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© ABB Ltd – 03-03
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© ABB SACE – BM - 2
Three phase 66/22kV
75 MVA
Transformer
Primary Secondary
Tertiary
66kV 22kV
IF = V/ 3
(Zt + Zs) = 1.1035 p.u
100 x (MVA)
= 17.1 x (22)2
100 x (75)
Three phase 66/22kV
75 MVA
Transformer
Primary Secondary
Tertiary
66kV 22kV
A
2. Transformer : 4 x 1c 120mm2 XLPE flat
touching on cable tray
ZT = Usc x U2 / Sn x 10-3 Usc :short circuit voltage (%) length 50m
120mm2 cable data
RT = Wc x U2 / Sn x 10-3 Wc : Copper Loss (W)
Rc = 0.38 m/m
XT = (ZT2 – RT2) Xc = 0.24 m/m
B
3. Cable : 400V
Tabel mV/A/m of cable [R + JX] : IF = ?
© ABB SACE – BM - 5
Rc = R mΩ/m x Lm / 3
Xc = X mΩ/m x Lm / 3
Consultant’s method
Impendance upstream network (Zup) = 0.16 mΩ
22kV 1000MVA
Impendance of transformer (ZT) = 8 mΩ
22kV/400V 1MVA 5%
Impendance of cable :
Rc = 0.38 x 50 / V3 = 10.98 mΩ
A
Xc = 0.24 x 50 / V3 = 6.94 mΩ 4 x 1c 120mm2 XLPE flat
touching on cable tray length
50m
Zc = (10.98 2 + 6.94 2) = 12.98 mΩ 120mm2 cable data
Rc = 0.38 m/m
400 Xc = 0.24 m/m
Xc = 0.24 m/m
B
-QF3
S7S 1600 PR211-I R1600
-B1
Df = 1.00
V = 391.3 V
Ib = 600.0 A
400V
Cosphi = 0.91
-QF4
S7S 1600 PR211-I R1600
I"k LLL = 23.9 kA IF = ?
© ABB SACE – BM - 9
-L1
L Sr = 415.69 kVA
Cosphi = 0.90
Ir = 600.0 A
UF = 100%
dV = 2.18 %
Short-circuit current
General rules
in accordance with the rules in articles IEC 364-434.2, 434.3 and IEC 364-
533.2, the maximum prospective short-circuit current at the origin of the
circuit and the minimum prospective short-circuit current at the end of the
circuit must be determined for each circuit.
in all cases, protection must be compatible with the cable heat stress
∫ I2dt ≤ K2 S2
© ABB SACE – BM - 10
Short-circuit current
General rules
∫ I2dt ≤ k2.S2
S2
t= k2
I2
t duration in s,
S cross-sectional area in mm2
I effective short-circuit current in A expressed, for a.c., as the r.m.s. value,
k is a factor that takes into account the resistivity, temperature factor and heat
capacity of the conductor material, and the appropriate initial and final
temperatures.
© ABB SACE – BM - 11
Short-circuit current
General rules
limiting limiting
conductor material insulation material initial final
temperature °C temperature °C k
copper pve 70 160/140 115/103
60°C rubber 60 200 141
85°C rubber 85 220 134
90°C thermosetting 90 250 143
impregnated paper 80 160 108
mineral
- conductor 70 160 115
- sleeves and seals 105 250 135
note : where two values of limiting final temperature and k are given, the lower value relates to
cables having conductors with a cross-sectional area greater than 300mm2
Short-circuit current
upstream Scc
Isc at transformer
terminals
conductor characteristics breaking capacity main
- power factor, • busbars : inst. trip setting circuit breaker
- coincidence factor, length,
- duty factor width, Isc of main LV
- foreseeable thickness. switchboard outgoers main LV
expansion factor • cables : breaking capacity switchboard
type of insulation inst. trip setting distribution
single-core or multicore, circuit breaker
length, Isc at head of
cross-section. secondary switchboards
- feeder • environment : breaking capacity secondary
- current ambient temperature, distribution
inst. trip setting circuit breaker
ratings installation method,
- voltage number of contiguous circuits. Isc at head of final
drops switchboards
breaking capacity final
distribution
inst. trip setting circuit breaker
© ABB SACE – BM - 13
Definition
U U
Zt = R2 + X2 Icc3 = =
Z R2 + X2
Zt Zt
A
mΩ)
U
ZI U ZI
B
© ABB SACE – BM - 14
Short-circuit current
three-phase fault
ZL ZSC
U/ 3
~ V I sc3 =
Zsc
ZL
ZL
phase-to-phase fault
ZL ZSC
U
~ U I sc2 =
2. Zsc
ZL ZSC
© ABB SACE – BM - 15
= 0,86. Isc3
Short-circuit current
phase-to-neutral fault
ZL ZSC
U/ 3
ZLn
~ V I sc1 =
Zsc + ZLn
ZLn
= 0,5. Isc3
phase-to-earth fault
ZL ZSC
U/ 3
~ V I sc(0) =
Zsc + Z(0)
© ABB SACE – BM - 16
Z(0) Z(0)
Short-circuit current
of a line
Short-circuit current
D1 D2 D1 D2 D3
D4 D4
© ABB SACE – BM - 20
Short-circuit current
n protection characteristics :
long time protection acting quickly (<15s) for an overload of 1.5 ln,
low short time protection (< 2ln).
250 KVA
G 400
x’d = 30%
load shedding
non-priority priority
© ABB SACE – BM - 21
Limitation : why
Principle of limitation
prospective current
i u
arc voltage
t
network voltage
© ABB SACE – BM - 25
Short-circuit current
kA rms
0 30
Isc
prospective example :
Isc peak system prospective = 30 kA rms,
= 55 kA peak
Limited value = 25 kA peak
prospective Isc
kA rms
0 30
Short-circuit current
Definition : discrimination
no discrimination discrimination
CB1 CB1
CB2 CB2
Current discrimination
∫i2 dt ∫i2 dt
tripping
no-tripping
D2
© ABB SACE – BM - 28
D1
Short-circuit current
i•2dt i dt
•
2
D2
D2
D1
D1
I Is I
D2
© ABB SACE – BM - 29
D1
Icc
Short-circuit current
Improvement (continued)
D1 logic
relay
D2 logic
relay
© ABB SACE – BM - 30
D3 logic
relay
III
Short-circuit current
HV/LV
transformer I
D ± 20% F ± 10%
tD
•10ms
© ABB SACE – BM - 31
I
Short-circuit current
Definition : cascading
cascading is the use of the current limiting capacity of circuit breakers to permit
installation of lower rated and therefore lower cost downstream circuit breakers.
the principle of cascading has been recognised by the IEC 364-434.3 standard