\end{itemize}

\end{corollary}

\end{frame}

%--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}{Handles}

\begin{block}{Definition of a Handle}

A handle of index k and dimension n is a manifold with boundary which

is diffeomorphic (bi-continuous bijective map) to $B^k X B^{n-k}$ in $\mathbb{R}^n$, where $B^k$

and $B^{n-k}$ denote balls centered about the origin in

Euclidean spaces $\mathbb{R}^k$ and $\mathbb{R}^{n-k}$ respectively.

\end{block}

\vspace{5mm}

Some Examples of Handles are:

\begin{itemize}
\item In dimension 2 A handle of index 0 or 2 is a disc and a handle of index

1 is a rectangle.

\item In dimension 3: A handle of index 0 or 3 is a 3-ball and a handle of

index 1 or 2 is a cylinder.

\end{itemize}

\end{frame}

%--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}{Attaching Handles to Spaces}

\begin{block}{}

Let M a n-dimensional manifold with boundary $\partial M \neq 0$.We wish to attach a handle to M.
Consider the following map:

\begin{center}

$\phi :\mathbb{S}^{k-1}X B^{n-k}\rightarrow M$\hspace{3mm}(1)\end{center} such that the image

is a smooth embedding in $\partial M$.

Next consider the disjoint union:

\begin{center}$M\coprod B^k X B^{n-k}$\hspace{3mm}(2)\end{center}

We define a equivalence relation on (2) st:

\begin{center}$\phi(x)\equiv(x)\hspace{3mm} \forall x\in\mathbb{S}^{k-1}X B^{n-k} $\end{center}

Finally, the quotient space obtained from (2) and the relation is the original space with an attached
handle of index $k$

\end{block}

\end{frame}

%--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}{A Pictorial Representation }

\begin{figure}

%\includegraphics[width=0.8\linewidth]{handles}

\end{figure}

\end{frame}
%--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

\section{Topology of the Manifold}

\begin{frame}

\frametitle{Topology of the Manifold}

The idea is that by understanding the critical points of a smooth function on a manifold we can recover
the topology of the space.

\begin{theorem}

Let $f:M\rightarrow R$ be a smooth function and let $p_0$ be a non-degenerate critical point with
index $\lambda$. If $c=f(p_0)$, suppose that $f^{-1}([c-\epsilon,c+\epsilon])$ is compact and contains
no other critical point other than $p_0$ then the set $M_0:=f^{-1}((-\infty,c+\epsilon])$ has the same
homotopy of $f^{-1}((-\infty,c-\epsilon])$ with a $\lambda$-cell attached

\end{theorem}

For the case of the compact manifold this can be restated as:

\begin{theorem}

Let M be a compact manifold. Then M can be developed from the ball $B^n$ by successively attaching
to it finitely many handles of dimension $n$.

\end{theorem}

\end{frame}

%-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}

Let $ f : M \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ be a smooth function. Then $\forall c\in\mathbb{R}$ we define

\begin{center}

$M_c= \lbrace x\in M| f(x)\leq c\rbrace$\end{center}

Suppose that p is the only non-degenerate critical point of f .

Let $a,b\in\mathbb{R}$ such that $a < f (p) < b$.

\begin{itemize}

\item The topological type of $M_a$ is the same for all $a < f (p)$.

\item The topological type of $M_a$ is the same for all $b > f (p)$.

\item The topological structure of $M_b$ is different from that of $M_a$.

\end{itemize}

Consider an example $f=x^2-y^2$ on $\mathbb{R}^2$. The critical point is (0,0) and the space extends
on both sides of the origin Consider

\end{frame}

%-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}

\frametitle{ Classical Example: Torus embedded in $R^3$}

\end{frame}

%--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}

\frametitle{Morse Inequalities}

So far we have seen that the critical points of a compact manifold are finite. Can we say any thing
about the bounds on the critical points of a given Index.

The Morse Inequalities, which are actually how Morse first formulated his version of critical point
theory, provide bounds on the number of critical points of a particular index

\begin{block}{Betti Numbers}

The Betti Number $\beta_{\lambda}(M)$ is the rank of the $\lambda^{th}$ homology group of M.

\end{block}

\end{frame}

%--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}

Informally, the kth Betti number refers to the number of k-dimensional holes on a topological surface.
The first few Betti numbers have the following definitions for 0-dimensional, 1-dimensional, and 2-
dimensional simplicial complexes:

\begin{itemize}

\item $\beta_0$ is the number of connected components

\item $\beta_1$ is the number of one-dimensional or "circular" holes

\item $\beta_2$ is the number of two-dimensional "voids" or "cavities"

\end{itemize}

\vspace{10mm}

\boldmath{Examples}

\begin{itemize}

\item $S^2$ has $\beta_0=\beta_2=1$ and $\beta_1=0$.

\item The Torus has $\beta_0=\beta_2=1$ and $\beta_1=2$.

\end{itemize}

\end{frame}

%--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

\section{Morse inequalities}

\begin{frame}

\begin{block}{Morse inequalities}

Let $C_\lambda$ denote the number of critical points of $f$ of index $\lambda$ then:

\begin{center}$C_{\lambda}-C_{\lambda-1}+\cdots\pm C_0 \geq \beta_{\lambda}-\beta_{\lambda-

1}+\cdots\pm\beta_0 $ \end{center}

\end{block}

\vspace{10mm}

Examples:

\begin{itemize}

\item For $S^2$ our Morse Inequalities are:

$C_0\geq1 \hspace{10mm} C_1-C_0\geq-1 \hspace{10mm} C_2-C_1+C_0\geq2 $

\vspace{5mm}

\item For the Torus they are:

$C_0\geq1 \hspace{10mm} C_1-C_0\geq+1 \hspace{10mm} C_2-C_1+C_0\geq0$

\end{itemize}

\end{frame}

%--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}

\frametitle{Examples Contd.}

Now consider the case that we would like a particular Morse function on a space. For simplicity lets
consider $S^2$ once again.
\vspace{5mm}

Originally $S^2$ has 2 critical points the "north" and "south" pole of index 2 and zero respectively.
Now say that we want a Morse function with a critical point of index 1.

Then by using the afore mentioned concepts we can have two scenarios:

\begin{itemize}

\vspace{5mm}

\item We can smoothly depress down or 'punch down' the top.Using the height function as used in
the case of the torus, we now have a new critical point of index 1.

\item We can smoothly 'punch up' from the bottom. Again using the height function, we now have a
new critical point of index 1.

\end{itemize}

\end{frame}

\begin{frame}

\frametitle{Multiple Columns}

\begin{columns}[c] % The "c" option specifies centered vertical alignment while the "t" option is used
for top vertical alignment

\column{.45\textwidth} % Left column and width

\textbf{Heading}

\begin{enumerate}

\item Statement

\item Explanation

\item Example

\end{enumerate}

\column{.5\textwidth} % Right column and width

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Integer lectus nisl, ultricies in feugiat rutrum,
porttitor sit amet augue. Aliquam ut tortor mauris. Sed volutpat ante purus, quis accumsan dolor.

\end{columns}
\end{frame}

%------------------------------------------------

%------------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}

\frametitle{Table}

\begin{table}

\begin{tabular}{l l l}

\toprule

\textbf{Treatments} & \textbf{Response 1} & \textbf{Response 2}\\

\midrule

Treatment 1 & 0.0003262 & 0.562 \\

Treatment 2 & 0.0015681 & 0.910 \\

Treatment 3 & 0.0009271 & 0.296 \\

\bottomrule

\end{tabular}

\caption{Table caption}

\end{table}

\end{frame}

%------------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}

\frametitle{Theorem}

\begin{theorem}[Mass--energy equivalence]

$E = mc^2$

\end{theorem}

\end{frame}
%------------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}[fragile] % Need to use the fragile option when verbatim is used in the slide

\frametitle{Verbatim}

\begin{example}[Theorem Slide Code]

\begin{verbatim}

\begin{frame}

\frametitle{Theorem}

\begin{theorem}[Mass--energy equivalence]

$E = mc^2$

\end{theorem}

\end{frame}\end{verbatim}

\end{example}

\end{frame}

%------------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}

\frametitle{Figure}

Uncomment the code on this slide to include your own image from the same directory as the template
.TeX file.

%\begin{figure}

%\includegraphics[width=0.8\linewidth]{test}

%\end{figure}

\end{frame}

%------------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}[fragile] % Need to use the fragile option when verbatim is used in the slide

\frametitle{Citation}

An example of the \verb|\cite| command to cite within the presentation:\\~

This statement requires citation \cite{p1}.

\end{frame}

%------------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}

\frametitle{References}

\footnotesize{

\begin{thebibliography}{99} % Beamer does not support BibTeX so references must be inserted

manually as below

\bibitem[Smith, 2012]{p1} John Smith (2012)

\newblock Title of the publication

\newblock \emph{Journal Name} 12(3), 45 -- 678.

\end{thebibliography}

\end{frame}

%------------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}

\Huge{\centerline{The End}}

\end{frame}

%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

\end{document}