Aceros y Aleaciones - TUBOS

CATALOGO 14/11/05 13:35 Página 1
CONTENTS
ABOUT TECNOCOMMERZ .................................................................. 1
COMPANY AIMS AND PHILOSOPHY .................................................... 2
MATERIALS ..................................................................................... 3
PRODUCTS, WE SUPPLY ................................................................... 4
PIPES DIMENSIONS AND WEIGHTS ..................................................... 5
COMPARISION OF INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS FOR STAINLESS STEEL ... 6
NICKEL ALLOYS CORROSION DATA ..................................................... 7
PRODUCTS ACCORDING TO ASTM CODE ............................................. 8
MAXIMUM RECOMMENDED PRESSURES FOR

SEAMLESS/STAINLESS STEEL TUBES ................................................. 9
SWG & BWG EQUIVALENTS IN INCHES AND MILLIMETRES .................... 10
WEIGHT OF FITTINGS ........................................................................ 11
MATERIALS INFORMATION ................................................................. 12

ABOUT TECNOCOMMERZ
INTRODUCTION
1
Let us introduce you the ACEQUISA-TECNOCOMMERZ group.
– Since 1983, year that Acequisa was founded, we have been a specialist stockist
and supplier of bars, plates, flanges, tubes and fittings in special stainless steels,
superalloys of nickel, Cr and Mo, Titanium, tantalum, cupronickels and other spe-
cial alloys. Developing our activity mainly throught the Iberian Peninsula (Spain
and Portugal).
– In 2005, as an answer to a global demand, Tecnocommerz is created to export

more than 20 years experience in this field to international markets.
v
TECNOCOMMERZ
Ctra. Madrid-Irún, Km. 245 • Naves Radial I, 2A/2B

09007 BURGOS
Telph. 00 34 947 47 51 48 • Fax 00 34 947 47 51 49
E-mail: sales@tecnocommerz.com
info@tecnocommerz.com
3
CATALOGO
4
14/11/05
HOW TO REACH US BY ROAD:

BURGOS
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Towards N-623 Towards N-623

Santander
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MADRID-IRÚN
PRESENTATION
GLOSSARY
❖ Annealed:
Metallurgical condition for products having undergone a special heat treatment that allows more
sophisticated metalworking techniques such as certain types of machining of forming.
In the case of austenitic and austeno-ferritic steels, this state corresponds to the solution annea-
led state.
❖ Descaled rolled bars:

Hot processed peeled bars: 1X finishing as per EN 10088-3 (1C for the non-peeled black bars).
❖ Ground bars:
Cold processed bars obtained by grinding; 2B an 2G finishing as per EN 10088-3 for the toleran-
ces h9 and <h8 respectively.
❖ Heat treated:
Metallurgical condition obtained by quenching + tempering.
❖ Material number:
No. of the steel registered with the European Registration Office. The number is found in the STAH-
LEISENLIST Nº 9.
❖ Mechanical properties:
❑ 1 MPa = 1 N/mm2.
❑ For profiles and bars with a thickness < 35 mm having undergone a final cold run, the maximum
HB hardness values or the maximum tensile strength values can be respectively increased:
✔ by 60 units and 150 MPa, and the minimum elongation value can be decreased to 10%, for
ferritic and martensitic steels.
✔ by 100 units and 200 MPa, and the minimum elongation value can be decreased to 20%, for
austenitics.
EN 10088-3.
❖ Bright drawn bars:

Cold processed bars obtained by drawing (cold deformation): 2H finishing as per EN 10088-3.
❖ Bright turned bars:

Cold processed bars obtained by turning and roller burnishing: 2D finishing as per EN 10088-3.
❖ Treated and overaged, or precipitation hardened:

Metallurgical condition obtained by quenching and tempering performed on precipitation hardening
grades.
❖ Treated or solution annealed:

Metallurgical condition obtained by quenching and reserved for precipitation hardening grades
(4542 - ex F16 PH).
It is mandatory that the material undergo tempering before its final use.
❖ PRECISION DRAWN/TURNED BARS:

Products that are specially processed and manufactured to meet the increasingly strict requirements
of the screw cutting industry. See definition in the chapter entitled «Factory manufacturing possibilities».
An manufacturing process that considerably improves the machinability of the grades without dete-
riorating other properties (corrosion, Mechanical properties), which remain in complete conformity
with standards.
5
COMPANY AIMS AND PHILOSOPHY
THE TWO ESSENTIAL 2

BUSINESS PRINCIPLES
THE ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY

THE CLIENT SATISFACTION
OUR PHILOSOPHY = WORK HARD TO REACH THESE TWO

PILLARS
7
QUALITY:
All products are certified and

guaranteed according to ASTM,
DIN, AFNOR, BS…
Trazability in all our products is

assured.
8
MATERIALS, GRADES AVAILABLE
1º Austenitic stainless steels:

UNS Material W.Nr, or…
S31008 AISI 310S 1,4841
S31603 AISI 316L 1,4404
S31703 AISI 317L 1,4438
S31726 AISI 317LMN 1,4439
S32100 AISI 321 1,4541
S32109 AISI 321 H 1,4878
S34700 AISI 347 1,4550
S41000 AISI410 1,4006
S43100 AISI431 1,4057
2º Super austenitic stainless steels:

S31254 S31254 1,4547; F44
3
N08367 AL-6XN
N08904 904L 1,4539
3º Steels type Duplex and Super Duplex (Ferretic-Austenitic):

S31803 Duplex S31803 1,4462; F51
S32550 Ferralium 255® 1,4507; F61
S32760 Super duplex F55 1,4501
S32750 Super duplex S32750 1,4410; F3
4º Super Alloys Cr, Ni, Mo,…:

S17400 17-4PH® 1,4542; A564 Gr 630
N08020 20Cb3® Alloy 20; 2,4660
N10675 Hastelloy B3® 2,4617
N06022 Hastelloy C22® 2,4602
N10276 Hastelloy C276® 2,4819
N06455 Hastelloy C4® 2,4610
N08028 Incoloy 028® 1,4563; Sanicro28
N08330 Incoloy 330® 1,4333
N08800 Incoloy 800® 1,4876
N08810 Incoloy 800H® 1,4876; 1,4958
N08811 Incoloy 800HT® 1,4876; 1,4959
N08825 Incoloy 825® 2,4858
S66286 Incoloy A286® 1,4980; A638Gr 660
N08330 Incoloy DS® 1,4864
N06600 Inconel 600® 2,4816
N06601 Inconel 601® 2,4851
N06625 Inconel 625® 2,4856
N07718 Inconel 718® 2,4668
N07750 Inconel X750® 2,4669
N04400 Monel 400® 2,4360
N05500 Monel K500® 2,4375
5º Nickels:
N02200 Niquel 200 2,4060; 2,4066
N02201 Niquel 201 2,4061; 2,4068
6º Exotic metals:
Niobium
Tantalo
N50250..... Titanio Gr 1, 2 y 7
Zirconium
9
PRODUCTS, we supply:
Round bars
Hexagon bars
Bored bars
Forged bars
Blanks and rings
Tube plates
Tubes
Plates
Flanges
Elbows
Tess
Reductions
Caps
…………
4
Welded and seamless tubes
– Plates Fittings, welded and seamless

– Plates cutting according to your needs
11
Flanges ANSI-DIN – Bars (rounds, square angles…)

– Profiles according to your needs
Fittings
Bolting according to your drawings
12
We cut according to your needs
– Flanges
– Forgings
– Special forgings
Welding wire and electrodes
Fittings according to your drawings
13
Collars
Forget fittings
Wire mesh
14
Special flanges
Seamless and welded fittings
15
Wide range of products
Parts according to your needs
16
PIPE DIMENSIONS IN MM AND WEIGHTS IN KG.

ASME B36.B36.10
DN NPS O.D. 5S 5 10 S 10 20 30 STD 40 60 XS 80 100 120 140 160 XXS
(MM) (INCH) (MM) 40 S 80 S
– 1/8 10,3 1,24 1,45 1,73 2,41
0,3 0,3 0,4 0,5
– 1/4 13,7 1,65 1,85 2,24 3,02
0,5 0,5 0,6 0,8
10 3/8 17,1 1,65 1,85 2,31 3,20
0,6 0,7 0,9 1,1
15 1/2 21,3 1,65 2,11 2,41 2,77 3,73 4,75 7,47
0,8 1,0 1,1 1,3 1,6 2,0 2,6
20 3/4 26,7 1,65 2,11 2,41 2,87 3,91 5,56 7,82
1,0 1,3 1,4 1,7 2,2 2,9 3,7
25 1 33,4 1,65 2,77 2,90 3,38 4,55 6,35 9,09
IDENTICAL TO XS-80S
1,3 2,1 2,2 2,5 3,3 4,3 5,5
32 1 1/4 42,2 1,65 2,77 2,97 3,56 4,85 6,35 9,70
IDENTICAL TO STD-40S
1,7 2,7 2,9 3,4 4,5 5,7 7,9
40 1 1/2 48,3 1,65 2,77 3,18 3,68 5,08 7,14 10,15
IDENTICAL TO 10S
1,9 3,2 3,5 4,1 5,5 7,4 9,7

50 2 60,3 1,65 2,77 3,18 3,91 5,54 8,74 11,07
2,4 4,0 4,5 5,5 7,6 11,1 13,4
65 2 1/2 73,0 2,11 3,05 4,78 5,16 7,01 9,53 14,02
3,8 5,3 8,0 8,6 11,4 14,0 20,4
80 3 88,9 2,11 3,05 4,78 5,49 7,62 11,13 15,24
5
IDENTICAL TO 5S
4,6 6,5 9,9 11,3 15,3 21,4 27,7

– 3 1/2 101,6 2,11 3,05 4,78 5,74 8,08
5,2 7,4 11,4 13,6 18,6
100 4 114,3 2,11 3,05 4,78 6,02 8,56 11,13 13,49 17,12
5,8 8,4 12,9 16,1 22,3 28,3 33,5 41,0
125 5 141,3 2,77 3,40 6,55 9,53 12,70 15,88 19,05
9,5 11,6 21,8 31,0 40,3 49,1 57,4
150 6 168,3 2,77 3,40 7,11 10,97 14,27 18,26 21,95
11,3 13,8 28,3 42,6 54,2 67,6 79,2
200 8 219,1 2,77 3,76 6,35 7,04 8,18 10,31 12,70 15,09 18,26 20,62 23,01 22,23
14,8 20,0 33,3 36,8 42,6 53,1 64,6 75,9 90,4 100,9 111,3 107,9
250 10 273,0 3,40 4,19 6,35 7,80 9,27 12,70 12,70 15,09 18,26 21,44 25,40 28,58 25,40
22,6 27,8 42,4 51,8 60,3 81,6 81,6 96,0 114,8 133,1 155,2 172,3 155,2
300 12 323,8 3,96 4,57 6,35 8,38 9,53 10,31 14,27 12,70 17,48 21,44 25,40 28,58 33,32 25,40
31,3 36,0 49,7 65,2 73,9 79,7 109,0 97,4 132,1 159,9 187,0 208,1 238,8 187,0
350 14 355,6 3,96 4,78 6,35 7,92 9,53 9,53 11,13 15,09 12,70 19,05 23,83 27,79 31,75 35,71
34,4 41,3 54,7 67,9 81,3 81,3 94,6 126,7 107,4 158,1 195,0 224,7 253,5 281,7
400 16 406,4 4,19 4,78 6,35 7,92 9,53 9,53 12,70 16,66 12,70 21,44 26,19 30,96 36,53 40,49
41,6 47,3 62,6 77,8 93,3 93,3 123,3 160,1 123,3 203,5 245,6 286,6 333,2 365,4
450 18 457 4,19 4,78 6,35 7,92 11,13 9,53 14,27 19,05 12,70 23,83 29,36 34,93 39,67 45,24
46,8 53,3 70,6 87,7 122,4 105,2 155,8 205,7 139,2 254,6 309,6 363,6 408,3 459,4
500 20 508 4,78 5,54 6,35 9,53 12,70 9,53 15,09 20,62 12,70 26,19 32,54 38,10 44,45 50,01
59,3 68,6 78,6 117,2 155,1 117,2 183,4 247,8 155,1 311,2 381,5 441,5 508,1 564,8
– 22 559 4,78 5,54 6,35 9,53 12,70 9,53 22,23 12,70 28,58 34,93 41,28 47,63 53,98
65,2 75,5 86,5 129,1 171,1 129,1 299,3 171,1 373,8 451,5 527,0 600,6 672,3
600 24 610 5,54 6,35 6,35 9,53 14,27 9,53 17,48 24,61 12,70 30,96 38,89 46,02 52,37 59,54
82,5 94,5 94,5 141,1 209,6 141,1 255,4 355,3 187,1 442,1 547,7 640,0 720,2 808,2
NOTE: Green values are wall thicknesses in mm, other values are weights in kg/m.
Specific steel weight used for calculation is 8.0.
Titanium weight is approximately 57% of the table values.
DN = Nominal Diameter. SI description of pipe size in mm.
NPS = Nominal Pipe Size - description of pipe size in inch.
O.D = Outside Diameter of pipe.
Sch5S and 10S do not permit threading according to ANSI B1.20.1.
Sch40S and 80S in the table are applicable up to and including 12”.
17
COMPARISON OF INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS FOR

STAINLESS STEEL
Werkstoff-Nr. DIN. AISI. UNS. AFNOR. BS. JIS SS. GOST
1.4000 X6Cr13 403(410S) S 41008 Z6C13 403 S17 SUS 403 2301 08Ch13
(X7Cr13)
1.4002 X6CrAl13 405 S40500 Z6CAI13 405 S17 SUS 405 08Ch11NYU
(X7CrAl13)
1.4006 X10Cr13 410 S 41000 Z12C13 410 S21 SUS 410 2302 12Ch13
1.4016 X6Cr17 430 S43000 Z8C17 430 S15 SUS 430 2320 12Ch17
(X8CR17) 430 S17
1.4021 X20Cr13 420 S42000 Z20C13 420 S29 SUS 420J1 2303 20Ch13
420 S37 SUS 420J2
420 S45
1.4024 X15Cr13 410 S 41000 – 420 S29 SUS 410J1 – –
410 S21
1.4028 X30Cr13 420 S 42000 Z30C13 420 S45 SUS 420J2 2304 30Ch13
1.4031 X38Cr13 420 S 42000 Z40C14 – SUS 420J2 2304 40Ch13
(X40Cr13)
1.4034 X46Cr13 420 S42000 Z40C14 420 S45 – – 40Ch13
Z38C13M
1.4057 X20CrNi172 431 S43100 Z15CN 16-02 431 S29 SUS 431 2321 20Ch17N2
(X22CrNi17)
1.4510 X6CrTi17 XM8 – Z8CT17 – SUS 430LX – 08Ch17T
(X8CrTi17) 430Ti
1.4512 X6CrTi12 409 S 40900 Z6CT12 409 S19 SUH 409 – –
409 S17
1.4301 X5CrNi1810 304/304H S 30400 Z6CN18-09 304 S31 SUS 304 2332 08Ch18N10
(X5CrNi189)
1.4305 X10CrNiS189
(X12CrNiS188)
303 S 30300 Z10CNF 18-09 303 S21 SUS 303 2346 – 6
1.4306 X2CrNi1911 304L S 30403 Z2CN18-10 304 S12 SCS 19 2352 03Ch18N11
(X2CrNi 189) Z3CN19-10M 304 C12 SUS304L 2333
(G-X2Cr189) Z2CN18-09 304 S11
1.4310 X12CrNi177 301 S 30100 Z12CN17-07 301 S21 SUS 301 – –
Z12Cn18-07
1.4311 X2CrNiN 1810 304LN S 30453 Z2CN18-10Az 304 S62 SUS 304LN 2371 –
1.4401 X5CrNiMo17122 316 S 31600 Z6CND17-11 316 S16 SUS 316 2347 –
1.4404 X2CrNiMo17132 316L S 31603 Z2CND 18-13 316 S14 SUS 316L 2348 –
(X2CrNiMo1810) Z2CND17-12
(G-X2CrNiMo1810)
1.4429 X2CrNiMoN17133 316LN S 31653 Z2CND 17-13 – SUS 316LN 2375 –
(X2CrNiMoN1813)
1.4435 X2CrNiMo18143 316L S 31603 Z2CND 17-13 316 S11 SCS 16 2353 03Ch17N14M2
(X2CrNiMo1812) 316 S12 SUS 316L
316 S13
1.4436 X5CrNiMo17133 316 S 31600 Z6CND 17-12 316 S16 SUS 316 2343 –
(X5CrNiMo1812) 316 S33
1.4438 X2CrNiMo18164 317L S 31703 Z2CND 19-15 317 S12 SUS 317L 2367 –
(X2CrNiMo1816)
1.4439 X2CrNiMoN17135 317LNM S 31726 Z2CND 19-15 317 S16 – – –
1.4449 X5CrNiMo1713 317 – – 317 S16 SUS 317 – –
1.4465 X1CrNiMoN25252 – N 08310 – – – – –
1.4505 X5CrNiMoCuNb2018 – – – – – – 07Ch17N20M2D2T
1.4521 X2CrMoTi182 440 S 44400 – – – 2326 –
1.4529 X1NiCrMoCuN25206 – N 08925 – – – – –
19
Werkstoff-Nr. DIN. AISI. UNS. AFNOR. BS. JIS SS. GOST

1.4539 X1NiCrMoCu25205 904L N 08904 Z1NCDU25-2004 – – 2562 –
1.4541 X6CrNiTi1810 321 S 32100 Z6CNT18-10 321 S12 SUS 321 2337 1Ch18N12T
(X10CrNiTi189) 321 S20
(321 S31)
1.4550 X6CrNiNb1810 347 S 34700 Z6CNNb 18-10 347 S17 SUS 347 2338 08Ch 18N12B
(X10CrNiNb189) 347 S31
1.4558 X2NiCrAITi3220 – N 08800 – – – – –
1.4563 X1NiCrMoCuN31274 – N 08028 Z1NCDU31273Az – – – –
1.4571 X6CrNiMoTi17122 316Ti S 31635 Z6CNDT 17-12 320 S31 – 2350 10Ch17N13M2T
(X10CrNiMoTi1810) 320 S17
1.4580 X6CrNiMoNb17122 316 Cb – Z6CNDNb17-12 – – – 08Ch16N13M2B
(X10CrNiMoNb 1810) Z6CNDNb19-13
1.4583 X10CrNiMoNb1812 318 – – – – – –
1.4586 X5CrMoCuNb2218 – – – – – – –
1.4335 X1CrNi2521 310LC – Z2CN25-20 – – – –
1.4713 X10CrAl7 – – Z8CA7 – – – –
1.4718 X45CrSi93 HNV3 – Z45CS9 401 S45 SUH 1 – –
1.4724 X10CrAl13 (405) – Z10C13 403 S17 – – –
1.4742 X10CrAl18 (430) – Z10CAS18 430 S15 SUS 430 – –
SUH 21
1.4749 X18CrN28 446-1 – – – – – Ch25
1.4762 X10CrAl24 (446) – Z10CAS24 – – – –
1.4821 X20CrNiSi254 327 – Z20CNS25-04 – – – –
1.4828 X15CrNiSi2012 309 – Z15CNS20-12 309 S24 SUH 309 – Ch24N12S1
1.4833 X7CrNi2314 309S – Z15CN24-13 – SUS 3095 – –
1.4841 X15CrNiSi2520 314/310 – Z12CNS25-20 – SUH 310 – 20Ch25N20S2
1.4845 X12CrNi2521 310S – Z12CN25-20 310 S24 SUH 310 2361 10Ch23N18
SUS 310S
1.4848 (G-X40CrNiSi2520) – – – 310 C40 SCH 21 – –
1.4864 X12NiCrSi3616 330 N 08330 Z12NCS37-18 Na 17 SUH 330 – –
Z12NCS35-16
Z12NC37-18
1.4871 X53CrMnNiN219 EV8 – Z52CMN21-09 349 S54 SUH 35 – –
SUH 36
1.4876 X10NiCrAlTi3320 B163 N 08800 Z8NC32-21 NA 15(H) NCF 8000 – –
1.4876 X10CrNiAPTi3320 B163 N 08810 Z8NC32-21 NA 15 – – –
1.4878 X12CrNiTi189 321H – Z6CNT18-12(B) 321 S20 SUS 321 2337 –
(321 S12)
1.4893 – – S 30815 – – – 2368 –
– – – S 32750 – – – – –
1.4362 – – S 32304 – – – – –
1.4417 – – S 31500 – – – – –
1.4460 X4CrNiMo2751 329 S 32900 – – SUS 329J1 2324 –
(X8CrNiMo275) SCH 11
SCS 11
1.4462 X2CrNiMoN2253 – S 31803 Z2CND22-05Az – – – –
– – – S 31200 – – – – –
– – – S 31260 – – – – –
– – – S 32550 – – – – –
– – – S 32950 – – – – –
(–) hitherto existing DIN-designation
20
NICKEL ALLOYS CORROSION DATA
The following table summarises the typical resistance of various nickel base alloys to a wide range of co-
rrosive environments. When using the table the following points should be borne in mind:
1. Data are summarised in this way for guidance only to show:

i: The most suitable alloy for a given environment bearing in mind that no allowance is made for the effects
of heat transfer, erosion, galvanic effects or the influence of minor impurities present in mixtures.
2. Materials are rated according to the determined corosion rate in a particular environment:
A= Corrosion rate less than 0-1 mm/y.
B= Corrosion rate less than 0-5 mm/a but greater than 0-1 mm/y.
C= Corrosion rate greater than 0-5 mm/y.
Corrosion rates less than 0-5 mm/a (A and B rating) are acceptable for most chemical and process plant.
3. The information should not be taken as an implied recommendation for the use of a particular material
in a specific environment. It should not be a substitute for in plant trials with sample test coupons.
4. Concentrations refer to aqueous solution or mixtures of gases in air.
5. Environments are listed in alphabetical order.
6. This data is typical of results obtained in these environments. However, these alloys are not limited to
the corrosives, temperatures or concentrations given.
N.B. The A rating can be misleading in that very often the corrosion rate is very much less than 0-1 mm/y.
Where thin-walled material is to be used and only very low corrosion rates can be tolerated, more precise co-
rrosion data should be obtained.
Media Concen- Tempe- Nickel alloy alloy alloy alloy

tration % rature °C 200 & 201 400 600 800 825
Acetaldehyde 99 40 A A A A A
Acetic Acid 0-99 30 C B B A A
Acetic Anhydride 100 30 B B B A A
Acetone
Acetylene
Acrolein
0-100
100
100
100
150
100
A
A
B
A
–
B
A
–
B
A
A
B
A
A
B
7
Air 100 – A A A A A A
Alcohol-Allyl 100 30 A A A A A
Ethyl 100 30 A A A A A
Methyl 100 30 A A A A A
Allyl Chloride 100 30 A A B B A
Aluminium Chloride 100 0-30 B B B C B
AluminiumSulphate (Alum.) 100 30 C B C B A
Ammonia Liquid 0-100 30 C C B A A
Ammonium Bicarbonate 0-100 100 – – – B B
Ammonium Carbonate 0-20 30 – – – C B
Ammonium Chloride (dry) 0-20 20 – – – A A
100 100 B B B C B
Ammonium Hydroxide 0-30 70 – C – A A
Ammonium Nitrate 0-40 80 – – – A A
Ammonium Phosphate 5 100 B B B A A
Ammonium Sulphate 0-40 100 B B B B A
Amyl Acetate 100 30 A A A A A
Amyl Choride 100 30 A B B B B
Aniline 100 30 C C B A A
Barium Chloride 0-40 100 B B B B B
Barium Hydroxide 100 1040 B – B B A
0-50 100 A B B B A
Beer – 30 A A A A A
21

tration % rature °C 200 & 201 400 600 800 825
Beet Sugar Liquors 0-40 30 A A A A A

Benzaldehyde 100 30 B B B A A
Benzene 100 30 A A A A A
Black Sulphate Liquor 100 100 – – A B A
Boric Acid 0-20 100 B B B A A
Bromine, Dry 100 50 A A A B B
Butadiene 100 30 A A A A A
Butane 100 30 A A A A A
Butil Acetate 100 30 B B B A A
Butyric Acid 0-100 100 C B C B A
Calcium Chloride 0-25 30 A A A B A
Calcium Hydroxide 0-30 100 B B B B B
Cane Sugar Liquors 100 90 A A A A A
Carbon Bisulphide 100 30 A B A A A
Carbon Dioxide 100 450 A A A A A
Carbon Tetrachloride 100 30 A B A A A
Caustic Soda See Sodium
Hydroxide
Chlorine, Dry 100 550 B B A A C
Chlorobenzene 100 30 A B B B B
Chlorosulphonic Acid 100 30 B B B – B
Chloroform 100 100 A A A A A
Chromic Acid 0-100 30 C C C C B
Citric Acid 100 30 B B B B A
Coffee – 100 A A A A A
Copper Sulphate 0-30 100 C C C B A
Cresylic Acid 100 30 B B B B B
Dichloretuane 100 30 A A A B A
100 700 – – A A –
Ethyl Acetate 100 30 B B B B A
Ethyl Cellulose All 30 B B B B A
Ethyl Chloride 100 30 A A A A A
Ethylene Dichloride 100 30 A A A B A
100 700 – – A A –
Ethylene Glycol 100 30 B B B A A
Fatty Acids 100 30 A A A A A
Ferric Chloride 100 30 C C C C B
Ferric Nitrate 100 30 C C C B A
Ferric Sulphate 0-30 30 C B C B A
Fluoboric Acid 25 30 B B B B B
Fluosilicic Acid 20 30 B C B B B
Formaldehyde 0-100 30 A A A A A
Formic Acid 0-100 100 B B B C A
Fuel Oil 100 30 C A C A A
FurfuraI 30-100 100 B B B B A
Gelantine 0-40 50 B B A A A
Glucose All 30 A A A A A
Glutamic Acid All 30 B B B B A
Glycerine 100 30 A A A A A
Glycerol 0-100 150 A A A A A
High Temperature Salt
(nitrate/nitrite) – 500 A – A A –
Hydraulic Oil – – A A A A A
Hydrazine 100 35 C C C C C
Hydrobromic Acid – – C C C C C
Hydrochloric Acid 0-37 35
Hydrocyanic Acid 100 35 C C A A A
Hydrofluoric Acid 10-100 35 B A B C B
100 350 B B B C B
Hydrogen Peroxide
(acid free) All 30 B B B A A
22

tration % rature °C 200 & 201 400 600 800 825
Hydrogen Sulphide 0-20 150 – B – B A

Hydroquinone All 35 B B A – A
Insulin 100 35 A A A A A
Lactic Acid 80 30 C C B B A
Lead Acetate 20 30 B B A A A
Lemon Juice All 30 A B A B A
Linseed Oil 100 30 A A A A A
Lithium Chloride All 30 A A A A A
Lithium Hydroxide 10 30 A A A A A
Magnesium Carbonate All 30 A A A A A
Magnesium Chloride 0-50 30 A A A A A
Magnesium Hydroxide All 30 A A A A A
Magnesium Nitrate All 30 C C B A A
Magnesium Sulphate 30 30 B A A A A
Maleic Acid All 30 B B B B A
Mercuric Chloride All 30 C C C C C
Mercuric Cyanide All 30 C C C C B
Mercuric lodide All 30 C C C C C
Mercurous Nitrate All 30 C C B A A
Mercury All 100
Methyl Alcohol 0-100 100 A A A A A
Methyl Chloride 100 30 A A A A A
Methyl Ethyl Ketone All 100 B B B A A
Milk All 30 B B A A A
Mine Water All 65 C C A A A
Molasses All 30 A A A A A
Mono (sodium, potassium
or ammonium) Phosphate All 30 A A A A A
Naphthenic Acid 100 30 B A A A A
Nickel Chloride All 30 B B B B A
Nickel Nitrate All 30 C C B B A
Nickel Sulphate All 30 B B B B A
Nitric Acid 0-65 30 C C B A A
100 80 C C C B A
Nitrobenzene 100 100 B B B B B
Oils, Crude 100 30 A A A A A
Oils, Essential 100 30 A A A A A
Oils, Mineral 100 30 A A A A A
Oils, Palm 100 30 A A A A A
Oils, Peanut 100 30 A A A A A
Oils, Sulphonated 100 30 A A A A A
Oils, Vegetable 100 30 A A A A A
Oleic Acid 100 30 B B A A A
Oleum 20 30 C C A B A
Orange Juice All 30 A A A A A
Oxalic Acid All 30 C B B C B
Oxidising gases 100 °C 1000 550 1100 1100 900
Palmitic Acid 100 30 A A A A A
Paraffin 100 35 A A A A A
Petrol 100 30 A A A A A
Phenol 100 30 A B A A A
Phenol Sulphonic Acid 100 30 B B B B A
Phosphoric Acid 0-25 30 B A A B A
25-85 85 A A C C A
Phthalic Anhydride 100 30 B A A B A
Picric Acid 100 30 C C C C B
Potassium Bicarbonate 0-30 30 A A A A A
Potassium Carbonate All 30 A A A A A
Potassium Chlorate All 30 B B B B A
Potassium Chloride All 30 A A A A A
Potassium Chromate 0-30 30 A B A B A
23

tration % rature °C 200 & 201 400 600 800 825
Potassium Cyanide 0-30 100 B – B B B

Potassium Dichromate 0-20 30 B B B B A
Potassium Ferricyanide 0-30 30 B B B B B
Potassium Hydroxide 0-50 30 A A B B B
0-50 100 A A B B B
Potassium Nitrate All 30 B B B A A
Potassium Sulphate 10 30 B B A A A
Propane 100 100 A A A A A
Salicylic Acid All 30 A A A A A
Sea Water 100 100 A A A A A
Silicon Tetrachloride 100 30 A A A B A
Silver Nitrate All 30 C C B B B
Soap 100 30 A A A A A
Sodium Acetate All 30 B B B B A
Sodium Bicarbonate All 30 B B B B A
Sodium Bisulphate 10 30 B A B B A
Sodium Bromide 0-50 30 B B B B B
Sodium Carbonate 30 A B B B B A
Sodium Chloride All 30 B A B A A
Sodium Hydroxide 0-50 30 A A A A A
50-75 30 A A A B A
Sodium Metaphosphate All 30 B B A B A
Sodium Metasilicate 0-50 30 A A A A A
Sodium Nitrate 10 30 B B A A A
All 30 B B A A A
Sodium Peroxide 100 100 B B B C B
Sodium Phosphate All 30 A A A A A
Sodium Sulphate All 30 A A A A A
Sodinm Sulphide All 30 B B A B A
Steam 100 450 A A A A A
Stearic Acid All 30 A A A A A
Sugar (liquid) All 30 A A A A A
Sulphuric Acid 0-15 30 B A B B A
15-75 30 C B C B A
75-96 30 C C C C A
Sulphurous Acid 0-60 100 – – – C B
Tall Oil 100 30 A A A A A
Tannic Acid 10 30 B B B B B
Tartaric Acid 58 30 B B B B A
Tetraphosphoric Acid 100 30 C C B – A
Toluene 100 100 A A A A A
Trichloroethylene 100 100 A A B B B
Turpentine 100 30 A A A A A
Urea 50-100 375 – – B B A
Vinegar 100 30 A A A B A
Vinyl Chloride 100 30 A A A A A
Water 100 100 A A A A A
Xylene 100 100 B B A B A
Zinc Ammonium Chloride 0-40 100 – B B C B
Zinc Chloride 0-100 30 B B B C B
Zinc Nitrate 10 30 C C B B A
Zinc Sulphate 20 30 B B B B A
24
PRODUCTS ACCORDING TO ASTM CODE
SEAMLESS TUBES AND PIPES:

FERRITIC – MARTESITIC STELL ASTM A 268
STAINLESS STEEL ASTM A 213, ASTM A 269, ASTM A 271, ASTM A 312
ASTM A 376, ASTM B 677
DUPLEX / SUPERDUPLEX ASTM A 789, ASTM A 790
NICKEL AND NICKEL ALLOYS ASTM B 161, ASTM B 163, ASTM B 165, ASTM B 167
ASTM B 407, ASTM B 423, ASTM B 444, ASTM B 622
ASTM B 668, ASTM B 729, ASTM B 677
TITANIUM ASTM B 338, ASTM B 861, ASTM B 337
COPPER AND COPPER ALLOYS ASTM B 43, ASTM B 68, ASTM B 75, ASTM B 88
ASTM B 543
WELDED TUBES AND PIPES:

FERRITIC – MARTESITIC STEEL ASTM A 268
STAINLESS STEEL ASTM A 249, ASTM A 312, ASTM A 358, ASTM A 409
ASTM B 673, ASTM B 674, ASTM A 731
DUPLEX / SUPERDUPLEX ASTM A 789, ASTM A 790
ASTM B 775
TITANIUM ASTM B 338, ASTM B 862
COPPER AND COPPER ALLOYS ASTM B 467, ASTM B 543, ASTM B 608
PLATES:
STAINLESS STEEL ASTM A 167, ASTM A 176, ASTM A 240
TITANIUM ASTM B 265
FITTINGS:
STAINLESS STEEL ASTM A 182, ASTM A 403, ASTM A 815
NICKEL AND NICKEL ALLOYS
TITANIUM
ASTM
ASTM
B
B
366
363 8
FLANGES AND FORGINGS:

NICKEL AND NICKEL ALLOYS ASTM B 462, ASTM B 564
TITANIUM ASTM B 348
COPPER AND COPPER ALLOYS ASTM B 62, ASTM B 271
ROUND, SQUARE AND HEXAGONAL BARS:

STAINLESS STEEL ASTM A 276, ASTM A 479
NICKEL AND NICKEL ALLOYS ASTM B 160, ASTM B 166, ASTM B 164, ASTM B 335,
TITANIUM ASTM B 348
COPPER AND COPPER ALLOYS ASTM B 148, ASTM B 271
25

SEAMLESS/STAINLESS STEEL TUBES (Kg/cm2)
Temperature Material Nominal size in inches / Presure Kg/cm2
°C 1/2” 3/4” 1” 1.1/4” 1.1/2” 2” 2.1/2” 3” 3.1/2”
Schedule Schedule Schedule Schedule Schedule Schedule Schedule Schedule Schedule
AISI 5S 10S 5S 10S 5S 10S 5S 10S 5S 10S 5S 10S 5S 10S 5S 10S 5S 10S
-29° to 38° 304-321 159 207 126 163 99 171 78 134 68 112 54 92 57 84 47 68 41 59
347-316
304 141 184 112 145 88 152 69 119 60 103 48 82 51 74 41 60 36 53
93° 321-347 141 184 112 145 88 152 69 119 60 103 48 82 51 74 41 60 36 53
316 159 207 126 163 99 171 78 134 68 112 54 92 57 84 47 68 41 59
304 127 165 101 130 79 137 62 107 54 91 43 74 46 67 37 54 32 47
149° 321-347 144 187 114 148 90 155 71 121 62 102 49 84 52 76 42 62 37 54
316 152 197 120 155 95 164 75 128 65 111 52 88 54 80 44 65 39 57
304 116 150 91 118 72 125 57 97 49 84 39 67 41 61 34 49 29 43
204° 321-347 134 174 106 137 84 144 66 113 57 96 45 78 48 70 39 57 34 50
316 149 193 117 152 93 160 73 125 63 102 50 86 53 78 43 64 38 55
304 106 138 84 108 66 114 52 89 45 73 36 61 38 55 31 45 27 39
260° 321-347 129 168 102 132 81 139 63 108 55 94 44 75 46 68 38 55 33 48
316 146 190 115 149 91 157 72 123 62 101 49 84 52 77 43 62 37 54
304 98 128 78 101 61 106 48 83 42 73 33 57 35 51 29 42 25 37
316° 321-347 126 164 100 129 79 136 62 106 54 94 43 73 45 66 37 54 32 47
316 145 189 115 148 91 156 71 122 62 101 49 84 52 76 42 62 37 54
304 95 123 75 97 59 102 46 80 40 62 32 56 34 50 28 40 24 35
343° 321-347 126 164 100 129 79 136 62 106 54 94 43 73 45 66 37 54 32 47
316 145 188 144 148 90 156 71 122 62 101 49 84 52 76 42 62 37 54
304 91 119 72 94 57 98 45 77 39 62 31 53 33 48 27 39 23 34
371° 321-347 126 163 99 128 78 135 62 106 53 94 42 73 45 66 37 54 32 47
316 144 187 114 148 90 155 71 121 62 102 49 84 52 76 42 62 37 54
304 88 115 70 90 55 95 43 74 37 62 30 51 31 46 26 38 22 33
399° 321-347 125 162 99 128 78 134 61 105 53 94 42 72 45 65 36 53 32 46
316 143 186 113 147 90 154 70 121 61 101 49 83 51 75 42 61 37 53
304 85 110 67 87 53 91 41 71 36 72 29 49 30 44 25 36 21 31
427° 321-347 123 160 98 126 77 133 60 104 53 94 42 71 44 65 36 53 31 46
316 142 185 112 145 89 153 70 120 61 101 48 82 51 74 42 61 36 53
304 82 107 65 84 51 88 40 69 35 61 28 47 29 43 24 35 21 30
454° 321-347 121 158 96 124 76 131 59 102 52 85 41 70 43 64 35 52 31 45
316 140 182 111 143 87 151 69 118 60 101 48 87 40 70 41 60 36 52
304 80 103 63 81 50 86 39 67 34 53 27 46 28 42 23 34 20 29
482° 321-347 120 155 94 122 75 129 59 101 51 85 40 69 43 63 35 51 30 45
316 136 176 107 139 85 146 67 114 58 94 46 78 49 71 40 58 35 51
304 77 100 61 79 48 83 38 65 33 53 26 44 27 40 22 33 19 28
510° 321-347 117 153 93 120 73 127 58 99 50 85 40 68 42 62 34 50 30 44
316 128 166 101 131 80 138 63 108 55 94 43 74 46 67 37 55 33 48
304 74 97 59 76 46 80 36 63 32 51 35 43 27 39 22 32 19 28
538° 321-347 115 149 90 117 71 123 56 96 49 82 39 66 41 60 33 49 29 43
316 119 154 94 121 74 128 58 100 51 85 40 69 42 62 35 51 30 44
304 72 93 57 74 45 77 35 60 31 51 24 41 26 38 21 31 18 27
566° 321-347 111 144 188 114 69 120 54 93 47 88 38 54 40 58 32 47 28 41
316 103 134 82 106 65 111 51 87 44 75 35 60 37 54 30 44 26 38
304 64 84 51 66 40 69 31 54 27 40 21 37 23 33 18 27 16 24
593° 321-347 108 140 85 110 67 116 52 90 45 76 36 62 38 56 31 46 27 40
316 89 117 70 91 55 96 43 75 38 69 30 51 32 46 26 38 22 33
304 51 67 40 52 31 55 24 42 21 34 16 29 17 26 14 21 12 18
621° 321-347 71 93 55 72 43 76 34 59 29 52 23 40 24 36 20 29 17 25
316 75 99 59 77 46 81 36 63 31 54 25 43 26 38 21 31 18 27
304 40 52 31 40 24 43 19 33 16 28 13 22 14 20 11 16 9 14
649° 321-347 44 58 34 45 27 48 21 37 18 39 14 25 15 22 12 18 11 16
316 60 79 47 61 29 50 25 43 20 34 21 31 17 25 15 21
677°
304
321-347
316
28
32
47
38
42
62
22
25
36
29
32
48
17
19
28
31
34
50
13
15
22
24
26
39
12
13
19
20
25
32
9
10
15
16
18
26
10
11
16
14
16
24
8
9
13
12
13
19
7
7
11
10
11
17
9
304 21 28 17 22 13 23 10 18 9 12 7 12 7 11 6 9 5 7
704° 321-347 24 31 18 24 14 25 20 10 17 7 7 13 8 12 6 10 5 8
316 35 46 27 36 21 38 17 29 14 25 11 20 12 18 10 14 8 12
304 15 21 12 16 9 17 7 13 6 11 5 9 5 8 4 6 4 5
732° 321-347 17 23 14 18 10 19 8 14 7 12 5 10 6 9 5 7 4 6
316 26 35 20 27 16 28 12 22 11 19 8 15 9 13 7 11 6 9
304 12 16 9 12 7 13 6 10 5 9 4 7 4 6 3 5 3 4
760° 321-347 13 18 10 14 8 14 6 11 5 10 4 8 4 7 3 5 3 5
316 20 27 16 21 12 22 10 17 8 15 6 11 7 10 5 8 5 7
304 8 11 7 9 5 9 4 7 3 6 2 5 3 4 2 3 2 3
788° 321-347 10 14 8 10 6 11 5 8 4 7 4 6 3 5 3 4 2 3
316 16 21 12 16 10 17 7 13 6 11 5 9 5 8 4 6 4 6
304 6 8 5 6 4 7 3 5 2 4 2 3 2 3 1 2 1 2
816° 321-347 8 11 7 9 5 9 4 7 3 6 6 8 3 4 2 3 2 3
316 13 17 10 13 8 14 6 11 5 9 4 7 4 6 3 5 3 4
27

°C 4” 5” 6” 8” 10” 12” 14” 16”
Schedule Schedule Schedule Schedule Schedule Schedule Schedule Schedule
AISI 5S 10S 5S 10S 5S 10S 5S 10S 5S 10S 5S 10S 5S 10S 5S 10S
-29° to 38° 304-321 36 53 38 47 32 40 24 30 24 30 25 27 21 26 20 33
347-316
304 32 47 34 42 28 35 22 30 21 26 22 24 17 21 16 18
93° 321-347 32 47 34 42 28 35 22 30 21 26 22 24 17 21 16 18
316 36 53 38 47 32 40 24 33 24 30 25 27 21 26 20 23
304 29 42 31 38 26 32 19 27 19 24 20 22 17 21 16 18
149° 321-347 33 48 35 43 29 36 22 30 22 27 23 25 19 23 18 20
316 50 37 45 31 31 38 23 32 23 38 24 26 20 25 19 22
304 26 38 28 34 23 29 18 24 17 22 18 20 15 19 14 16
204° 321-347 30 54 32 40 27 33 21 28 20 25 21 23 18 22 17 19
316 34 49 36 44 30 37 23 31 22 28 23 25 20 24 18 21
304 24 35 25 31 21 26 16 22 16 20 17 18 14 17 13 15
260° 321-347 29 42 31 38 26 32 20 27 19 24 20 22 17 21 16 18
316 33 48 35 43 29 36 22 31 22 27 23 25 20 24 18 21
304 22 32 24 29 20 24 15 21 15 18 15 17 13 16 12 14
316° 321-347 28 42 30 38 25 31 19 26 19 24 20 22 17 21 16 18
316 33 48 35 43 29 36 22 30 22 27 23 25 20 24 18 21
304 21 31 23 28 19 23 14 20 14 18 15 16 13 15 12 13
343° 321-347 28 42 30 37 25 31 19 26 19 24 20 21 17 20 16 18
316 33 48 35 43 29 36 22 30 22 27 23 25 19 24 18 21
304 21 31 23 28 19 23 14 20 14 18 15 16 13 15 15 13
371° 321-347 28 42 30 37 25 31 19 26 19 24 20 21 17 20 16 18
316 33 48 35 43 29 36 22 30 22 27 23 25 19 23 18 20
304 20 29 21 26 17 22 13 18 13 16 14 15 12 14 11 12
399° 321-347 28 41 30 37 35 31 19 26 19 23 20 21 17 20 15 18
316 32 47 34 43 29 36 22 30 22 27 22 25 19 23 18 20
304 19 28 20 25 17 21 13 18 13 16 13 14 11 14 10 12
427° 321-347 28 41 30 37 25 31 19 26 19 23 19 21 16 20 15 17
316 32 47 34 42 28 35 22 30 21 27 22 24 19 23 18 20
304 18 27 20 24 16 20 12 17 12 15 13 14 11 13 10 11
454° 321-347 27 40 29 36 24 30 18 25 18 23 19 21 16 20 15 17
316 32 46 34 42 28 35 21 29 21 26 22 24 19 23 17 20
304 18 26 19 23 16 20 12 17 12 15 12 14 10 13 10 11
482° 321-347 27 39 29 35 24 30 18 25 18 22 19 20 16 19 15 17
316 31 45 33 40 27 34 21 28 21 25 21 23 18 22 17 19
304 17 25 18 23 15 19 12 16 11 14 12 13 10 12 9 11
510° 321-347 26 39 28 35 24 29 18 25 18 22 18 20 16 19 14 17
316 29 42 31 38 26 32 20 27 19 24 20 22 17 21 16 18
304 17 24 18 22 15 18 11 15 11 14 11 13 10 12 9 10
538° 321-347 26 38 27 34 23 28 17 24 17 21 18 20 15 19 14 16
316 27 39 28 35 24 29 18 25 18 22 19 20 16 19 15 17
304 16 24 17 21 14 18 11 15 11 13 11 12 9 11 9 10
566° 321-347 25 37 27 33 22 28 17 23 17 21 17 19 15 18 14 16
316 23 34 25 31 21 26 16 22 15 19 16 18 14 17 13 15
304 14 21 15 19 13 16 9 13 9 12 10 11 8 10 7 9
593° 321-347 24 35 25 32 21 26 16 22 16 20 17 18 14 17 12 15
316 20 29 21 26 18 22 13 18 13 16 14 15 12 14 10 9
304 11 16 12 14 10 12 7 10 7 9 7 8 6 8 5 7
621° 321-347 15 22 16 20 14 17 10 14 10 13 10 11 9 11 8 9
316 16 24 17 21 14 18 11 15 11 13 11 12 9 12 8 10
304 8 12 9 11 7 9 6 8 5 7 6 6 5 6 4 5
649° 321-347 9 14 10 12 8 10 6 9 6 8 6 7 5 7 5 6
316 13 19 14 17 11 14 9 12 9 11 9 10 8 7 6 8
304 6 9 6 8 5 7 4 5 4 5 4 4 3 4 3 4
677° 321-347 7 10 7 9 6 7 4 6 4 5 4 5 4 5 3 4
316 10 15 11 13 9 11 7 9 7 8 7 7 6 7 5 6
304 4 7 5 6 4 5 3 4 3 4 3 3 2 3 2 2
704° 321-347 5 7 5 7 4 5 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 3 2 3
316 7 11 8 10 7 8 5 7 5 6 5 5 4 5 4 4
304 3 5 3 4 3 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2
732° 321-347 3 5 4 5 3 4 2 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2
316 5 8 6 7 5 6 4 5 3 4 4 4 3 4 3 3
304 2 4 2 3 2 3 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1
760° 321-347 3 4 3 4 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1
316 4 6 4 6 4 5 3 4 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 2
304 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
788° 321-347 2 3 2 3 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
316 3 5 3 4 3 4 2 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 1 2
304 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0,9 1 0,7 0,9
816° 321-347 2 3 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
316 2 4 3 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1
28

°C 1/2” 3/4” 1” 1.1/4” 1.1/2” 2” 2.1/2” 3” 3.1/2”
Schedule Schedule Schedule Schedule Schedule Schedule Schedule Schedule Schedule
AISI 5S 10S 5S 10S 5S 10S 5S 10S 5S 10S 5S 10S 5S 10S 5S 10S 5S 10S
-29° to 38° 304-321 327 458 267 375 250 345 205 287 185 265 156 225 170 236 148 209 135 193
347-316
304 291 406 237 333 222 306 182 255 164 234 138 200 151 209 131 185 120 171
93° 321-347 291 406 237 333 222 306 182 255 164 234 138 200 151 209 131 185 120 171
316 327 458 267 375 250 345 205 287 185 265 156 225 270 236 148 209 135 193
304 262 366 213 300 200 276 164 229 148 220 124 180 136 189 118 167 108 154
149° 321-347 297 415 242 340 226 313 186 260 167 230 141 204 154 214 134 189 122 175
316 312 437 255 358 238 329 196 274 176 244 148 215 162 225 141 199 129 184
304 238 333 194 273 182 251 149 209 134 162 113 164 124 178 107 152 98 140
204° 321-347 276 385 225 316 210 291 173 242 156 223 131 189 143 199 124 176 113 162
316 305 427 249 350 233 322 192 268 172 242 145 210 159 220 138 195 126 180
304 218 305 178 250 166 230 137 191 123 172 104 150 113 157 98 139 90 128
260° 321-347 265 371 216 308 202 280 166 233 150 212 126 182 138 191 120 169 109 156
316 300 420 245 344 229 317 188 263 169 232 143 206 156 216 135 192 123 177
304 202 283 165 232 154 213 127 177 114 165 96 139 105 146 91 129 83 119
316° 321-347 260 364 212 298 198 274 163 228 147 209 123 179 135 187 117 166 107 153
316 298 417 243 342 228 315 187 262 168 236 142 275 155 215 135 191 123 176
304 195 273 159 224 149 206 123 171 110 151 93 138 101 141 88 125 80 115
343° 321-347 259 362 211 297 198 273 163 227 146 202 123 178 135 187 117 165 107 153
316 298 416 248 341 227 314 187 261 168 230 141 204 155 214 134 190 122 175
304 188 263 154 216 144 199 118 165 106 152 89 129 98 136 85 120 77 111
371° 321-347 258 361 211 296 197 272 162 226 146 202 123 177 134 186 116 165 106 152
316 298 416 243 341 227 314 187 261 168 230 141 204 155 214 134 190 122 175
304 181 254 148 208 138 191 114 159 102 145 86 124 94 131 82 116 74 107
399° 321-347 257 359 209 294 196 270 161 225 145 202 122 176 133 185 116 164 105 151
316 295 412 240 338 225 311 185 259 166 230 140 203 153 213 133 188 121 174
304 174 244 142 200 133 184 109 153 98 135 83 120 91 126 79 111 72 103
427° 321-347 254 355 207 291 194 268 159 223 143 202 121 174 132 184 114 162 104 150
316 292 409 238 335 223 308 183 256 165 230 139 201 145 211 132 187 120 172
304 169 236 138 194 129 178 106 148 95 132 80 116 88 122 76 108 69 100
454° 321-347 250 349 203 286 190 263 157 219 141 195 119 171 130 180 113 159 103 147
316 288 403 235 330 220 304 181 252 162 224 137 198 150 208 130 184 118 170
304 164 229 134 188 125 173 103 144 92 132 78 112 85 118 74 105 67 96
482° 321-347 246 344 201 282 188 259 154 216 139 195 117 169 128 177 111 157 101 145
316 279 390 228 320 213 294 175 245 158 224 133 192 145 201 126 178 115 164
304 159 222 129 182 121 167 99 139 89 125 75 109 82 114 71 101 65 93
510° 321-347 242 338 197 277 184 255 152 212 136 195 115 166 126 174 109 154 99 142
316 264 368 215 302 201 278 165 231 149 215 125 181 137 190 119 168 108 155
304 153 214 125 176 117 162 96 134 86 125 73 105 80 110 69 98 63 90
538° 321-347 236 329 192 270 180 248 148 207 133 185 112 162 122 170 106 150 97 139
316 244 342 199 280 186 258 153 214 138 195 116 168 127 176 110 156 100 144
304 148 207 121 170 113 156 96 130 83 112 70 107 77 107 67 94 61 87
566° 321-347 229 320 186 262 174 241 143 200 129 181 108 159 119 165 103 146 94 135
316 213 229 173 244 162 224 133 187 120 165 101 146 111 153 96 136 87 125
304 134 189 109 154 101 141 83 117 75 107 63 91 69 96 59 85 54 78
593° 321-347 224 316 181 253 169 236 139 195 125 171 105 152 115 160 99 141 91 130
316 186 263 151 214 141 196 116 163 104 143 87 127 95 133 83 118 75 108
304 108 156 87 125 81 115 66 94 59 84 49 72 54 76 47 67 42 62
621° 321-347 151 218 121 175 113 160 92 131 82 112 69 101 75 106 65 93 59 86
316 160 232 129 186 120 170 97 139 87 124 73 107 80 113 69 99 63 91
304 85 122 68 98 63 90 51 73 46 65 38 56 42 60 36 52 33 48
649° 321-347 94 136 75 109 70 100 57 82 51 73 43 63 47 66 40 58 37 54
316 128 185 103 148 96 136 78 111 70 103 58 86 64 90 55 79 50 73
304 61 88 49 71 46 65 37 53 33 43 28 41 30 43 26 38 24 35
677° 321-347 68 98 54 78 50 72 41 59 37 52 31 45 34 47 29 42 26 38
316 100 144 80 116 75 106 61 86 54 72 45 67 50 70 43 62 39 57
304 46 66 37 53 34 49 28 40 25 34 21 31 23 32 20 28 18 26
704° 321-347 51 73 41 59 38 54 31 44 27 44 23 34 25 36 22 31 20 29
316 75 109 60 87 56 80 46 65 41 56 34 50 37 53 32 46 29 43
304 34 49 27 39 25 36 20 29 18 22 15 22 17 24 14 21 13 19
732° 321-347 37 54 30 43 28 40 23 32 20 26 17 25 18 26 16 23 14 21
316 56 81 45 65 42 60 34 49 30 41 25 38 28 40 24 35 22 32
304 26 38 21 30 19 28 16 22 14 20 12 17 13 18 11 16 10 15
760° 321-347 29 42 23 33 21 31 17 25 16 22 13 19 14 20 12 18 11 16
316 44 64 35 51 33 47 27 38 24 34 20 29 22 31 19 27 17 25
304 18 27 15 21 14 20 11 16 10 11 8 12 9 13 8 11 7 10
788° 321-347 22 32 18 26 16 24 13 19 12 15 10 17 11 15 9 16 8 14
316 35 50 28 40 26 37 21 30 19 24 15 23 17 24 15 21 13 20
304 14 20 11 16 10 15 8 12 7 10 6 9 7 10 6 8 5 8
816° 321-347 18 27 15 21 14 20 11 16 10 12 8 12 9 13 8 11 7 10
316 28 40 22 32 21 30 17 24 15 20 12 18 14 20 12 17 11 16
29

°C 4” 5” 6” 8” 10” 12” 14” 16”
Schedule Schedule Schedule Schedule Schedule Schedule Schedule Schedule
40S 80S 40S 80S 40S 80S 40S 80S 40S 80S 40S 80S 40S 80S 40S 80S
-29° to 38° 304-321 125 181 110 162 100 156 88 138 79 110 68 92 62 84 54 73
347-316
304 111 161 97 144 88 139 78 123 70 98 61 82 55 74 48 65
93° 321-347 111 161 97 144 88 139 78 123 70 98 61 82 55 74 48 65
316 125 181 110 162 100 157 88 138 79 110 68 92 62 84 54 73
304 100 145 88 118 80 125 70 110 63 88 55 74 50 67 43 58
149° 321-347 113 164 92 136 90 142 79 125 72 100 62 84 56 76 49 66
316 119 173 105 155 95 149 84 132 76 105 65 88 59 80 52 70
304 91 132 80 118 72 114 64 101 58 80 50 67 45 61 39 53
204° 321-347 105 152 92 136 84 132 74 116 67 93 58 78 52 70 46 61
316 117 169 102 151 93 146 82 129 74 103 64 86 58 78 51 68
304 83 121 73 108 66 104 58 92 53 73 46 61 41 56 36 48
260° 321-347 101 147 89 131 81 127 71 112 64 89 55 75 50 68 44 59
316 115 166 101 149 91 144 80 127 73 101 63 84 57 77 50 67
304 77 112 68 100 61 97 54 85 49 68 42 57 38 52 33 45
316° 321-347 99 144 87 129 79 124 70 110 63 87 54 73 49 66 43 58
316 114 165 100 148 91 143 80 126 72 100 62 84 57 76 50 66
304 75 108 65 97 59 93 52 82 47 65 41 55 37 50 32 43
343° 321-347 99 143 87 128 79 124 70 109 63 87 54 73 49 66 43 58
316 114 165 100 147 91 142 80 126 72 100 62 84 57 76 49 66
304 72 104 63 93 57 90 50 79 46 63 39 53 36 48 31 42
371° 321-347 99 143 86 128 78 123 69 109 63 87 54 73 49 66 43 58
316 113 164 99 147 90 142 79 125 72 100 62 84 56 76 49 66
304 69 100 61 90 55 87 48 77 44 61 38 51 34 46 30 40
399° 321-347 98 142 86 127 78 123 69 108 62 86 34 72 49 65 42 57
316 113 163 99 146 90 141 79 125 72 99 62 83 56 75 49 66
304 67 96 58 86 53 83 46 74 42 58 36 49 33 44 29 39
427° 321-347 97 140 85 126 77 121 68 107 62 85 53 71 48 65 42 56
316 112 162 98 145 89 140 78 124 71 98 61 82 56 75 48 65
304 64 93 56 84 51 81 45 71 41 57 35 47 32 43 28 37
454° 321-347 95 138 84 123 76 119 67 105 60 84 52 70 47 64 41 55
316 110 159 96 143 88 138 77 122 70 97 60 81 55 74 48 64
304 63 91 55 81 50 78 44 69 40 55 34 46 31 42 27 36
482° 321-347 94 136 82 122 75 118 66 104 60 83 51 69 47 63 37 55
316 107 154 93 138 85 133 75 118 68 94 58 79 53 71 46 62
304 60 88 53 78 48 76 42 67 38 53 33 44 30 40 26 35
510° 321-347 92 134 81 120 73 115 65 102 59 81 50 68 46 62 40 54
316 101 146 88 130 80 126 70 111 64 88 55 74 60 67 44 59
304 58 85 51 76 46 73 41 65 37 51 32 43 29 39 25 34
538° 321-347 90 130 79 116 72 113 63 69 57 79 49 66 45 60 39 52
316 93 135 82 121 74 117 65 103 59 82 51 69 46 92 40 54
304 56 82 49 73 45 71 39 62 36 50 31 42 28 38 24 33
566° 321-347 87 126 76 113 69 109 61 96 55 77 48 64 43 58 38 51
316 81 118 71 105 65 102 57 90 52 71 44 60 40 54 35 47
304 50 73 44 65 40 63 35 56 32 44 27 37 25 33 21 29
593° 321-347 84 122 74 109 67 105 59 93 53 74 46 62 41 56 36 49
316 70 102 61 91 55 88 49 77 44 61 38 51 34 46 30 40
304 39 58 34 51 31 49 27 43 24 34 21 29 19 26 16 22
621° 321-347 55 80 48 72 43 69 38 61 34 48 29 40 27 36 23 31
316 58 85 51 76 46 73 40 64 36 51 31 42 28 38 25 33
304 31 45 27 40 24 39 21 34 19 27 16 22 15 20 13 17
649 321-347 34 50 30 45 27 43 23 38 21 30 18 25 16 22 14 19
316 46 68 40 61 37 59 32 52 29 41 25 34 23 31 20 27
304 22 32 19 29 17 28 15 24 14 19 12 16 9 14 8 11
677° 321-347 24 36 21 32 19 31 17 27 15 21 13 18 10 16 9 12
316 36 53 31 47 28 46 25 40 23 32 19 26 15 24 9 18
304 16 24 14 22 13 21 11 18 10 14 9 12 8 11 7 9
704° 321-347 18 27 16 24 14 23 12 20 11 16 10 13 9 12 7 10
316 27 40 24 35 21 34 19 30 17 24 14 20 13 18 11 15
304 12 18 10 16 9 15 8 13 7 10 6 9 6 8 5 7
732° 321-347 13 20 12 18 10 17 9 15 8 12 7 10 6 9 5 7
316 20 30 18 27 17 26 14 22 13 18 11 15 10 13 8 11
304 9 14 8 12 7 12 6 10 6 8 5 7 4 6 4 5
760° 321-347 10 15 9 13 8 13 7 11 6 9 5 7 5 7 4 6
316 16 28 14 21 12 20 11 18 10 14 8 11 7 10 6 9
304 6 9 6 9 5 8 4 7 4 6 3 5 3 4 2 3
788° 321-347 8 12 7 10 6 10 5 9 5 7 4 6 4 5 3 4
316 12 18 11 16 10 16 8 14 8 11 6 9 6 8 5 7
304 5 7 4 6 4 6 3 5 3 4 2 3 2 3 2 2
816° 321-347 6 10 6 9 5 8 4 7 4 6 3 5 3 4 2 3
316 10 15 9 13 8 13 7 11 6 9 5 7 5 6 4 5
30
EQUIVALENTS IN INCHES AND MILLIMITRES
BWG EQUIVALENTS IN INCHES AND MILLIMETRES
Bwg in mm Bwg in mm
0 .340 8.636 13 .095 2.413

1 .300 7.620 14 .083 2.108
2 .284 7.213 15 .072 1.829
3 .259 6.578 16 .065 1.651
4 .238 6.045 17 .058 1.473
5 .220 5.588 18 .049 1.244
6 .203 5.156 19 .042 1.067
7 .180 4.572 20 .035 0.889
8 .165 4.190 21 .032 0.812
9 .148 3.759 22 .028 0.711
10 .134 3.403 23 .025 0.635
11 .120 3.048 24 .022 0.559
12 .109 2.768 25 .020 0.508
SWG EQUIVALENTS IN INCHES AND MILLIMETRES
Swg in mm Bwg in mm
0 .324 8.230 13 .092 2.337

1 .300 7.620 14 .080 2.032
2 .276 7.010 15 .072 1.829
3 .252 6.401 16 .064 1.626
4 .232 5.893 17 .056 1.422
5 .212 5.385 18 .048 1.219
6 .192 4.877 19 .040 1.016
7 .176 4.470 20 .036 0.914
8 .160 4.064 21 .032 0.813
9 .144 3.658 22 .028 0.711
10 .128 3.251 23 .024 0.610
11 .116 2.946 24 .022 0.559
12 .104 2.642 25 .020 0.508
10
31
WEIGHT OF FITTINGS
NOTE:
All weights in this section are based on approximate weights for steel.
Titanium weights can be calculated as 57% of the table values.
(ANSI B16.11) 3000 lbs SCREWED FITTINGS
TYPE APPROXIMATE WEIGHTS IN Kg
SIZE INCHES 1/8 1/4 3/8 1/2 3/4 1 1 1/4 1 1/2 2
SIZE METRIC 6 8 10 15 20 25 32 40 50
Round Nipples 0,023 0,04 0,055 0,1 0,2 0,242 – 0,405 0,56
Hexagon Nipples 0,032 0,04 0,072 0,1 0,16 0,24 0,38 0,455 0,55
#Hexagon
Reducing Nipples – 0,038 0,055 0,09 0,142 0,205 0,35 0,405 0,51
End Caps 0,026 0,04 0,06 0,106 0,14 0,34 0,454 0,7 1,3
Unions 0,16 0,16 0,21 0,325 0,5 0,9 1,12 1,45 2,19
90° Elbows 0,16 0,135 0,27 0,41 0,61 1 1,25 1,6 2,55
45° Elbows 0,12 0,11 0,23 0,34 0,555 0,85 1 1,4 2,1
Tees 0,255 0,225 0,325 0,6 0,8 1,41 1,4 2,27 3,05
*Reducing Tees – 0,25 0,4 0,7 0,98 1,73 2,01 2,605 3,4
Welding Bosses – 0,053 0,085 0,15 0,22 0,316 0,705 0,998 1,44
Couplings 0,035 0,05 0,08 0,15 0,22 0,31 0,71 1,05 1,5
Reducing Couplings – 0,07 0,105 0,185 0,285 0,396 0,872 1,4 1,71
Half Couplings 0,02 0,024 0,035 0,075 0,15 0,2 0,335 0,5 0,71
#Weights of the smallest reduction, i.e. the heaviest

*Weights of the largest reduction, i.e. the heaviest
(ANSI B16.11) SCREWED FITTINGS
SIZE INCHES 1/8 1/4 3/8 1/2 3/4 1 1 1/4 1 1/2 2
SIZE METRIC 6 8 10 15 20 25 32 40 50
*Hexagon Bushes – 0,025 0,035 0,054 0,08 0,18 0,19 0,23 0,455
Square Head Plugs 0,009 0,016 0,029 0,057 0,095 0,172 0,255 0,4 0,58
Hexagon Head Plugs 0,029 0,029 0,057 0,085 0,142 0,227 0,51 0,624 1,021
Round Head Plugs 0,057 0,057 0,085 0,113 0,17 0,34 0,51 0,709 1,361
11
33
(ANSI B16.11) 3000 lbs SOCKET-WELD FITTINGS
SIZE INCHES 1/8 1/4 3/8 1/2 3/4 1 1 1/4 1 1/2 2
SIZE METRIC 6 8 10 15 20 25 32 40 50
Couplings 0,039 0,05 0,06 0,115 0,18 0,25 0,4 0,48 0,8
#Reducing Couplings – 0,066 0,071 0,132 0,22 0,325 0,44 0,575 1,3
Half Couplings 0,04 0,054 0,085 0,135 0,17 0,32 0,485 0,6 1,02
Tees 0,265 0,21 0,255 0,31 0,325 0,6 0,85 1,29 1,9
*Reducing Tees – 0,289 0,323 0,415 0,448 0,81 1,32 1,675 2,55
Welding Bosses – 0,072 0,085 0,135 0,205 0,3 0,41 0,56 1,225
End Caps 0,02 0,035 0,058 0,085 0,13 0,21 0,3 0,475 0,73
90° Elbows 0,155 0,13 0,13 0,225 0,29 0,5 0,75 1,1 1,7
45° Elbows 0,072 0,06 0,085 0,18 0,222 0,36 0,555 0,85 1,2
Unions 0,157 0,157 0,188 0,28 0,45 0,775 1,2 1,4 2,25

34
WEIGHT OF FITTINGS
(ANSI B16.11) 6000 LBS SOCKET-WELD FITTINGS
SIZE INCHES 1/8 1/4 3/8 1/2 3/4 1 1 1/4 1 1/2 2
SIZE METRIC 6 8 10 15 20 25 32 40 50
Couplings – 0,085 0,13 0,205 0,275 0,48 0,68 1,05 1,95

#Reducing Couplings – 0,1 0,148 0,272 0,355 0,5 0,75 1,275 2,2
Half Couplings – 0,094 0,15 0,25 0,34 0,65 0,751 1 2,1
Tees – – – 0,675 1,2 1,58 1,8 3,005 3,6
*Reducing Tees – – – 0,805 1,359 1,85 2,3 3,68 4,15
Welding Bosses – 0,09 0,135 0,2 0,27 0,4 0,6 1 1,78
End Caps – 0,105 0,175 0,188 0,23 0,41 0,63 0,8 1,4
90° Elbows – – – 0,4 0,628 1 1,4 2,35 3
45° Elbows – – – 0,369 0,58 0,905 1,125 2,125 2,6
BS3799 SWAGE NIPPLES

SIZE INCHES 1/8 1/4 3/8 1/2 3/4 1 1 1/4 1 1/2 2
SIZE METRIC 6 8 10 15 20 25 32 40 50
Screwed/Plain 3000 lbs 0,040 0,054 0,085 0,135 0,170 0,320 0,485 0,600 0,925
Plain 6000 lbs 0,105 0,130 0,180 0,225 0,290 0,550 0,80 1,100 1,400
Screwed 6000 lbs 0,170 0,215 0,285 0,325 0,501 0,750 0,951 1,600 2,100
(ANSI B16.11) 6000 LBS SCREWED FITTINGS
SIZE INCHES 1/8 1/4 3/8 1/2 3/4 1 1 1/4 1 1/2 2
SIZE METRIC 6 8 10 15 20 25 32 40 50
Round Nipples – – – 0,191 0,272 0,43 – 0,716 1,008

Hexagon Nipples 0,045 0,06 0,08 0,12 0,195 0,3 0,48 0,493 0,61
#Hexagon Reducing
Nipples 0,04 0,055 0,07 0,085 0,138 0,275 0,39 0,3 0,504
Couplings 0,08 0,085 0,105 0,2 0,45 0,945 1 1,85 3,4
Reducing Couplings 0,088 0,105 0,126 0,245 0,509 1,35 1,455 2,222 3,955
Half Couplings 0,06 0,065 0,08 0,115 0,225 0,454 0,525 0,95 1,6
End Caps 0,06 0,065 0,085 0,145 0,2 0,335 0,585 0,75 1,45
90° Elbows 0,285 0,275 0,475 0,7 1,6 3,05 3,4 6 9,4
45° Elbows 0,265 0,245 0,225 0,625 0,95 1,12 2,125 2,6 4,3
Tees 0,48 0,425 0,6 0,9 1,65 2,1 3,5 4,4 8,5
*Reducing Tees – 0,6 0,78 1,2 2 2,34 4,05 4,94 10,4
Welding Bosses – 0,085 0,115 0,21 0,46 0,9 1,1 1,85 3,25
35
WEIGHT OF FITTINGS
90° ELBOWS, BUTT-WELD FITTINGS (LONG RADIUS)
N.B. SIZE APPROXIMATE WEIGHTS IN Kg
Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Std Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch XXS
Inches Metric 5s 10s 10 20 30 40s Wall 40 60 80s XS 80 100 120 140 160
1/2 15 0,03 0,05 0,06 0,06 0,09 0,09 0,12 0,12

3/4 20 0,04 0,07 0,08 0,08 0,11 0,11 0,15 0,15
1 25 0,07 0,14 0,15 0,15 0,2 0,2 0,28 0,38
11/4 32 0,1 0,23 0,26 0,26 0,35 0,35 0,44 0,6
1
1 /2 40 0,15 0,3 0,4 0,4 0,55 0,55 0,65 0,95
2 50 0,3 0,5 0,7 0,7 0,95 0,95 1,4 1,7
1
2 /2 65 0,55 0,85 1,4 1,4 1,5 1,5 2,5 3,2
3 80 1 1,25 2,5 2,5 2,9 2,9 3,75 5,5
1
3 /4 90 1,2 1,65 3 3 4 4 – 8
4 100 1,6 2,1 4 4 6 6 7,5 9 12
5 125 2,7 3,65 6,8 6,8 9,3 9,3 12,7 15 18
6 150 4,4 5,45 11 11 16,8 16,8 23 26 29,5
8 200 8,8 10,2 17,25 19 22 22 27,25 34,8 34,8 38 40,5 52 55 54
10 250 16,8 18,15 25,85 33,15 41,5 53,9 53,9 53,9 61,16 75 85 97 109
12 300 24 27,25 37,2 49 60 60 61,25 81,7 80 80 107,4 123 140 157 180
14 350 28 39,95 50 59 70 70 70 83 109 94 94 135 188 190 224 247,45
16 400 38 51,6 64 78,3 95 95 95 125 162 125 125 202 260 274 323 367
18 450 48 65,4 82 99,85 139,15 120 120 176,15 231,5 158 158 290,55 390 405 422 545
20 500 58,4 84,9 100 146 194 146 146 228,35 311 194 194 390,45 476 508 607 770
22 550 – – 120 – – – 177,97 – – – 236 – – – – –
24 600 88 146 146 220 318,25 220 220 363,15 532,5 282 282 657,85 820 954 1100 1270
36
90° ELBOWS, BUTT-WELD FITTINGS (SHORT RADIUS)
1/2 15 0,02 0,04 0,05 0,05 0,07 0,07
3/4 20 0,03 0,05 0,06 0,06 0,8 0,8
1 25 0,05 0,1 0,11 0,11 0,15 0,15
11/4 32 0,08 0,17 0,18 0,18 0,26 0,26
11/2 40 0,11 0,23 0,3 0,3 0,39 0,39
2 50 0,23 0,38 0,53 0,53 0,67 0,67
21/2 65 0,41 0,64 1,05 1,05 1,05 1,05
3 80 0,75 0,94 1,88 1,88 2,03 2,03
31/2 90 0,9 1,24 2,25 2,25 2,8 2,8
4 100 1,2 1,58 3 3 4,2 4,2 4,5
5 125 2,03 2,74 5,1 5,1 6,5 6,5 9
6 150 3,3 4,09 8,25 8,25 11,75 11,75 13,5
8 200 6,6 7,65 11,1 11,35 16,5 16,5 18,15 24,35 24,35 26,35 29 32
10 250 12,45 13,61 17,35 21,35 31,13 31,13 37,7 37,7 37,7 40,85 50 53 62
12 300 18 20,44 25 33,15 45 45 48 54,5 56 56 68 81,25 92 99
14 350 21 29,96 37,5 39,5 52,5 52,5 52,5 54,45 74 66 66 93,5 124 120 138,8
16 400 28,5 38,7 48 52,2 71,25 71,25 71,25 104,3 106,7 104,3 104,3 138 171,5 166 198
18 450 36 49,05 61,5 65,35 92,15 90 90 118 154,35 110,6 110,6 193 257,4 283 387
20 500 43,8 63,68 75 109,5 135,8 109,5 109,5 154,35 208 135,8 135,8 261 332 376 430
22 550 – – 90 – – – – – – – – – – – –
24 600 66 109,5 109,5 165 214,3 165 165 256,5 355,5 197,5 197,5 443,5 530 621 680
37
WEIGHT OF FITTINGS
45° ELBOWS, BUTT-WELD FITTINGS
1/2 15 0,02 0,03 0,03 0,03 0,05 0,05 0,06 0,06
3/4 20 0,02 0,04 0,04 0,04 0,06 0,06 0,08 0,08
1 25 0,04 0,07 0,08 0,08 0,1 0,1 0,14 0,19
11/4 32 0,05 0,11 0,13 0,13 0,18 0,18 0,22 0,3
11/2 40 0,08 0,15 0,2 0,2 0,28 0,28 0,33 0,48
2 50 0,15 0,25 0,35 0,35 0,46 0,46 0,7 0,85
21/2 65 0,28 0,43 0,7 0,7 0,75 0,75 1,25 1,6
3 80 0,5 0,63 1,25 1,25 1,45 1,45 1,88 2,75
31/2 90 0,6 0,83 1,5 1,5 2 2 – 4
4 100 0,8 1,05 2 2 3 3 3,75 4,5 5,1
5 125 1,35 1,83 3,4 3,4 4,65 4,65 6,35 7,5 9
6 150 2,2 2,73 5,5 5,5 8,4 8,4 11,5 13 14,75
8 200 4,4 5,1 10 10 11 11 13,6 17,4 17,4 19 20,25 26 27,5 27
10 250 8,3 9,08 18,5 15,85 20,75 20,75 29,95 26,95 26,95 30,58 37,5 42,5 48,5 54,4
12 300 12 13,63 24,75 24,5 30 30 30,85 40,85 40 40 53,7 61,5 70 78,5 90
14 350 14 20 25 37 35 35 35 40,85 54,5 47 47 67,5 94 95 112 123,73
16 400 19 25,8 32 46,5 47,5 47,5 47,5 62,5 81 62,5 62,5 101 130 137 161,5 183
18 450 24 32,7 41 56 69,45 60 60 87,15 115,75 79 79 145,25 195 202,5 211 272,5
20 500 29,2 42,45 50 73 97 73 73 113,5 155,5 97 97 195,23 238 254 303,5 385
22 550 – – 60 – – – 88,98 – – – 118 – – – – –
24 600 44 73 73 110 159 110 110 190,65 266,5 141 141 333,93 410 477 545 635
END CAPS, BUTT-WELD FITTINGS
1/2 15 0,01 0,01 0,03 0,03 0,05 0,05
3/4 20 0,02 0,02 0,06 0,06 0,09 0,09
1 25 0,04 0,05 0,1 0,1 0,13 0,13 0,15 0,2
11/4 32 0,05 0,07 0,14 0,14 0,19 0,19 0,23 0,3
11/2 40 0,08 0,1 0,2 0,2 0,23 0,23 0,3 0,35
2 50 0,1 0,13 0,25 0,25 0,3 0,3 0,55 0,6
21/2 65 0,14 0,18 0,35 0,35 0,45 0,45 0,9 1
3 80 0,25 0,36 0,7 0,7 0,85 0,85 1,45 1,8
31/2 90 0,4 0,5 1 1 1,3 1,3 – 2,75
4 100 0,43 0,55 1,1 1,1 1,6 1,6 2,5 2,75 3,5
5 125 0,8 1 2 2 2,7 2,7 4 5 5,5
6 150 1,2 1,5 3 3 4,4 4,4 6 7,5 8,1
8 200 2,2 2,75 4,5 5 5,5 5,5 7 8,35 8,35 11 15,5 18,5 15,45 13,15
10 250 3,6 4,45 6 8 9 9 13,6 13,6 13,6 16,25 21 30 28 28,5
12 300 6 7,5 10 13 15 15 19 25,5 22,5 22,5 29,5 32,5 41 42 44,5
14 350 6,4 8,17 14 13,5 16 16 16 24,5 38 27 27 36,3 50 47 52 59,6
16 400 8,4 10,67 18 18 21 21 21 31,5 52,5 31,5 31,5 52,25 64 59 73 79
18 450 10,4 13 22 22 30 26 26 42 66 36 36 72,5 75 88 93 104
20 500 13,6 17 29 34 42 34 34 56,75 94,5 42 42 98,5 96 105 153 170
22 550 – – 35,5 – – – 42 – – – 51 – – – – –
24 600 20,8 26 44 52 74,5 52 52 96,5 120 60 60 150 118 200 250 285
38
WEIGHT OF FITTINGS
EQUAL TEES, BUTT-WELD FITTINGS
1/2 15 0,07 0,09 0,16 0,16 0,25 0,25 0,27 0,27
3/4 20 0,09 0,11 0,23 0,23 0,38 0,38 0,47 0,47
1 25 0,14 0,27 0,35 0,35 0,5 0,5 0,86 0,65
11/4 32 0,35 0,45 0,9 0,9 1,05 1,05 1,25 1,18
11/2 40 0,55 0,65 1,35 1,35 1,5 1,5 1,85 2
2 50 0,68 1,7 1,7 1,7 2,15 2,15 3,18 3
21/2 65 1,06 2,18 2,7 2,7 3 3 4 4,5
3 80 1,5 3 3,75 3,75 3,8 3,8 6,58 7,1
31/2 90 2 4,05 5 5 5,25 5,25 10,9
4 100 2,6 4,4 6,5 6,5 7,65 7,65 9 17 15
5 125 4 7,42 10 10 13,5 13,5 17,5 25 24
6 150 6,35 12,35 16 16 19,3 19,3 24 39,5 37,6
8 200 10,7 20 23 24,6 27 27 31,75 33 33 43,6 49,5 54 70,35 68
10 250 18 28,15 34,7 40 45 45 60 60 60 67,5 74 93 98,5 120,3
12 300 26 47,45 59 56,6 65 65 70,5 95 78 78 115 136,2 150 176,5 183,85
14 350 40,7 69,9 87,16 94,5 102 102 102 105 135 115 115 165 206 240 275 300
16 400 43,95 72,65 90,8 100 110 110 110 167 206,5 167 167 249 335 330 385 425
18 450 53,95 101,7 127,12 127 164 135 135 237,45 277 190 190 322 380 450 500 590
20 500 67,2 169,8 199,76 168 245 168 168 320 378,65 245 245 459 540 590 720 790
22 550 – – 220 – – – 220 – – – 280 – – – – –
24 600 95,9 306,45 310 240 373 240 240 570,65 653,75 350 350 748 910 1100 1180 1310
REDUCING TEES, BUTT-WELD FITTINGS
1/2 15 0,07 0,09 0,16 0,16 0,25 0,25 0,27 0,27
3/4 20 0,09 0,11 0,23 0,23 0,38 0,38 0,47 0,47
1 25 0,14 0,27 0,35 0,35 0,5 0,5 0,86 0,65
11/4 32 0,35 0,45 0,9 0,9 1,05 1,05 1,25 1,18
11/2 40 0,55 0,65 1,35 1,35 1,5 1,5 1,85 2
2 50 0,68 1,7 1,7 1,7 2,15 2,15 3,18 3
21/2 65 1,06 2,18 2,7 2,7 3 3 3,85 4,2
3 80 1,5 3 3,75 3,75 3,8 3,8 6,13 6,6
31/2 90 2 4,05 5 5 5,25 5,25 10,9
4 100 2,6 4,4 6,5 6,5 7,65 7,65 9 15,9 15
5 125 4 7,42 10 10 13,5 13,5 17,5 23 23,15
6 150 5,6 12,35 14 14 19,3 19,3 24 32,7 37,6
8 200 10,7 20 23 24,6 27 27 31,75 33 33 43,6 49,5 49,25 55,6 51,3
10 250 17,45 26,3 33,15 38,6 43,5 43,5 55 55 55 65,83 63,5 88,5 95 113
12 300 25,25 47,25 59 56,6 63 63 70,5 95 78 78 106,24 124,85 140,85 158 163,45
14 350 40,7 69,9 87,16 94,5 102 102 102 105 135 115 115 162,28 206 235 275 300
16 400 43,95 72,65 90,8 100 110 110 110 167 206,5 167 167 200 335 320 360 410
18 450 53,95 101,7 127,12 127 164 135 135 237,45 256,5 190 190 278,87 380 440 475 550
20 500 67,2 169,8 199,76 168 218 168 168 265,1 350,5 218 218 405,42 540 570 680 770
22 550 – – 220 – – – 220 – – – 280 – – – – –
24 600 94,45 268,99 272 227 373 237 237 390,45 544,8 350 350 606,1 910 1060 1140 1270
39
WEIGHT OF FITTINGS
CONCENTRIC REDUCERS, BUTT-WELD FITTINGS
1/2 15
3/4 20 0,03 0,03 0,07 0,07 0,1 0,1 0,15 0,14
1 25 0,05 0,07 0,13 0,13 0,16 0,16 0,23 0,2
11/4 32 0,07 0,09 0,18 0,18 0,22 0,22 0,27 0,3
11/2 40 0,12 0,14 0,26 0,26 0,35 0,35 0,48 0,45
2 50 0,15 0,23 0,41 0,41 0,57 0,57 0,95 0,9
21/2 65 0,32 0,41 0,77 0,77 1,01 1,01 1,35 1,35
3 80 0,4 0,5 1 1 1,35 1,35 1,9 1,8
31/2 90 0,55 0,68 1,3 1,3 1,89 1,89 – 3,2
4 100 0,65 0,82 1,6 1,6 2,27 2,27 3,65 3,65 3,85
5 125 1,1 1,35 2,75 2,75 3,92 3,92 6,35 6,35 6,35
6 150 1,6 2 3,95 3,95 5,94 5,94 7,5 10 9
8 200 2,6 3,27 5 5,58 6,5 6,5 8 9,86 9,86 11,8 13,5 16,35 16,5 14,5
10 250 4,3 5,45 7,25 8,99 10,7 10,7 14,48 14,48 14,48 17,25 20,45 24,5 28,5 29,5
12 300 6 7,7 9,7 13,21 15 15 16,35 22,25 19,79 19,79 28,15 32,65 38,15 44,25 49
14 350 10,75 13,6 23 22,25 26,85 26,85 26,85 31,3 41,75 35,55 35,55 52,25 64 73 78 86
16 400 13,25 16,35 28 27,5 33,15 33,15 33,15 44 56,75 44 44 73,5 83 97 112 121
18 450 16 19,98 34 33,5 46,76 40 40 59,5 77,4 53,12 53,12 97,6 116 136 145 159
20 500 23,8 29,75 50 59,45 79 59,45 59,45 93 124,85 79 79 159 163 178 305 340
22 550 – – 57 – – – 65,35 – – – 86,71 – – – – –
24 600 28,7 36,32 63 71,7 107,14 71,7 71,7 129,4 180,7 95,34 95,34 228 241 295 540 610
ECCENTRIC, REDUCERS, BUTT-WELD FITTINGS

1/2 15
3/4 20 0,03 0,03 0,07 0,07 0,1 0,1 0,15 0,14
1 25 0,05 0,07 0,13 0,13 0,16 0,16 0,23 0,2
11/4 32 0,07 0,09 0,18 0,18 0,22 0,22 0,27 0,3
11/2 40 0,12 0,14 0,26 0,26 0,35 0,35 0,48 0,45
2 50 0,15 0,23 0,41 0,41 0,57 0,57 0,95 0,9
21/2 65 0,32 0,41 0,77 0,77 1,01 1,01 1,35 1,35
3 80 0,4 0,5 1 1 1,35 1,35 1,9 1,8
31/2 90 0,55 0,68 1,3 1,3 1,89 1,89 – 3,2
4 100 0,65 0,82 1,6 1,6 2,27 2,27 3,65 3,65 3,85
5 125 1,1 1,35 2,75 2,75 3,92 3,92 6,35 6,35 6,35
6 150 1,6 2 3,95 3,95 5,94 5,94 7,5 10 9
8 200 2,6 3,27 5 5,58 6,5 6,5 8 9,86 9,86 11,8 13,5 16,35 16,5 14,5
10 250 4,3 5,45 7,25 8,99 10,7 10,7 14,48 14,48 14,48 17,75 20,45 24,5 28,5 29,5
12 300 6 7,7 9,7 13,21 15 15 16,35 22,25 19,79 19,79 28,15 32,65 38,15 44,25 49
14 350 10,75 13,6 23 22,25 26,85 26,85 26,85 31,3 41,75 35,55 35,55 52,25 64 73 78 86
16 400 13,25 16,35 28 27,5 33,15 33,15 33,15 44 56,75 44 44 73,5 83 97 112 121
18 450 16 19,98 34 33,5 46,76 40 40 59,5 77,4 53,12 53,12 97,6 116 136 145 159
20 500 23,8 29,75 50 59,45 79 59,45 59,45 93 124,85 79 79 159 163 178 305 340
22 550 – – 57 – – – 65,35 – – – 86,71 – – – – –
24 600 28,7 36,32 63 71,7 107,14 71,7 71,7 129,4 180,7 95,34 95,34 228 241 295 540 610
N.B.– Weights are of the smallest reduction, i.e. the heaviest.
40
WEIGHT OF FITTINGS
STUB ENDS, BUTT-WELD FITTINGS (ANSI B16.9)
1/2 15 0,13 0,14 0,3
3/4 20 0,18 0,2 0,35
1 25 0,29 0,38 0,5 0,66
11/4 32 0,41 0,54 0,67 0,95
11/2 40 0,54 0,67 0,9 1,2
2 50 0,98 1,34 2,01 2,46
21/2 65 1,54 2,05 2,69 3,71
3 80 2,1 2,8 3,93 5,18
31/2 90 2,47 2,94 6,25
4 100 2,99 4,17 5,27 6,29 7,68
5 125 5,22 7,41 9,6 11,79 13,84
6 150 6,79 10,27 13,04 16,25 19,2
8 200 7,99 8,84 10,28 12,81 15,63 18,21 21,83 24,55 26,79 26,16
10 250 12,1 14,87 17,86 23,8 23,94 28,13 33,57 38,98 45,54 50,45
12 300 14,64 19,29 21,88 23,21 32,23 29,38 38,84 47,32 55,8 62,05 71,43
14 350 18 15,8 28,57 28,57 32,59 44,2 39,73 54,92
16 400 19,75 16,65 32,14 32,14 43,3 56,7 42,86 71,88
18 450 24,25 21,3 44,2 38 56,25 74,2 50 91,52
20 500 36 31,7 55,8 41,96 65,63 88,4 55,81 112,1
22 550 42,95 37 65 46,88 78 109 62,07 142
24 600 50,05 45,55 75,9 50,45 91,52 128,6 67,41 160
STUB ENDS, BUTT-WELD FITTINGS (MSS-SP-43)
Inches Metric Sch 5s Sch 10s Sch 40s Sch 80s

1/2 15 0,03 0,04 0,09 0,12
3/4 20 0,04 0,06 0,12 0,16
1 25 0,06 0,08 0,15 0,22
11/4 32 0,08 0,1 0,2 0,31
11/2 40 0,11 0,14 0,28 0,39
2 50 0,17 0,2 0,41 0,69
21/2 65 0,25 0,33 0,66 1,05
3 80 0,35 0,44 0,89 1,46
31/2 90 0,5 0,63 1,26 1,54
4 100 0,61 0,76 1,52 2,49
5 125 1,06 1,33 2,66 3,55
6 150 1,2 1,51 3,02 5,49
8 200 2,09 2,61 5,22 9,97
10 250 3,63 4,54 9,08 13,75
12 300 5,33 6,67 13,25 19,64
14 350 5,81 7,26 14,53 29
16 400 6,54 8,17 16,34 37,5
18 450 7,72 9,65 19,3 49,25
20 500 8,54 10,67 21,34 60
22 550 9,8 11,6 23 77,5
24 600 10,26 12,83 25,65 88,25
41
WEIGHT OF FLANGES
150 lbs PIPE FLANGES
N.B. SIZE APPROXIMATE WEIGHTS IN Kg N.B. SIZE APPROXIMATE WEIGHTS IN Kg

Inches Metric Slip-on Inches Metric Slip-on
and Socket Weld Lap and Socket Weld Lap
Screwed Weld Neck Blind Joint Screwed Weld Neck Blind Joint
1/2 15 0,5 0,5 0,82 0,82 0,5 5 125 6,8 8,62 9,07 6,8
3/4 20 0,91 0,91 0,82 0,91 0,91 6 150 8,62 10,89 11,79 8,62
1 25 0,91 0,91 1 1 0,95 8 200 13,61 17,69 20,41 13,61
11/4 32 1,27 1,27 1,36 1,27 1,27 10 250 19,5 23,59 31,75 19,5
11/2 40 1,36 1,36 1,81 1,36 1,36 12 300 29,03 36,29 49,9 29,03
2 50 2,27 2,27 2,72 2,27 2,27 14 350 35,38 49,9 59,42 47,63
21/2 65 3,63 3,63 4,08 3,18 3,63 16 400 42,18 63,5 77,11 63,5
3 80 4,08 4,08 4,54 4,08 4,08 18 450 54,43 68,04 94,8 72,57
31/2 90 5 5,44 5,9 5 20 500 72,12 81,65 123,4 88,45
4 100 5,9 6,8 7,71 5,9 24 600 95,25 117,93 186,4 124,74

1/2 15 0,68 0,68 0,91 0,91 0,68 5 125 11,79 15,42 15,88 11,79
3/4 20 1,13 1,13 1,36 1,36 1,13 6 150 15,88 20,41 22,68 15,88
1 25 1,36 1,36 1,81 1,81 1,36 8 200 24,49 31,75 36,74 24,49
11/4 32 2,04 2,04 2,49 2,72 2,04 10 250 34,93 44,91 57,61 34,93
11/2 40 2,95 2,95 3,18 3,18 2,95 12 300 49,9 64,41 83,46 63,5
2 50 3,18 3,18 3,63 3,63 3,18 14 350 74,39 84,37 107,1 86,18
21/2 65 4,54 4,54 5,44 5,44 4,54 16 400 99,79 111,6 139,3 113,4
3 80 5,9 5,9 7,26 7,26 5,9 18 450 127 138,4 176,9 133,8
31/2 90 7,26 9,07 9,53 7,26 20 500 147,4 171,5 223,2 167,8
4 100 9,53 11,34 12,25 9,53 24 600 222,3 247,2 342 249,5

and Weld Lap and Weld Lap
Screwed Neck Blind Joint Screwed Neck Blind Joint
4 100 11,79 15,88 14,97 11,34 12 300 58,51 80,29 102,5 68,95
5 125 14,06 19,5 19,96 13,15 14 350 86,64 105,7 140,6 95,25
16 400 114,8 133,4 180,5 127
6 150 19,96 25,85 27,67 19,05
18 450 140,6 163,3 227,7 156,5
8 200 30,36 40,37 45,36 29,03 20 500 171,5 201,9 281,7 190,5
10 250 41,28 57,15 70,31 50,8 24 600 244,5 290,3 424,6 279
42

1/2 15 1,27 1,27 1,36 0,91 1,27 5 125 28,58 30,84 30,84 28,58
3/4 20 1,36 1,36 1,59 1,36 1,36 6 150 36,29 36,74 39,01 36,29
1 25 1,59 1,59 1,81 1,81 1,59 8 200 44 50,8 63,05 44
1
1 /4 32 2,04 2,04 2,27 2,72 2,04 10 250 80,29 88,45 108,9 88,45
11/2 40 2,95 2,95 3,63 3,63 2,95 12 300 97,52 102,5 133,8 108,8
2 50 3,63 3,63 4,54 4,54 3,63 14 350 117,5 157,4 171,5 131,5
21/2 65 5,44 5,44 6,35 6,3 5,44 16 400 166 218,2 239 181,4
3 80 6,8 6,8 8,16 9,07 6,8 18 450 215,5 251,7 301,6 212,7
31/2 90 9,53 11,79 13,15 9,53 20 500 277,6 313 387,8 285,8
4 100 14,97 16,78 18,6 14,97 24 600 370,1 4432 533 392,8

3 80 14,06 14,51 14,51 14,06 12 300 147,9 168,7 187,3 167,8

4 100 24,04 23,13 24,49 24,04 14 350 172,4 254,9 224,1 188,2
5 125 37,65 39,01 39,46 37,65 16 400 208,2 310,7 280,8 210,9
6 150 49 49,9 51,26 49 18 450 293,5 419,1 399,2 294,8
8 200 78 84,82 89,36 86,18 20 500 359,3 528,0 502,1 367,4
10 250 111,1 121,6 131,5 124,7 24 600 671,3 680,4 952,1 703,1

1/2 15 2,72 2,72 3,18 1,81 2,72 6 150 74,39 74,39 72,12 74,39
3/4 20 3,18 3,18 3,4 2,72 3,18 8 200 117 123,8 137 117
1 25 3,4 3,4 3,86 4,08 3,4 10 250 197,8 205,9 230 220
1
1 /4 32 4,54 4,54 4,54 4,54 4,54 12 300 302,6 313 351,5 285,8
11/2 40 6,35 6,35 6,35 6,35 6,35 14 350 426,4 442,3 403,7
2 50 9,53 9,53 10,89 11,34 9,53 16 400 567 589,7 521,7
21/2 65 16,33 16,33 16,33 15,88 16,33 18 450 737,1 793,8 669
3 80 21,77 21,77 21,77 21,77 20 500 929,9 1009,3 805,2
4 100 33,11 31,3 33,11 33,11 24 600 1508,3 1644,4 1281,5
5 125 59,87 59,87 64,41 59,87
43

1/2 15 3,18 3,18 3,18 3,18 3 80 37,65 42,64 39,01 36,29

3/4 20 3,63 3,63 3,63 3,63 4 100 56,7 65,77 61,23 54,43
1 25 4,99 5,44 4,99 4,99 5 125 95,25 111,1 102,06 93
11/4 32 7,26 7,71 7,71 7,26 6 150 147,4 172,4 156,5 142,9
11/2 40 9,98 11,34 10,43 9,98 8 200 220 63,1 240,4 213,2
2 50 17,24 19,05 17,69 16,78 10 250 421,8 87,6 464,9 408,2
1
2 /2 65 24,94 23,59 25,4 24,04 12 300 499 691,7 589,7 499
ROUND BAR – metric
SIZE WEIGHTS IN Kg SIZE WEIGHTS IN Kg SIZE WEIGHTS IN Kg

mm Wt per ft Wt per M mm Wt per ft Wt per M mm Wt per ft Wt per M
0,5 0,0004 0,0015 21 0,829 2,72 72 9,74 31,96

1,0 0,0018 0,0062 22 0,908 2,98 75 10,57 34,68
1,5 0,0042 0,014 23 0,994 3,26 80 12,03 39,46
2 0,0076 0,025 24 1,08 3,55 90 15,22 49,94
2,5 0,012 0,039 25 1,17 3,85 100 18,79 61,65
3 0,017 0,055 26 1,27 4,17 110 22,74 74,6
3,5 0,023 0,076 27 1,37 4,5 120 27,07 88,8
4 0,03 0,099 28 1,47 4,83 130 31,7 104
4,5 0,038 0,125 30 1,69 5,55 140 36,88 121
5 0,047 0,154 32 1,92 6,31 150 42,37 139
5,5 0,057 0,187 33 2,05 6,71 160 48,16 158
6 0,068 0,222 35 2,3 7,55 170 54,26 178
6,5 0,079 0,26 36 2,44 7,99 180 60,96 200
7 0,092 0,302 38 2,71 8,9 190 67,97 223
7,5 0,106 0,347 39 2,86 9,38 200 75,3 247
8 0,12 0,395 40 3,01 9,86 220 90,8 298
8,5 0,136 0,445 42 3,32 10,88 240 108 355
9 0,152 0,499 45 3,8 12,48 250 117 385
9,5 0,169 0,556 48 4,33 14,21 260 127 417
10 0,188 0,617 50 4,7 15,41 280 147 483
11 0,227 0,746 52 5,08 16,67 300 169 555
12 0,271 0,888 55 5,69 18,65 320 192 631
13 0,317 1,04 56 5,89 19,33 340 217 713
14 0,369 1,21 58 6,32 20,74 350 230 755
15 0,424 1,39 60 6,77 22,2 360 244 799
16 0,482 1,58 62 7,22 23,7 380 271 890
17 0,543 1,78 64 7,7 25,25 400 301 986
18 0,61 2 65 7,94 26,05 500 469 1540
19 0,68 2,23 68 8,69 28,51
20 0,753 2,47 70 9,21 30,21
44
PLATE – metric
WEIGHTS IN Kg
THICKNESS WT PER SQ FT WT PER SQ M 2000 2500 3000 4000 6000
x 1000 mm x 1250 mm x 1500 mm x 2000 mm x 2000 mm
5 mm 3,802 40,925 82 128 184 327 491
6 mm 4,563 49,111 98 153 221 393 589
8 mm 6,084 65,483 131 205 295 524 786
10 mm 7,604 81,845 164 256 368 655 982
12 mm 9,125 98,222 196 307 442 786 1179
15 mm 11,406 122,778 246 384 553 982 1473
20 mm 15,207 163,689 327 512 737 1310 1964
25 mm 19,01 204,622 409 639 921 1637 2456
30 mm 22,813 245,556 491 767 1105 1964 2947
40 mm 30,414 327,378 655 1023 1473 2619 3929
50 mm 38,02 409,244 819 1279 1842 3274 4911
45
MATERIALS INFORMATION
See inside for further details
TRADEMARKS
®
Some alloys presented in this catalogue are registered trade marks wich are the
property of the registered owner:
• AL-6XN of ATI Properties Inc.
• Ferralium of Meighs Ltd.
• 17-4PH of Armco.
• 20 Cb3 of Carpenter Technology, Co.
• Hastelloy B3-C22-C276-C4 of Haynes International.
• Incoloy: 028-330-800-800H-800HT-825-A286-DS; Inconel: 600-601-625-718-
X750 and Honel: 400-K500 of INCO Alloys International.
47
12
310S
310S
Alloy: AISI-310S
(Cr. Ni. alloy)
UNS-S31008
1.º Chemical composition in %:
Ni Cr Mo Co Fe Cu C Mn Si P S N
Mini 19 24
Max 22 26 0,08 2 1,5 0,045 0,030 (x)
Balance x
(x) cb = 10 x Cmini, 1,10 max
2.º Mechanical properties:

Representative Tensile Properties Typical Creep-Rupture Properties
Ultimate Stress, psi, for a 10,000 hr

Temp Tensile 0.2% Yield Elongation Temp Secondary Creep Rate Rupture
°F Strength, psi Strength, psi % °F 1% in 10,000 hrs Strength, psi
70 80,000 35,000 52 1200 14,900 14,400
1000 67,800 20,800 47 1400 3,300 4,500
1200 54,100 20,700 43 1600 1,100 1,500
1400 35,100 19,300 46 1800 280 660
1600 19,100 12,200 48
3.º Physical properties:
Density Ib/in3 Melting Range °F

0.284 2470-2555
Coefficient* of Modulus of
Thermal Thermal Elasticity
Temp Expansion, Conductivity Dynamic,
°F in/in °F x 10-6 Btu•ft/ft2•hr•°F psi x 106
70 – 7.6 29.0
1000 9.5 13.6 23.0
1200 9.8 15.2 21.8
1400 10.05 16.8 20.5
1600 10.15 18.4 19.2
1800 10.3 20.0 –
2000 10.6 – –
* 70°F to indicated temperature.
49
4.º Specifications:
Norm Tubes Plates Shapes, Strips Flanges Fittings Wire

Seamless Welded Sheets Bars Forgings
ASTM A-213 A-312 A-240 A-276 A-240 A-182 A-403 A-276
A-312 A-473 A-580
B.S.
EN-10095,
X8CrNi25-21
W.Nr. 1.4841
5.º Characteristics, applications:

Excellent resistance to oxidation under mildly cyclic conditions through 2000°F characterizes 310.
Because of its high chromium and medium nickel contents, 310 has good resistance to sulfidation and
other forms of hot corrosion.
310 is widely used in moderately carburizing atmospheres such as encountered in petrochemical
environments. The more severely carburizing atmospheres of industrial heat treating furnaces requie-
re 330 or 333. 310 is not suggested for the severe thermal shock of repeated liquid quenching.
310 is often used at cryogenic temperatures, because of excellent toughness to 4 K, and low mag-
netic permeability.
310 has a machinability rating of 42% relative to AISI B1112 steel. With high speed steel tooling
this is about 70 surface feet per minute. Forming operations should be at room temperature whene-
ver possible.
• Oxidization resistance to 2000°F
• Moderate strength at high temperature
• Resistance to hot corrosion
• Strength and toughness at cryogenic temperatures
Applications
• Kilns
• Fluidized bed coal combustors
• Radiant tubes
• Tube hangers for petroleum refining and steam boilers
• Coal gasifier internal components
• Thermowells
• Refractory anchor bolts
• Burners, combustion chambers
• Retorts, muffles, annealing covers
• Saggers
• Food processing equipment
• Cryogenic structures.
6.º Welding properties:

Good weldability.
Weld with matching AWS E310-15 DC lime electrodes or ER310 bare wire.
7.º Products, we supply:

x Plates, sheets x Tubes x Fittings x Bars x Forgings x Bolting
50
316L
316L
Alloy: AISI-316L
(Cr. Ni. alloy)
UNS-S31603
Mini 10 16 2
Max 14 18 3 0,030 2 0,75 0,045 0,030 0,10
Balance x
Mechanical properties at 20°C
0,2% proof stress 1% proof stress tensile strength elongation after

N/mm2 min. N/mm2 min. N/mm2 fracture (Lo=5do)
195 235 450-700 40
Mechanical properties at elevated temperatures in N/mm2
Temperature °C 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
0,2% proof stress 165 150 137 127 119 113 108 103 100
1% proof stress 200 180 165 153 145 139 135 130 128

Specific gravity at 20°C .................................... 7,95 g/cm2
Thermal conductivity at 20°C ............................. 15 W/mK
Specific heat at 20°C ....................................... 500 J/kgK
Modulus of elasticity at 20°C ............................. 200000 N/mm2
Thermal expansion in 10-6 m/m °C .................... 20 to 100°C 16,5
20 to 200°C 17,5
20 to 300°C 17,5
20 to 400°C 18,5
20 to 500°C 18,5

ASTM A-213 A-249 A-240 A-276 A-240 A-182 A-403 A-276
A-312 A-312 A-472 A-580
A-554 A-479
B.S.
W. Nr. 1.4404
51

Material is austenitic, stainless and acid resisting nickel, chromium, molybdenum steels with a very
low carbon content (ELC type).
Material features improved strength due to its nitrogen addition, which is of particular importance
for the 0,2% proof stress to be used as design basis.
Applications
Material 316L and Material No. 1.4435 are mainly used for parts and equipment in urea plant sub-
jected to high pressures and temperatures, and to severe corrosion (steam separator, condenser, re-
actor, stripper, scrubber). Both grades are also suitable for applications involving the attack of a variety
of chemicals in dyemills, in the textile, paper and leather industries, as well as the chemical, pharma-
ceutical and plastics industries.
The steels are not magnetic.
Corrosion resistance. Intergranular corrosion

Owing to their alloying elements and to the melting technique employed. Material 316 L and 1.4435
feature very good resistance to intergranular corrosion when tested according to DIN 50914. Their co-
rrosion resistance is also found to be excellent when subjected to a Huey test according to ASTM A
252 Practice C - a maximum corrosion rate of 0.247 g/m_hr 316L and 0.54 g/m_hr (1.4435) ob-
tained as an average of 5 bolling periods of 48 hours each can be guaranteed.
Stress corrosion cracking and pitting

The alloying elements of Material No. 1.4466 give this grade improved resistance to stress corrosion
cracking and pitting in high-chloride media (e.g. sea water) compared to that of conventional 18/8 steels.
Due to the increased Nickel content, Material No. 1.4465 has a considerably higher range of resis-
tance to stress corrosion cracking than e.g. X2CrNiMo 1812 (TP 316 L).
Due to the Molybdenum content and the increased Chromium content there is a good corrosion re-
sistance to flowing waters containing Chlorides.
Forming properties
Both grades can conveniently be cold formed, hot formed and machined.
Huey-test
Apart from the testing for resistance to grain disintegration the Huey-test also serves for investiga-
ting whether there are any further inhomogeneities such as precipitations within the grain, sigma pha-
se and inclusions of Ferrite. For this reason the Huey-test represents a very strict testing method,
which includes a great number of parameters.
5,91 g/m2 24h=0.27 mm/year at the Huey-test. This extraordinarily low value can only be guaran-
teed by special provisions at the production of the steel and by extensive quality control during the va-
rious of production.

Welding presents no difficulties. With an approved welding technique for fully austenitic filler metals
sound weld joints can be achieved up to a plate thickness of 80 mm. Welding should be carried out with
a short arc and mean amperage taking care to prevent weave beads exeeding two times the electro-
de diameter. Thick layers are to be avoided. Its is recommended to chip out the end craters. Interpass
temperature should not exceed 150°. Quite on general, no postheat-treatment is required.

52
317L
317L
Alloy: AISI-317L
(Cr. Ni. Mo. alloy)
UNS-S31703
Mini 11 18 3
Max 15 20 4 0,35 2 0,75 0,040 0,030 0,10
Balance x
Tensile strength, mini: 515 MPa Elongation, mini: 40% in 2 inch

Yield strength, mini: 205 MPa Hardness: Brinell, max: 217
RcB, max: 96

Physical Data
Density (lb/cu. in.) ............................... 0.29 or 8,00 Kg/dm3
Specific Gravity .............................................................. 7.9
Specific Heat ............................................................... 0.12
(Btu/lb/Deg F - [32-212 Deg F])
Electrical Resistivity ....................................................... 444
(microhm-cm (at 68 Deg F))
Melting Point (Deg F) ................................................... 2550
Modulus of Elasticity Tension ............................................. 28

ASTM A-213 A-249 A-240 A-276 A-240 A-182 A-403 A-276
A-312 A-312 A-582 A-472 A-774 A-580
A-813-4 A-479 A-778
B.S.
W.Nr. 1. 4438 AENOR Z2CND 19-15 JIS - SUS 317L

X2 Cr Ni Mo 18164 B5 - 317S/2 S.S. - 2367
53
Principal Desing Features
317L is a low carbon version of 317 stainless. It possesses the same high strength and corrosion
resistance and will produce stronger welds due to its low carbon content. Many users are shifting over
to this alloy in lieu of 304 and 316.
Corrosion Resistance
Resistant to a wide variety of marine environments, salts, dilute nitric, acetic and sulfuric acids. Sig-
nificantly higher resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion at ambient temperatures than 316 or 316L
stainless.
Hot Working
All common hot working processes are possible with this alloy. Heat to 2100-2300°F (1149-1260°C).
Avoid working this material below 1700°F (927°C). For optimum corrosion resistance, a post-work annea-
ling is recommended.
Cold Working
Shearing, stamping, heading and drawing can be successfully performed. To remove internal stres-
ses, a post-work annealing is recommended.
Annealing
1850-2050°F (1010-1121°C), followed by rapid cooling.
Hardening
This alloy does not respond to heat treatment. Cold work will cause an increase in both hardness
and strength.
Machinability
Low speeds and constant feeds will minimize this alloy’s tendency to work harden. Tougher than 304
stainless with a long stringy chip, the use of chip breakers is recommended.
Applications
Chemical and petrochemical process equipment, pulp and paper manufacturing and condensers in
fossil and nuclear fueled power generation stations.

All common fusion and resistance methods except oxyacetylene welding have proven successful. Use
AWS E/ER 317L filler metal for best results.

54
317LMN
317LMN
Alloy: AISI-317LMN
(Cr. Ni. Mo. alloy)
UNS-S31703
Mini 13,5 17 4 0,10
Max 17,5 20 5 0,030 2 0,75 0,045 0,030 0,20
Balance X
Tensile strength, mini: 550 MPa Elongation, mini: 40%

RcB, max: 96

Physical Data
Density (lb/cu. in.) .................................... 0.29 or 8 Kg/dm3
Specific Heat ............................................................... 0.12
(Btu/lb/Deg F - [32-212 Deg F])
Melting Point (Deg F) ................................................... 2600
Thermal conductivity ....................................................... 9.4
Modulus of Elasticity Tension ............................................. 28

ASTM A-312 A-240
B.S.
W.Nr. 1. 4439 (X2 Cr Ni Mo N 17135)

SEN - 400
Cold bending
Heat treatment is in most cases not necessary after cold bending to normal bending radio. At a higher
degree of forming and at operational conditions which could cause stress corrosion in austenitic
steels, a stress-relieving annealing is reconmmended.
55
The addition of nitrogen provides a good austenitic stability for Material 317LMN giving it a superior
corrosion resistance to that of 1.4435. Even after heat treatment e.g. welding, a good corrosion re-
sistance is maintained as there is no possibility of the formation of harmful phases e.g. the sigma pha-
se. The increased molybdenum content affords a high corrosion resistance in chlorine-ion-containing
media. Pitting corrosion resistance is particularly improved.
Material 317LMN is characterized by good resistance in
Mixed acids – sulphuric acid / nitric acid, Hydrofluoric acid / nitric acid
Bleaching solutions – sodium chlorite, sodium-hypochlorite
Sea and brackish water – sodium chloride
Applications
Positive experiences with Material 317 LMN can be expected amongst others in the following
applications:
• Fatty acid plants
• Bleaching plants
• Nuclear evaporation plants
• Plants admitting aqueous chloride solutions.

Electrode rod welding as well as the WIG (TIG)-method is suitable for welding tubes into tube plates.
The use of additives of the same type is recommended in order to obtain a weld free of ferrites and with
the favourable properties of the basic material. Welding should be carried out with as little heat as pos-
sible. There is usually no need for further heat treatment.
Weldable by all common methods. Because of the carbon restriction in 317LMN, carbide precipita-
tion along the weld boundaries will be minimized. Filler metal should be either 317L, LM or LMN, alt-
hough Alloy 625 (Inconel tm) has been successfully employed.

56
321
321
Alloy: AISI-321
(Cr. Ni. alloy)
UNS-S32100
Ni Cr Mo Co Fe Cu C Mn Si P S N TI
Mini 9 17 (x)
Max 12 19 0,08 2 0,75 0,045 0,030 0,10
Balance X
(x) Ti: Ti 5x (c + n) mini, o.70 max.

RcB, max: 95
Representative Tensile Properties Typical Stress-Rupture Strength
Ultimate 0,2% Stress, psi to Rupture at Indicated Time

Temp Tensile Yield Temp
°F Strength, psi Strength, psi °F 1,000 hrs 10,000 hrs
400 62,000 20,500 1100 30,000 23,500
600 62,000 18,000 1200 19,000 12,900
800 62,000 17,000 1300 11,200 7,200

Density: 8 Kg/dm3

0.286 2550-2600
200 9.3 8.8 28.0
400 9.4 9.7 26.5
800 10.0 11.4 23.8
1000 10.3 12.1 22.5
* 70°F to indicated temperature.
57

ASTM A-213 A-249 A-240 A-276 A-167 A-182 A-403 A-276
A-312 A-312 A-582 A-240 A-473 A-580
A-376 A-554 A-479
B.S.
W.Nr. 1.4541
High carbon steels prone more to intercrystalline attack in weld zones and slower cooling sections.
These steel avoids such attacks through its stabilization with Ti. The corrosion behaviour of this alloy
in natural environments is very similar to the TP 304/304L alloys. Architecturally, it may not be ade-
quate for near-industrial or onshore locations in Europe. Satisfactory in many low-chloride waters, it is
prone to pitting or crevice corrosion in seawater. Water treatment, galvanic protection and deaeration
can influence the performance.
Features
• Oxidation resistant to 1600°F
• Stabilized against weld heat affected zone (HAZ) intergranular corrosion
• Resists polythionic acid stress corrosion cracking
Application
• Aircraft piston engine manifolds
• Expansion joints
• Refinery equipment
• High temperature chemical process equipment
321 stainless is a titanium stabilized grade commonly used for service in the 1000-1600°F temperatu-
re range. For service temperatures up to about 1600°F, a stabilizing treatment at 1550-1650°F, a stabili-
zing treatment at 1550-1650°F, air cool, may be used to provide optimum resistance to intergranular co-
rrosion and to polythionic acid stress corrosion cracking.

321 is readily welded by all common methods including submerged arc. Appropriate weld fillers are AWS
ER347 bare wire and E347 covered electrodes.

58
321H
321H
Alloy: AISI-321H
(Cr. Ni. alloy)
UNS-S32109
Ni Cr Mo Co Fe Cu C Mn Si P S N TI
Mini 9 17 0,04 (x)
Max 12 19 0,10 2 0,75 0,045 0,030 0,10
Balance X
(x) Ti: Ti 4x (c + n) mini, o.70 max.

RcB, max: 95
3.º Physical properties (Typical annealed):
Property at Value Unit Property at Value Unit

3
Density 8,027 Kg/m Melting Range 1400-1430 °C
Electrical Conductivity 25°C 1.25 % IACS Specific Heat 500 J/kg. °C
Electrical Resistivity 25°C 0.72 Micro ohm. m Relative Magnetic Permeability 1.02
Coefficient of Expansion 0-100°C 16.6 / °C
Modulus of Elasticity 20°C 193 GPa 0-315°C 17.2 / °C
Shear Modulus 20°C 77 GPa 0-540°C 18.6 / °C
Poisson’s Ratio 20°C 0.30 Thermal Conductivity 100°C 16.1 W / m. °C

ASTM A-213 A-249 A-240 A-276 A-240 A-182 A-403 A-276
A-312 A-312 A-582 A-473 A-580
A-376 A-479
B.S.
W.Nr. 1.4878
59
This is the high carbon version of TP 321 which ensures greater creep resistance. Behaves much
the same as TP 321 in oxidation resistance.
This grade is version of the most common stainless steel, grade 304. They contain carbide forming
or stabilising elements such as titanium, niobium and tantalum, which form carbides in preference to
chromium carbide, and so prevent sensitisation. The grades were more common before the develop-
ment of steelmaking equipment for reliable and economical manufacture of 304L grade, which is now
used in most applications.
Grade 321 is stabilised with titanium, 347 with niobium (columbium, Cb, in USA practice), and 348
with niobium plus tantalum, with a controlled cobalt content. Grade 348 is mainly used in nuclear ap-
plications. Each grade has an ‘H’ version, with guaranteed high carbon (~0.07%), which can be used in
pressure vessels to higher temperatures.
The grades are used:
• where the steel will be used at temperatures in the carbide precipitation range, 425 to 900°C,
and subsequently exposed to corrosive environments.
• where heavy parts (> 5 mm thickness) are fabricated by welding, and will not be subsequently so-
lution annealed.
In practice, grade 304L is most often used nowadays, except for components for feat treatment
equipment and furnaces which are used intermittently, and may face corrosive conditions while cool.
The grades have similar corrosion resistance to grade 304 which has not been sensitised. They are
not suitable for decorative applications, as the stabilising additions produce inclusions which impair sur-
face quality. They are not available in BA finish, and are usually used as heavy sections in 2D or No 1
finish.
Applications
Heat exchangers, furnaces, boilers in chemical and petrochemical plant.
Welded construction and parts heated in the carbide precipitation range, subsequently requiring the
corrosion resistance of grade 304: boilers, exhaust manifolds, fasteners, fire walls, furnace heating
elements, jet engine parts, mufflers for stationary engines, stack liners.

Good weldability.

60
347
347
Alloy: AISI-347
(Cr. Ni. alloy)
UNS-S34700
Ni Cr Mo Co Fe Cu C Mn Si P S N Cb
Mini 9 17 (x)
Max 13 19 0,08 2 0,75 0,045 0,030
Balance X
(x) Cb: cb 10 x c mini, 1,00 max.
2.º Mechanical properties (Typical annealed):

RcB, max: 92
Property at Value Unit Property at Value Unit

3
Density 8,027 Kg/m Melting Range 1400-1430 °C
Electrical Conductivity 25°C 1.25 % IACS Specific Heat 500 J/kg. °C
Electrical Resistivity 25°C 0.72 Micro ohm. m Relative Magnetic Permeability 1.02
Coefficient of Expansion 0-100°C 16.6 / °C
Modulus of Elasticity 20°C 193 GPa 0-315°C 17.2 / °C
Shear Modulus 20°C 77 GPa 0-540°C 18.6 / °C
Poisson’s Ratio 20°C 0.30 Thermal Conductivity 100°C 16.1 W / m. °C

ASTM A-213 A-249 A-240 A-276 A-240 A-182 A-403 A-276
A-312 A-312 A-582 A-473 A-580
A-376 A-554 A-479
B.S.
W.Nr. 1.4550
61
General Description:
Stainless steels are iron based alloys containing at least 10.5% Chromium. They achieve their stain-
less characteristics through the formation of an invisible and adherent Chromium rich oxide film. Alloy
347 is a general purpose austenitic stainless steel with a face centered cubic structure. It is essentially
non-magnetic in the annealed condition and can only be hardened by cold working.
Niobium has been added to suppress grain boundary Chromium Carbide precipitation.
Finishes
No 1 (hot rolled, annealed and pickled), 2D (cold rolled).
Heat Treatment
Solution annealing is performed at 1000-1120°C, followed by rapid cooling. The grades cannot be har-
dened by heat treatment. Stress relieving is rarely required due to their high ductility and frequent use at
high temperatures.
Typical Applications
Welded construction and parts heated in the carbide precipitation range, subsequently requiring the co-
rrosion resistance of grade 304: boilers, exhaust manifolds, fasteners, fire walls, furnace heating elements,
jet engine parts, mufflers for stationary engines, stack liners.

These grades are readily weldable by most fusion techniques (GTAW/TIG, GMAW/MIG/MAG,
MMAW/stick, SAW), with no preheat, postheat or control of interpass temperature needed. Grade
347 welding consumables are used for 321 and 347 grades, and are prequalified in AS1554.6:1994
for welding to most other austenitic grades. Pickling and passivation is not usually required for use at
elevated temperatures.

62
410
Alloy: AISI-410
(Cr. alloy) 410
UNS-S41000
Mini 11,5 0,08
Max 0,75 13,5 0,15 1 1 0,040 0,030
Balance X
Tensile strength, mini: 450 MPa Elongation, mini: 20% Hardness: Brinell, max: 217
Yield strength, mini: 205 MPa Cold dend: 180° RcB, max: 96
Heat Treated Condition. 1” (25mm) round bar, oil quenched from 1800°F (982°C)
Tempering Tensile 0.2% yield Elongation Reduction Hardness

Temp Strength Strength in 2” of Area, %
°F °C psi MPa psi MPa (50mm), % Brinell RC
As
quenched 193,450 1334 149,750 1032 17.0 56.8 388 42
300 149 188,525 1300 148,575 1024 17.3 59.7 388 42
500 260 181,550 1252 143,550 990 16.8 60.7 388 42
700 371 181,425 1251 144,650 997 16.0 61.6 361 39
1050 566 124,050 855 110,330 761 20.8 67.2 255 25
1150 621 117,530 810 103,745 715 21.3 66.1 235 22
1200 649 113,020 779 99,125 683 22,0 66,5 229 20
Annealed
(1500/816) 75,610 521 43,590 301 34.5 74.5 143 –

Density 0.276 lb/in3 (7650 kg/m3); 8 kg/dm3).
Melting Point (approx.) 2223°F (1495°C)
Magnetic Permeability – In the annealed condition 410 will have a maximum permeability value of
900 Oersteds.
Modulus of Elasticity 29 x 106 psi (200 GPa).
Mean Specific Heat 32-212°F (0-100°C) 0.11 Btu/lb.F (460 J/kg.K)
Electrical Resistivity
Temper. Coeficient* of Thermal
Thermal Expansion Conductivity Temperature ohm.circularmil/ft microhm.m
°F °C in/in°Fx10-6 m/m.Kx10-6 Btu • ft/ft2 • hr •°F W/m.K °F °C
212 100 5.5 9.9 14.4 25.1 68 20 343 0.57
212 100 385 0.64
932 500 6.2 11.2 16.6 28.9
392 200 433 0.72
*70°F (21°C) to indicated temp. 752 400 529 0.88
63

ASTM A-268 A-268 A-240 A-276 A-240 A-182 A-403 A-276
A-511 A-473 A-479 A-580
W.Nr. 1.4006. (X12 Cr13; X10 Cr 13)

Type 410 is a corrosion and heat resistant 12% chromium steel. It is the most widely used of the
hardenable stainless steels. Heat treated 410 has mechanical properties comparable to the enginee-
ring alloy steel AISI 4130, coupled with the additional benefit of good corrosion resistance.
Hardenable stainless which may be tempered as high as 1350°F (732°C) to produce high impact
toughness. Oxidation resistant through 1500°F (816°C) intermittently, 1200°F (649°C) continuously.
410 stainless is highly resistant to atmospheric corrosion. Maximum corrosion resistance is obtained by
hardening and polishing. Mild atmospheres, soft water (verify water analysis). Oxidizing saline solutions free
of chlorides, fluorides, iodides, bromides… Cold diluted nitric solutions. Certain cold diluted organic acids:
picric, tannic, lactic… Non-corrosive products such as: alcohol, benzol, petroleum, oil, soap…
Metallurgy
The microstructure of annealed 410 consists of ferrite and carbides. Austenite forms in increasing
amounts as the steel is heated above approximately 1450°F (790°C). Rapid cooling from above 1450°F
(790°C) produces a partially or completely martensitic structure, depending upon the austenitizing tempe-
rature and the analysis. A fully martensitic structure, or very nearly so, may be developed by oil quench from
1800°F (982°C), or by air cooling if the section is light.
Chromium near the upper specified limit will reduce maximum hardness and will usually produce
small amounts of ferrite in with the hardened martensite. Heats of 410 with higher carbon will have
slightly greater hardness in the annealed condition, and greater hardness in the hardened condition.
Heat Treatment
Annealing: Heat uniformly to 1200-1400°F (650-760°C), remove from furnace and air cool. This should
result in Brinell hardness about 187.
For maximum softness, heat to 1500-1650°F (816-900°C), furnace cool slowly to 1100°F (593°C),
after which air cooling is permissible. Brinell hardness should be approximately 155.
Hardening: Heat to 1750-1850°F (954-1010°C), soak at heat, and quench in oil. Light sections will al-
so harden by air cooling. 410 will harden to some degree when heated 1500°F (816°C) and over unless
slowly cooled to below the critical temperature.
Tempering: Soak at heat at least one hour, longer for large sections, and air cool. Tempering 410 in the
range 750-1050°F (400-570°C) results in decreased impact toughness and somewhat reduced corrosion
resistance.
Applications
• Press plates. • Petrochemical equipment. • Gate valves. • Mining machinery. • Distillation trays.

Because 410 is an air hardening steel, it must be given a high preheat, at least 350-400°F (180-
200°C) before welding, and immediately given a full anneal before the weldment cools. Otherwise the
metal will harden, and cracking is likely. This nickel alloy is comparatively low strength, and therefore ac-
commodates some of the strain which may otherwise contribute to cracking in the 410 weldment.

64
431
Alloy: AISI-431
(Cr. Ni. alloy)
UNS-S43100 431
Ni Cr Mo Co Fe Cu C Mn Si P S N C
Mini 1,25 15
Max 2,5 17 0,2 1 1 0,04 0,03
Balance X
Yield strength 0.2: 200 GPa

Density 7,85 Kg/dm3
Norms Material Chemical Pipes-Tubes Plates Rounds, Strips Wires Forgings

composit Seamless Welded. Sheets Bars
DIN F-44
BS
ASTM AISI A-511 A-276 A-276 A-580 A-473
ISO
AFNOR
5.º Characteristics and applications:
Principal Design Features

431 is a martensitic stainless combining excellent impact strength at high hardness levels with the
best corrosion resistance of any martensitic stainless steels.
Machinability
In the fully annealed condition, 431 will gall and build up on the tools. Good surface finishes are not
easily obtained.
Hot Working
Heat to 2100-2200°F (1149-1204°C) for best results. Do not work material below 1650°F (900°C).
Cold Working
This alloy is easily drawn, spun, headed, sheared and bent compared with other stainless steels.
Annealing
1200-1250°F (650-677°C), furnace or air cool.
65
Tempering
Temper for desired properties. Temperatures between 700-1050°F (371-565°C) will adversely af-
fect impact strength and corrosion properties.
Hardening
1800-1950 F (982-1066°C), oil quench or ail cool for maximum properties.
Applications
431 has been successfully used in a variety of aircraft and general industrial applications. These in-
clude fasteners, bolts, valve components an chemical equipment.
6.º Corrosion data:

Sulphuric acid: 3 Sea water: 2 Symbols:
Hydrocloric acid: 3 Salts: 3 1. Good to excellent
Hydrofluoric acid: 3 Alkalis: 3 2. Acceptable
Phosphoric acid: 3 3. Inadequate
6.1. Corrosion data at high temperatures:

Oxidation resistance: 2 Strength & Stability: 3
Carburization resistance: 2 Nitriding resistance: 2
Sufidation resistance: 2 Carbonitriding resistance: 2
7.º Weldability:
Most electric welding procedures have proven successful with 431 stainless. Filler metal should be
AWS E/ER410. To avoid cracking, pre-heat the workpiece to 400-600°F (204-316°C). After air coo-
ling, treat at 1200°F (649°C) to reattain maximum properties.

x Plate-strip x Pipes-tubes x Accessories x Bars x Forgings x Nuts & Bolts
66
UNS S31254
Alloy: UNS S31254

(Cr, Ni, Mo)
UNS: S31254
1.º Chemical composition in %: UNS S31254
Mini
Max
18 20 6,2 Rem 0,7 0,020 0,5 0,4 0,20

Characteristic temperatures
20°C
Yield strength Rp0.2 N/mm2 min 300 Temp.°C
Rp1.0 N/mm2 min 340 Solidification range 1400-1325
Tensile strength Rm N/mm2 min 650 Scaling temperature in air 1000
Elongation A5 % min 35 Hot forming 1200-1000
Hardness HB max 210 Quench annealing 1170 water*)
Impact value KCV J/cm2 min 120 Pressure vessel application (–60)–400
*
Tensile properties at elevated temperature 1130 air/water below 2 mm
50°C 100°C 200°C 300°C 400°C

2
Rp0.2 N/mm min 270 235 195 175 160
Rp1.0 N/mm2 min 305 270 225 205 190
Rm N/mm2 min 635 615 560 525 510
20°C
Density g/cm3 8.0
Modulus of elasticity kN/mm2 200
Linear expansion 20 – 100°C x 10–6/°C 16.5
Thermal conduction W/m°C 13.5
Heat capacity J/kg°C 500
Electric resistivity nWm 850
Forgings: F-44

The high levels of chromium, particulary of molybdenum, endow S31254 with an extremely good re-
sistance to pitting and crevice corrosion. The addition of copper provides improved resistance in cer-
tain acids. Furthermore, due to its relatively high nickel content in combination with the high levels of
67
chromium and molybdenum, S31254 possesses a good resistance against corrosion. Numerous field
tests, as well as practical experience, show that S31254 is resistant to crevice corrosion in sea wa-
ter, even at increased temperatures.
S31254 is delivered in an annealed condition (1150-1200°C, rapid cooling) and has an austenitic
structure. In certain cases there may be traces of intermetallic phases (chi-and sigma phase) in the
centre of the material. Normally, however, this has no influence on the impact strength or on the co-
rrosion resistance. When exposed to a temperature range of between 600-1000°C, these phases can
precipitate at the grain boundaries. If the given recommendations for hot forming, welding and heat
treatment are followed, there will be no precipitation affecting the corrosion resistance.
CORROSION RESISTANCE
General corrosion
In a solution containing halides such as chloride, bromide or fluoride ions conventional stainless ste-
els can readily be attacked by localized corrosion in the form of pitting, crevice corrosion or stress co-
rrosion cracking. In certain cases, however, the presence of halides can accelerate the general (uni-
form) corrosion. This applies especially to cases where halides occur in nonoxidizing acids.
Pitting corrosion
In a solution with a chloride concentration exceeding that of sea water, S31254 possesses a very
good resistance up to high temperatures.
Intergranular corrosion
S31254 has a very low carbon content. Therefore, as far as the connection with the heat input is
concerned, there is little risk of carbide precipitation. Due to the low carbon content and the general
chemical composition, this steel passes the Strauss test (ASTM A 262 Practice E) even after one hour
of sensitizing at 600-1000°C.
However, due to the high alloying element content of the steel, intermetallic phases can precipitate at
the grain boundaries as in the above mentioned temperature range. These precipitations do not involve a
risk of intergranular corrosion in the corrosive media where this steel is used. Thus, welding can be ca-
rried out without any risk of intergranular corrosion. However, in a hot concentrated nitric acid, these pha-
ses can cause risk to intergranular corrosion in the heat-affected zone.
Crevice corrosion
The weak point of the conventional stainless steel grades is their limited resistance to crevice corro-
sion. In sea water, for example, there is a considerable larger risk of crevice corrosion under gaskets,
deposits or fouling than of pitting on the free surfaces.
S31254 is completely free from attacks, even after exposure to sea water at 60°C. Conventional
stainless steel grades, on the other hand, are attacked already at low temperatures by crevice co-
rrosion.
Stress corrosion cracking

Under favourable conditions, stress corrosion cracking can occur in all stainless steels, with the ex-
ception of those ferritic grades which are not alloyed with nickel or copper.
For austenitic steels, the resistance to stress corrosion cracking increases with the rise of the nic-
kel and molybdenum contents.
S31254 possesses a very good resistance to stress corrosion cracking. However, this steel grade
does not pass the SCC test in a 45% boiling magnesium chloride test solution, which is the severest
test procedure to detect stress corrosion cracking. The same happens with ferritic steels, alloyed with
nickel or copper and ferritic-austenitic steels.
PROCESSING
Hot working
Hot working should be carried out in the temperature range of between 1150-1000°C. Higher tem-
peratures will reduce the workability. Fairly heavy scaling occurs at temperatures exceeding 1150°C.
To ensure dissolution of possible precipitations of secondary phases from the hot forming, the subse-
68
quent heat treatment shall take place at min. 1150°C, followed by the quickest possible cooling. If a co-
oling rate is too low, it can cause a reduced corrosion resistance.
Cold working
S31254 possesses very good cold formability. Bending, pressing and other forming operations can
be carried out without any difficulty. Thus, practical experience obtained from the pressing of elbows,
tees, reducers, etc. has been very favourable. The steel workhardens rapidly.
MACHINING
Like other austenitic steels, S31254 is tough. The relatively high hardness and the tendency to-
wards work-hardening must be taken into account when this grade is machined.
Fully satisfactory machining results can be obtained when selecting the right choice of tools and ma-
chining data.
Applications
Up to the present S31254 has been supplied for the following applications:
– Use of equipment in contact with sea water such as heat exchangers, cooling water pipes and
even in cases where stagnant conditions can occur. Desalation plants.
– Equipment at pulp bleaching plants, such as drums, vats and press rolls for filter washers, and
pipelines for pulp and filtrate.
– Components in gas cleaning systems, e.g. in pulp and metallurgical industries, and in power stations.
– Tanks and pipelines for different chemicals with high halide levels.
– Equipment used for the destillation of tall oil.

S31254 possesses good weldability and can be welded using conventional welding methods for
stainless steel.
Sheets and plates in grade S31254 have a homogeneous composition. Remelting of the parent me-
tal, such as during welding without filler metal, may cause microscale variations in composition for ele-
ments such as chromium, nickel and, particularly, molybdenum. This phenomenon occurs in all highly
alloyed stainless steels. These variations may reduce the pitting resistance of the weld.
The following welding instructions should be observed:
1. The material may not be subjected to abrasive contact with copper/brass items. Penetration of
Cu/Zn into the grain boundaries can give rise to crack formation.
2. P 12 welding consumables should be used for all welding methods. TIG- and plasma -arc- welding
without filler wire should be avoided in cases where post-weld annealing is impossible.
3. Ignite the electrode in the joint since ignition burns beside the weld can give rise to corrosion
attacks.
4. Weld with low heat input, the run energy should not exceed 1.5 KJ/mm. Weaving should be avoi-
ded in horizontal position. Do not use unnecessarily high ampearages or thicker electrodes than
necessary.

69
AL-6XN®
Alloy: AL6XN®
(Cr. Ni. Mo alloy)
UNS-N08367

AL-6XN®
Ni Cr Mo Co Fe Cu C Mn Si P S N C
Mini 23,5 20 6 0,18
Max 25,5 22 7 0,75 0,3 2 1 0,04 0,03 0,25
Balance X
Maximum Allowable Design Stress Values in tension, ksi (Mpa)

DIMENSIONALLY STABLE Under Cited conditions
For Metal <3/16 inch thick sheet, >3/16 inch thick plate, Welded Tube, Welded Pipe Welded Pipe >3/16
Temperature not strip, seamless bar, forgings <3/16 inch thick wall inch thick wall
exceeeding
°F °C 45YS (310) 45YS (310) 45YS (310) 45YS (310)

100TS (717) 100TS (717) 100TS (717) 100TS (717)
100 38 28.6 (197) 27.1 (187) 24.3 (167) 23.1 (159)
200 93 26.2 (181) 26.2 (181) 22.2 (153) 22.2 (153)
300 149 23.8 (164) 23.8 (164) 20.2 (139) 20.2 (139)
400 204 21.0 (151) 21.0 (151) 18.7 (129) 18.7 (129)
500 260 20.5 (141) 20.5 (141) 17.4 (120) 17.4 (120)
600 316 19.4 (134) 19.4 (134) 16.5 (114) 16.5 (114)
650 343 19.0 (131) 19.0 (131) 16.1 (111) 16.1 (111)
700 371 18.6 (128) 18.6 (128) 15.8 (109) 15.8 (109)
750 399 18.3 (126) 18.3 (126) 15.5 (107) 15.5 (107)
800 427 18.0 (124) 18.0 (124) 15.3 (105) 15.3 (105)
KEY: YS = Minimum yield strength 0.2% offset; TS = Minumum tensile strength
All product forms have a minimum 30% elongation in 2” or 4D
Values shown are for comparison only. Always consult current editions of codes and standars for values for us in
Values are as published in 2001 edition of Code. Always consult current editions of codes and standards for values

Density 8 Kg/dm3
71

ASTM B-690 A-312 A-240 B-691 B-240 A-462 B-462 B-691
B-829 B-675 B-688 B-472 B-688 B-564 B-366
A-249
A-270
A-269
B.S.

AL-6XN® alloy is a nickel molybdenum alloy with excellent resistance to chloride pitting and crevice
corrosion. AL-6XN® has been used for seawater heat exchangers, chemical process tanks and pipeli-
nes, offshore oil and gas seawater heat exchangers.
AL-6XN alloy has proven to be resistant to a broad range of very corrosive processing environments. Ex-
ceptional corrosion resistance is obtained to chloride-induced corrosion in the forms of pitting, crevice and
stress corrosion cracking. AL-6XN alloy also has excellent general corrosion resistance to various acids and
salt solutions. This is achieved due to the higher levels of:
• Nitrogen – which retards the formation of chi phase during manufacturing and field welding
• Chromium – provides good resistance to oxidizing environments
• Molybdenum – improves resistance to chlorides.
Cost Comparison
Al-6XN alloy initially is more expensive than 300 series stainless steels. However, life-cycle costs for
systems utilizing the alloy can be far less than the comparable costs of the initial installation, mainte-
nance, and subsequent replacement of lesser alloys used in aggressive environments. In addition to
material replacement, labor costs, and production downtime caused by system failures of 300 series
stainless steels used in very corrosive environments, consideration must also be given to the associa-
ted costs of product contamination caused by corrosion related failures. Studies have shown the ini-
tial cost comparison of Al-6XN raw material to other alloys as follows:
304L stainless steel = factor of 1 (base)
316L stainless steel = 1.15 (x) 304L stainless steel
AL-6XN Alloy = 3 (x) 304L stainless steel
C-276 / C-22 = 5 (x) 304L stainless steel
When selecting materials for process systems, guidelines should be followed giving consideration to
the service environment. The inclusion of corrosion control and the correct material selection is the
most efficient and economical means for controlling corrosion and adding life to a piping system.
Fabrication
The toughness and ductility of the AL-6XN alloy provides for relative ease of fabrication in the shop
or field environments. Satisfactory machining may be achieved by the selection of the correct tools and
machine set-ups.
General or Uniform Corrosion

General corrosion is rather predictable. The uniform attack of an entire area exposed to a corro-
sive media usually is expressed as an average loss-of-metal-thickness over a given period of time and
is expressed in units such as mils (0.001 inch) per year, or mpy. Table 1 compares the immersion
corrosion resistance, conducted in accordance with ASTM G-31, of five alloys in eight different boi-
ling acid and alkali solutions. These data illustrate the performance of the alloys in a variety of envi-
72
ronments and do not necessarily simulate a particular process or industry environment. Note that
the AL-6XN alloy has a much lower general corrosion rate than the 300 series stainless steels in
these aggressive environments.
Table 1: Corrosion Resistance in Boiling Solutions
Rate ASTM G-31 Corrosion Rate in Mils Per Year (mm/y)

Test Solution (Boiling) Type 316L Type 317L Alloy 904L Al-6XN Alloy 276
20% Acetic Acid 0.12 (0.003) 0.48 (0.01) 0.59 (0.02) 0.12 (0.003) 0.48 (0.01)
45% Formic Acid 23.41 (0.60) 18.37 (0.47) 7.68 (0.20) 2.40 (0.06) 2.76 (0.07)
10% Oxalic Acid 44.90 (1.23) 48.03 (1.14) 27.13 (0.69) 7.32 (0.19) 11.24 (0.28)
20% Phosporic Acid 0.60 (0.02) 0.72 (0.02) 0.47 (0.01) 0.24 (0.006) 0.36 (0.009)
10% Sodium Bisulfate 71.57 (1.82) 55.75 (1.42) 8.88 (0.23) 4.56 (0.12) 2.64 (0.07)
50% Sodium Hydroxide 77.69 (1.92) 32.78 (0.83) 9.61 (0.24) 11.4 (0.29) 17.77 (0.45)
10% Sulfamic Acid 124.3 (3.16) 93.26 (2.39) 9.13 (0.23) 9.36 (0.24) 2.64 (0.067)
10% Sulfuric Acid 645.7 (16.15) 298.3 (7.58) 100.8 (2.53) 71.9 (1.83) 13.93 (0.35)
Pitting Corrosion
Probably the most important characteristic of a stainless steel alloy exposed to chloride contai-
ning solutions is its resistance to pitting and crevice attack. The pitting resistance of an austenitic
stainless steel may be correlated to alloy composition in terms of the Pitting Resistance Equivalent
Number. PREN = %Cr + 3.3 (%Mo) + 16 (%N); where chromium, molybdenum and nitrogen are in
weight percent. Increasing the molybdenum in the alloy produces greater resistance to pitting. The-
refore high molybdenum-high chromium alloys generally provides the best pitting resistance.
Another important consideration is the chloride pitting potential of stainless steel. This is an in-
dication of the susceptibility of the alloy to localized corrosion. If the potential is more positive, the
chances of pitting are reduced.
The Critical Pitting Temperature (CPT) is the minimum solution temperature at which pitting is
first observed. When compared to the other alloys in these tests, the AL-6XN alloy demonstrated
a significantly greater resistance to pitting.
Critical Pitting Temperatures
CCCT1 CPT2 CPT3

Product °C °F °C °F °C °F
304 <27.5 <-2.5
316 27.5 2.5 59 15
317 35 1.7 66 18.9 77 25
904L 68 20 104 40 113 45
AL-6XN 110 43 177 80.5 172 78
1. Based on ASTM G-48B (6% FeCI3 for 72 hours with crevices)
2. Based on ASTM G-48A (6% FeCl3 for 72 hours)
3. Test Solution: 4% NaCI + 1%Fe3(SO4)3 + 0.01M HCI
Increasing the acidity (decreasing the pH), of a solution beyond a certain value may result in a
dramatic increase in the general corrosion rate. This value is referred to as the “depassivation pH”,
above which the rate is low and below which the rate is high. Corrosion rates in an acidified 3.5%
sodium chloride solution at room temperature for austenitic stainless steel, ferritic stainless steel,
and AL-6XN stainless show that AL-6XN alloy is the most resistant of the austenitic stainless alloys.
The AL-6XN alloy corrosion rate does not appreciably increase until the solution pH falls below 0.3.
73
Crevice Corrosion
Crevice corrosion is another form of localized corrosion that occurs when the corroding metal is in
close contact with anything that makes a tight crevice. Metal degradation at the mating surface of a
sanitary clamp fitting and gasket is usually the result of crevice corrosion. Crevice corrosion is usually
the first to occur and is predictable as to when and where it will take place. Like pitting, the presence
of chlorides makes the reaction proceed at a fast rate. There is a “critical crevice corrosion tempera-
ture” (CCCT) below which corrosion will not occur. The greater the difference between the CCCT and
the operating temperature, the greater the probability that crevice corrosion will occur.
Intergranular Corrosion
The most common example of intergranular corrosion is the formation of chromium carbide in
the heat-affected zone (HAZ) of higher carbon stainless steel duringwelding. These carbides form
along the grain boundaries. Because the carbides require more chromium than is locally available,
the carbon depletes chromium from the area around the carbon. The grain boundary zone is left low
in chromium and creates a new, low chromium alloy in that region. A mismatch in galvanic poten-
tial between the base metal and the grain boundary results, so galvanic corrosion begins. As the
grain boundaries corrode, the grain and the chromium carbides drop out like particles of rusty sand.
The surface of the metal develops a “sugary” appearance.
Intergranular corrosion also can occur whenever intermetallic compounds such as chi or sigma
phase form. These compounds usually form when some type of heating occurs, such as welding, he-
at treatment, or metal fabrication. Understanding how they form makes it relatively easy to control
their formation. Since AL-6XN stainless has low carbon, chromium carbide formation usually is not
a problem. However, chi phase may be a problem as it forms when the weld metal cools after wel-
ding, especially in the heat affected zone, or if heat treatment is improperly performed, or if the alloy
is held for a short time in the 1200-1800°F (650-1000°C) range.
Stress Corrosion Cracking

Because the AL-6XN alloy has increased resistance to SCC it has been used successfully in appli-
cations such as chemical process equipment, brewery equipment, feed-water heaters, and flue gas
reheaters. AL-6XN alloy is very resistant to SCC at temperatures less than 121°C. The threshold
temperature for initiating SCC decreases with increasing chloride content.
Applications
AL-6XN alloy is currently in use in the follo- It is used in contact with these products:
wing industries: • Sports drinks
• Food Processing • Ketchup
• Pharmaceutical • Soy sauce
• Biopharmaceutical • Barbecue sauce
• Brewery • Salsa
• Desalination • Fine chemicals
• Semi-conductor • Cosmetics
• Aerospace • Pharmaceuticals
• Pulp & paper

Good weldability.
The low carbon and high nitrogen contents minimize the precipitation of carbides and secondary
phases that can occur during welding. Field welding can be easily achieved provided that a suitable over-
matched filler ring is used and the material has been properly cleaned and prepared for welding. Wel-
ding procedures are similar to those used with other austenitic stainless steels.

74
904L®
Alloy: 904L®
(Cr. Ni. Mo alloy)
UNS-N8904
Ni Cr Mo Co Fe Cu C Mn Si P S N 904L®
Mini 23 19 4 1 0,02
Max 28 23 5 2 2 1 0,045 0,035
Balance X

Yield strength, mini: 215 MPa Hardness: Brinell, max: –
HRB, max: 70/90
Density (lb / cu. in.) .......................................... 0.285 and 8 Kg/dm3

Specific Gravity ........................................................................... 7.9
Specific Heat (Btu/lb/Deg F - [32-212 Deg F]) ............................. 0.12
Electrical Resistivity (microhm-cm [at 68 Deg F]) ............................ 480
Modulus of Elasticity Tension ...................................................... 28.4

ASTM B-673 B-674 B-625 B-649 B-625 A-182 B-366 B-649
B-674 B-649
B.S.
AF-NOR-ZIN CDU 25,20

DIN-1.4539
Principal Design Features

904L is an austenitic stainless steel designed for moderate to high corrosion resistance. Its low carbon
content improves cleanliness and weld strength.
High leves of chromium, nickel, molybdenum and copper give 904L good resistance to stress corrosion
cracking, chloride pitting and to reducing media such as hot phosphoric acid and dilute sulfuric acid. In the-
se areas it is superior to 316 and 317.
75
This austenitic speciality with its high molybdenum and a reduced carbon contets offers excellent resis-
tance to:
• reductive acids like sulphuric and phosphoric acid
• concentrated organic acids, even at elevated temperatures
• salt and soda solutions
• sea water
Special characteristic:
Extraordinary resistance to pit corrosion, stress corrosion and intergranular corrosion.
Structure after heat treatment, austenitic.
With application up to 400°C and an operation up to 100000 h, grade 904L is resistant to intercrys-
talline corrosion acc. to DIN 50914.
Machinability
Slow speeds and positive feeds will minimize this alloy’s tendency to work harden and glaze. Use chip bre-
akers where possible to overcome problems with long draggy chips.
Hot Working
Hot work should proceed after uniform heating to 2000-2200 F. Do not work the material at less than
1800°F. Full annealing should follow any hot work to retain maximum ductility and corrosion resistance.
Cold Working
Although higher forces are required, 904L will respond in a similar fashion to other austenitic stainless
steels like 304, 316 or 317. Most common operations can be successfully performed.
Annealing
1920-1990°F (1050-1090°C), rapid cooling.
Hardening
This alloy does not respond to heat treatment. It may only be hardened by cold reduction.
Applications
Utility scrubber assemblies, acid and fertilizer production equipment. Desalation plants.
For highly critical corrosion problems in the chemical and petrochemical industry, pulp and paper industry
as well as for flue gas desulphurization plants.

Most common fusion and resistance methods may be employed. For maximum corrosion resistan-
ce, it is recommended to use filler metals of equal or higher alloy content.

76
UNS S31803
Alloy: UNS S31803

(Cr. Ni. alloy)
UNS: S31803
Mini 4,5 21 2,5 0,08
Max 6,5 23 3,5 0,03 2 1 0,03 0,02 0,20 UNS S31803
Balance X
At room temperature
heat-treated 0.2 yield tensile elongation notch impact, toughness

condition point strength (L – 5 d) (ISO-V-specimen) min.
min. % min. J ft • lbs
N/mm2 N/mm2
psi psi long transv. long. transv.
quenched 480 680-880 25 72
flat products 69600 98600-127600 53
profile products 450 680-880 30 140
65250 98600-126600 103
At higher temperatures:
°C 50 100 150 200 250 280
°F 122 212 302 392 482 536
0.2% yield point min.
N/mm2 410 360 335 310 295 285

psi 59150 52200 48575 44950 42775 41325
3.º Physical properties: Characteristic temperatures

Specific gravity g/cm3 7.8
Temp. °C
Specific heat J/kg K 0.377
Solidification range 1445-1385
Thermal conductivity W/m K 16
Scaling temperature in air 1000
Coefficient of linear Sigma phase formation 700-900
expansion 20-100°C 10–6/K 12 Carbide precipitation 450-800
Electrical resistivity microohm • cm 80 475 embrittlement 350-525
Modulus of elasticity Hot forming 1150-950
at 20°C kN/mm2 200 Quench annealing 1020-1070
Stress relief annealing 1020-1070
Range for pressure vessel application (–10) –280
77
Norms Material Pipes-Tubes Plates Rounds, Strips Wires Forgings Fittings

Seamless Welded. Sheets Bars Flanges
DIN 1.4462 1.4462 1.4462 F-51

BS
ASTM A479-A182 A789 A790 A240 A276 A182 A815
ISO
AFNOR Z3CND22.05AZ

Designed to provide and excellent combination of both strength and corrosion resistance for a wi-
de variety of applications.
The alloy can be considered a second generation of those alloys whose structure consists of appro-
ximately 50% austenite and 50% ferrite by design of chemical composition. This duplex or two-phase
structure provides good resistance to stress-corrosion in chloride and hydrogen suphide environments.
The alloy develops almost twice the yield strength of the standard austenitic stainless steels, although
the ultimate tensile strength on which allowable design stress is usually based, is only 20% above the
austenitic grades.
A widely used duplex steel combining high strength and corrosion resistance in various organic
acids, anorganic acids, aggressive coolingwaters and hydrous H2S/NaCl mixtures. With a near equal
mix of austenite and ferrite, the give yield strength 30% higher and tensile strengths marginally higher
than comparable nitrogen-containing austenitics. High resistance to general corrosion and specifically
to pitting and crevice corrosion. Their resistance to stress-corrosion cracking in neutral chlorides is su-
perior to that of the austenites. In high chloride acidic or moderately sour environments where hydro-
gen or sulphide stress cracking is more likely, higher alloyed austenitics need also to be considered. Im-
pact values are high and transition temperatures of base materials vary around –50°C. However, the
proportion and orientation of ferrite in welds and base materials may significantly affect toughness at
subzero temperatures. Exposure to moderate and high temperatures and less rapid cooling may cau-
se embrittlement.
Metallurgical structure
After solution annealing at 1900-2000°F (1040°C-1100°C), the precipitation free Duplex structu-
re contains about 40% ferrite and 60% austenite.
The ferritic/austenitic structure is maintained also at higher temperatures. This is due to the nitro-
gen addition, a strongly austenite stabilizing elements, as wel as to the precipitation free state. The pre-
sence of nitrogen, dissolved in the austenitic constituent, retards remarkably the carbide precipitation.
This effect, together with the decrease of carbon content to max. 0.03%, results in a very good resis-
tance against intergranular corrosion even after holding in the critical temperature range of 600-
950°C/1100-1750°F.
Preheat and interpass temperature:

Wall thickness:
max. 6 mm/0.236 in. ................................................. none
6 to 20 mm/0.236 to 0.787 in ................................... 80°C/176°F
more than 20 mm/0.787 in ........................................ 120 to 150°C/248 to 300°F
Micrographs show the heat-affected zones (HAZ) and the as-weld structure of a multilayer welding
of 4.7 inch (12 mm) sheet with matching filler metal, contrary to commercial Duplex steel grades, whe-
re no part of the HAZ of Duplex has become completely ferritic. Exposed to the Streichertes (ASTM
78
262, Practice B), these specimens did not undergo intergranular corrosion and after a 180° bending–
no cracks have been observed.
General corrosion is characterized by an uniform attack of the steel surface when it comes into con-
tact with a corrosive medium. The resistance is normally considered good if the corrosion rate is less
than 0.1 mm/year, due to its high chromium and molybdenum content.
Duplex has a better resistance than type 316 and 317 in most mediums.
Intergranular corrosion
Thanks to the Duplex structure and the low carbon content, Duplex has a very high resistance to
intergranular corrosion. In general, when welding ferritic-austenitic steels, a narrow heat-affected zo-
ne, close to the fusion line is obtained, where the structure may become fully ferritic. Chromium car-
bides precipitate rapidly in such a zone; thus, producing a risk of intergranular corrosion. However, Du-
plex has a balanced composition which ensures a sufficient amount of austenite in the heat affected
zone to minimize the risk of undesirable carbide precipitation.
Sulphide strees corrosion cracking

The presence of hydrogen sulphide in chloride solutions entails the risk of stress cracking also at
lower temperatures. The resistance of Duplex stainless steels varies with the chemical composition and
the microstructure. One example of the types of environments where sulphide stress corrosion crac-
king may occur is in sour oil and gas wells. Duplex has proved to be very resistant in such environ-
ments. Contrary to chloride induced stress corrosion cracking, sulphide stress corrosion cracking also
attacks the ferritic phase. Laboratory tests have shown that Duplex has a high resistance to sulphide
stress corrosion cracking.
Pitting and crevice corrosion

The resistance to these types of corrosion is increased by an addition of chromium, molybdenum
and nitrogen.
Stress corrosion cracking

Conventional austenitic stainless steels may be attacked by stress corrosion cracking in chloride en-
vironments at elevated temperatures. Duplex stainless steels with a continuous ferrite phase, are much
less prone to this type of corrosion.
Corrosion fatigue
The high mechanical strength combined with the very good corrosion resistance gives Duplex a high
corrosion fatigue strength.
PROCESSING
Hot forming should be carried out in the temperature range of 1200-900°C/2200-1650°F. After
this a final heat treatment is required.
However, it should be borne in mind that the mechanical stength of the material is low at high tem-
peratures.
At temperatures below 950°C embrittling can take place on account of the combination of strain
and exposure in the sigma phase field.
At room temperature cold working can be done without any problems. Cold working >10% entails al-
so a final heat treatment. Work hardening is higher than that of austenitic stainless steels, necessitates,
however, accordingly higher forces of deformation and tools with higher maintenance of cutting power.
79
MACHINING
With high speed tools the same cutting data can be applied as with type 316. However, when ce-
mented carbide tools are used the cutting speeds have to be reduced by 20%.
HEAT TREATMENT
All forms of supply are normally delivered in the solution-annealed condition. The temperature of
solution annealing ranges between 1040 and 1100°C/1900-2000°F. Up to 2 mm/0.078 in. quen-
ching can be carried out in air, for thicknesses greater than 2 mm/0.078 in. water quenching will
be necessary.
Hot working heat-treatment

°C °C
°F cooling medium °F time min. cooling medium
1200-900 air 1040-1100 just soaking <2 mm/0.78 in. air
2200-1650 1900-2000 >2 mm/0.078 in. water
Structure after heat treatment: ferrite–austenite. Stress relief treatments can in special cases be performed at 550-600°C

Duplex is easily weldable by all welding processes.
Duplex steels require somewhat more careful attention when being welded than normal austenitic
steels. The following precautions should be observed:
– The material should be welded without preheating.
– Welding should be performed using a low heat input. The material should be allowed to cool, pre-
ferably below 150°C between passes. Do not use higher amperage than necessary. Increased
electrode diameter means higher heat input, if not compensated by higher welding speed.
Duplex can be welded using the following methods:
– Manual metal arc with covered electrodes
– Gas shielded arc welding such as TIG, plasma and MIG
– Submerged arc welding
Post weld heat treatment is normally not necessary. In cases where heat treatment is considered,
for example for stress relieving, this should be carried out at the temperature range of between 1020-
1070°C.

80
FERRALIUM-255®
Alloy: Ferralium-255 (SD 40)®

(Cr. Ni. Mo. alloy)
UNS-S32550
Mini 4,5 24 0,08
Max 6,5 27 3,5 0,03 2 1 0,20
Balance X FERRALIUM-255®
The composition above is that shown for UNS S3250 in ASTM A240. The composition of Ferralium
alloy 255[SD40] falls within this range but the exact proprietary compositional range is confidential and
is not released. The standard requirements for Pitting Resistance Equivalent (PRE.N) are met, where
PRE.N = %Cr + 3.3%Mo + 16%N > 40.0.

At room temperature Typical Properties
Solution Solution Solution Treated &

Treated & Treated Stress Relieved
Stress Relieved & Aged Tensile Strength 780 N/mm2
0.2% Proof Stress tons f/in2 31.7 36.9 0.2% Proof Strees 540 N/mm2
N/mm2 490 570 Elongation 28%
Tensile Strength tons f/in2 47.9 53.7 Izod Impact >100 Joules
N/mm2 740 830 Ultimate Torsional 800 N/mm2
Elongation on 5.65 So, % 25 23 Stress
Izod Impact ft•lb 44 37 0.2% Proof Stress 400 N/mm2
V-notch at 20°C Joules 60 50 Angle of Twist 1020 degrees
Brinell Hardness 220-270 250-330
All figures are minimum, except where a range is quoted.
Ferralium alloy 255 is normally supplied in the solution-treated and stress relieved condition. The ex-
cellent mechanical properties obtained in this condition can be raised further by ageing and if required
shoud be stated at the order stage.
ELEVATED AND LOW TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES
The recommended maximum continuous operating temperature for Ferralium alloy 255-3SF is
275°C. The alloy can be used for occasional short periods at slightly higher temperatures but care
should be exercised.
The lowest temperture for which Ferralium alloy 255-3SF can be considered is around minus 50°C. The
V-notch impact at minus 18°C is typically 80-100 Joules.
FATIGUE CHARACTERISTICS
Ferralium alloy 255-3SF has excellent resistance to fatigue and corrosion fatigue, making it particularly
suitable for items such as shafts in seawater environments.
81

Density at 20°C kg/m3 7806
g/cc 7.81
lb./in3 0.282
Mean Coefficient of Thermal Expansion, °K-1 20°-100°C 11.1 x 10-6
20°-200°C 11.5 x 10-6
20°-300°C 12.0 x 10-6
20°-400°C 12.4 x 10-6
20°-500°C 12.9 x 10-6
Thermal Conductivity, W/m°K 0°C 13.6
20°C 14.2
40°C 14.7
60°C 15.2
80°C 15.8
100°C 16.3
200°C 18.4
Specific Electrical Resistance at 20°C microhm-m 0.80
microhm-cm 80
microhm-in 31
Magnetic Permeability 33
Young’s Modulus Ib.f/in2 29 x 106
N/mm2 199 x 103
Torsional Modulus Ib.f/in2 11 x 106
N/mm2 75 x 103
Poisson’s Ratio 0.32

ASTM A-789 A-789 A-240 A-240 A-182 A-815
A-790 A-790 A-473/9
Description
Ferralium alloy 255-3SF is a high strength, high alloy duplex stainless steel made under the same Patent
which covers the standard Ferralium alloy 255. It has an even more closely controlled composition and he-
at treatment so as to achieve the optimum corrosion resistance from the alloy system but can be machi-
ned and welded as readily as the alloy 255.
This wrought alloy which complements the advanced cast Ferralium alloy 255-3SC has been de-
veloped especially for the more critical applications in oil and gas production both offshore and ons-
hore, and in naval ships – in fact wherever a high degree of resistance to pitting and crevice attack
in addition to general corrosion resistance is important. Its resistance to acids, notably to sulphu-
ric acid up to about 65% concentration, is also significantly improved so that it is very useful for
handling all kinds of contaminated waters.
Compared with other commercially available duplex alloys such as W.NR 1.4462 (often designated
2205) it has higher strength but retains good ductility and its corrosion resistance is of a significantly hig-
82
her order in both sea water and acids. Against the conventional high alloy austenitic alloys characterised
by UNS NO8904 it has both higher strength and much better resistance to selective attack, approaching
that of the so-called “6Mo” alloys although the PRE (pitting resistance equivalent) values of the latter are
slightly higher. However it must be appreciated that PRE is not an absolute measure and is merely a broad
method of grading by calculation from the Cr, Mo and N contents of the alloy. The PREN value for Ferralium
alloy 255-3SF exceeds 37. As with Ferralium alloy 255, a significant copper content in Ferralium alloy 255-
3SF enhances the basic corrosion resistance of the high alloy duplex structure (approximately 50:50) con-
trolled by the chromium, molybdenum, nickel and nitrogen contents. In particular, the copper tends to re-
tard pitting and crevice attack and benefits resistance to sulphuric acid.
Ferralium alloy 255-3SF is relatively “noble” in a galvanic table, comparing with titanium, and has a rest
potential of +0.04 volts (S.C.E.) in 3% Na Cl.
The good resistance to erosion provided by Ferralium alloy 255 is equalled by the alloy 255-3SF, espe-
cially in the age-hardened condition.
In the solution-treated condition the hardness of alloy 255-3SF is within the limit set by NACE MR-01-
75 and Ferralium alloy 255 in the wrought form is now included by name in this Material Recommendation.
The UNS number for Ferralium alloy 255-3SF is S32550.
Crevice Corrosion
The 300 series austenitic stainless steels are particularly susceptible to a breakdown of their passive film
under crevice conditions in sea water and other corrosive waters. Some highly alloyed ferritic stainless ste-
els resist crevice corrosion attack much more successfully, as can ferritic/austenitic alloys.
Ferralium alloy 255-3SF is even better than wrought Ferralium alloy 255 which already led the field in
resisting this form of attack. For comparison and grading of materials it is widespread practice to use ac-
celerated tests in FeCl3. The table below shows comparisons between Ferralium alloy 255-3SF, some other
wrought duplex alloys and austenitic alloys. The critical crevice temperatures were determined on speci-
mens having a bold (uncovered) to crevice area ratio of approximately 20:1; significant changes in the abo-
ve ratio may alter the critical crevice temperature.
Critical Crevice Corrosion Temperatures in 10% FeCl36H20 (pH1)
CCT°C CCT°C
Ferralium alloy 255-3SF 30 CN7M modified (4.5 Mo) (cast) 0 to 12.5
Ferralium alloy 255 20 DP3 (25Cr/7Ni/3Mo + W) 10
2205 (1.4462) 17.5 316 stainless steel – 2.5
Pitting Corrosion
The pitting resistance of most duplex stainless steels is superior to that of the standard austenitic alloys
such as types 316 and 317 even in low carbon grades.
Ferralium alloy 255-3SF offers a further advance in pitting resistance compared with Ferralium alloy
255, already outstanding in this respect. The critical pitting temperature of alloy 255-3SF in 3% NaCl so-
lution is compared with some other wrought alloys below.
The results presented in the table may be less than claimed elsewhere for the alloys other than the Fe-
rralium alloys. This can be due to the difference in detail between the precise test methods employed. All
the figures were established by an identical procedure used in the same test equipment so that they repre-
sent a true comparison.
Critical Pitting Temperatures in 3% NaCl (deaerated)
CCT°C CCT°C
Ferralium alloy 255-3SF 40 CN7M modified (4.5 Mo) (cast) 20
Ferralium alloy 255 30 316 stainless steel 0
2205 (1.4462) 20
83
The presence of copper in Ferralium alloy 255-3SF, as in alloy 255, is particularly benefical in aiding the
resistance to initiation and particularly to propagation of pitting attack. A minimum of 1% copper is essen-
tial to ensure the optimum resistance to pitting.
Stress Corrosion
The stress corrosion cracking resistance in chloride environments of Ferralium alloy 255-3SF is, in com-
mon with standard alloy 255, greatly superior to that of the standard austenitic stainless steels. A consi-
derable amount of test data and service experience with Ferralium alloy 255 has demonstrated the alloy’s
excellent performance in resisting this form of attack. Alloy 255-3SF is identical in performance to the stan-
dard alloy and data can be provided if required.
One factor in handling sea water is that in many situations it may be polluted. For example, harbour wa-
ter and oil field water may contain considerable amounts of dissolved hydrogen sulphide. This can destroy
the passivation of stainless steels, leading to accelerated pitting, increased propensity to crevice attack and
potentially most damagingly to stress corrosion cracking. The beneficial effect of copper in stabilising the
passive film helps Ferralium alloy 255-3SF to combat these forms of attack and the modified chemistry of
the alloy further improves resistance to the stress corrosion hazard created by the presence of H2S. Whe-
re Ferralium alloy 255 is required to meet the requirements of NACE MR-01-75, in which it appears by na-
me, this is satisfied by supplying the alloy in the solution treated and stress-relieved condition.
Acids
Ferralium alloy 255-3SF possesses far superior resistance to sulphuric acid compared with conventio-
nal austenitic stainless steels such as type 316. For many years alloy 255 has been used very successfully
in the lower and higher concentrations of sulphuric acid.
The selection chart is based on tests on material machined and later tested rather than on freshly abra-
ded samples. Freshly abraded samples or activated samples may exhibit different rates of corrosion. This
is of particular significance in aggressive non-oxidising acid conditions.
The application of Ferralium alloy 255-3SF in sulphuric acid can be further extended in strongly aera-
ted solutions and in the presence of oxidising substances but it is essential to carry out tests to esta-
blish suitability.
The outstanding resistance of Ferralium alloy 255-3SF to commercial phosphoric acid containing impu-
rities such as hydrofluoric acid, chlorides and sulphuric acid combined with its excellent resistance to wear
and erosion renders the alloy of special interest for critical components on pumps, valves and fluid hand-
ling equipment generally in the production of fertilizer grade phosphoric acid where hot abrasive slurries are
involved. Ferralium alloy 255-3SF and the cast alloy 255-3SC can often replace more expensive highly allo-
yed stainless steels and nickel based alloys.
Ferralium alloy 255-3SF will successfully resist a wide range of acid mixtures such as sulphuric/nitric,
phosphoric/nitric and nitric/adipic and is highly resistant to acetic, formic and other organic acids where
halide contamination may be present.
PITTING AND CREVICE CORROSION IN CHLORIDE ENVIRONMENTS
Ferralium 255 & Ferralium SD40 possess outstanding resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion in ma-
rine and seawater environments. They match the resistance of any other superduplex stainless steel and
are far superior to the so-called marine grades of stainless steel, such as AISI 316 and 317, and the stan-
dard type duplexes such as Alloy 2205. The carefully controlled composition of Ferralium SD40, which is
specifically designed as an offshore grade of superduplex and which has a substantial content of nitrogen
and molybdenum, gives a Pitting Resistance Equivalent (PREN) > 40.0, where PREN = %Cr + 3.3%Mo +
16%N.
84
CORROSION RESISTANCE GUIDE
FERRALIUM
Conc. Temp. °C alloy CF-8M (316) CN-7M
w/w 255-3SF
Acetic Acid 0-50% Boiling •1 • •
Acetic Acid Vapour – Hot • ❚ •
Acetic Anhydride – to Boiling • • •
Ammonium Carbamate
(urea production) – to 120 • ❚ ❚
Ammonium Chloride All 75 •2 ❚ •
Ammonium Hidroxide – – • • •
Citric Acid All to Boiling • ❚ •
Copper Sulphate + 10% H2SO4 – to Boiling • ❚ •
1
Formic Acid – 20 • ❚ •
Hydrochloric Acid 2% 100 • ▼ –
5
Nitric Acid 0-60% Boiling • • •
5
Nitric Acid 70% Boiling ❚ ❚ ❚
Phosphoric Acid All to 100 • • •
Phosphoric Acid 0-60% Boiling • ❚ •
Phosphoric Acid 60%-70% 120 ❚ ▼ ❚
Phosphoric Acid 88% Boiling ❑ ▼ ❑
3
‘Wet Process’ 25%-35% 80 • ❑ •
Phosphoric Acid in P2O5
production of phosphate 45%-55% 80-90 •3 ❑ •
fertilisers P2O5
Potassium Chloride 0-30% to Boiling ❚2 ❚ •
Sea Water See separate information
Sodium Chloride 0-10% to Boiling •2 ❚ •
Sodium Hydroxide All 20 • ❚ •
Sodium Hydroxide All Boiling ❚ ❚ ❚
Sulphuric Acid 0-98% 40 • ▼ •
Sulphuric Acid 5%-30% 80 • ▼ •
Sulphuric Acid 30%-50% 60 • ▼ ❚
Sulphuric Acid 98% 100 • ▼ •
Sulphuric Acid 98% 150 ❚ ▼ ❚
4
Sulphuric Acid (fuming) –Oleum – to 80 ❚ ❚ ❚
Sulphuric Acid/Nitric
Acid Misture 43% H2SO4,
25% HNO3, 32% H2O – 100 • ❚ •
• Excellent resistance, usually at less than 0.15 mm/year Notes:

❚ Good resistance, <0.50 mm/year 1. Ferralium alloy 255 more resistant to pitting in the presence of chlorides.
2. Ferralium alloy 255 more resistant to pitting and selective attack under crevi-
❑ Suitable under some conditions. Plant tests recommended ce and stagnant conditions.
▼ Poor resistance. Not normally recommended 3. Plant tests recommended.
4. Plants tests recommended.
5. Data relates to CF-8C (347).
85
EROSION AND WEAR
The resistance of Ferralium alloy 255-3SF to erosion, cavitation and wear is extremely good, being the
same as that of the standard alloy 255. Many established applications utilise this property to advantage
most notably in pumps and valves.
MACHINING
FERRALIUM alloy 255-3SF can be readily machined and although considerably harder than the austeni-
tic stainless steels, the same techniques can generally be used. High speed tools can be used but speeds
can be substantially increased by the use of carbide tipped tools.
In common with many stainless steels and high strength materials, heavy machining on Ferralium alloy
255-3SF can sometimes result in slight movement during subsequent operations. This may be accetuated
by surface work hardening if blunt tools are used.
Whilst this movement is not significant in most cases, components requiring specially close tolerances
should be given a stress relief.
STRESS CORROSION CRACKING
The stress corrosion cracking resistance in chloride environments is far superior to any of the standard
austenitic grades. Ferralium 255 & Ferralium SD40 have been successfully tested to 100% of yield
strength in boiling seawater and the tests have shown that the alloys are not susceptible to stress corro-
sion cracking, even under these extreme conditions.
CORROSION IN ACIDS AND SALTS
The corrosion resistance of Ferralium 255, which is designed specifically as a chemical grade su-
perduplex, is generally superior to that of the standard austenitic types in sulphuric, phosphoric, ni-
tric and many other acids and salts. Ferralium 255 is highly resistant to acetic acid, formic acid and
other organic compounds. They are particulary suitable for the higher concentrations and tempera-
tures where pitting and preferential corrosion are common causes of failure with standard austeni-
tics in the presence of chloride and other impurities.
Ferralium 255 & Ferralium SD40 are proprietary super duplex stainless steels, containing appro-
ximately 26% chromium, 6% nickel, 1.6% copper, 3.3% molybdenum and 0.24% nitrogen. The ma-
terials are the latest refinement of the Ferralium series of superduplex stainless steels and Ferralium
SD40 was specifically introduced to comply with those specifications calling for a Pitting Resistance
Equivalent (PREN) > 40.0.
The main features of Ferralium 255 & Ferralium SD40 are:
• Excellent corrosion resistance in a wide variety of corrosive chemicals including sulphuric, phosp-
horic and nitric acids.
• Outstanding resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion in seawater and other chloride containing
environments, Pitting Resistance Equivalent (PREN) exceeds 40.0.
• High strengh compared to austenitic and 22% chrome duplex stainless steels.
• Excellent ductility and impact strength at both ambient and sub-zero temperatures.
• High resistance to abrasion, erosion and cavitation erosion.
• Excellent resistance to stress corrosion cracking in chloride containing environments compared
to standard austenitics.
Since the original Ferralium grade was invented at Langley Alloys in the 1960’s, the Ferralium alloy
series have been providing excellent service in a wide variety of corrosive environments. Some of the
existing industries and applications where the alloys have been successfully used are listed below.
• Chemical Process Industry. Sulphuric Acid Production, Nitric Acid Processes, Polypropylene Pro-
duction, PVC Production, Titanium Dioxide Production, Caustic Evaporators, Equipment Handling
Organic and Fatty Acids.
86
• Marine Industry and Shipbuilding. Propellers and Shafts, Rudders, Shaft Seals, Pumps, Bolts
and Fasteners, Valves, Instrumentation, Oil and Chemical Tankers.
• Oil and Gas Industry. Pumps, Valves, Pipe, Vessels, Welllhead Equipment, Subsea Equipment.
• Pollution Control. Fans and pumps, Wet Scrubbers, Incinerators.
• Copper Semlting. ID Fans, Tuyeres bars, Wet Scrubbers, Leaching Area Precipitators.
• Pulp and Paper Industry. Black liquor heater tubes, Digester Blow Valves, Rotary Feed Valves,
I.D. Fans, Brownstock Washers, Precipitators, Bleaching Components.
• Food Industry. Sugar Cane Centrifuges, Corn and Vegetable processing plant.
• Agrochemicals. Fertiliser Production (Wet phosphoric acid).
• Civil Engineering. Statue of Liberty supporting structure, Swimming Pools, Sewage Treatment.
HEAT TREATMENT
The standard solution heat-treatment for Ferralium alloy 255-3SF is carried out at 1060°C followed by
rapid quench, preferably in water. Uniformity of temperature within a range of ± 10°C is essential and ade-
quate time should be allowed so as to ensure that the material is fully soaked throughout at the tempera-
ture. Quenching should be carried out immediately on removal from the furnace, with the minimum of coo-
ling in air during transfer to the quenche tank.
Stress Relief
This should be carried out by heating to 350°C and holding for two hours at temperature followed by air
cool. Depending upon the nature of the component, the extent of machining and the tolerances required,
this treatment may be carried out at one or more stages of the machining cycle.
Ageing
We recommend that ageing heat-treatment is carried out only by the manufacturer, as it requires a very
careful control.

There is very extensive experience in the welding of the standard wrought Ferralium alloy 255 and
Ferralium alloy 255-3SF can be welded equally readily.
It is recommended that only Ferralium alloy 255 HB flux coated electrodes be used to weld Ferralium
alloy 255-3SF. These electrodes have been specially developed to ensure sound welds and satisfactory
properties in the deposited metal. The use of any other electrodes will be most unlikely to result in
welds with both acceptable ductility and the corrosion resistance of the parent metal.
Pre-heat before weldings is not required and maximum interpass temperature is 300°C. Heat in-
put should be as low as possible consistent with achieving sound welds.
Ferralium alloy 255-3SF is normally supplied in the solution-treated (and stress relieved) condition,
which is the ideal for welding of the alloy.
Welds in light sections and minor repair welds do not generally require post-weld heat-treatment but
heavy section welds should preferably be given a solution treatment after welding so as to ensure ma-
ximum corrosion resistance and ductility.
Carbon steel and standard austenitic stainless steels can be welded to Ferralium alloy 255-3SF using
either Ferralium alloy 255 HB electrodes or one of the specialised electrodes developed for welding of
dissimilar materials.

87
SD-F55
UNS S32760
Alloy: UNS-S32760 (Super Duplex) F-55
(Cr. Ni. Mo. alloy)
UNS-S32760
Ni Cr Mo Co Fe Cu C Mn Si P S N W
Mini 6 24 3 0,5 0,2 0,5
Max 8 26 4 1 0,03 1 1 0,03 0,01 0,3 1
Balance X
SD-F55
PREN = % Cr + 3.3% Mo + 16% N UNS S32760
PREN > 40
PHASE BALANCE – 50 ± 15% FERRITE
It should be noted that the UNS S32760 designation merely specifies a broad compositional ran-
ge, whereas the composition is tightly controlled in strict accordance with “MDS” specifications. This
ensures a consistent quality product is produced, and the stated corrosion, mechanical an physical pro-
perties are maintained.
The following guaranteed minimum properties are available in the solution annealed condition.
Room temperature Elevated temperatures:
WROUGHT PRODUCT TEMP YIELD TENSILE

(UNS S32760) FORM STRENGTH STRENGTH
YIELD SRENGTH 550 MPa 0.2% OFFSET
(0.2% offset) (80 Ksi) (°C) (°F) (MPa) (ksi) (MPa) (ksi)
TENSILE STRENGTH 750 MPa FORGINGS 20 68 550 80 750 109
(109 Ksi) BAR 50 122 500 73 725 105
ELONGATION IN 50 mm 25% 100 212 470 68 700 102
HARDNESS 28 HRC MAX PLATES 150 302 450 65 680 99
(up to 30mm) 200 392 430 62 670 97
250 482 400 58 650 94
300 572 385 56 635 92
PRODUCT TEMP YIELD TENSILE

FORM STRENGTH STRENGTH
0.2% OFFSET
(°C) (°F) (MPa) (ksi) (MPa) (ksi)
PLATES 20 68 550 80 750 109
(31 TO 70mm) 50 122 470 68 700 102
100 212 430 62 670 97
150 302 400 58 620 90
200 392 380 55 610 88
250 482 370 54 600 87
300 572 360 52 590 86
89
The above properties for forgings are typical values for section thicknesses up to 300 mm solid or
250 mm in an annulus with a minimum bore of 100 mm. As the properties from forgings are very de-
pendent upon the product route and the actual forging ratio then properties and design are by agree-
ment for other than standard items.
It is not recommended for uses which involve extended exposure to temperatures greater than
300°C (572°F) as there is a substantial reduction in toughness.
Impact Strength
It has good impact strength. There is no true ductile brittle transition, just a gradual decrease in im-
pact energy as the temperature is lowered. The impact energy varies according to product type and
production route. The impact strength is slightly less than that of parent metal.

Density
The density is 7.84 g/cm3(7840 kg/m3 or 489 lb/ft3) at 20°C (68°F)
Specific Heat Thermal Conductivity

Typical specific heats: Typical values
TEMP SP. HT. TEMP THERMAL COND

(°C) (J KG-1 K-1) (°C) (Wm-1 K-1)
20 482 20 12.9
100 500 100 14.4
150 513 150 15.4
200 523 200 16.3
250 535 250 17.3
300 547 300 18.2
Thermal Expansion Resistivity

The typical thermal expansion coefficient is much lower Typical values of resistivity are
than that of austenitic stainless steel and reasonably close to shown below.
that of carbon steel, as follows:
RESISTIVITY (10-6 ohm m)
LINEAR THERMAL EXPANSION COEFF
(10-6 K-1) TEMP WROUGHT
(°C) ZERON 100
Temperature, °C 20-100 20-200 20-300 20 0.851
ZERON 100 12.8 13.3 13.8 100 0.897
CARBON STEEL 11.5 12.2 12.9 150 0.927
AUSTENITIC 200 0.956
STAINLESS STEEL 16.8 17.2 17.6 250 0.985
300 1.014
Magnetic Permeability
At room temperature the peak relative magnetic permeability is typically 29.
Young’s Modulus
The modulus is a function of austenite/ferrite ratio and production route. Variations of ± 5% are
found with both wrought and cast products. The typical value at room temperature is 190 GPa
(27600 ksi).
Poisson’s Ratio
The typical value at room temperature is 0.32.
90

ASTM A-790 A-790 A-240 A-276 A-240 A-182 A-988
A-789 A-789 A-479 A-988 A-815
A-928 A-473
B.S. EN10028-7 EN10088-3
EN1088-2 EN10273
DIN 1.4541
Fasteners ASTM-A-320.

This is a highly alloyed duplex stainless steel for use in aggresive environments. Its properties include:
• Guaranteed corrosion performance (PREN > 40).
• High resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion.
• Excellent resistance to stress corrosion cracking in both chloride and sour environments.
• High resistance to erosion corrosion and corrosion fatigue.
• Excellent mechanical properties.
• Possibilities for weight reduction over austenitic, standard duplex and nickel base alloys.
The combination of the above properties makes the optimum choice in a range of industries. Oil and
gas industry applications include process, seawater, firewater, and subsea pipework systems, with asso-
ciated risers, manifolds, pressure vessels, valves and heat exchangers. Applications in other industries
include pipework systems and associated engineering equipment for pollution control, pulp and paper, po-
wer generation, flue gas desulphurisation, chemical, pharmaceutical, desalination, mining, metallurgical
and marine industries.
It is highly resistant to corrosion in a wide range of organic and inorganic acids. The copper content gi-
ves excellent resistance to corrosion in many non-oxidising acids. Commercial acid applications often con-
tain chlorides and other impurities which can cause corrosion of some stainless steels. It offers much im-
proved corrosion performance in these environments.
It is also highly resistant to strong alkalis. The production of caustic soda results in hot, strong solutions
and even in 60 wt% caustic soda, SD-F55 has very low corrosion rates (<0.1 mm/y). Caustic soda is often
found with chlorides in extraction processes and even with 10g/l chloride, SD-F55 has excellent corrosion
resistance. Three years service experience of fabricated pipework in 2M caustic soda with chlorides at
230°C has been excellent.
Pitting Corrosion
Exposure to 6% FeCl3 for 24 hours in accordance with ASTM G48 method A to determine the maximum
temperature at which no pitting occurs (the critical pitting temperature, CPT) has given the following results:
Solution annealed wrought: 70-80°C (158-176°F) depending on product form and manufacturing route.
These values are for single exposure testing; testing a single specimen at a series of increasing tempe-
ratures gives a higher CPT value.
Crevice Corrosion
The resistance to localised corrosion is often assessed by use of the PREN number (%Cr + 3.3%Mo +
16%N). It is made to a minimum PREN of 40, ensuring a guaranteed and high resistance to pitting and cre-
91
vice corrosion. Has been in service in sea water since 1986 as castings, and since 1989 as wrought pi-
pes and fittings giving satisfactory performance.
At sea water temperatures above ambient (20°C) the risk of crevice corrosion increases. Resists crevi-
ce corrosion up to 55°C but is limited by the pitting resistance of the welds to about 40°C. With the appli-
cation of post weld treatments sea-water temperatures up to 65°C have been handled successfully. Short
term elevated temperature upsets are not uncommon in cooling water circuits. Laboratory tests have
shown that does not suffer crevice corrosion easily during short upsets to 70°C, and when corrosion does
initiate, repassivation occurs rapidly on cooling, from 42°C.
Stress Corrosion Cracking

SD-F55 has excellent resistance to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in both chloride environments, and
process environments containing H2S and CO2.
In brines with lower chloride contents can tolerate much higher pressures of H2S. As the pH, at tempe-
rature and pressure, increases, so does the resistance to sulphide SCC.
Hydrogen Embrittlement
In common with all high strength steels, duplex and super duplex stainless steels can be susceptible to
hydrogen embrittlement if stressed above the specified minimum yield strength in the presence of hydrogen.
Hydrogen embrittlement therefore becomes an area for consideration when these steels are used sub-
sea with conventional cathodic protection.
However, the proper application of normal design stress criteria and coating technology has allowed
many subsea projects to utilize duplex and super duplex stainless steels successfully for a number of years.
MANUFACTURING
Heat Treatment
Should be solution annealed in the temperature range 1100-1140°C (2012-2084°F) followed by water
quenching.
Hot Forming
Hot forming should be carried out in the temperature range 1100°C TO 1280°C (2012-2336°F). It is
recommended that this is followed by solution annealing and water quenching. Components should subse-
quently be pickled or fully machined.
Cold Forming
It can be adequately cold formed by various processes but the high mechanical properties should be ta-
ken into account. It is recommended that any cold work in excess of 10%-15% is removed by solution an-
nealing and water quenching. It should be noted that cold working above these limits can result in hardness
levels above standard.

Good weldability.
Where a solution anneal and quench as a post-weld heat treatment is to be carried out, is usually
welded with matching composition consumables. With overalloyed consumables, no post-weld heat tre-
atment is necessary. Corrosion and mechanical properties similar to the parent metal can be obtai-
ned folowing recommended procedures.
7.º Product, we supply:

x Plates x Tubes x Fittings x Bars x Forgings x Bolting
92
UNS S32750
Alloy: UNS-S32750
(Cr. Ni. alloy)
Mini 6 24 3 0,24
Max 8 26 5 0,5 0,03 1,20 0,80 0,035 0,020 0,32
Balance X

UNS S32750
Yield strength, mini: 450 MPa Hardness: Brinell, max: –
RcB, max: 285
Density Kg/dm-3 7.8

Thermal conductivity 12.90
W m-1 K-1 at 20°C
Specific heat capacity J kg-1 K-1 460-500
Coefficient of thermal 13
expansion 10-6 K-1
Electrical resistivity 0.916
m ohm m

ASTM A-790 A-790 A-240 A-276 A-240 A-182 A-988
A-789 A-789 A-479 A-988 A-815
A-928 A-473
B.S. EN10028-7 EN10088-3
EN1088-2 EN10273
DIN – 14410
Fasteners ASTM-A-320.

Super-Duplex Stainless Steels
The first-generation Duplex stainless steels were developed more than 70 years ago in Sweden for
use in the sulfite paper industry. Duplex alloy were originally created to combat corrosion problems cau-
sed by chloride-bearing cooling waters and other aggressive chemical process fluids.
Called Duplex because of its mixed microstructure with about equal proportions of ferrite and austeni-
te, Duplex stainless steels are a family of grades, which range in corrosion performance depending on their
93
alloy content. The term “Super-Duplex” was first used in the 1980’s to denote highly alloyed, high-performan-
ce Duplex steel with a pitting resistance equivalent of >40 (based on Cr% + 3.3 Mo% + 16N%).
With its high level of chromium, Super-Duplex steel provides outstanding resistance to acids, acid chlo-
rides, caustic solutions and other environments in the chemical / petrochemical, pulp and paper industries,
often replacing 300 series stainless steel, high nickel superaustenitic steels and nickel-based alloys.
The chemical composition based on high contents of chromium, nickel and molybdenum improves
intergranular and pitting corrosion resistance. Additions of nitrogen promote structural hardening by
interstitial solid solution mechanism, which raises the yield strength and ultimate strength values wit-
hout impairing toughness. Moreover, the two-phase microstructure guarantees higher resistance to pit-
ting and stress corrosion cracking in comparison with conventional stainless steels.
From the introduction of its first-generation, Duplex steel has seen a steady increase in popularity.
Recently, the production of highstrength, corrosion resistant super-duplex coil has been implemented
in the marine and chemical industries, architecture and mast riggings, wire lines, lifting and pulley
equipment and well service strands. In fact, development of wire processing techniques has enabled
the production of steel wires down to 1 mm in diameter.
The various Alloys

Super-Duplex falls under the Duplex stainless steel grouping. Duplex stainless steels are graded for
their corrosion performance depending on their alloy content. Today, modern Duplex stainless steel can
be divided into four groups:
• Lean Duplex such as 2304, which contains no deliberate Mo addition;
• 2205, the work-horse grade accounting for more than 80% of duplex usage;
• 25Cr duplex such as Alloy 255 and DP-3;
Benefits
• High strength.
• High resistance pitting, crevice corrosion resistance.
• High resistance stress corrosion cracking, corrosion fatigue and erosion.
• Excellent resistance to chloride stress-corrosion cracking.
• High thermal conductivity.
• Low coefficient of thermal expansion.
• Good sulfide stress corrosion resistance.
• Low thermal expansion and higher heat conductivity than austenitic steels.
• Good workability and weldability.
• High energy absorption.
Applications
• Heat exchangers, tubes and pipes for production and handling of gas and oil.
• Heat exchangers and pipes in desalination plants.
• Mechanical and structural components
• Power industry FGD systems.
• Pipes in process industries handling solutions containing chlorides.
• Utility and industrial systems, rotors, fans, shafts and press rolls where the high corrosion fati-
gue strength can be utilized.
• Cargo tank, vessels, piping and welding consumables for chemical tankers.
• High-strength, highly resistant wiring.

Good weldability.

94
17-4PH®
Alloy: 17-4PH®
(Cr. Ni. Cu. alloy)
UNS-S17400
Ni Cr Mo Co Fe Cu C Mn Si P S N Nb
Mini 3 15 3 (x)
Max 5 17 5 0,07 1 1 0,04 0,03
Balance X
(x) Nb + Ta = 0,15 to 0,45

Tensile strength, mini: 930 MPa Elongation, mini: 16% 17-4PH®
Yield strength, mini: 274 MPa
Mechanical Properties according to ASTM A564-Type 630 grade 1150M
Solution Annealed &

Age Hardened Condition psi Mpa %
Tensile strength, min. 135,000 931
Yield Strength
(0.2% offset), min. 105,000 724
Elongation in 2”,
(or 50 mm) or 4D, min. 16
Representative Tensile Properties, Longitudinal Direction

Elong. Impact,
UTS 0.2% YS % in 2” Red. of Hardness Charpy V-Notch
Property ksi ksi or 4XD Area % Brinell Rockwell ft.lbs.
H 900** 200 185 14 50 420 C 44 15
H 925 190 175 14 54 409 C 42 25
H 1025 170 165 15 56 352 C 38 35
H 1075 165 150 16 58 341 C 36 40
H 1100 150 135 17 58 332 C 35 25
H 1150 145 125 19 60 311 C 33 30
H 1150-M 125 85 22 68 277 C 27 100
** For applications requiring greater impact toughness, aging for 4 hours develops typical properties UTS – 196 ksi, 0.2% YS – 181 ksi, Elong. In 2” – 14%, Reduction of Area –
52%, Hardness – Rockwell C43, and Charpy V-notch impact – 20 foot-pounds.
Melting Range 2560-2625°F (1404-1440°C)

For condition H 900:
Density, lb/in3 ................................... 0.282 H = 200 Oersted .................................... 56
Electrical resistivity, ohm • circular mil/ft . 463 Maximum ............................................ 135
Magnetic Permeability, at
H = 100 Oersted .................................... 90
95
Mean Coefficient of Thermal Expansion, inch/inch °Fx10-6

–100 to 70°F ....................................... 5.8 70 to 600°F ......................................... 6.3
70 to 200°F ......................................... 6.0 70 to 800°F ......................................... 6.5
70 to 400°F ......................................... 6.1
Thermal Conductivity Btu • ft/ft2 • hr • °F

at 300°F ...................................... 10.3 900°F ...................................... 13.1
500°F ...................................... 11.3 Specific Heat, Btu/lb°F ........................ 0.11
860°F ...................................... 13.0 Poisson’s Ratio, 70°F ......................... 0.272
Modulus of Elasticity, psi x 106

Tension, 70°F ............................... 28.5 600°F ............................. 26.0
200°F ............................. 28.0 Torsion, 70°F ............................... 11.2
400°F ............................. 27.0
AFNOR = 27 CNU 17.04
Bar Billet Forgins

ASTM A564-Type 630 A564-Type 630 A564-Type 630
W. Nr 1.4562 1.4562 1.4562

Alloy 17-4 PH is a martensitic, precipitation-hardening, chromium-nickel-copper stainless steel. It
provides an excellent combination of high strength an hardness, short time, low temperature heat tre-
atment and good mechanical properties at temperatures up to 316°C (600°F). In addition, it offers co-
rrosion resistance comparable to that of Type 304 in most applications. This grade may be used in eit-
her the solution heat treated condition (Condition A) or in one of a variety of precipitation-hardened
conditions, depending on the particular properties desired.
17-4 PH is an age-hardening martensitic alloy combining high strength with the corrosion resistan-
ce of stainless steel. Hardening is achieved by a short-time, simple low-temperature treatment. Unlike
conventional martensitic stainless steels, such as type 410, 17-4 PH is quite weldable. The strength,
corrosion resistance and simplified fabrication can make 17-4 PH a cost-effective replacement for high
strength carbon steels as well as other stainless grades.
Features
• High tensile strength and hardness to 600°F • Fabricable.

(316°C). • Simple low-temperature heat treatment.
• Corrosion resistant. • Creep-rupture strength to 900°F (482°C).
• Excellent oxidation resistance to about 1100°F
(593°C).
Applications
• Gate valves. • Pump shafts, gears, plungers.
• Aircraft structures, accessories, engine parts. • Valve stems, balls, bushings, seats.
• Chemical processing machinery. • Pulp & paper mill equipment.
• Food processing machinery. • Fasteners.
96
Heat Treatment
At the solution treating temperature, 1900°F (1040°C), the metal is austenitic but undergoes trans-
formation to a low-carbon martensitic structure on cooling to room temperature. This transformation
is not complete until the temperature drops to 90°F (32°C). Subsequent heating to temperatures of
900 to 1150°F (480 to 620°C) for one to four hours precipitation strengthens the alloy. This harde-
ning treatment also tempers the martensitic structure, increasing ductility and toughness.
Solution annealing should be performed in air, argon or dry hydrogen. Cracked ammonia and endot-
hermic atmospheres are likely to contaminate the metal. Remove machining oils and forming lubricants
before solution annealing. Plasma cut surfaces should be ground or machined off before heat treat-
ment to avoid possible cracking.
Heat Treatment for 17-4 PH and Their Designation

Designation .............. Processing
Condition A* ............. Heated at 1900°F ± 25°F for 1/2 hour, air (Solution treated) cooled or oil
quenched to below 90°F. Normally performed at mill.
H 900 ..................... Condition A material heated at 900ªF ± 15°F for 1 hour and air cooled. Maxi-
mum hardness but low toughness. Sensitive to stress corrosion cracking. He-
ating 4 hours improves toughness with about 4 ksi reduction in tensile and
yield.
H 925, H 1025, ...... Condition A material heated 4 hours at specified temperature, and air cooled.
H 1075, H 1100
H 1150,H 1150-M ... Condition A material heated at 1400 ± 25°F for 2 hours, air cooled, then he-
ated at 1150 ± 15°F for 4 hours and air cooled. This heat treatment used for
maximum toughness, and for cryogenic applications to -320°F.
*
For most applications 17-4 PH should not be used in Condition A. This is true even though the desired tensile strength may be
provided by that condition. While the alloy is relatively soft in Condition A, the structure is untempered martensite that has low
fracture toughness and ductility, with poor resistance to stress-corrosion cracking. Superior service performance is assured
by using 17-4 HP in the heat-treated condition.
Dimension change in hardening 17-4 PH undergoes a volume-contraction when it is hardened. This

produces a predictable change in dimensions that must be taken into consideration if parts made of
17-4 PH must be manufactured to close tolerances.
The dimensional contraction in hardening Condition A material to Cond. H 900 amounts to 0.0004-
0.0006 inches per inch. Hardening to cond. H 1150 produces a contraction of 0.0008-0.0010 in-
ches per inch. Dimensional changes for other conditions are proportional.
ASME Section VIII, Div. 1 Code Case 2223-2 lists the following allowable design stresses. No wel-
ding permitted except nonpressure parts. See case 2223-1 for rules.
Temp Allowable Stress, ksi

°F Condition
H 1100 H 1150
100 40.0 38.6
200 40.0 38.6
300 40.0 38.6
400 38.9 37.5
500 38.1 37.6
600 37.5 36.2
97

Sections up to 1” thick are normally welded in the annealed (A) condition. Highly restrained joints or
heavier sections are best welded in conditiones H1100 or H1150. Welding of 17-4 PH in conditions
H900 through H1075 is not recommended.
No preheat is usually necessary for sections up to 4” thick. For restrained welds a 200-300°F (100-
150°C) preheat is beneficial.
Matching composition ER630 wire or E630 covered electrodes (AMS 5803, 5825 or 5827) are
normally used. Joints to carbon or low alloy steel may be made with ERNiCr-3 wire or ENiCrFe-3 cove-
red electrodes. For GMAW, 75%Ar 25%He shielding gas is suggested.
Postweld heat treatment is required. For single pass welds on condition A base metal, simply aging
to codition H 900 through H 1150 usually suffices (H 900 condition has very low notch toughness).
For multipass welds the structure should be solution annealed after welding, followed by an aging tre-
atment 900-1150°F.
Notches must be avoided and partial penetration welds with their built-in notches are quite undesi-
rable. For improved notch toughness in the weld bead, consider making the root pass only with ERNiCr-
3 (alloy 82) wire to maximize ductility.

98
20CB3®
Alloy: Carpenter: 20 Cb 3®
(Ni. Cr. alloy)
UNS-N08020
Ni Cr Mo Co Fe Cu C Mn Si P S Nb
Mini 32 19 2 3 (x)
Max 38 21 3 4 0,07 2 1 0,045 0,035
Balance X
(*) = Nb + Ta = 8 x C -1
Tensile strength, mini: 591 MPa Elongation: 30%

Yield strength, 0.2: 241 MPa HRB: 95 20CB3®
Density: 8,03 Kg/dm3
Norms Material Chemical Pipes-Tubes Plates Rounds, Strips Wires Forgings Fittings
BS
ASTM B-729 B-474 B-463 B-473 B-463 B-473 B-462 B-366
B-464
It is un austeritic stainless steel developed to resist maynly sulphuric and chloridric acid, hot solu-
tions, between 20-40%. It also offers higher resistance to corrosion than standard 316. It posses
outstanding resistance to pitting and stress corrosion cracking.

Hydrofluoric acid: Alkalis: 2 2. Acceptable

Good weldability.

99
B3®
Alloy: Hastelloy B-3®

(Cr, Ni, Mo, alloy)
UNS-N10675
Ni Cr Mo Co Fe Cu C Mn Si P S N W
Mini 1 27 1
Max 3 32 0,01 3 0,03 3 0,10 0,03 0,015 3
Balance X
2.º Mechanical proparties*:
Test Ultimate Tensile Yield Strength Elongation

Temperature Strenght at 0,2% Offset in 2 in (51 mm)
°F °C Ksi MPa Ksi Mpa %
Room Room 125,0 860 60,6 420 53,4 B3®
200 95 120,7 830 55,3 380 56,9
400 205 110,0 760 47,0 325 59,7
600 315 104,4 720 43,5 300 63,4
800 425 102,0 705 42,4 290 62,0
1000 540 97,8 675 39,0 270 59,0
1200 650 103,5 715 45,6 315 55,8
*
Limited data for 0,125* (3,2 mm)bright annealed sheet
Physical Property Temp., °F British Units Temp., °C Metric Units

Density Room 0,333 Ib/in 3 Room 9,22 g/cm3
Melting Temperature 2500-2585 1370-1418
Electrical Resistivity Room 53,8 microhm-in Room 137 microhm-cm
200 53,9 microhm-in 100 137 microhm-cm
130 microhm-cm 78-200 5,7 microhm-in.-°F 25-100 10,6 x 10-6 m/m-°C
Mean Coefficient of 78-400 6,1 microhm-in.-°F 25-200 11,1 x 10-6 m/m-°C
Thermal Expansion 78-600 6,3 microches/in.-°F 25-300 11,4 x 10-6 m/m-°C
78-800 6,5 microches/in.-°F 25-400 11,6 x 10-6 m/m-°C
101

Density Room 0,333 Ib/in 3 Room 9,22 g/cm3
Melting Temperature 2500-2585 1370-1418
Thermal Diffusivity Room 4,6 x 10-3 in2/sec. Room 3,0 x 10-3 cm2/sec.
200 4,9 x 10-3 in2/sec. 100 3,2 x 10-3 cm2/sec.
400 5,4 x 10-3 in2/sec. 200 3,4 x 10-3 cm2/sec.
600 5,8 x 10-3 in2/sec. 300 3,7 x 10-3 cm2/sec.
800 6,3 x 10-3 in2/sec. 400 4,0 x 10-3 cm2/sec.
1000 6,6 x 10-3 in2/sec. 500 4,4 x 10-3 cm2/sec.
1200 7,3 x 10-3 in2/sec. 600 4,5 x 10-3 cm2/sec.
1400 7,5 x 10-3 in2/sec. 700 4,9 x 10-3 cm2/sec.
Thermal Conductivity Room 78 Btu-in./ft.2 hr.-°F Room 11,2 W/m-K
200 83 Btu-in./ft.2 hr.-°F 100 12,1 W/m-K
400 93 Btu-in./ft.2 hr.-°F 200 13,4 W/m-K
600 104 Btu-in./ft.2 hr.-°F 300 14,6 W/m-K
800 116 Btu-in./ft.2 hr.-°F 400 16,3 W/m-K
1000 129 Btu-in./ft.2 hr.-°F 500 17,9 W/m-K
1200 142 Btu-in./ft.2 hr.-°F 600 19,6 W/m-K
1400 156 Btu-in./ft.2 hr.-°F 700 21,4 W/m-K
Specific Heat Room 0,089 Btu/Ib.-°F Room 373 J/kg-K
200 0,092 Btu/Ib.-°F 100 382 J/kg-K
400 0,098 Btu/Ib.-°F 200 409 J/kg-K
600 0,102 Btu/Ib.-°F 300 421 J/kg-K
800 0,104 Btu/Ib.-°F 400 431 J/kg-K
1000 0,104 Btu/Ib.-°F 500 436 J/kg-K
1200 0,112 Btu/Ib.-°F 600 434 J/kg-K
1400 0,143 Btu/Ib.-°F 700 595 J/kg-K
DIN .............................. NiMo29Cr
Werkstoff-Nr. ................. 2.4600
VdTÜV-Werkst.-BI. .......... 517
DIN .............................. 17744, 17750, 17751, 17752, 17753
ASTM ........................... B-333, B-335, B-564, B-619, B-622
ASME ........................... SB-333, SB-335, SB-619, SB-622, SB-626
The alloy is also covered by ASTM specifications B-333 (plate, sheet and strip), B-335 (bar), B-366
(welded fittings), B-564 (forgings), B-619 (welded pipe), B-622 (seamiess pipe and tube and B-626
(welded tube).
5.º Applications, characteristics:

B-3 alloy is an additional member of the nickel-molybdenum family of alloys with excellent resistance to
hydrochloric acid at all concentrations and temperatures. It also withstands sulfuric, acetic, fomic and
phosphoric acids, and other nonoxidizing medis. B-3 alloy has a special chemistry designed to achieve a le-
vel of thermal stability greatly superior to that of its predecessore, e.g. HASTELOY B-2 alloy. B-3 alloy has
excellent resistance to pitting corrosion cracking and to knife-line and heat-affected zone attack.
Fabrication
The improved thermal stability of B-3 alloy minimizes the problems associaled with fabrication of
B-2 alloy components. This is due to the reduced tendency to precipitate deleterious intermetalic
102
phases in B-3 alloy, thereby, affording it greater ductility than B-2 alloy during and following various
thermal cycling conditions.
B-3 alloy has good overall forming. It may be forget or otherwise hotworked, providing that it is held
at 2250°F (1230°C) for a time sufficient to bring the entire piece to temperature. Since it is low car-
bon alloy, the use of lower hot finishing temperatures may be necesary to achieve grain size control.
B-3 alloy may also be formed by cold working. Although it does work-harden somewhat rapidly, B-3
alloy components can be made using all common cold forming techniques.
Limited tests in boiling 20 percent hydrochloric acid indicate that the uniform corrosion resistance
of B-3 alloy is not affected by cold reductions up to 50 percent as compared to that of the alloy in the
solution heat-treated condition.
B-3 alloy can be welded by all common welding techniques, although oxyacetylene and submerged
arc welding processes are not recommended when the fabricated item is to be used in corrosive ser-
vice. Special precautions should be taken to avoid excessive heat input.
Heat Treatment
All wrought forms of B-3 alloy are furnished in the solution heatreated condition unless otherwise
specified, B-3 alloy is solution heat- treated al 1950°F (1065°C) and rapid quenched, except for bright
annealed sheet or heat-treated at 2100°F (1150°C) and cooled in hydrogen.
Applications
B-3 alloy is suitable for use in all applications previously requiring the use of B-2 alloy. Like B-2 alloy,
B-3 is not recommended for use in the presence of ferric or cupric salts as these salts may cause ra-
pid corrosion fallure. Ferric or cupric salts may develop when hydrochloric acid comes in contact with
iron or copper.
AQUEOUS CORROSION RESISTANCE

Average Unform Corrosion Resistance in Boiling Acids*
Aveage
Concentration Corrosion Rate Per Year
Acid Madium Weight Percent Mils mm
Acetic Acid 10 0,2 0,005
30 0,2 0,005
50 0,2 0,005
70 0,2 0,005
99 (Glacial) 0,7 0,017
Formic Acid 10 0,4 0,010
20 0,6 0,015
30 0,6 0,015
40 0,5 0,013
60 0,3 0,008
89 0,2 0,005
Hydrochloric Acid 1 0,3 0,005
2 1,2 0,03
5 3,8 0,10
10 5,5 0,14
15 6,6 0,22
20 12,1 0,31
(As-welded) 20 13,6 0,35
(50 ppm Fe*) 20 60,0 2,0
103
Aveage
Concentration Corrosion Rate Per Year
Acid Madium Weight Percent Mils mm
Phosphoric Acid 10 2,4 0,06
(chemically pure) 30 2,0 0,05
50 3,0 0,08
85 2,9 0,07
Sulfuric Acid 2 0,4 0,010
5 0,7 0,018
10 0,8 0,020
20 1,2 0,03
30 1,2 0,03
(50 ppm Fe*) 30 18,8 0,48
40 1,2 0,03
50 1,7 0,04
(As-welded) 50 2,4 0,06
(Aged 48 Hrs @ 1000°F (540°C) 50 2,0 0,05
60 2,3 0,06
70 6,6 0,17
*
Data from three production heats, for material in the solution heat-treated condition, unless noted. Test values were determi-
ned from an average of four 24 hour exposures.
Comparative Uniform Corrosion Resistance in Boiling Acids
Average Corrosion Rates Per Year, Mils (mm)

B-3? B-2 Type MONIEL 400
Acid Medium alloy alloy 316L alloy
50% Acetic Acid 0,2 (0,005) 0,4 (0,010) 0,2 (0,005) -
40% Formic Acid 0,5 (0,013) 0,7 (0,018) 41 (1,041) 2,1 (0,053)
50-55% Phosphoric Acid 30, (0,076) 6 (0,152) 18 (0,457) 4,5 (0,114)
50% Sulfuric Acid 1,7 (0,043) 1,2 (0,030) >20,000 (>500) 185 (4,699)
20% Hydrochloric Acid 12 (0,305) 15 (0,381) >20,000 (>500) 1587 (40,310)
Average Uniform Corrosion Resistance in HF Solutions*
Average Corrosions Rates Per Year For Indicated Temperatures

125°F (52°C) 175°F (79°C)
% HF Mils mm Mils mm
1 8,6 0,22 11,1 0,28
3 8,7 0,22 12,7 0,32
5 9,0 0,23 13,7 0,35
10 10,0 0,25 15,9 0,41
20 11,8 0,30 22,8 0,58
48 13,4 0,34 35,0 0,89
70 31,6 0,80 – –
*
Data from three production heats, for material in the solution heat-treated condition.
104

Those in the welding industry, however, should be aware of the potencial hazards associated with
welding fumes, gases, radiation, electric shock, heat, eye injuries, bums, etc.
Nickel-, cobalt-, and iron-base alloy products may contain, in varying concentration, the following ele-
mental constituents: aluminum, cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel and
tungsten. For specific concentretions of these and other elements present, refer to the Material Safety
Data Sheets (MSDS) available from Haynes International, Inc.
Inhalation of metal dust or fumes may cause adverse health affects. Exposure to dust or fumes
which may be generated in working these alloy may also cause eye irritation, skin rash and effect on ot-
her organ systems.

105
C22®
Alloy: Hastelloy-C22®
(Ni. Cr. Mo. alloy)
UNS-06022

Ni Cr Mo Co Fe Cu C Mn Si P S V W
Mini 20 12,5 2 2,5
Max 22,5 14,5 2,5 6 0,015 0,5 0,08 0,02 0,02 0,35 3,5
Balance X

Yield strength, mini: 310 MPa HRB= 100 máx

Density: 8,69 kg/dm3. Melting point: 2550 °F
C22®
Specific heat: 0,1 (Btu/Ib/Deg F-[32-212 Deg F])
Expansion coefficient: 619
Thermal conductivity: 70
Norms Material Chemical Pipes-Tubes Plates Rounds, Strips Wires Forgings

DIN 2.4611
BS
ASTM B-622 B-622 B-619 B-575 B-574 B-575 B-462 B-574
B-462
5.º Characteristics and applicationss:

A nickel-chromium-molydenum alloy which has outstanding resistance to both reducing and oxidising
media and because of its resistability can be used where ‘upset’ conditions are likely to occur.
By virtue of its contents of chromium, molybdenum and tungsten, and controlled iron, this alloy exhibits
excellent resistance to both oxidizing and reducing acid environments as well as those containing mixed
acids. It is particularly useful for resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion in acid-halide environments.
Applications include the chemical processing, pollution control, flue gas desulfurization, waste inci-
neration, and paper pulp and paper processing industries.

Good weldability.

107
C276®
(Ni. Cr. Mo. alloy)
UNS-N10276

Ni Cr Mo Co Fe Cu C Mn Si P S V W
Mini 14,5 15 4 3
Max 16,5 17 2,5 7 0,010 1 0,08 0,04 0,03 0,35 4,5
Balance X

Dureza HB < 240

Density: 8,89 kg/dm3. Melting range: 1325 a 1370 °C
Specific heat: 427 J/Kg. K
C276®
Expansion coefficient: 11,7x10-6/K at 100°C
Thermal conductivity: 10,6 W/mK
DIN 2.4819 17744 17751 17750 17752 17750
BS
ASTM B-622 B-619 B-575 B-574 B-575 B-574 B-564 B-366
B-626
ISO NiMo16Cr15Fe6W4 9722 6207 6208 9723 6208 9724 9725

Alloy C-276 is a nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy having perhaps the broadest general corrosion
resistance of all commonly used alloys. It was developed initially for use with wet chlorine, but it also
offers excellent resistance to strong oxidizers such as cupric and ferric chlorides, and to a variety of ch-
lorine compounds and chlorine contaminated materials.
This alloy is used extensively to combat the high temperature and high presure corrosive conditions
encountered in drilling for sour petroleum deposits and in other oil field applications.
This alloy is characterised by:
• excellent resistance to a wide range of corrosive media, under oxidising and reducing conditions
• outstanding resistance to localised corrosion such as pitting and crevice corrosion, as well as to
chloride-ion stress-corrosion cracking
109
Applications
Alloy C-276 finds wide application in the chemical and petrochemical industries.
Typical applications include:
• flue gas desulphurisation systems
• organic syntheses involving acid choride catalysts
• MDI and TDI production
• vinyl chloride monomer production
• production of hydrofluoric acid
• sulphuric acid coolers
• chlorine driers
• production tubing in corrosive oil and gas wells
• melamine production
• methionine synthesis
• pickling baths
• aramide plastics production
Alloy C-276 is the improved version of alloy C and is resistant to numerous media including strongly oxi-
dizing chemicals (for example iron and cupric chloride) warm polluted acids, solvents, chloride and media
contaminated by chloride (organic and inorganic), dry chloride, formic and acetic acid, acetic anhydride,
sea water and saline solutions. Furthemore, alloy C-276 is resistant when exposed to damp chlorine gas,
hypochlorite and chlorodioxide solutions. Alloy C-276 combines this excellent corrosion resistance with im-
mensely improved machineability. This alloy does not separate grain boundaries in the zone influenced by
welding so that it is suited for most chemical applications even without heat-tratament.
Alloy C-276 is a nickel-chromium alloy with high molybdenum and tungsten but low iron and silicon
contents, which provides superior corrosion resistance to a wide variety of environments. The compo-
sition is specially formulated to maintain corrosion resistance, even in the weld heat-affected zone, thus
making Alloy 276 suitable even in the as-welded condition. The alloy has excellent resistance to gene-
ral pitting and stress-corrosion cracking and resists oxidation up to approximately 1038°C (1900°F).
The alloy has shown remarkable corrosion resistance in the especially corrosive areas of flue gas de-
sulphurisation systems, such as outlet ducting leading to the stack. It has also been used to solve co-
rrosive problem areas in sewage treatment plants.
Alloy C-276 is used extensively in severe operating enviroments, including those encountered in che-
mical processing, pulp and paper, air pollution control, waste treatment and other disposal, and other
applications.
C-276 exhibits excellent resistance to ferric and cupric chlorides, hot contaminated organics and
inorganics, chlorine, firmic acid, acetic acid, acetic anhydride, sea water and brine. It is one of the few
alloys that is resistant to wet chlorine gas, hypochlorite, and chlorine dioxide.
• Chemical Process Equipment –heat exchangers, reactors and vessels, evaporators, pumps, val-
ves and piping for procesing sulfuric acid, pesticides, phenol, styrene, vinyl chloride, chlorine and
other chemicals.
• Pulp and Paper –bleaching, head boxes, and wastegas scrubbers.
• Ore Processing –uranium and aluminium sulfate.
• Waste Treatment and Disposal –sewage sludge incinerators, industrial and municipal incinera-
tors, chemical and toxic waste incinerators.
• Air Pollution Control – power plant scrubbers and related equipment, electrostatic precipitators,
reheaters, wastehert recovery systems, industrial boiler scrubbers, marine inert-gas scrubbers.

Good weldability.

110
C4®
(Ni. Cr. Mo alloy)
UNS-N6455
Ni Cr Mo Co Fe Cu C Mn Si P S Ti
Mini 14 14
Max 18 17 2 3 0,015 1 0,08 0,04 0,03 0,7
Balance X

Yield strength, mini: 310 MPa HRB= 100 max

Density: 8,64 kg/dm3. Melting point: 2600 °F
Specific heat: 0.102 (Btu/lb/DegF-[32-212 DegF] Expansion coefficient: 6
Thermal conductivity: 79
4.º Specifications: C4®
DIN 2.4610 1.7744 2.4610 2.4610
ASTM B-574-85 B-622 B-619 B-575 B-574 B-575 B-366
B-626

An alloy with outstanding resistance to a wide range of severe corrosive environments, including hot
acids. It is also very resistant to stress-corrosion craking in hot chloride and alkaline solutions and to
pitting and crevice corrosion. Applications include fasteners and chemical process equipment.
C-4 alloy is a nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy with outstanding high temperature stability as evi-
denced by high ductility and corrosion resistance even after aging in the 1200 to 1900°F (649 to
1038°C) range. This alloy resists the formation of grain-boundary precipitates in the weld heat-affected
zone, thus making it suitable for most chemical process applications in the as-welded condition C-4 alloy
also has excellent resistance to stress-corrosion cracking and to oxidizing atmospheres up to 1900°F
(1038°C).
C-4 alloy has exceptional resistance to wide variety of chemical process enviroments. These inclu-
de hot contaminated mineral acids, solvents, chloride and chlorine contaminated media (organic and
inorganic), dry chlorine, formic and acetic acids, acetic anhydride, and seawater and brine solutions.
Laboratory precipitation studies on C-4 alloy indicate that the intermetallic precipitates (Mu phase)
associated with other nickel alloys in the 1200 to 2000°F (649 to 1093°C) temperature range have
not been detected. Fine intergranular M6C carbides can form but their damaging effect is minimal.
C-4 alloy can be forged, hot-upset, and impact extruded. Although the alloy tends to work-harden,
it can be successfully deep-drawn, spun, press formed or punched. All of the common methods of wel-
ding can be used to weld C-4 alloy, although the oxy-acetylene and submerged are processes are not
111
recommended when the fabricated item is intended for use in corrosion service. Special precautions
should be taken to avoid excesive heat input.
Wrought forms of C-4 alloy are furnished in the solution heat-treated condition unless other wi-
se specified. C-4 alloy is a solution heat-treated at 1950°F (1066°C) and rapid quenched.

Good weldability.

112
ALLOY-028®
Alloy: Incoloy-028®
(Ni. Cr. Mo. alloy)
UNS-N08028

Ni Cr Mo Co Fe Cu C Mn Si P S V
Mini 29,5 36 3 0,6
Max 32,5 28 4 1,4 0,030 2,5 1 0,030 0,030
Balance X

(Annealed) (Cold Worked)
Tensile Strength, ksi ...................... 73 Tensile Strength, ksi ................ 130
MPa .................. 500 MPa .............. 896
Yield Stregth (0,2% Offset), ... ksi ..... 31 Yield Stregth (0,2% Offset), . ksi ... 110
MPa .................. 214 MPa .............. 758
Elongation, % ........................... 40 Elongation, % ....................... 15
Hardness (HRB) ....................... 80-90 Hardness (HRB) ............... 33 max.

Density, Ib/in3 .......................................... 0,29 Thermal ConducitivityA, ALLOY-028®
g/cm3 ......................................... 8,0 Btu in/ft2 h °F ................ 66
Specific Heat (32-212°F), Btu Ib °F W/m °C ........ 11,4
(microm/m °C) ......................................... 0,105 Electrical ResistivityA,
(0-100°C), J/Kg °C ....................... 450 ohm circ mil/ft ................ 594
Coefficient of Expansion, 10-6 in/in °F micro ohm m .. 0,99
(microm/m °C) Young’s ModulusA, 103 ksi . 29,0
70-200°F (21-93°C) ...................... 8,3 (15,0) GPa ............... 200
70-500°F (21-260°C) .................... 8,8 (15,9)
70-800°F (21-427°C) .................... 9,3 (16,8)
A
annealed product, tested al room temperature
DIN 1.4563
ASTM B-668
B-709 B-668 B-709 B-709
ISO FeNi31Cr27
Mo3,5CuI
AFNOR ZNINCDU31,27
113

Alloy 028 is a highly alloyed austenitic stainless steel offering resistance to a variety of corrosive me-
dia. By virtue of its contens of chromium and molybdenum, the alloy offers resistance to both oxidizing
and reducing acids and salts. The presence of copper increases its resistance to sulfuric acid. The alloy
is used in the chemical and petrochemical processing industry. Alloy tubes are cold worked to high
strength levels for downhole service in moderately corrosive deep sour gas wells.

Hydrocloric acid: case dependent Salts: case dependent 1. Good to excellent
Hydrofluoric acid: case dependent Alkalis: case dependent 2. Acceptable

Good weldability.

114
330®
(Ni. Cr. Mo. alloy)
UNS-N08330

Ni Cr Mo Co Fe Cu C Mn Si P S Pb Sn
Mini 34 17 0,75
Max 37 20 1 0,08 2 1,5 0,03 0,03 0,005 0,025
Balance X
At Room Temperature Typical Cree-Rupture Properties
Tensile Stress, psi, for a 10,000 hr

Strength, 0.2% Yield Elongation Hardness Temp Minimum Creep Rate Rupture
psi Strength, psi % Rb °F of 1% in 10,000 hrs Strength, psi
85,000 39,000 47 70-85 1400 3600 4300
1600 2100 1700
1800 500 630
2000 – (280)

330®
3 Density: 8,08 Kg/dm3
Density Ib/in Melting Range °F
Specific heat: 460 J/Kg • K
0.287 2450-2540
70 – 7,2 28,5
1400 9,7 13,7 21,0
1600 9,8 14,2 19,5
1800 10,0 14,7 18,0
*70°F to indicated temperature.
DIN 1.4333
1.4886
ASTM B-511-2 B-546 B-535 B-715 B-536 B-511 B-536 B-511 B-366
B-535-6 B-710 B-546 B-512 B-512
115
Performance Profile
A-330 is the workhorse of the heat resistant alloys. It has good strength, carburization and oxida-
tion resistance to about 2200°F. These properties are enhanced by a nominal 1,25% silicon addition.
330 has been designed to withstand the thermal shock of liquid quenching.
A-330 finds wide application in high temperature industrial environments where good resistance to
the combined effects of carburization and thermal cycling is a prime requisite. A-330 remains fully aus-
tenitic at all temperatures and is not subject to embrittlement from sigma formation.
A-330 is worked by forming and machining procedures similar to those used with the austenitic
stainless steels or nickel-chromium alloys. Forming at room temperature is suggested whenever pos-
sible. Heat treatment is not necesary after most forming or welding operations. When required, the
suggested full anneal is 1900-2050°F, rapid air cool or water quench.
Machinability rating 20-25% of B1112.
A-330 is highly resistant to chloride ion stress corrosion cracking and is a useful engineering choi-
ce for those applications where common stainless has failed by stres corrosion.
Features
• Oxidation resistant to 2200°F
• Resistant to carburization and nitriding
• Resistant to thermal shock
• Good strength at elevated temperature
• Metallurgical stability
• Chloride ion stress corrosion cracking resistance
Applications
• Furnaces containers-carburizing, carbonitriding, annealing malleablizing
• Muffles, retorts
• Bar frame heat treating baskets
• Quenching fixtures
• Radian tubes
• Salt pots, both neutral and cyanide
• Furnace fans and shafts
• Conveyors
• Hot pressing platens
• Tube hangers for crude oil heaters and steam boilers

Good weldability.
A-330 may be readily welded using A-330-04 weld fillers of matching composition. Do not use AWS
ER330. Keep interpass temperatures low, do not preheat, do use reinforced stringer beads.

116
800®
(Ni. Cr. alloy)
UNS-N08800

Ni Cr Mo Co Fe Cu C Mn Si P S Al Ti
Mini 30 19 39,5 0,15 0,15
Max 35 23 2 0,75 0,10 1,50 1 0,015 0,60 0,60
Balance


Density: 8,02 kg/dm3. Melting range: 1355 to 1385 °C
Specific heat: 502 J/Kg. K Expansion coefficient: 14,2 x 10-6/K
Termal conductivity: 11,7 W/mK
DIN 1.4876
BS NA15 3074 3072 3076 3073 3076
ASTM B-408 B-514 B-407 B-514 B-409 B-408 B-409 B-408
B-409 B-515 B-163 B-515 B-564 B-564 B-366 800®

Alloy 800 is an iron-nickel-chromium alloy with moderate strenght and good resistance to oxidation
and carburization at elevated temperatures. It is particularly useful for high-temperature equipment in
the petrochemical industry because the alloy does not form the embrittling sigma phase after long ti-
me exposure at 1200°F (649°C). Excellent resistance to chloride stress-corrosion cracking is another
important feature of alloy 800.
Applications
Typical application for aloy 800 are - Heat exchangers and process piping; carburizing fixtures and
retorts; furnace components; electric range heating-element sheathing; extruded tubing for ethylene
and steam methane reforming furnaces; ammonia effluent coolers.

Nitric acid: 2 Salts: 2 1. Good to excellent
Phosphoric acid: 2 Alkalis: 2 2. Acceptable
3. Inadequate

Good weldability.

117
800H®
Alloy: Incoloy-800H®
(Ni. Cr. alloy)
UNS-N08810

Mini 30 19 39,5 0,05 0,15 0,15
Max 35 23 0,75 0,10 1,50 1 0,015 0,60 0,60
Balance


Density: 8 kg/dm3. Melting range: 1350 to 1400 °F
Expansion coefficient: 15,8 x 10-6/K (20-300°C)
DIN 1.4958 17459/460 17459 17460 17460 17460
BS NA15(H) 3074 3072 3076 3073
ASTM B-407 B-515 B-409 B-408 B-409 B-564 B-366 800H®
B-163 B-514 B-564
ISO MC-FeNi32
Cr21APTi
AFNOR

Alloy 800H is an austenitic heat resistant alloy mean for high temperature structural applications.
The strength of 800H is achieved by controlled levels of carbon, aluminum and titanium alone with a
2100°F (1149°C) minimum anneal to achieve grain size ASTM5 or coarser.
Alloy 800H is essentially the same as Alloy 800, except that the carbon content is maintained at the
upper portion of the carbon range of the alloy.
This, combined with an annealing treatment that produces a coarser grain size, provides an alloy
of higher creep and rupture strength.
These features, in addition to the alloy´s good high-temperature corrosion resistance, produce an
alloy that is most useful for application requiring long-time operation at elevated temperatures and/or
in corrosive atmospheres.
Features
• High desing stresses for ASME Section VIII aplication to 1650°F (899°C)
• Seamless pipe and tube 5” O.D. and under to 1800°F (982°C), Section VIII
119
• Useful oxidation resistance through 1900°F(1038°C)

• Resistant to chloride ion stress corrosion cracking
Application
Range of application: alloy 800H is employed where maximum creep-rupture strength is required.
• Ethylene furnace quench boilers
• Reformer outlet pigtails and manifolds
• Heat exchangers
• Pressure vessels

Hydrocloric acid: Salts: 2 1. Good to excellent
Nitric acid: 1 Alkalis: 2 2. Acceptable

Carburization resistance: 1 Nitriding resistance: –

Good weldability.
800H is commonly joined by 82 (ERNiCr-3) bare wire for applications under 1450°F (788°C). 330-
04 (N08334) bare wire and 330-04-15 (W88334) covered electrodes offer a close match of thermal
expansion coefficients. For applications 1600°F (871°C) and higher 333 (N06333) bare wire and 333-
07-16 covered electrodes offer greater strenght.
To avoid possible stress relaxation grain boundary cracking of N08811 in applications above 1000°F
(538°C) the welded fabrication may be heated 1650°F (899°C) for about one hour per inch (25mm) of
thickness, 30 minutes minimum, air cooled.

120
800HT®
Alloy: Incoloy-800HT®
(Ni. Cr. alloy)
UNS-N08811
Mini 30 19 39,5 0,06 0,15 0,15 (x)
Max 35 23 0,75 0,10 1,50 1 0,015 0,60 0,60
Balance
(x) Al + Ti = 0.85 to 1.20


Density: 8 kg/dm3. Melting point: 1350 to 1380 °C
Expansion coefficient: 15,8 x 10-6/K (20-300°C)
DIN 1.4959 17459/60 17460 17460 17460
BS NA15HT
800HT®
ASTM B-407 B-515 B-409 B-408 B-409 B-564 B-366
B-163
ISO
AFNOR

The high nickel and chromium contents of Alloy 800HT ensure excellent resistance to oxidation. The
alloy is also very resistant to carburisation, nitriding and oxidising sulphur-bearing atmospheres.
The protective oxide film wich is formed is adherent in both static and cyclic conditions of heating
and cooling, and resistance to carburisation is enhanced when a thin film of oxide is first formed on the
alloy.
Resistance to hydrogen is excellent and alloy 800HT is a standard material used in the prodution
of hydrogen in steam / hydrocarbon reforming processes.
Application
Due to high strength during long periods of service and resistance to carburisation and nitriding,
Alloy 800HT has found many applications in steam/hydrocarbon reforming, for components such as:
121
pigtails, headers/collectors/manifolds, transfer piping, catalyst tubes (in low pressure processes) and
quench-system piping.

• ethylene pyrolysis tubing in convection and radiant sections – resistance to carburisation and go-
od mechanical properties.
• ethylene dichloride cracking tubes – resistance to carburisation and to dry hydrogen chloride and
chlorine
• cracking tubes used in the production of acetic anhydride and ketenehigh strength, resistance to
carburisation and the formation of sigma phase
• components, e.g. heat exchangers, piping systems etc, in coal conversion plants
• steam generator tubing in helium cooled, high temperature reactor systems – high strength, re-
sistance to helium and to steam

Hydrofluoric acid: – Alkalis: 2 2. Acceptable

Good weldability.

122
825®
Alloy: Incoloy 825®

(Cr, Ni, Mo alloy)
UNS-N08825
Ni Cr Mo Co Fe Cu C Mn Si P S N Al Ti
Mini 38 19,5 2,5 22 1,5 0,6
Max 46 23,5 3,5 3 0,05 1 0,5 0,03 0,2 1,2
Balance
2.º Mechanical properties (annealed):

Tensile strength, mini = 586 MPa Elongation mini = 30%
Yield Strength, mini = 241 MPa Hardness = – Brinell max
90 RCB max
INCOLOY alloy 825 has good mechanical properties from cryogenic temperatures to moderately
high temperatures. Exposure to temperatures above about 1000 °F (540 °C) can result in microstruc-
tural changes (phase formation) that significantly lower ductility and impact strength. For that reason,
the alloy is not normally used at temperatures where creep-rupture properties are desing factors.
High-temperature tensile properties are shown. The tests were conducted on cold-drawn rod of
0,75-in. (19-mm) diameter annealed at 1725 °F (940 °C)/1 h.
825®
High temperature tensile properties of annealed bar.
123

Some physical constants for INCOLOY alloy 825 are listed in Table 1. Values for thermal expansion,
thermal conductivity, and electrical resistivity at various temperatures are in Table 2. Modulus of elas-
ticity and Poisson’s ratio over a range of temperatures are given in Table 3. Modulus values, which we-
re determined dynamically, were used to compute Posson’s ratio.
Thermal Properties. Table 2. Physical Constants. Table 1.
Temperature Coefficient Thermal Electrical Density, Ib/in3 0,294

of Expansiona Conductivity Resistivity MG/m3 8,14
°F 10-6in/in-°F Btu-in/ft2-h-°F ohm-circ mil/ft Melting Range, °F 2500-2550
°C 1370-1400
–250 – 55 –
Specific Heat, Btu/Ib-°F 0,105
–200 – 59 –
J/kg-°C 440
–100 – 66 –
Curie Temperature, °F <-320
0 – 72,6 –
°C <-196
78 – 76,8 678
Permeability at 200 oersted (15,9 kA/m) 1.005
100 – 78,4 680
200 7,8 85,0 687
400 8,3 97,5 710
600 8,5 109,6 728 Modulus of Elasticity. Table 3.
800 8,7 119,7 751 Temperature Young’s Shear
1000 8,8 130,9 761 Modulus Modulus Poisson’s
1200 9,1 141,8 762 °F 106psi 106psi Ratio
1400 9,5 154,9 765
73 29,8 10,51 0,42
1600 9,7 171,8 775
200 29,2 10,28 0,42
1800 – 192,0 782
400 28,2 9,87 0,43
2000 – – 793
600 27,2 9,48 0,43
°F mm/m–°C W/m–°C mW–m 800 26,1 9,04 0,44
–150 – 7,9 – 1000 25,0 8,60 0,45
–100 – 8,9 – 1200 23,8 8,13 0,46
0 – 10,7 – 1400 22,5 7,64 0,47
25 – 11,1 1,13 1600 20,9 7,12 0,47
100 7,8 12,3 1,14 1800 19,0 6,48 0,47
200 8,2 13,8 1,18 2000 16,8 5,58 0,51
300 8,5 15,4 1,21
°C GPa GPa Poisson’s
400 8,6 16,9 1,24 Ratio
500 8,8 18,2 1,26
23 206 72,5 0,42
600 8,9 19,6 1,27
100 201 70,7 0,42
700 9,3 21,2 1,27
200 195 68,2 0,43
800 9,6 23,1 1,28
300 188 65,6 0,43
900 – 25,5 1,29
400 181 63,2 0,43
1000 – – 1,30
500 175 60,3 0,45
a
Mean coefficient of linear expansion between 80°F (27°C) and 600 168 57,5 0,46
temperature shown.
700 160 54,5 0,47
800 151 51,4 0,47
900 141 48,0 0,47
1000 128 43,7 0,46
124
4.º Specifications
DIN-2.4858 - Code NiCr21Mo
Seamless Pipes/Tubes: ASTM-B-423
Welded Pipes/Tubes: ASTM-B-704/705
Plates/sheets: ASTM-B-424
Bars: ASTM-B-425
Fittings: ASTM-B-366
Flanges: ASTM-B-564
5.º Applications, characteristics:

Alloy 825 is a thermally stabilized alloy which is resistant to both inorganic and organic acids. It has
excellent resistance to oxidizing and nonoxidizing hot acid conditions and at temperatures up the boiling
point it is resistant to many acids and alkaline solutions.
INCOLOY alloy 825 is a nickel-iron-chromium alloy with additions of molybdenum, copper, and tita-
nium. The alloy´s chemical composition, is designed to provide exceptional resistance to many corrosi-
ve environments. The nickel content is sufficient for resistance to chloride-ion stress.
Corrosion cracking. The nickel, in conjunction with the molybdenum and copper, also gives outstan-
ding resistance to reducing environments such as those containing sulfuric and phosphoric acids. The
molydbenum also aids resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion. The alloy´s chromium content con-
fers resistance to a variety of oxidizing substances such as nitric acid, nitrates, and oxidizing salts. The
titanium addition serves, with an appropriate heat treatment, to stabilize the alloy against sensitization
to intergranular corrosion.
The resistance of INCOLOY alloy 825 to general and localized corrosion under diverse conditions gi-
ves the alloy broad usefulness. Applications include chemical processing, polution control, oil and gas
recovery, acid production, pickling operations nuclear fuel reprocessing, and handling of radioactive
wastes.
INCOLOY alloy 825 is well known for resistance to sulfide corrosion and chloride-ion stress-corrosion
cracking, acid attack, and hydrogen embrittlement cracking. Because it combines corrosion resistan-
ce and strength, INCOLOY alloy 825 makes an excellent choice for long-term use with sour crudes and
gases.
Hydrogen Sulfide
INCOLOY alloy 825 is used to resist the corrosive conditions in sour gas and oil wells. The environ-
ments include hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide in sour crude and gas at high temperatures and
pressures. Table 4 shows the performance of the alloy in a test (NACE test) used to evaluate alloys for
such service. The test consists of exposure of stressed, steel-coupled C-rings to a room-temperature
solution of 5% sodium chloride whith 0,5% acetic acid and saturated with hydrogen sulfide. The speci-
mens of INCOLOY alloy 825 were stressed at 100% of yield strength (0,2% offset). No failure occurred
in the test period of 48 or 50 days.
The result of similar, but more severe tests are given in Table 5. Stressed C-rings were exposed to
the test solutions at high temperatures in pressurized autoclaves. The overpressure gas contained hy-
drogen sulfide or hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide. No cracking of INCOLOY alloy 825 occured in
these tests with specimens stressed at 90% of yield strenght.
125
NACE C-Ring Tests on Cold-Worked Tubing. Table 4.
Test Stress
Material Condition 1000psi MPa Results
27% cold work 105,0 724 No failure (48 days)
27% cold work plus
600 °F (315 °C)/
1000h 111,9 772 No failure (48 days)
49% cold work plus
600°F (315°C) / 1000h 127,4 878 No failure (50 days)
63% cold work plus
600 °F (315 °C)/1000 h 133,5 920 No failure (50 days)
Autoclave Tests on Cold-Worked Tubing. Table 5.
Yield Strength
Tests Environment Material Condition (0,2% Offset) Test Stress
1000psi MPa 1000psi MPa Results
25% sodium chloride,
0,5% acetic acid, 27% cold work plus 111,9 772 101,0 696 No failure (43 days)
1 g/L sulfur
saturated with
hydrogen sulfide, 600 °F (315 °C) 1000 h
150psi (1,0 MPa)
overpressure of
hydrogen sulfide, 49% cold work 114,2 787 103,0 710 No failure (43 days)
350 °F (177 °C)
15% sodium chloride,
saturated with 27% cold work 105,0 724 94,5 652 No failure (47 days)
hydrogen sulfide,
1000 psi (6,9 MPa)
overpressure of
nitrogen
with 1% hydrogen
sulfide and 20% carbon
dioxide, 49% cold work 111,9 772 100,0 690 No failure (47 days)
400 °F (204 °C) 51% cold work 147,1 1014 132,4 913 No failure (47 days)
Stress-Corrosion Cracking
An important property of INCOLOY alloy 825 is its relative freedom from stress-corrosion cracking.
The resistance of austenitic alloys to chloride-ion stress-corrosion cracking depends on nickel content.
INCOLOY alloy 825 contains sufficient nickel (42%) for a high degree of resistance to cracking in chlo-
ride environments. Table 6 shows the performance of the alloy in boiling 45% magnesium chloride. The
test were performed on stressed U-bend specimens.
Sea water
INCOLOY alloy 825 has good resistance to general corrosion, pitting, and crevice corrosion in sea
water, although it is subject to biological fouling in continuous immersion. The alloy is also highly resis-
tant to chloride-ion stress-corrosion cracking even in hot sea water.
126
Stress-Corrosion Cracking tests in Boiling 45% Magnesium Chloride. Table 6.
Alloy Condition Test Results

INCONEL alloy 625 Annealed No cracking in 720 h
INCONEL alloy 825 Annealed plus No cracking in 720 h
welded
Type 316 Stainless Annealed Cracking in 24 h
steel
Intergranular Corrosion
Like other nickel-iron-chromium alloys, INCOLOY alloy 825 can be sensitized to intergranular corro-
sion in some aggressive oxidizing media. However, INCOLOY alloy 825 contains an addition of titanium,
which, during an appropriate heat treatment, stabilizes the alloy against such sensitization. The mecha-
nisms of sensitization and stabilization for the alloy have been reported. Sensitization of unstabilized ma-
terial can result from exposure to temperatures of 1200 to 1400 °F (650 to 760 °C) during welding
or service.
Susceptibility to intergranular attack is commonly measured by the Huey Test. It consists of expo-
sure to boiling 65% nitric acid for five consecutive 48-h periods. An average corrosion rate of less than
3 mils per month (36 mpy) (0,91 mm/y) for the five periods is considered to be satisfactory perfor-
mance. Substantially higher rates indicate sensitization of the material.
FABRICATION
Hot and cold forming
The hot-working range for INCOLOY alloy 825 is 1600 to 2150 °F (870 °C to 1180 °C). For opti-
mum corrosion resistance, final hot working should be done at temperatures between 1600 and 1800
°F (870 and 980 °C)
Cooling after hot working should be air cool or faster. Heavy sections may become sensitized during
cooling from the hot-working temperature, and therefore be subject to intergranular corrosion in cer-
tain media. A stabilizing anneal (see above) restores resistance to corrosion. If material is to be welded
or subjected to further thermal treatment and sudsequently exposed to an environment that may cau-
se intergranular corrosion, the stabilizing anneal should be performed regardless of cooling rate from
the hot-working
Cold-forming properties and practices are essentially the same for INCOLOY alloy 825 as for INCO-
NEL alloy 600. Although workhardening rate is somewhat less than for the common grades of auste-
nitic stainless steels, it is still relatively high. Forming equipment should be well powered and strongly
built to compensate for the increase in yield strength with plastic deformation.
Annealing
Work-hardened material can be softened completely by annealing. The treatment requires exposure to
a sufficient temperature for a time long enough to cause full recrystallization of the workhardened grain stru-
ture. That removes all of the stresses, softens the material, and decreases mechanical strength.
Recrystallization is a function of time, temperature and amount of cold work as well as alloy com-
position.
Grain growth occurs when material is heated at higher temperatures or for longer times than tho-
se required for recrystallization. Although that results in further softening, a coarse grain structure is
unsuitable for some cold-forming operations and many service conditions (for example, a fine grain is
usually required for good fatigue strength).
A coarse grain cannot be refined in the high-nickel alloys by thermal treatment alone. It can be re-
moved only by cold working to a degree that will result in recrystallization to a finer grain during subse-
quent annealing. If coarse grain is desired, or if maximum softness is required and coarse grain is not
harmful to the application, the material can be given a solution anneal. Solution annealing, or solution
treating, is performed by heating at temperatures in the upper part of the annealing range. The treat-
ment is also used to dissolve the hardening elements in precipitation-hardenable alloys prior to aging.
127
Annealing temperatures are critical in maintaining the high degree of corrosion resistance for wich
INCOLOY alloy 825 was designed. For this reason, material leaving the mill has been carefully proces-
sed to provide maximum corrosion resistance. Therefore, during subsequent working, interstage and
final anneals should be limited to the 1700 to 1800 °F (930 to 980 °C) range, consistent with selec-
ted time and prior cold work. The optimum temperature for stabilization in considered to be 1725 °F
(940 °C) whereas 1800 °F (980 °C) provides the optimum combination of softness and fine grain
structure without sacrificing corrosion resistance. Quenching is usually not necessary for parts of thin
cross section such as those from sheet, strip and wire, but rapid cooling may be desired to avoid sen-
sitization in heavier sections.
Prior to any heat treatment, normal precautions should be taken to remove all lubricants, shop soil,
and markings which could induce intergranular attack and embrittlement.
APPLICATIONS
Alloy 825 is employed for phosphoric acid evaporators, pickiling vats, plants for chemical proces-
sing, propeller shafts, transportation means for corrosive media, polution control, oil and gas recovery,
acid production and handling of radioactive wastes.

Welding methods: Arc welding, TIG, MIG, plasma, autogenous welding.
Note: Take care that the surface is cleaned before welding.

128
286®
Allloy: Incoloy-286®
(Ni. Cr. alloy)
UNS-S66286

Ni Cr Mo Co Fe Cu C Mn Si P S Al Ti V Bo
Min. 24 13,5 1 1,9 0,10 0,0010
Max. 27 16 1,5 1 0,08 2 1 0,040 0,030 0,35 2,325 0,50 0,010
Balance X
Representative Tensile Properties Typical Rupture Strength

1800°F/1325°F heat treat 1800°F/1325°F heat treat
Temp Ultimate 0,2% Yield Elong Red of Charpy Stress, psi to Rupture
°F Tensile Strength, in 2”, Area, % V-notch Temp in Indicated Time
Str, psi psi % ft-Ib °F 100 hrs 1,000 hrs
RT* 95,000* 50,000* 40* – – 1000 99,000 88,000

1100 81,000 71,000
RT 145,000 95,000 24 43 –
1200 61,000 46,000
400 143,000 93,000 21 53 59
800 138,000 93,000 18 35 51
1000 131,000 87,000 18 31 45
1200 103,000 88,000 13 14 35
1400 64,000 62,000 18 23 –
*
annealed
Density Ib/in3 Melting Range °F 286®

0.286 solution treated 2500-2600
0.287 aged
Coefficient of Modulus of
Temp Expansiona, Conductivity Dynamic,
200 9,2 8,0 –
800 9,6 9,8 –
1000 9,8 13,0 23,7
1200 9,9 14,1 21,9
1400 10,3 - 20,1
a
70°F to indicated temperature
129
DIN 1.4980
BS A-638
ASTM A-453 Gr660 A-638
A-638 Gr660
ISO
AFNOR

Profile
A-286 is an age-hardenable iron base superalloy for applications requiring high strength from -320°F
up to 1000°F long time, 1300-1500°F short time. Oxidation resistance is high for continuous service to
1500°F, intermittent to 1800°F. Aqueous corrosion resistance is comparable to 316 L stainless.
Typical heat treatments are to solution anneal at either 1650°F 2 hours or 1800°F 1 hour, quench, fo-
llowed by aging 1325°F for 16hours, air cool. The 1650°F solution treatment results in a finer grain size
and superior short time tensile properties at room and elevated temperatures. A two cycle aging treat-
ment is occasionally specified after the 1650°F solution treatment. This is 1300-1400°F 16 hours air co-
ol plus 1200°F 8-12 hours air cool. It is intended to improve notch rupture strength. The 1800°F solution
treatment develops a slightly coarser grain size with superior creep-rupture properties.
Features
• High strength to 1000°F
• Oxidation resistant to 1500°F continuous
• Aqueous corrosion resistance similar to 316L
Applications
• Jet engine components
• High temperature fasteners, springs
• Non-magnetic cryogenic equipment



Good weldability.

x Plate-strip Pipes-tubes x Accessories x Bars x Forgings x Nuts & Bolts
130
DS®
Alloy: Incoloy-DS®
(Ni, Cr alloy)
UNS-N08330

Ni Cr Mo Co Fe Cu C Mn Si P S Ti Pb Su
Min. 34 17 0,75
Max. 37 22 1 0,08 2 1,50 0,03 0,03 0,20 0,005 0,025
Balance X

Yield strength, mini: 207 MPa HRB= 70 to 90

Density: 8 kg/dm3. Melting range: 1330 a 1400 °C
Expansion coefficient: 15,9 x 10-6/K
DIN 1.4862
BS NA17 3074 3072 3076 3073
3073
ASTM B-535 B-546 B-536 B-512 B-536 B-512 B-366
ISO
AFNOR Z12NCS35.16 DS®

Alloy DS is a nickel-iron-chromium solid-solution alloy with the addition of approximately 2% silicon.
• excellent oxidation and scale resistance
• good resistance to carburisation and to alternating carburising and oxidising atmospheres
• good mechanical properties with high strength at elevated temperatures
131
Applications
Alloy DS finds wide application in high-temperature processes:
• fans operating at high temperatures in carburising furnaces – resisting carburisation
• boxes and baskets used in carburising – resisting carburisation and showing weight savings when
compared with cast boxes.
• hangers, hooks and conveyor chains used to carry vitreous-enamelled components during firing – re-
sisting oxide spalling so that oxide does not fall on the enamel
• combustion tubes – resisting oxidation and carburisation and alternating oxidising and carburising
conditions
• jigs and fixtures used in furnace brazing and wire mesh belts to carry components in heat-treat-
ment processes
• thermocouple sheaths – resisting carburisation and nitriding
• flare-stack tips – resisting alternating conditions
• components handling cracked ammonia

Sulphuric acid: 2 Nitric acid: 1 Symbols:
Hydrocloric acid: 3 Sea water: 2 1. Good to excellent
Hydrofluoric acid: case dependent Alkalis: 2 2. Acceptable
Phosphoric acid: 2 Organic acids: 1 3. Inadequate

Carburization resistance: 1 Carbonitriding resistance: 1
Sufidation resistance: 1

Good weldability.

132
600®
Alloy: Inconel-600®
(Ni. Cr. alloy)
UNS-N06600
Ni Cr Mo Co Fe Cu C Mn Si P S Ti
Min. 72 14 6
Max. 17 10 0,5 0,15 1 0,5 0,015
Balance


Expansion coefficient: 14,4 x 10-6/K (20 a 300°C)
DIN 2,4816 17742 17752 17750 17752 17750 17753 17754
BS NA14 3074 3072 3076 3073 3075 3076
ASTM B-167 B-516 B-168 B-166 B-168 B-166 B-564 B-366
B-163 B-517 B-564
ISO NiCr15Fe8
AFNOR NC15Fe
600®
Alloy 600 is a nickel-base alloy with excellent carburization, and good oxidation resistance at eleva-
ted temperatures. The alloy has long been used in the heat treating industry for many of the same ap-
plication as 330.
Alloy 600 has useful resistance to dry Cl2 and HCl gases at moderately elevated temperatures. Alloy
600 is not suggested for use at red heat when sulfur is present.
Grades 200 and 201 nickel are normally preferred for handling concentrated, high temperature
caustic. However, when sulfur compounds are present as well, or for ammonium hydroxide service,
600 is suggested. Alloy 600 is subject to stress corrosion cracking in hot, concentrated caustic alka-
lies. To avoid stress corrosion cracking, the 600 fabrication should be fully stress relieved prior to use.
A minium treatment of 1650°F 1 hour is sugested, 1800-1850°F 1 hour preferred.
Alloy 600 shows moderate resistance to mineral acid and good resistance to acetic, formic, stea-
ric and other organic acids.
133
Excellent resistance is shown in high purity water, as used in the primary and secondary circuits of
some nuclear reactors.
Alloy 600 is particularly resistant to attack by dry chlorine or hydrogen chloride, even at tempera-
tures up to 650°C (1200°F).
At high temperatures in air the annealed and solution treated alloys show good resistance to oxide
scaling and have high strength.
The alloy also resists ammonia bearing atmospheres, as well as nitrogen and carburising gases. Un-
der alternating oxidising and reducing conditions this alloy may suffer from selective oxidation (green
rot).
Applications
• thermocouple sheathing in aggressive atmospheres
• vinychloride monomer production; resistance to chlorine, hydrogen chloride, oxidation and carbu-
risation
• conversion of uranium oxide to hexafluoride; resistance to attack by hydrogen fluoride
• production and use of caustic alkalis, particularly in the presence of sulphur compounds
• production of organic and inorganic chlorinated and fluorinated compounds, resistance to attack
by chlorine and fluorine
• nuclear reactor components
• heat treatment furnace retorts and components, particularly with carburising or nitriding at-
mospheres
• catalyst regenerators in petrochemical production
• production of titanium dioxide by the chlorine route.

Nitric acid: 3 Salts: 1 1. Good to excellent
Phosphoric acid: 2 Chlorydric acid: 2 3. Inadequate


Good weldability.

134
601®
(Ni. Cr. alloy)
UNS-N06601

Ni Cr Mo Co Fe Cu C Mn Si P S Al
Min. 58 21 1
Max. 63 25 1 0,10 1,5 0,5 0,015 1,7
Balance X

Yield strength, mini: 205 MPa RB = 70-95

Specific heat: 461 J/Kg. K RB – 70/95
Expansion coefficient: 14,9 x 10-6/K (20 to 300°C)
DIN 2.4851 17742 17751 17750 17752 17750
BS
ASTM B-167 B-168 B-564 B-168 B-166 B-564 B-366
B-163 B-166
ISO NiCr23Fe15Al
AFNOR NC23FeA 9722 6207 6208 9723 6208 9724 9725

Alloy 601 is a nickel-chromium alloy, highly resistant to oxidation through 2200°F. Alloy 601 develops 601®
a tightly adherent oxide scale which resists spalling even under conditions of severe thermal cycling. The
alloy has good high temperature strength, and retains its ductility after long service exposure.
Alloy 601 has good hot corrosion resistance, under oxidizing conditions. However 601 is not sug-
gested for use in strongly reducing sulfur bearing environments.
For maximum oxidation resistance, alloy 601 should be welded with matching composition 601
GTAW wire. For GMAW, 333 welding wire has been used. The weld fillers developed for alloy 602 CA
can provide a weld wich is stronger and more oxidation resistant than the 601 base metal.
An important property of Alloy 601 is resistance to oxidation at temperatures up to 1180°C
(2160°F). Even under severe conditions, such as under cyling heating and cooling, Alloy 601 retains a
tightly adherent oxide layer which is very resistant to spalling.
135
Resistance to carburisation is good. Alloy 601 has also shown good resistance to carbonitriding
conditions.
Due to its high chromium and aluminium content, Alloy 601 shows good resistance to oxidising sulp-
hur-bearing atmospheres at elevated temperatures.
Applications
Alloy 601 has found a wide variety of applications in industries as diverse as thermal and chemical
processing, pollution control and power generation.
• trays, baskets and fixtures for heat treatment plant
• refractory anchors, strand-annealing and radiant tubes, high velocity gas burners, wire mesh
belts in industrial furnaces
• insulating cans in ammonia reformers and catalyst support grids in nitric acid production
• components in exhaust gas systems
• combustion chambers in solid waste incinerators
• tube supports and ash-handling components
• components of waste-gas detoxification systems
• oxygen preheaters

Phosphoric acid: 2 Chloryhidric acid: 3 3. Inadequate


Good weldability.

136
625®
(Ni. Cr. Mo alloy)
UNS-N6625

Ni Cr Mo Co Fe Cu C Mn Si P S Ti Al *
Min. 58 20 8
Max. 23 10 1 5 0,10 0,50 0,50 0,015 0,015 0,40 0,40
(*) Nb+Ta=3,15 a 4,15


0.305 2350-2460
a
Temp Coefficient of Thermal Thermal Conductivity Modulus of Elasticity
°F Expansion, in/in °F x 10-6 Btu•ft/ft2•hr•°F Dynamic, psi x 106
70 – 5.7 29.8
400 7.3 7.2 28.4
600 7.4 8.2 27.5
800 7.6 9.1 26.6
1000 7.8 10.1 25.6
1200 8.2 11.0 24.4
1400 8.5 12.0 23.1
1600 8.8 13.2 –
ª 70ºF to indicated temperature
DIN 2,4856 17744 17751 17750 17752 17750 17752 625®
BS NA21 3072 3076 3072
ASTM B-444 B-704 B-443 B-446 B-443 B-564 B-366
B-705 B-564
ISO NiCr22Mo9Nb
AFNOR NC22DNb

Alloy 625 shows excellent corrosion resistance in a wide range of media:
• outstanding resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion in chloride bearing media and to impin-
gement corrosion or intergranular attack.
137
• High resistance to corrosive attack by mineral acids, such as nitric phosphoric, sulphuric and hy-
drochloric acids, as well as to alkalis and organic acids in both oxidising and reducing conditions.
Alloy 625 is used both for its high strength and outstanding aqueous corrosion resistance. The strength
of 625 is primarily a solid solution effect from molybdenum and columbium. Alloy 625 has excellent welda-
bility, and is frequently used to weld AL-6XN®. Matching filler metals are also used to join dissimilar metals.
Alloy-625 is a low-carbon nickel-chromium-molybdenum-niobium alloy which shows excellent resistan-
ce to a variety of corrosive media.
Due to its low carbon content and stabilising heat treatment, Alloy 625 shows little tendency to sen-
sitisation even after 50 hours at temperatures in the range 650-900 ºC (1200-1650 ºF).
The alloy is supplied in the soft-annealed condition for applications involving wet corrosion, and is ap-
proved by TUV for pressure vessels in the temperature range –196 to 450ºC (–321 to 840 ºF).
The mechanical properties of Alloy 625 can be increased by age-hardening.
• outstanding resistance to pitting, crevice corrosion, impingement corrosion and intergranular attack.
• almost complete freedom from chloride-induced stress-corrosion cracking.
• good resistance to mineral acids, such as nitric, phosphoric, sulphuric and hydrochloric acids.
• good resistance to alkalis and organic acids.
• good mechanical properties.
• in special high-temperature applications where very high strength and creep values are required,
the high-carbon, solution treated version (Alloy 625, grade 2) should be used.
• virtual immunity to chloride-induced stress-corrosion cracking.
• practically no corrosive attack in marine and industrial atmospheres. High resistance to seawa-
ter and brackish water, even at high temperatures.
• no sensitisation during welding.
• good resistance to carburisation and to oxidation under static and cyclic conditions, and to chlo-
rine containing gases.
Applications
The soft annealed, low carbon Alloy 625 is widely used in chemical process technology, as its good
corrosion resistance and high strength permit the use of thin structural parts. Alloy 625 is used for
structures in contact with seawater and subject to high mechanical stresses.
• flue gas scrubber components. • chimney linings.
• superphosphoric acid production equipment. • nuclear waste reprocessing equipment.
• sour gas production tubes. • product piping systems and sheathing of risers.
• offshore industry, marine equipment.
For high-temperature applications, up to about 1000 ºC (1830 ºF), the solution-annealed, high car-
bon version (Alloy 625, grade 2) is recommended, due to its excellent creep properties.



Good weldability.

138
718®
(Ni. Cr. alloy)
UNS-N07718

Ni Cr Mo Co Fe Cu C Mn Si P S Ti Al Co Bo
Min. 50 17 2,80 4,75 0,65 0,20 (X)
Max. 55 21 3,30 5,50 0,30 0,08 0,35 0,35 0,015 0,015 1,15 0,80 1 0,006
X
(X) Cb + Ta=4,75 to 5,5

Yield strength, mini: 1034 MPa HRC = 40 max

DIN 2,4668 NiCr19NbMo
ASTM B-637 B-670 B-637 B-670 B-637 B-637
ISO NiCr19Nb5-Mo3
AFNOR NC19FeNb AIR9165 AIR9165 AIR9165

Alloy 718 is a precipitation hardenable nickel based alloy with high strength, good corrosion resis-
tance, ease of formability and can be welded with good resistance to strain-age cracking. The major
melting route is vacuum induction melting followed by consumable electrode re-melting.
Alloy 718 was initially developed for the aerospace industry but the oil field technology companies re-
alised its benefits of high strength and corrosion resistance and the alloy is now recognised as one of 718®
the most important nickel based alloys in this industry.
The aerospace specifications calls for heat treatments designed to give maximum strength, creep
rupture resistance and hardness. This hardness of approximately 44-46 Rockwell C is in contravention
of the hardness limit of 40 Rockwell C imposed by the National Association of Corrosion Engineers in
194 (NACE MR-01-75).
The mechanical properties on this page are typical of most oil field equipment companies' require-
ments. In order to obtain the requirements of high strength with maximum hardness of 40 Rockwell C,
specialised heat treatments and production processes, especially in the manufacture of bar below 2"
diameter, are required.
139
The major applications of Alloy 718 in the oil field industry are Gate Valves, Choke Stems, Fasteners,
Tubing Hangers and Fire Safe Valves.
Alloy 718 i also used for hotworking shear blades, extrusion-dies and liners where conventional to-
ol steels do not have sufficient strength at the high extrusion temperatures required.
Features
• Good mechanical properties –tensile, fatigue and creep-rupture
• Oxidation resistant throughout its useful temperature range
• Resistant to aqueous corrosion and chloride ion stress corrosion cracking
Heat Treatment
718 alloy is strengthened by a precipitation hardening reaction involving columbium, titanium, alumi-
num and nickel, with a degree of solid solution strengthening by molybdenum. Two commonly used he-
at treatments are:
Anneal 1700-1850 ºF air cool or faster. Age 1325 ºF 8 hr, furnace cool to 1150 ºF, hold at 1150
ºF for a total aging time of 18 hr, air cool.
Size change in hardening –annealed 718 will show a contraction of 0.0008 inch/inch after precipi-
tation hardening.
Anneal 1900-1950 ºF, air cool or faster. Age 1400 ºF 10 hr, furnace cool to 1200 ºF, hold at
1200 ºF for a total aging time of 18 hr, air cool.
The 1700-1850 ºF treatment is optimum for rupture and notch rupture strength, and rupture duc-
tility. This treatment develops the highest room temperature tensile and yield strengths, but with so-
mewhat reduced transverse ductility. Because of a fine grain size this anneal is used for high cycle fa-
tigue strength.
The 1900-1950 ºF treatment improves transverse tensile ductility, impact strength and low-tem-
perature notch tensile strength. The disadvantages of this treatment are notch brittleness in stress
rupture and, because the higher temperature anneal develops a coarser grain size, reduced fatigue
strength.
Applications:
Gas turbine engine parts. Liquid fuel rocket motor components, springs, fasteners, cryogenic tanks.


7.º Weldability:
Excellent welding characteristics, resistant to postweld age cracking.

140
X-750®
Alloy: Inconel X-750®

(Ni. Cr. alloy)
UNS-N07750
Min. 70 14 0,7 5 0,4 2,25 (x)
Max. 17 1,20 1 9 0,50 0,08 1 0,50 0,01 1 2,75
(X) Nb+Ta = 0,7 to 1,20
Tensile strength, mini: see ASTM-B-637 Elongation, in 2”: see ASTM-B-637

Yield strength, mini: see ASTM-B-637

Expansion coefficient: 12,9 x 10-6/K (20 to 100°C)
Thermal conductivity: 12 W/mK
DIN 2,4669
ASTM B-637 B-637 B-637 B-637 B-366
ISO NiCr15Fe5Ti
2Al
AFNOR NC15TNbA

Alloy X750 is a precipitation hardenable nickel-chromium alloy used for its corrosion and oxidation
resistance and high strength at temperatures to 704 ºC (1300 ºF). Although much of the effect of pre-
cipitation hardening is lost with increasing temperature over 704 ºC (1300 ºF), heat- treated material
has useful strength up to 982 º C (1800 º F). Alloy X-750 also has excellent properties down to cryo-
genic temperatures. X-750®
Depending on the application and the properties desired, various heat treatments are employed. For
service above 593 º C (1100 º F), particulary where loads are to be sustained for long times, optimum
properties are achieved by solution treating (1148 ºC, 2100 º F) plus stabilization treating (843 ºC,
1550 º F) plus precipitation treating (ageing) (704 º C, 1300 ºF).
Applications:
The major oil field application for Alloy X-750 is seal rings for connectors and fire safe valves and
choke stems. The mechanical properties detailed are typical of the major oil field equipment companies'
141
requirements and are achieved after an extensive 47 hour heat treatment operation. Other applications
are heatreating fixtures, forming tools, extrusion dies, and test machine grips. For springs and faste-
ners, Alloy X-750 is used from sub-zero to 648 ºC, (1200 º F).

Phosphoric acid: 2 Nitric acid: 3 3. Inadequate


Good weldability.

142
400®
Alloy: Monel-400®
(Ni. Cu. alloy)
UNS-N04400
Min. 63 28
Max. 2,5 34 0,30 2 0,5 0,024

Tensile strength, mini: 485 MPa Yield strength 0.2: 195 MPa min.
Elongation A5 = 35 % min. HRB = 68 to 83

Density: 8,85 Kg/dm3. Melting range: 1300 to 1350 ºC
Specific heat: 430 J/Kg.K
DIN 2.4360 17743 17751 17750 17752 17750 17753 17754
BS NA13 3074 3072 3076 3073 3075
ASTM B-163 B-725 B-127 B-164 B-127 B-164 B-564 B-366
B-165 B-730 B-564
ISO NICU30 9722 6207 6208 9723 6208 9724 9725
AFNOR NU30

• corrosion resistance in a wide range of marine and chemical environments
• freedom from chloride induced stress-corrosion cracking
• good mechanical properties from sub-zero temperatures up to about 550 ºC (1020 ºF)
• approval for pressure vessels with wall temperatures form -10 to 425 ºC (14 to 800 ºF) accor-
ding to VdTÜV-Wbl.263 and up to 900 ºF (480 ºC) according to ASME Boiler and Pressure Ves- 400®
sel Code
• good workability.
Alloy 400 has outstanding resistance to neutral and alkaline salts. It has been a standard material
for salt plants for many years.
143
This alloy is one of the few metallic materials which can be used in contact with fluorine, hydrofluo-
ric acid, hydrogen fluoride or their derivatives.
Alloy 400 shows very high resistance to caustic alkalies. Behaviour in seawater is also excellent,
with improved resistance to cavitation corrosion compared with copper-base alloys. It can be used in
contact with dilute solutions of mineral acids such as sulphuric and hydrochloric acids, particularly if
they are air-free. However, as the alloy contains no chromium, corrosion rates may be increased sig-
nificantly in oxidising conditions.
Whilst Alloy 400 can be considered immune to chloride-ion stress cracking, it can stress crack in
the presence of mercury or in most aerated HF vapours. A stress relieving heat treatment is applied in
such cases.
Applications
• feed-water and steam generator tubing in power plants
• brine heaters and evaporator bodies in salt plants
• sulphuric and hydrofluoric acid alkylation plants
• industrial heat exchangers
• cladding for crude oil distillation columns
• splash-zone sheathing in offshore structures
• propeller and pump shafts for seawater service
• plants for uranium refining and isotope separation in the production of nuclear fuel.
• pumps and valves used in the manufacture of chlorinated hydrocarbons
• monoethanolamine (MEA) reboiler tubes


Sufidation resistance: – Carbonitriding resistance: –

Good weldability.

144
K500®
Alloy: Monel K-500®

(Ni. Cu. alloy)
UNS-N05500

Min. 63 27 2,3 0,35
Max. 2 33 0,18 1,5 0,50 0,010 3,15 0,85

Tensile strength, mini: 965 MPa Yield strength 0.2: 690 MPa mini
Elongation A5 = 20 % min HRC = 27 mini

Density: 8,9 Kg/dm3. Melting point: 1310 to 1350 ºC
Specific heat: 456 J/Kg.K
DIN 2.4375 17743 17743 17743 17752 17754
BS NA18 3074 3072 3076 3073 3075
ASTM B-865 B-865 B-865
ISO NICU30Al3Ti
AFNOR NU30AT

Alloy K-500 is a nickel-copper alloy with age-hardening properties imparted by alloying additions of
aluminium and titanium. Its basic composition is similar to that of Alloy 400 but the alloying additions
make it age hardenable under controlled conditions of temperature and time.
The alloy can be delivered in the annealed, stress equalised, hot finished or age-hardened conditions.

• excellent corrosion resistance in an extensive range of natural and chemical environments
• excellent resistance to chloride-ion stress-corrosion cracking K500®
• very high strength and hardness
In general the corrosion resistance of Alloy K-500 is similar to that of Alloy 400.
145
Excellent resistance is shown to a wide range of media from pure water to mineral acids, salts and
alkalis. Alloy K-500 is virtually immune to chloride-ion stress corrosion cracking. In the aged condition,
the alloy may be susceptible to stress-corrosion cracking in moist, aerated hydrofluoric acid vapour at
stresses near the yield strength.
In high velocity seawater and in marine atmospheres, good resistance is shown but, in slow moving or
stagnant seawater, pitting may occur. Alloy K-500 also shows good resistance in sour-gas environments.
Applications
Alloy K-500 finds wide application in the marine, chemical, petrochemical and shipbuilding industries.
• valve seals, pump sleeves and wear rings in marine environments – high strength and resistance
to seawater
• pump shafts for fire-fighting pumps – high strength (resulting in smaller diameter shafts) and re-
sistance to flowing seawater
• propeller shafts – high strength (resulting in smaller diameter shafts and thus smaller bearings)
and resistance to seawater
• fasteners e.g. bolts, used in marine atmospheres and tidal waters – resistance to chloride – con-
taining environments
• doctor blades and scrapers
• towing cable armouring – high strength, non-magnetic properties and resistance to seawater
• springs – resistance to a variety of corrosive media
• oil well drilling equipment such as non-magnetic drill collars, valves and instrumentation sleeves –
resistance to chloride-containing media and sour gas environments
• aviation instrument components – non-magnetic properties

Hydrofluoric acid: – Alkalis: 1 2. Acceptable

Sufidation resistance: Carbonitriding resistance: –

Good weldability.

146
NICKEL-200
Alloy: Nickel-200
(Ni alloy)
UNS-N02200
Ni Cr Mo Co Fe Cu C Mn Si P S
Min. 99
Max. 0,40 0,25 0,15 0,35 0,35 0,010

Elongation A5 = 40 % mini

Density: 8,9 Kg/dm3. Specific heat: 456 J/Kg.K
Expansion coefficient: 14,3 x 10-6/K (20 to 300°C) Thermal conductivity: 74 W/mK
DIN 2.4066 17740 17751 17751 17750 17752 17750 17753 17754
BS NA11/12 3074 3072 3076 3073 3075
ASTM B161 B725 B162 B160 B162 B160 B564 B366
B163 B730 B564
ISO Ni99.0

Alloy 200 is technically pure nickel with good mechanical properties and excellent resistance to al-
kali hydroxides, dry halogen hydrides as well as organic compositions. Even when exposed to high tem-
peratures, alloy 200 retains its strength and is ductile at low temperatures. Alloy 200 is a multipur-
pose grade and is used in applications where alloys are not essential. It also has good magnetic and
magnet ostrictive properties, high thermal and electrical conductivity as well as low gas content in the
electronics industry.
Applications:
Chemical and food industry, loading plants, electrical and electronical parts, parts and equipment
NICKEL-200
for aircrafts and rockets, transducers, textile industry, glass industry, soap industry, handling of fatty
acids, etc.
147


Good weldability.

148
NICKEL-201
Alloy: Nickel-201
(Ni alloy)
UNS-N02201
Ni Cr Mo Co Fe Cu C Mn Si P S
Min. 99
Max. 0,40 0,25 0,02 0,35 0,35 0,01

Elongation = 40 % mini

Density: 9,89 Kg/dm3. Melting range: 1435 to 1445 °C
Specific heat: 440 J/Kg.K Expansion coefficient: 13,5 x 10-6/K
DIN 2.4068 17740 17751 17750 17752 17750 17753 17754
BS NA12 3074 3072 3076 3073 3075
ASTM B-161 B-725 B-162 B-160 B-162 B-564 B-366
B-163 B-730 B-564
ISO LcNi.99

Alloy 201 is an alloy similar to Nickel 200. The carbon content of the former is a little above that
of Nickel 200. Due to this difference, alloy 201 is preferred in caustic soda above 300 ºC. Alloy 201
disposes of the same high thermal and electrical conductivity and of the same magnetic and magnetos-
trictive properties as the grade Nickel 200.
Applications:
Caustic evaporators, plating rods, combustion boats, chemical plants with operating temperatures
above 300 ºC, for example in caustic soda manufacturing plants.
NICKEL-201
149


Good weldability.

150
TANTALUM
Metal: TANTALUM
It is a industrialy pure metal.
Chemical composition:
Average composition in mg/g:
Ta Ta+Nb Ag C Cd Co Cr Cu Fe H K Mg Mn Mo N Na Nb
99,85 99,90 <5 15 <10 <10 <10 <10 50 <1 <5 <5 <5 50 5 <5 150
Ni O Pb S Ti W Zn Zr
30 20 <10 <5 <15 200 <5 <5
K alloy (average composition):
Ta Ta+Nb Ag C Cd Co Cr Cu Fe H K Mg Mn Mo N Na Nb
99,98 As previous
Ni O Pb S Ti W Zn Zr
200
Grades = ASTM-B-364 and 365.
Introduction:
The tantalum has been accepted as a preferred material for a wide variety of applications.
Tantalum is not a new material. Its first commercial use at the turn of the century was as filaments
in light bulbs. Later, when it became apparent that tantalum was practically inert to attack by most
acids, applications in the laboratory and in the chemical and medical industries were developed. The
rise of the electronics industry accelerated the development of many new applications.
Much of this growth can be attributed to a broader range of tantalum powders and mill products
available from the producers and increasing utilization of tantalum's unique properties – high melting
point, ability to form a dielectric oxide film and chemical inertness. Encouraging these applications, new
reduction, melting, and fabrication techniques have led to higher purities, higher reliabilities and impro-
ved yields to finished products.
Physical Properties:
Pure tantalum has a body centered cubic crystal lattice. There is no allotropic transformation to the
melting point which means that unalloyed tantalum cannot be hardened by heat treatment. Additions of
oxygen, carbon or nitrogen above normal levels, either purposefully or accidentally, are considered as
alloying additions no matter what the concentration.
TANTALUM
151
TABLE I Physical Properties of Tantalum:
Atomic Weight 180.9

Density 16,6 gm/cc, 0.601 Ib/in3
Melting Point 2996 ºC, 5432 ºF
Vapor Pressure at 1727 ºC 9.525 x 10-11 mmHg
Linear Coefficient of Expansion 1135 ºK 5.76 x 10-6/ºC
1641 ºK 9.53 x 10-6/ºC
2030 ºK 12.9 x 10-6/ºC
2495 ºK 16.7 x 10-6/ºC
Thermal Conductivity 20 ºC 0.130 cal/cm-sec ºC
100 ºC 0.131 cal/cm-sec ºC
Specific Heat 100 ºC 0.03364 cal/gm
Electrical Conductivity 13.9 % IACS
Electrical Resistivity -73ºC 9.0 micro-ohm/cm
75ºC 12.4 micro-ohm/cm
Mechanical properties:
The room temperature mechanical properties of tantalum are dependent on chemical purity,
amount of reduction in cross-sectional area and temperature of final annealing. Annealing time does
not appear to be critical. Close control over the many parameters which affect mechanical properties
are mandatory to insure reproducible mechanical behavior.
TABLE II Typical Mechanical Properties Annealed Tantalum Sheet
Ultimate Hardness
.2% Yield Tensile Rockwell
Thickness Strength PSI Strength PSI Elongation % 15 T B
0.005 Deep Draw 29,000 41,000 22 – –
0.005 Regular 44,000 55,000 18 – –
0.010 Regular 40,000 52,000 32 – –
0.030 Regular 35,000 45,000 40 75 –
0.060 Regular 35,000 45,000 42 75 48
Tantalum can be strengthened only by cold work with resulting loss in ductility. As certain residual im-
purities have pronounced effects on ductility levels and metallurgical behaviour, the purpose of most con-
solidation techniques is to make the material as pure as possible. Cold working methods are used almost
without exception to preclude the possibility of embrittlement by exposure to oxygen, carbon, nitrogen and
hydrogen at even moderate temperatures. Temperatures in excess of 800ºF should be avoided.
152
METALLURGICAL CONDITION ... There are basically three structures which can be ordered: (1)
unannealed, (2) stress-relieved, and (3) annealed.
Unannealed ... In the unannealed condition, the structure will be typically wrought fibrous. Yield and
tensile strength will be increased with corresponding decreases in elongation as shown in Table III. The
amount of work-hardening will be dependent on the amount of cold reduction since the last anneal. The
rate of work-hardening is rapid for the first 30% of reduction. The rate then diminishes so that there
will be no appreciable strengthening until reductions of over 90% are taken. There is actually no limit
to the amount of cold work which the metal can take; there are only equipment limitations or mecha-
nical limitations, such as, poor shape control in rolling or excessive thinning when forming which dicta-
te periodic heat treatment in vacuum to soften the metal.
Unannealed tantalum may be preferred for machinability although our provider’s machinists indicate
no preference. Corrosion behavior is not affected nor is the susceptibility to interstitial contamination
changed. Unannealed sheet .030" thick and under can make a 1 x thickness bend, but the annealed
condition is preferred when bending since the metal is not as stiff or as springy.
TABLE III Typical Mechanical Properties. Tantalum Sheet with Increasing Cold Work
Ultimate
Percent .2% Yield Tensile Hardness
Cold Work Strength PSI Strength PSI Elongation % VHN
30 70,600 74,200 18 189
50 82,200 86,000 9 192
80 100,500 109,200 4 235
90 117,800 123,400 2 239
95 127,000 135,500 1 265
98 – 135,500 1 280
Stress-Relieved ... Stress-relieving at 1850 ºF in vacuum reduces yield and tensile strengths and rai-
ses elongation levels. These properties will be intermediate between annealed and unannealed. Stress-
relieving has been used more as a matter of expediency than design. Fabricators need some ductility
to allow them to roll tubes into tube sheets. Until recently, the only tubular heat treating vacuum fur-
naces were limited to 1850 ºF maximum. This equipment limitation dictated the use of stress-relieving.
As newer furnaces allowing full annealing in vacuum are now on stream, stress-relieving may gradually
fall into disuse.
Annealed ... Tantalum specified in the annealed condition is in its softest, most ductile condition. The
usual objective of the procedure is to choose an annealing temperature which will result in compIete
recrystallization but avoid excessive grain growth. This temperature will be about 2150 ºF ±75 ºF. The
temperature for recrystallization is, however, considerably affected by the purity and amount of cold
work prior to annealing.
When the amount of reduction is limited, complete recrystallization is very difficult unless the annealing
temperature is substantially increased. Purity is at the core of this problem. Unless sufficient work (about
75% reduction) is put into the material, tantalum does not have the impurities present to act as nuclea-
tion sites for grain growth unless an inordinate amount of energy in the form of annealing heat is added.
This will result in recrystallization, but to a very large grain size. The larger the cross-section, the more se-
vere is this problem. Recrystallization to a finer grain size becomes more readily obtainable. The tensile
test is normally used to determine the state of anneal. ASTM specifications for annealed tantalum are
shown in Table IV.
This test is backed by hardness tests, Olsen cups, and grain size determinations to insure product
quality. The Olsen test is particularly effective for thin sheet as tensile test elongations decrease as a
function of material thickness. The Olsen cup has the added advantage of detecting any strong directio-
nality tendencies or to show “orange peel” indicating a coarse grain. (See Table V).
153
Tantalum sheet develops directionality if a producer does not choose his rolling and annealing sche-
dules with care. Directionality is a term used to describe non-uniform sheet properties in the rolling di-
rection and transverse to the rolling direction. Sheet with directionality has reduced elongations in the
transverse direction which may affect performance in spinning and deep drawing operations. When
these metal working functions are to be performed, it is helpful for the user to so specify when orde-
ring the material.
TABLE IV ASTM Specification Limits for Tensile Properties. Test Procedure ASTM E8-61T
Ultimate PSI Yield PSI Elongated Hardness

Minimum Maximun Maximun Minimum % Maximum
Cold Worked 75,000 – – 2 –
Stress-Relieved
any section exceeding .021" 55,000 – – 10 –
any section less than .021" 55,000 – – 7,5 –
Annealed
any section exceeding .021” – 55,000 45,000 25 80 15T
any section less tahn .021" to – 55,000 45,000 15 –
.005 minimum
TABLE V Annealed Tantalum Sheet. Olsen Cup Data 7/8" Ball
Depth Force (Ibs.)

Typical Specification Typical
Minimum
.030 Regular .450 – 3920
.020 Regular .425 – 3200
.010 Regular .350 .320 1540
.005 Deep Draw .380 .320 820
.005 Regular .250 – 504
FORMING ... Tantalum in the annealed condition is an extremely ductile material. Unusually high re-
ductions without annealing are possible because of its low rate of work hardening characteristics. Tu-
bing 11/16" diameter with a 1/8" wall by 16" long has been drawn from circular blanks without annea-
ling in a series of seven draws. It is nevertheless recommended that the producer be advised when
spinning or drawing is planned.
Spinning ... Successful tantalum spinning can be accomplished using conventional spinning techni-
ques. The slow work hardening rate permits repeated drafts without in process anneals, unless unu-
sually severe formations are to be attempted. Spinning thinner material such as .010" or .020" thick
may have to be annealed more often.
Mandrels should be made of steel or aluminum bronze. Hardwood and composition mandrels are
usually too soft to permit sufficient ironing for good surface finish. If steel mandrels are used, bottoms
should be faced with aluminium bronze to prevent galling of the blank. Steel roller wheels or yellow
brass tools are used with generous amounts of yellow soap. A commercial compound, Warren's Spin-
ning Compound #1, has been found to offer good lubricating characteristics for tantalum.
Deep Drawing ... Although tantalum is a soft, ductile metal, certain precautions are suggested for
optimum results. Conventional reductions are possible provided due allowance is made for tantalum's
galling characteristics. The metal will have more of a tendency to seize on the punch and/or draw ring.
This friction may result in premature failure unless lubrication is generous. Aluminum bronze is recom-
mended for the draw ring when justified.
154
The metal can be stretched and ironing is feasible with aluminum bronze dies. As in any deep dra-
wing operation, some experimentation with holddown, punch and draw ring radii and clearance may be
necessary to prevent wrinkling. Initial reductions of 50% are possible. Drawing may be continued al-
though gradually decreasing the amount of reduction per draw is recommended.
Niobium and tantalum can be clad onto other metals such as steel, aluminum and copper to pro-
duce cost effective composites.
Niobium and tantalum can be machined using standard equipment and cutting tools. Water soluble
oil is used as a cutting fluid for turning, drilling, milling and sawing. Chlorothane is used as an assist for
tapping.
Niobium and tantalum can be welded to themselves and to several other metals by resistance wel-
ding, tungsten-inert gas, plasma welding and electron beam welding. Formation of brittle intermetallic
phases is likely with many metals and must be avoided. Surfaces to be heated above 300 °C should
be protected by and inert gas (argon or helium) to prevent embrittlement.
Corrosion resistance:
Selecting any material for corrosive service can be fraught with hazards. Operating conditions can
be substantially different from the conditions used in the laboratory to establish base line data. Whene-
ver possible, a welded sample should be exposed to the expected operating environment. The following
comments are based on laboratory data which should be used only as a guide for preliminary screening
when material selection problems exist.
Tantalum is extremely resistant to corrosion by most acids. Like glass, one of the few exceptions to
its general acid resistance is hydrofluoric acid which will attack tantalum readily. Any solution containing
the fluoride ion should be avoided. Concentrated sulfuric acid and to a lesser degree, hot 85% phosp-
horic acid will attack tantalum. Hydrochloric, nitric and 80% phosphoric acid provided fluorine is kept
below 5 ppm, chromic, oxalic and organic acids should not be detrimental.
Tantalum is less resistant to alkaline solutions. Boiling solutions of strong alkalies will rapidly attack
the metal. This attack is somewhat temperature and concentration dependent, but in general, service
in strong alkalies above room temperature should be avoided.
The material is not usually attacked by salt solutions except those which contain or will hydrolyze to
strong alkalies or by fluorides. Chlorides and bromides such as ferric chloride, mercuric and stannous
chloride up to 350 ºF should be satisfactory.
Great care should be exercised to prevent hydrogen embrittlement by electrolytic action in practically
all electrolytes particularly at elevated temperature. Embrittlement may result from either galvanic cou-
pling or because of stray electric currents. To prevent this embrittlement from occurring, tantalum
should be insulated from other metals in the equipment and any stray currents should be located and
eliminated.
At temperatures not exceeding 300 ºF and in the absence of fluorine, free SO3 or strong alkalies,
most organic and inorganic liquids will not effect tantalum. The same is true of nearly all corrosive ga-
ses including either wet or dry chlorine or bromine. Temperatures in excess of 300 ºF could lead to lon-
ger term embrittlement problems unless there is protection from interstitial contamination. Tantalum
has shown excellent resistance to attack by such liquid metals as sodium, lithium, magnsium, potas-
sium and mercury in temperatures to 2000 ºF.
Corrosion rates for tantalum, miobium, titanium and 304 stainless steel are listed for comparison
in table VI.
155
TABLE VI Comparison of corrosion rates for Tantalum, Niobium, Titanium, 304 Stainless Steel and
Platinum
Medium Temp. Corrosion Rate (mils/yr.)

s.s.
ºC ºF Ta Nb Ti 304 Pt
Acetic Acid 100 212 nil –(a) nil 20 nil
AlCl3 (10% soln) 100 212 nil – nil 20 nil
NH4Cl(10% soln) 100 212 nil nil <0.5 >20 nil
HCl, 20% 21 70 nil 0.04 – – nil
100 212 nil – 175 high –
, conc. 21 70 nil 0.1 – – –
100 212 nil 4(b) rapid rapid 1
HNO3, 20% 100 212 nil nil nil – nil
, 70% 100 212 nil nil nil 7 nil
, 65% 170 338 <1 – <5 > 50 –
H3PO4, 85% 25 76 nil <1 8 > 50 –
100 212 nil 3(b) 40 – –
H2SO4, 10% 25 76 nil nil 7 > 50 nil
, 40% 25 76 nil 0.1 60 >> 50 nil
, 98% 25 76 nil 0.2 – – nil
, 98% 50 122 nil 0.8 (b) – – nil
, 99% 100 212 nil 115(b) high – nil
, 98% 200 392 3 rapid rapid – –
, 98% 250 482 rapid – – – –
H2SO4, fuming (15% So3) 23 73 0.5 (assume rapid) – –
70 158 rapid – – – –
Aqua regia 25 78 nil nil 35 – 800
Chlorine, wet 75 167 nil nil nil – 0.1
H2O, Cl2 sat 25 76 nil nil 5 > 50 nil
, sea 25 76 nil nil nil 50 nil
Oxalic acid 21 70 nil 0.6(b) – – –
96 205 0.1 – – – –
NaOH, 5% 21 70 nil 1.1 – – –
100 212 0.7 rapid – <1 nil
, 10% 100 212 <1 – 8 <1 nil
, 40% 80 176 rapid – 5 5 nil
HF, 40 % 25 76 rapid rapid rapid – nil
(a) indicates no data

(b) embrittled
156
NIOBIUM AND TANTALUM IN MATERIALS SELECTION
Introduction:
Niobium and tantalum are members of the refractory metals family, characterized by their very high
melting points.
The similarity of these two metals goes far beyond their occurrence and discovery. Their chemical
properties are so similar that it was difficult to positively establish their individual identities in early work.
Both tantalum and niobium are tough, ductile metals which can be formed into almost any shape. Be-
cause of their resistance to chemical attack, and their excellent formability, they are often used in co-
rrosion resistant applications for environments which no other metals can withstand. Their major limi-
tation is reactivity with oxygen and nitrogen in the air at temperatures above 300 to 400 ºC.
Tantalum and niobium have many unique applications as pure metals, and form the basis for a family
of alloys having similar chemical, physical and high temperature properties.
Material properties:
Niobium and tantalum are tough, ductile, silvery gray metals with a unique combination of mechani-
cal and physical properties. Physical property data for both metals are summarized in Table I. Niobium
has a density close to that of copper, but only about half the density of tantalum and tungsten. The go-
od thermal conductivity values for both tantalum and niobium make them good candidate materials for
heat transfer applications.
Mechanical property data for niobium and tantalum are summarized in Table II. They have modera-
te strengths and can be work hardened to a considerable degree. In addition, both tantalum and nio-
bium display good toughness at very low temperatures. Alloys of these metals are available with impro-
ved elevated temperature tensile and creep properties to temperatures as high as 1650 ºC.
Regarding chemical characteristics,5 Niobium resists most organic acids and mineral acids at all
concentrations below 100 ºC, except HF. Tantalum is more corrosion resistant to these at higher con-
centrations and at higher temperatures (190ºC). Resistance to many liquid metals makes them can-
didates for applications ranging from metallurgical process equipment to liquid metal cooled nuclear re-
actors. Niobium and tantalum are resistant to attack in many liquid metals: Li<1000 ºC, Na, K + NaK
<1000 ºC, ThMg<850 ºC, U<1400 ºC, Zn<450ºC, Pb<850 ºC, Bi<500 ºC, and Hg<600 ºC. Becau-
se of their ability to form stable, passive oxide films niobium and tantalum can provide unique solutions
to many corrosion problems. A good example is the use of niobium heat components in fluoride cataly-
zed chrome plating operations. Neither metal, however, can be used in air at temperatures above 200
ºC for niobium or 300 ºC for tantalum. Typical comparative corrosion data for niobium and tantalum
are presented in Table III.
Because of their bcc crystal structure, niobium and tantalum are very ductile metals which can under-
go cold reductions of more than 95% with out failure. Heavy sections can be heated for forging to ~450
ºC without protection. Both metals can be rolled, drawn, and extruded to produce a wide range of pro-
ducts. Tantalum and niobium have a tendency to stick to tooling during metal forming operations. As a re-
sult, specific lubricant and die material combinations are required in high pressure forming operations.
Niobium and tantalum –two refractory metals with unique properties that dictate a number of high
performance applications– are often used in areas where long range cost effectiveness becomes a pri-
mary consideration. By illustrating some of niobium and tantalum's similarities, and by contrasting so-
me of their differences, this paper provides some interesting and new insights into the metals themsel-
ves. It is intended as a guide to metallurgists, applications engineers and others concerned with finding
long range solutions to specialized and highly demanding materials selection problems.
Niobium and tantalum can be clad onto other metals such as steel, aluminum and copper to pro-
duce cost effective composites.
Niobium and tantalum can be machined using standard equipment and cutting tools. Water soluble oil is
used as a cutting fluid for turning, drilling, milling and sawing. Chlorothane is used as an assist for tapping.
Niobium and tantalum can be welded to themselves and to several other metals by resistance wel-
ding, tungsten-inert gas, plasma welding and electron beam welding. Formation of brittle intermetallic
phases is likely with many metals and must be avoided. Surfaces to be heated above 300 ºC should
be protected by an inert gas (argon or helium) to prevent embrittlement.
157
Table I. Physical Properties of Niobium and Tantalum
Niobium Tantalum
Atomic Weight 92.9064 180.95
Density 8.66g/cc 16.6g/cc
Melting Point 2468 ºC 2996 ºC
Boiling Point 4927 ºC 5431 ºC
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (RT) 7,1 x 10-6/ºC 6.5 x 10-6/ºC
Electrical Resistivity 15 /cm 13.5 /cm
Electrical Conductivity 13.2% IACS 13.9% IACS
Specifie Heat .126 J/g .140 J/g
Thermal Conductivity .523 J .544 J
Crystal Structure bcc bcc
Thermal Neutron Cross Section 1.1 b 21.3 b
Table II. Mechanical Properties of Niobium and Tantalum

Annealed: Niobium: Tantalum:
Ultimate Tensile Strength 195 M Pa(28 ksi) 285 M Pa(41 ksi)
Yield Strength 105 M Pa(15 ksi) 170 M Pa(25 ksi)
% Elongation 30 % + 30 % +
% Reduction in Area 80 % + 80 % +
Cold Worked: Ultimate Tensile Strength 585 M Pa(85 ksi) 650 M Pa(95 ksi)
% Elongation 5% 5%
Hardness: Annealed 60 HV 90 HV
Cold Worked 150 HV 210 HV
Poisson's Ratio .38 .35
Strain Hardening Exponent .24 .24
6
Elastic Modulus Tension 103 G Pa(15 x 10 psi) 186 G Pa(27 x 106psi)
Shear 37.5 G Pa(5.4 x 106psi)
Ductile Brittle. Transition Temperature <147 ºK <75 º K
(Significantly affected
by increasing interstitial contents.)
Recrystallization Temperature 800-1100 ºC 900-1200 ºC
Table III. Comparative Corrosion Resistance Of Refractory Metals

Media Concentration Temp. Nb Ta Ti Zr
Acetic Acid 50% Boiling Nil Nil Nil Nil
Bromine Dry 200 F Nil Nil attacked Nil
Chlorine Wet 220 F Nil Nil Nil 10mpy
Chromic Acid 50 % Boiling 1mpy Nil 5mpy 5mpy
Hydrochloric Acid 5% 200 F 1mpy Nil >100mpy Nil
Hydrochloric Acid 30 % 200 F 5mpy Nil rapid Nil
Nitric Acid 65 % Boiling <2mpy <2mpy <2mpy <2mpy
Sodium Hydroxide 10 % Room (1) (1) Nil Nil
Sulfuric Acid 40 % Boiling 20mpy Nil rapid 3mpy
Sulfuric Acid 98 % Boiling attacked <2mpy rapid <200
Material may become brittle due to hydrogen attack.
158
Both niobium and tantalum are more expensive than other specialty engineering materials. However,
when the metal costs are incorporated into finished equipment costs, the cost differences are not ne-
arly as great as one might expect. The cost premium associated with niobium and tantalum chemical
process equipment can be justified in many applications requiring long life and low maintainance costs.
Niobium and tantalum applications:

The most common application for niobium is as an alloy addition to steels and superalloys for eleva-
ted temperature service, particularly in aerospace applications. Niobium itself is used in many applica-
tions, including heat exchangers for chromeplating solutions, cathodic protection systems, electronic
components and nuclear applications.
Niobium's combination of strength, melting point, resistance to chemical attack and low neutron ab-
sorption cross-section promotes its use in the nuclear industry. Tantalum does not have a low neutron
absorption cross-section and is used for radiation shielding. Niobium has been identified as the prefe-
rred construction material for the first reactors in the space power systems programs.
Although the electronics industry consumes the majority of tantalum produced (approximately 60%)
for capacitors, other industries concerned with corrosion, especially the chemical processing industry,
are accounting for an increasingly large percentage of the market.
Superconductivity may be the most exciting future application for niobium. Niobium itself beco-
mes superconductive at temperatures less than 9.1K, but the niobium 48% titanium alloy is the
most widely used superconducting material. Magnetic fields of up to 10 tesla have been achieved
using the Nb-48Ti alloy at temperatures below 18K. These magnets can be used in medical diag-
nostic equipment, nuclear fusion power systems, high energy physics research, energy storage
systems, magnetic separation of minerals and scrap, superconducting motors and generators and
many other applications.
Tantalum and niobium mill products are used in the fabrication of corrosion resistant process equip-
ment, including reaction vessels, columns, bayonet heaters, shell and tube heat exchangers, U-tubes,
thermowells, spargers, rupture diaphragms and orifices.
Three basic types of construction are used to fabricate tantalum or Niobium into vessels and other
components for the chemical process industry: loose-lined, integrally-clad and solid.
In loose-lined construction, the tantalum or niobium liners are fabricated and formed into the shell
without bonding. This "loose-lined" construction is the most economical and most widely used met-
hod of fabrication. Although economical, this type of construction has some disadvantages such as
unsuitability for use in vacuum service and poor heat transfer qualities due to air space between the
liner and shell.
Because of niobium's chemical inertness, strength, and heat transfer capability, a compact and
maintenance free unit can replace the teflon unit without the need for a steam desuperheating sys-
tem at a significantly lower cost. Again, tantalum's corrosion resistance, strength and heat transfer
capability combine to make the tantalum unit a very cost effective replacement for the graphite heat
exchanger.
Welding properties:
Good weldability.
Performed as standard but it must be protected with and inert gas such as Argon/Helium or an
industrial mixture, during thewhole process. If the weld becomes contaminated it will be fragile.
Products, we supply:
x Plate-strip x Pipes-tubes x Accessories x Bars Forgings x Nuts & Bolts
159
NIOBIUM
General:
Niobium [or columbium] metal is more resistant to corrosion than most common materials, but is
considerably poorer than tantalum. Niobium has the advantages of lower density and a low thermal
neutron cross section.
Corrosion Resistance of Niobium (Columbium):

At room tempe rature niobium metal is inert to almost all salt solutions and to the mineral acids. As
with tantalum, the exceptions are hydrofluoric acid, fuming sulfuric acid and strong alkalis. As the tempe-
rature is raised, niobium's corrosion resistance falls rapidly. At 100 ºC noticeable corrosion of the metal
occurs in acid media, with the exception of nitric acid to which it remains inert. Acids will often cause hy-
drogen embrittlement at moderate temperatures, although the corrosion rate may still be quite low. The
list of materials to which niobium is resistant at 100°C, is shown in Table 1. Niobium is very corrosion
resistant when compared to most metals. Data on the corrosion rate of niobium are given in Table 2; the
tendency toward hydrogen embrittlement is noted. Even dilute alkalis attack niobium. 5% caustic attacks
niobium at 20°C more rapidly than it does tantalum at 100 ºC. (Compare data in Table 2)
Oxidation of niobium at high temperatures by air, oxygen and nitrogen is about the same as for tan-
talum. Little data are available for other gases.
TABLE 1. Materials to which Niobium is completely inert up to 100 ºC (212 ºF)

Air Nitric acid, conc. Sulfuric acid, 20%
Chlorine gas, wet Nitrogen Tartaric acid
Hydrochloric acid, dilute Oxigen
Miscellaneous Corrosion Information

Both niobium and tantalum are resistant to mass transport and corrosion by many liquid metals at
high temperatures.
Tantalum-niobium alloys containing more than about 5-10% Nb are much less corrosion resistant
than tantalum itself.
Tantalum-tungsten alloys containing more than 18 percent tungsten are inert to 20 percent hydro-
fluoric acid at room temperature. Little data are available on the 90Ta-10W alloy. It is known to be so-
mewhat more oxidation resistant (e.g. to air at higher temperatures) than tantalum. The indication is
that it has about the same corrosion resistance to acids as tantalum itself.
Comparison of Tantalum and Niobium to 304 Stainiess Steel, Titanium and Platinum
Corrosion rates for tantalum, niobium, titanium and 304 stainless steel are listed for comparison in
Table 2. Titanium is very resistant to many industrial chemical environments and has a considerable pri-
ce advantage over tantalum and niobium. However, the data clearly show the superiority of niobium
and especially of tantalum at high acid concentrations and higher temperatures. While platinum is re-
sistant to hydrofluoric acid and alkalis, tantalum is much better in aqua regia and hot, concentrated hy-
drochloric acid.
Suggested Applications:
Due to its relatively high price, tantalum can only be recommended for use in extremely corrosive
media, in areas where no corrosion of the part can be tolerated or where very high purity materials are
being processed. While some plastics and even glass fill these requirements to a large extent, tanta-
lum is a structurally sound material of construction, can take considerable mechanical abuse and has
a much higher heat transfer coefficient. Tantalum should be used as a material of construction in lo-
cations and for equipment where hot, concentrated hydrochloric, sulfuric or phosphoric acid will be pre-
sent. Tantalum is used by the medical profession for instruments and for metal implants in the body.
NIOBIUM
161
In the manufacture of high purity chemicals and pharmaceuticals, tantalum insures that no impurities
are introduced from the container or reactor.
Niobium lies between titanium and tantalum in price, density and corrosion resistance. Thus far, its
main use has been in the nuclear reactor field. It has the great advantage of a low nuclear cross sec-
tion. That, combined with its good corrosion resistance to hot aqueous systems and capability of hand-
ling molten metals, has made it an important material of construction in the nuclear field.
TABLE 2 Comparison of corrosion rates for Tantalum, Niobium, Titanium, 304 Steel and Platinum
Medium Temp. Corrosion Rate (mils/yr.)

ºC ºF Ta Nb Ti 304 Pt
Acetic Acid 100 212 nil –(a) nil 20 nil
AlCl3 (10% soln) 100 212 nil – nil 20 nil
NH4Cl(10% soln) 100 212 nil nil <0.5 >20 nil
HCl, 20% 21 70 nil 0.04 – – nil
100 212 nil – 175 high –
,conc. 21 70 nil 0.1 – – –
100 212 nil 4(b) rapid rapid 1
HNO3, 20% 100 212 nil nil nil – nil
, 70% 100 212 nil nil nil 7 nil
, 65% 170 338 <1 – <5 > 50 –
H3PO4, 85% 25 76 nil <1 8 > 50 –
100 212 nil 3(b) 40 – –
H2SO4, 10% 25 76 nil nil 7 > 50 nil
, 40% 25 76 nil 0.1 60 >> 50 nil
, 98% 25 76 nil 0.2 – – nil
, 98% 50 122 nil 0.8 (b) – – nil
, 99% 100 212 nil 115(b) high – nil
, 98% 200 392 3 rapid rapid – –
, 98% 250 482 rapid – – – –
H2SO4, fuming (15% So3) 23 73 0.5 (assume rapid) – –
70 158 rapid – – – –
Aqua regia 25 78 nil nil 35 – 800
Chlorine, wet 75 167 nil nil nil – 0.1
H2O, Cl2 sat 25 76 nil nil 5 > 50 nil
, sea 25 76 nil nil nil 50 nil
Oxalic acid 21 70 nil 0.6(b) – – –
96 205 0.1 – – – –
NaOH, 5% 21 70 nil 1.1 – – –
100 212 0.7 rapid – <1 nil
, 10% 100 212 <1 – 8 <1 nil
, 40% 80 176 rapid – 5 5 nil
HF, 40 % 25 76 rapid rapid rapid – nil
(a) indicates no data; (b) embrittled
Welding properties:
Good weldability.
Products, we supply:
162
TITANIUM
Metal = Titanium
1.º General
Titanium as an industrially pure metal has a great resistance to aggresive environments due to a
self-healing coating that naturally forms, together with its workability and machinability make it a very in-
teresting metal for many situations.

Density: see table 1 Melting point: see table 1
Specific heat: 520 J/Kg.xºK Thermal conductivity: see table 1
Grado ASTM C≤ H≤ N≤ O Ti Fe≤ Others DIN

1 B-381GrF1 0,08 0,0125 0,05 0,10 balance 0,20 – 17864
B-348Gr1
2 B-348Gr2 0,08 0,0125 0,06 025 balance 0,25 – 17864
B-381GrF2
3 B-348Gr3 0,10 0,013 0,06 .025 balance 0,30 – 17864
B-381GrF3
4 B-348Gr4 0.10 0,013 0,06 0,25 balance 0,30 – 17864
B-38GrF4
5 B-384Gr5 0,08 0,0125 0,05 < balance 0,30 Al 17864
B-381GrF5 0,20 5,5 a 6,5
V3,5 a 4,5
7 B-265 0,08 0,0125 0,03 0,25 balance 0,30 0,12 a 0,12 a 0,25 Pd
12 B-265 0,08 0,0125 0,03 0,25 balance 0,30 0,6 a 0,9 Ni y 0,2 a 0,4 Mo
Tubes: ASTM B337/B338 Plates: ASTM B265 Fittings: ATSME B366
5.º Characterics and applications

The reafter strength diminishes rapidly while oxidization increases.
Titanium does not become brittle at low temperatures, as is the case with steel. It retains its tough-
ness down to -270 ºC. Titanium is also one of the few materials which becomes superconductive near ab-
solute zero. For this reason superconductive magnets are wound titanium-niobium alloy at -269 ºC.
The rate of diffusion of oxygen and hydrogen in titanium is high, which is a factor that limits the ran-
ge of applications at high temperatures.
Chemically, titanium is distinguished by its high reactivity which is only surpassed by metals such as
magnesium, calcium and sodium. In fact, titanium metal is produced through reduction with these
highly reactive metals. That titanium can be employed under circumstances where most other struc-
tural material would be subject to severe corrosion is entirely dependent upon the properties of its oxi-
de, TiO. It is highly resistant and forms a self-healing coating which is normally only about 0.01 mm
thick. If the coating is damaged and the environment contains oxygen in some form, e.g. water, the ti-
tanium reacts with the oxygen and rebuilds the oxide. On the other hand in deoxidated or reduction en-
vironments the oxide protection is weakened and the metal becomes exposed to corrosion. Corrosion
163
TITANIUM
resistance can be improved through the introduction of an oxidation agent into the environment or th-
rough thickening of the existing oxide coating. Alternatively, an alloy with Mo or Pd can be considered.
Current applications
Aero Engines Components operating up to 600 ºC, discs, blades, spacer rings, struc-
tural parts, auxiliary equipment, etc.
Air Frames Fastenings, struts and ties, skins, main structural components in airfra-
mes, landing gear, hydraulic equipment, airducting, firewalling, floors,
etc.
Performance Engineering Racing cars, motorcycles and cycles, reciprocating parts where inertia
loss is significant. Ultracentrifuges. Applications requiring stability with ti-
me, e.g. geophysical equipment.
Chemical and Vessels, plate and tubular heat exchangers, mixers, stirrers filter bodies,
Petrochemical Engineering driers, conveyors, pumps and valves. Thermowells, probes, level con-
trols, analyser, etc. especially for crude oil handling and processing and
plant for production of urea, ammonium nitrate and ammonia, fibre and
fertilizer products, chlorine and synthetic resins.
Heat Exchangers and Titanium will provide protection against environmental pollution and cross
Surface Condensers pollution form process streams as well as metal ion loss in cooling waters.
(Especially for Power Titanium tubes are currently available in several extended surface configu-
Generation and Desalination) rations, including fine integral fin, roped and clad high fin. Design for corro-
sion resistance and optimum heat transfer with all liquid systems, liquid/air
systems, condensing and evaporating is therefore possible.
Brewing, Dairy, Food and The inert nature of titanium aids product purity, provides ease of cleaning
Pharmaceuticals Manufacture and sterilisation, etc.
Metal Finishing Industry Jigs and fixtures for anodizing of aluminium and electroplating anode bas-
kets for containing nickel and copper chips and residues, hooks for nic-
kel anodes, heating and cooling coils for plating tanks, baskets and jigs
for pickling and descaling, supports and hangers for articles for hot dip
galvanizing.
Pollution Control Titanium resists attack form a wide range of corrosive media. Waste
and Waste Processing processors handle materials of widely varying composition both as input
and end product. Titanium offers the designer the opportunity to achieve
all round protection.
Specialised Surgical implants for the human body, including hip prostheses, bone pla-
Applications tes and screws, denture posts. Precision instrument manufacture, pres-
sure sensitive transducers, transistors etc. Artistic and architectural ap-
plications, personal jewellery, plaques, dart shafts, etc.
6.º Design stress values at 20 ºC and higher

Even at 20 ºC, titanium's creep properties must taken into considera-
Temp. ºC Gr.2 N/mm tion in the calculation of design strength values. The following values are
-40 + 20 173 based on creep-rupture ratings for 100,000 hours.
50 173 From a strength perspective the maximum temperature for the usage
of unalloyed titanium grades is approximately 350 ºC. For components not
75 167
subject to stress oxidation sets a limit at aproximately 500 ºC.
100 153
150 126
200 102
250 85
164
Table 1. Comparative Values
Material Density Melting Point Thermal Thermal Electrical Elasticity

Kg/m3 ºC Expansion Conductivity Resistance Modulus
Coefficient W/(m.K) Ohm x m MPa
Titanium 4505 1688 8.4 x 10-6 17 55 x 10-8 106.4 x 103

Iron 7900 1530 12 x 10-6 63 9.7 x 10-8 206.0 x 103
Aluminum 2700 660 23 x 10-6 205 2.7 x 10-8 69.2 x 103
Nickel 8900 1453 15 x 10-6 92 9.5 x 10-8 206.0 x 103
Copper 8900 1083 17 x 10-6 385 1.7 x 10-8 107.9 x 103
Stainless Steel 18-8 7900 1410 17 x 10-6 16 72 x 10-8 200.1 x 103
Brass 8400 970 18.5 x 10-6 100 7.5 x 10-8 107.9 x 103
Monel 8800 1325 14 x 10-6 26 48 x 10-8 179.5 x 103
7.º Titanium & Titanium Alloy Specifications
Grade/ ASTM DIN Aerospace Specifications Remarks

Ref. N.º British American American
Standard A.M.S. MIL–T–
TA 9046 9047
Ti35A/115 1 3.7025 1 – – –
Ti50A/125 2 3.7035 2,3,4,5 4902, 4941 1A –
4942, 4951 Commercially
Ti65A/130 3 3.7055 – 4900 1C – Pure Titanium
Ti75A/160 4 3.7065 6,7,8,9 4901 1B Comp
1.2
Ti0.2% Pd 7.11 – – – – – Industrial Alloys
Ti-Code 12 12 – – – – – with superior
corrosion resitance
Ti-6Al-4V/318 5 3.7165 10,11,12, 4911, 4928 3C Comp
28.56 3.6
Ti-4Al-4Mo-2.5Sn – – 45-51 – – – Aerospace/Engineering
(550) and 57 Alloys having high
Ti-6Al-2Sn- – – – 4975, 5976 3G Comp strength developed
4Zr-2Mo 11 by heat treatment
Ti-6Al-2Sn- – – – 4981 – Comp
4Zr-6Mo 14
165
8.º Room Temperature Mechanical and other Poperties
Grade/Ref. N.º 0.1 % Proof Stress Ultimate Tensile Elongation Youngs Density Weldability
(see above) Strength Modulus Rating
tons/sq.in kg/mm2 tons/in2 kg/mm2 % tons/in2 kg/mm2 Ib/in3 gm/cc
Ti35A/115 13 min 20 min 26 max 41 max 25 min 6,650 10,500 .163 4.51 Excellent
Ti50A/125 18 min 28 min 25-35 39-55 20 min 6,650 10,500 .163 4.51 Excellent
Ti0.2% Pd (Gr. 7) 13 min 20 min 25-35 39-55 20 min 6,650 10,500 .163 4.51 Excellent
Ti Code 12 22 min 35 min 27 min 34 min 20 min 6,800 10,700 .163 4.51 Excellent
Ti-6Al-4V/318 54 min 85 min 58 min 92 min 10 min 7,360 11,600 .161 4.45 Good
Ti-4Al-4Mo-2.5 Sn 56 min 88 min 68 min 107 min 10 min 7,500 11,800 .167 4.60 Poor
Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo 54 min 85 min 58 min 92 min 10 min 7,370 11,600 .164 4.54 Good
Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo 58 min 92 min 67 min 106 min 10 min 7,370 11,600 .168 4.65 Fair
9.º Properties at high temperatures and corrosion resistance:
Temperature
resistance Corrosion resistance Mechanical
>540 °C properties aprox.
Strenght Stability
Brinell Hardness
Chlorhydric Acid
Fluorhydric Acid
ASTM-B Norms
Phosforic Acid
Tensile S.MPA
Sulphuric Acid
Organic Acids
Carburization
Titanio Grade
Elongation %
Sea Water
Nitric Acid
02,%MPA
Oxidation
Alkalies
Yield S.
Salts
1 4 4 4 3 5 3 1 5 5 1 1 1 240 170 24 70 265-337-338-348-363-367

2 4 4 4 3 5 3 1 5 5 1 1 1 345 275 20 80 265-337-338-348-363-367
3 4 4 4 3 5 3 1 5 5 1 1 1 450 380 18 90 265-337-338-348-363-367
4 4 4 4 3 5 3 1 5 5 1 1 1 550 485 15 100 265-337-338-348-363-367
5 4 4 4 3 5 3 2 5 5 2 2 1 895 830 10 * 265-348; W.3.7165
7 4 4 4 1 5 3 1 5 5 1 1 1 345 275 20 80 265-338-348-W.3.7235
Key: 1 = Good or excellent; 2 = Acceptable; 3 = Inadequate; 4 = Non applicable; 5 = Case dependent

* =36 HRC
For comparison of corrosion rates for Tantalum, Niobium, Titanium, 304 stainless steel and Plati-
num see Niobium (table 2).

Good weldability. Performed as standard but it must be protected with an inert gas such as
Argon/Helium or an industrial mixture, during the whole process. If the weld becomes contaminated
it will be fragile.

166
ZIRCONIUM
Metal: ZIRCONIUM
1.º General
It is a very reactive metal that reacts naturally with the atmospheric oxygen forming a protecting co-
at that adheres to the metal as a self-healing layer.
2.º Machining:
Good machinability, but shavings must be kept in water.
3.º Chemical composition:

There are 4 grades (2 pures and 2 alloyed).
Grade/composition Grade 702 Grade 704 Grade 705 Grade 706

ASTM R60702 R60704 R60705 R60706
Zr+Hf mini 90,2 97,5 95,5 95,5
Hf max. 4,5 4,5 4,5 4,5
Fe+Cr max. 0,20 0,2 a 0,4 0,2 0,2
H. max. 0,0005 0,005 0,005 0,005
N. max. 0,025 0,025 0,025 0,025
C. max. 0,05 0,05 0,05 0,05
Nb- – – 2a3 2a3
O max. 0,16 0,18 0,18 0,16
Grade 702 Grade 704 Grade 705 Grade 706

Tensile S. MPa mini 379 413 552 510
Yield S. MPa mini 207 241 379 345
Elongation % mini 16 14 16 20
Density Kg/dm3 6,51 6,57 6,64 6,64
Plates B551 Tubes-B523 seamless and welded
Bar B550 Fittings B653 elbows, tees, …
Forgings B493 wires Welding material = AWS A5.24 electrodes and fils.

Zirconium is highly resistant to a wide range of acids and bases, both organic and inorganic, which
makes it an interesting and exceptional long life alternative to other materials in highly demanding ap-
plications. The seamless tube zirconium grade, produced for heat exchanger applications, is Zirconium
702*, which offers the process industry a high quality and competitive product concept.
167
ZIRCONIUM
Zirconium 702 seamless tubing is characterized by:

• High heat transfer efficiency
• Very low thermal expansion
• Immunity to stress corrosion cracking
• High resistance to localized (pitting and crevice) forms of corrosion
• Very good corrosion resistance in most organic acids
• Exceptional corrosion resistance to mineral acids
• Good corrosion resistance in strong alkalis
• Interchangeability between acid and alkali conditions
Main application areas

• Acetic acid
• Urea
• Formic acid
• Sulphuric acid
• Citric acid
• Methyl methacrylate
• Nitric Acid
*
As per ASTM/ASME B, SB523 or equivalent.

Good weldability. Performed as standard but it must be protected with an inert gas such as
Argon/Helium or an industrial mixture, during the whole process. If the weld becomes contaminated
it will be fragile.

168
DISCLAIMER:
TECNOCOMMERZ EUROPA, S.L. makes no warranty of any

kind with respect to the subject matter or accuracy of the
information contained herein. Specifically disclaims all
warranties, expressed, implied or otherwise, including
without limitation, all warranties of merchantability and
fitness for a particular purpose.
In no event shall be liable for any special, incidental, indirect
or consequential damages of any kind or any damages
whatsoever resulting from loss of use, data, profits, whether
or not advised of the possibility of damage, and on any
theory of liability, arising out of or in connection with the use
of the information contained herein.
This publication may include technical inaccuracies or
typographical errors. Changes may be periodically made to
the information herein.

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CATALOGO 14/11/05 13:35 Página 1

ABOUT TECNOCOMMERZ .................................................................. 1

COMPANY AIMS AND PHILOSOPHY .................................................... 2

PRODUCTS, WE SUPPLY ................................................................... 4

PIPES DIMENSIONS AND WEIGHTS ..................................................... 5

COMPARISION OF INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS FOR STAINLESS STEEL ... 6

NICKEL ALLOYS CORROSION DATA ..................................................... 7

PRODUCTS ACCORDING TO ASTM CODE ............................................. 8

MAXIMUM RECOMMENDED PRESSURES FOR

SWG & BWG EQUIVALENTS IN INCHES AND MILLIMETRES .................... 10

WEIGHT OF FITTINGS ........................................................................ 11

MATERIALS INFORMATION ................................................................. 12

– In 2005, as an answer to a global demand, Tecnocommerz is created to export

Ctra. Madrid-Irún, Km. 245 • Naves Radial I, 2A/2B

HOW TO REACH US BY ROAD:

Towards N-623 Towards N-623

❖ Descaled rolled bars:

❖ Bright drawn bars:

❖ Bright turned bars:

❖ Treated and overaged, or precipitation hardened:

❖ Treated or solution annealed:

❖ PRECISION DRAWN/TURNED BARS:

COMPANY AIMS AND PHILOSOPHY

THE TWO ESSENTIAL 2

THE ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY

OUR PHILOSOPHY = WORK HARD TO REACH THESE TWO

All products are certified and

Trazability in all our products is

MATERIALS, GRADES AVAILABLE

1º Austenitic stainless steels:

2º Super austenitic stainless steels:

3º Steels type Duplex and Super Duplex (Ferretic-Austenitic):

4º Super Alloys Cr, Ni, Mo,…:

Welded and seamless tubes

– Plates Fittings, welded and seamless

Flanges ANSI-DIN – Bars (rounds, square angles…)

Bolting according to your drawings

We cut according to your needs

Welding wire and electrodes

Fittings according to your drawings

Seamless and welded fittings

Wide range of products

Parts according to your needs

PIPE DIMENSIONS IN MM AND WEIGHTS IN KG.

1,9 3,2 3,5 4,1 5,5 7,4 9,7

4,6 6,5 9,9 11,3 15,3 21,4 27,7

COMPARISON OF INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS FOR

Werkstoff-Nr. DIN. AISI. UNS. AFNOR. BS. JIS SS. GOST

(–) hitherto existing DIN-designation

NICKEL ALLOYS CORROSION DATA

1. Data are summarised in this way for guidance only to show:

Media Concen- Tempe- Nickel alloy alloy alloy alloy

Media Concen- Tempe- Nickel alloy alloy alloy alloy

Beet Sugar Liquors 0-40 30 A A A A A

Media Concen- Tempe- Nickel alloy alloy alloy alloy

Hydrogen Sulphide 0-20 150 – B – B A

Media Concen- Tempe- Nickel alloy alloy alloy alloy

Potassium Cyanide 0-30 100 B – B B B

PRODUCTS ACCORDING TO ASTM CODE

SEAMLESS TUBES AND PIPES:

WELDED TUBES AND PIPES:

FLANGES AND FORGINGS: