Antenna Basics Installation2009 - Kethrein

Antenna Basics
Theory
Basic terms
Basic antenna types
©Kathrein/Scholz 07/04
Antenna Basics / Theory
What is an antenna ?
An antenna is the converter between two kinds of electromagnetic waves :
cable bounded waves ⇔ free space waves
antenna principle shown by bending a

coax cable open
the pulsing electrical field, created by the

transmitter‘s high frequency power, 1
cannot leave the cable
the field lines become longer and 2

are orthogonal to the wires
the field lines have reached the maximum

length and allow a wave to 3
free itself from the cable
⇒ basic radiating element : λ/2 dipole
4m band dipole (68-87 MHz) side-mounted on a

pipe mast
The resonance frequency of the dipole is determined by its mechanical

length, which is half of the corresponding wave length
Max.
Frequency :
Number of cycles per second
Wavelength :
+ Length of one cycle
Zero
_ t [sec]
wavelength
300
Relation between frequency and wave length : λ [m] =
f [MHz]
Example : f =935 MHz ⇒ λ = 0.32 m ⇒ dipole length ~ 160 mm 5
Electrical and magnetical field on a dipole
maximum voltage is between the ends

of the dipole; the electrical field lines
occur between these two charge
voltage (U) current (I)
centers
the current on the dipole causes a

magnetical field with an opposite
amplitude distribution (max. at the
feeding point, min. at the dipole ends
electric field (E) magnetic Field (H) 6
Antenna Basics / Reality
Electrical and magnetical field on a dipole (Simulation of the original dipole)
Voltage (e-plane) Current (h-plane)
Wave propagation :
Permanent conversion from electrical into magnetical energy
and vice versa
Antenna Basics / Impedance
For an optimized system performance, all

components have to be matched
professional applications use a nominal

impedance of 50 Ohms
exact value only for one frequency; over

the operating band deviations from 50
Ohms are specified by the VSWR
Antenna Basics / VSWR
A generator will generate a frequency and send it to a termination.
Input signal
Generator Termination
Reflected signal
The termination may not accept the entire input power (green line),
and therefore will reflect some of the input power (red line) back to the
generator. 10
The forward running signal together with the

return running signal create a standing wave
(VSWR = voltage standing wave ratio)
Ur
Reflection Factor r=
Uv
U max 1 + r (range 1 to ∞)
VSWR s = =
U min 1 − r
Return loss attenuation
ar[dB ] = −20 log r

11
12
Standard values for mobile communication networks

VSWR < 1.5
return loss < 14 dB
mismatch loss
The loss which is effecting the system performance due to the reflected/
returned power
VSWR 1.5 1.3 1.2
Missmatch loss (dB) 0.18 0.08 0.04

13
7 Sep 2000 15:38:18

CH1 S11 SWR 100 m / REF 1 1 : 1 . 5450 1 690 . 000 000 MHz
Example :
PRm CH1 Markers
VSWR measurement
2 : 1 . 2869
1 . 71000 GHz
3 : 1 . 2455
GSM 1800 antenna
1 . 79500 GHz
4 : 1 . 0848
739 494
1 . 88000 GHz
Cor 5 : 1 . 1922
(65°18 dBi 1710-1880 MHz)
1 . 90000 GHz
VSWR 1.4
START 1 690 . 000 000 MHz STOP 1 900 . 000 000 MHz
14
Spezified frequency range
Cable:
Antenna Basics / VSWR Only antenna Only losses/
Cable:
Only VSWR/
no VSWR no losses
comparison of measurements directly

at the antenna and at the end of the
feeder cable
The attenuation of the feeder cable r1 = 0.2
0 dB -14 dB (VSWR 1.5)
seem to improve the VSWR (VSWR 1.5) -2 dB -16 dB
On the other hand the VSWR of the cable and

Jumper cable
connectors is not 1 ! In reality a VSWR of 0.5 dB loss
roughly 1.2 has to be considered which
increases the total VSWR
right calculation:
Feeder line r2 = 0.09
r total = r1 + r2 = 0,29 (VSWR 1.2)
1.5 dB loss
VSWR = 1.82
return loss = 10.8 dB
+ 4 dB loss
14.8 dB
VSWR = 1.46
rtotal = 0.29
VSWR limit at the BTS should not be set 0 dB -18 dB (VSWR 1.82) 15
(VSWR 1.3)
lower than the antenna spec.
Antenna Basics / Polarization
The polarization is defined as the direction of

oscillation of the electrical field vector
dipole orientation vertical :

vertical polarization ⇒ mainly used for mobile
communication
dipole orientation horizontal :
horizontal polarization ⇒ mainly used for
broadcasting
dipole orientation +/-45°slanted :
cross polarization ⇒ used for polarization
diversity with digital cellular networks
16
Antenna Basics / Radiation Pattern
for symmetrical antennas the 3-dimensional pattern can be described by

a vertical and horizontal cut
vertical polarization : horizontal pattern = H-plane (magnetic field)
vertical pattern = E-plane (electric field)
half power beam width
opening angle of the beam determined by the half power
points (reduction by 3 dB)
Vertical pattern
Half power beam width
17
Horizontal pattern
Antenna Basics / Antenna Gain
gain references
Vertical pattern Horizontal pattern
half wave dipole (dBd)
isotropic radiator (dBi)
relation : dBi = dBd + 2.15 18
Standard omni gain antenna for cellular application

(gain 11dBi / 9 dBd)
Horizontal pattern Vertical pattern 19
accordingly also in the

horizontal plane a beam
can be created
with each halving of the
beam width the gain is
increased by 3 dB (the
shown patterns are
theoretically)
the resulting gain of an

antenna is the sum of the
„vertical“ and „horizontal“
gain
20
Antenna Basics / Panel Antenna
Standard directional panel antenna

for cellular networks
65°/ 15.5 dBi
gain benefit from both planes
21
Horizontal pattern Vertical pattern
Three-dimensional radiation pattern

of a directional antenna
22
Horizontal cut : Vertical cut :

horizontal pattern (magn. field) vertical pattern(electr. field)
23
Antenna Basics / Panel Construction
24

Antenna Basics Installation2009 - Kethrein

Enviado por

Dados do documento

Descrição original:

Título original

Direitos autorais

Formatos disponíveis

Compartilhar este documento

Compartilhar ou incorporar documento

Opções de compartilhamento

Você considera este documento útil?

Este conteúdo é inapropriado?

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

Antenna Basics Installation2009 - Kethrein

Enviado por

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

Antenna Basics

Basic antenna types

An antenna is the converter between two kinds of electromagnetic waves :

cable bounded waves ⇔ free space waves

antenna principle shown by bending a

the pulsing electrical field, created by the

the field lines become longer and 2

the field lines have reached the maximum

4m band dipole (68-87 MHz) side-mounted on a

The resonance frequency of the dipole is determined by its mechanical

Electrical and magnetical field on a dipole

 maximum voltage is between the ends

 the current on the dipole causes a

electric field (E) magnetic Field (H) 6

Electrical and magnetical field on a dipole (Simulation of the original dipole)

Voltage (e-plane) Current (h-plane)

For an optimized system performance, all

professional applications use a nominal

exact value only for one frequency; over

A generator will generate a frequency and send it to a termination.

The forward running signal together with the

ar[dB ] = −20 log r

Standard values for mobile communication networks

VSWR 1.5 1.3 1.2

Missmatch loss (dB) 0.18 0.08 0.04

7 Sep 2000 15:38:18

comparison of measurements directly

On the other hand the VSWR of the cable and

The polarization is defined as the direction of

dipole orientation vertical :

for symmetrical antennas the 3-dimensional pattern can be described by

Half power beam width

half wave dipole (dBd)

isotropic radiator (dBi)

relation : dBi = dBd + 2.15 18

Standard omni gain antenna for cellular application

Horizontal pattern Vertical pattern 19

accordingly also in the

the resulting gain of an

Standard directional panel antenna

gain benefit from both planes

Three-dimensional radiation pattern

Horizontal cut : Vertical cut :

Você também pode gostar

maximum voltage is between the ends

the current on the dipole causes a