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Construction Project
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RlBA Enterprises
0 Michael Murray and David Langford 2004
'
The right of Michael Murray and David Langford to be identified as the Authors of this work has been
asserted in.accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise,
without the prior permission of the copyright owner.
While every effort has been made to check the accuracy of the information in this book, readers should
always make their own checks. Neither the Authors nor the Publisher accepts any responsibility for
mis-statements made in it or misunderstandings arising from it.
The right of Peter Barrett to be identified as the author of 'Chapter 1 Briefing' has been asserted.
The right of Branka Dimitrijevic to be identified as the author of 'Chapter 2 Translating the brief into a design' has been asserted.
m e right of John Kelb to be identified as the author of 'Chapter 3 Project briefing: practice' has been asserted.
The right of Hildebrand Frey to be identified as the author of 'Chapter 4 Managing sustainable urban development- contribution Of
mixed-us6 policies and urban dew'gn frameworks' has been asserted.
The right of Christopher Plan to be identified as the author of :Chapter 5 Managing the creative process' has, been asserted.
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m e rightsif Martin Lwsemore, Philip Cox and Philip Graus to be identified as the authors of 'Chapter 6 Embarkingon a project the mle
of architects in promoting u e n design as the foundation of effective project management' have been asserted.
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The rights of Bimal Kumar and Daniel Hobbs to be identified as the authors of 'Chapter 7 Information technologies in design
management' have been asserted.
m e rights of Steve Rowlinson and Tom Kvan to be identified as the authors of 'Chapter 8 Procurement systems' have been asserted.
m e rights of Dand Greenwood and Peter Walker to be identified as the authors of 'Chapter 9 Procurement, contractr and conditions of
engagement' have been asserted.
The rights of David Moore and Michael Gilmour to be identified as the authors of 'Chapter 10 Roles and responsibilities of architects
within differing procurement mutes' have been asserted.
The rights of Joe Gunning and Frank Harkin to be identified as the authors of 'Chapter 11 Building a project organisation' have been
asserted.
The rights of John Tookey and Winston Shakantu to be identified as the authors of 'Chapter 12 Effective construction
subtontracting management' have been asserted.
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The right of Steve McCabe to be identified as the author of 'Chapter 13 Coping with change and improvement a simplified guide'
has been asserted.
The rights of John Smallwood and John Anderson to be identified as the authors of 'Chapter 14 Health and Safety' have been asserted.
The rights of Richard Fellows and Alex Amato to be identified as the authors of 'Chapter 15 Closing out a project'
have been asserted.
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The rights of Charles Egbu and John Easton to be identified as the authors of 'Chapter 16 Knowledge management post project
reviews' have been asserted.
The right of Danny Shiem-shin Then to be identified as the author of 'Chapter 17 Concepts in facilities management' has been asserted.
The right of Margaret Nelson to be identified as the author of 'Chapter 18 Facilities Management in a PFI environment' has been asserted.
Contents
Foreword vii
Contributor Biographies ix
A Introduction 1
Introduction 3
Michael Murray and David Langford, Depaiiment of Architecture and
Building Science, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
C Design Management 67
4 Managing sustainable urban development - contribution of mixed-use
policies and urban design frameworks 69
Hildebrand Frey, Department of Architecture and Building Science,
University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
5 Managing the creative process 89
Christopher Platt, Department of Architecture and Building Science,
University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
6 Embarking on a project - the role of architects in promoting urban design
as the foundation of effective project management 107
Martin Loosemore, Faculty of the Built Environment,
University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia, and
Philip Cox and Philip Graus, Cox Architects and Planners, Sydney, Australia
7 Information technologies in design management 127
Bimal Kumar; School of the Built and Natural Environment,
Glasgow Caledonian Universitl: and Daniel Hobbs, TCS Associate,
HLM Design, Glasgow, UK
...
Ill I
Contents continued
D Procurement 139
8 Procurement systems 141
Steve Rowlinson, Department of Real Estate and Construction,
University of Hong Kong, and Tom Kvan, Department of Architecture,
University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
9 Procurement, contracts and conditions of engagement 159
David Greenwood, School of the Built Environment, Northumbria UniversiQ
Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK, and
Peter Walker; School of Architecture, Planning and Landscape,
University of Newcastle, and DEWJOC Architects, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
10 Roles and responsibilities of architects within differing procurement routes 177
David Moore, Scott Sutherland School, Robert Gordon UniversiQ Aberdeen,
and Michael Gilmour; Gilmour Associates, Aberdeen, UK
iv
Contents cont i n ued
H Conclusion 335
19 The future role of architects in the building process 337
Michael Murray and David Langford, Department of Architecture and
Building Science, University o f Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
Index 345
Foreword
The role of the architect has been seriously challenged over the last two decades.
We have seen clients become more sophisticated, more demanding and prepared
to take design and construction consultancy services from a much wider range of
providers. The range of procurement routes available has widened and specialist
trade contractors and managing contractors have, in different degrees, become
engaged in the design process. Project managers have frequently been asked to
undertake the duties of project administration formerly carried out by the architect.
Not only are the professional roles expected of the architect changing but the social
position of the architect in relation to other team members is also under challenge.
The once unilateral power of the architect has been dispersed to other members
of the project team such that the construction project team is a much more
democratic and pluralistic place.
These changes have challenged architects to re-engage with the other professionals
in the construction team and stake a claim as managers of the overall construction
process. The publication of this volume is but one step in the journey where
architects, as much as any other profession, can manage the overall construction
process as well as provide the creative input to the design.
The book takes its framework from the RlBA Plan of Work. As practitionerswill know,
this volume was updated in 2000 and still provides a valuable set of guidelines from
which the architect can develop a project and determine how their responsibilitiesfit
into the work of others in the construction team. The editors have successfully used
this framework to evaluate the architect's role at each stage of the construction
process. However, it is refreshing that the editors and the authors recognise that
such linear models as the Plan of Work have their practical limitations, and the
overwhelming message is that design and construction are not taken in discrete
linear steps but as a reciprocating activity where design ideas iterate through the
whole of the project process. The intention of the work is to present construction
as an interactive activity where the best skills of designers, constructors and facility
managers are employed to maximise user delight and function, and enhance the
overall quality of the built environment. Whether the new ways of procurement
and management of the construction process are enhancing or detracting from
the quality of the built environment is a major question. It will presumably be
answered by succeeding generations who will live with what is being built today
for the rest of their lives. As Churchill pointed out: 'We make our buildings and
then our buildings make us'. How we make our buildings is important today with
a bearing upon tomorrow.
vii
Foreword continued
Finally, the editors have sought to integrate the best expertise drawn from the
academic world and have commissioned authors from many countries - albeit the
countries selected tend to use UK-based contractual systems and professional
roles. More importantly than the provenanceof the authors is the way that academics
and practitioners have been harnessed together to produce chapters on each step
in the Plan of Work: these chapters contain the very best theoretical analysis provided
by the academic partner with case illustrations supplied by the practitioner. This
combination of theory and practice provides ideas and applications to all steps in
the architect’s role.
This handbook should give invaluable support to all of us in architectural practice.
I commend it to you.
George Ferguson
President, RlBA
January 2004
Contributor Biographies
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Contributor Biographies continued
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Contributor Biographies continued
local, regional and global environment. UDSU is now a partner in the Engineering and
PhysicaI Sciences Research C ou nciI sponsored Sustainable Urban Design Consortium.
Research hypotheses generated by the Unit are generally tested in theoretical
strategic and detailed urban design frameworks for urban areas in the City of
Glasgow and the Glasgow conurbation. The objective is to explore approaches to
urban regeneration and development that respond to sustainability indicators and
target values while at the same time achieving a balance between all groups of
interest. Specific importance is given to approaches that generate higher density
development and achieve a mixture of uses, social inclusion and a balance of
international and local economy. It is the pursuit of such interests that has led to
the study of the Dublin Docklands Development in comparison to Glasgow's river
front development at Broomielaw.
Michael Gilmour is a graduate of Dundee University. His initial experience was in
private sector practice in the North of England where he was responsible for
designing the practice offices which won a RlBA Regional Award and which, due
to it's unusual design, was built by the practice using separate trades' contracts.
It was this experience that initiated a life-long interest in differing methods of
procurement and their influence on design. After taking up a design tutor post at
The Scott Sutherland School in Aberdeen he opened his own practice and was
later joined by his partner, John Buchan. About 12 years ago they started a
development company and this has grown to a medium size with a local property
portfolio and developments across Scotland.
This experience encouraged him to approach the local university School of
Architecture to found an internet-based Postgraduate Course in Development for
Architects. This course is now up and running successfully. It is his eventual ambition
to see the course integrated into the Under-Graduate course. As to the future, it
appears that, having gained a reputation as both a design-led practice and a
commercially aware developer, opportunities are opening to continue these roles
in area regeneration and the health sector. An interesting and challenging period
lies ahead.
Philip Graus graduated from the University of Sydney with first class honours in 1983
and a Master of Architecture from the University of Pennsylvania in 1985. He joined
Philip Cox and Associates in 1992 and became a director in 1997. He was a member
of the New South Wales Ministers Affordable Housing Advisory Group from 1999 to
2002. Philip undertook research into housing as part of a Byera Hadley Travelling
Scholarship to the United States, Canada and UK in 1990.
Philip is primarily responsible for residential and master planning projects within the
practice, including a range from high-density inner city projects to low rise residential
communities. Significant project involvement includes the Sydney 2000 Olympic
Village Master Plan, Victoria Park and Port Adelaide Master Plan.
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David Greenwood is Associate Dean (Research & Consultancy) in the School of the
Built Environment a t Northumbria University. He worked for nearly ten years for a
major contractor in a commercial role that involved tendering and planning for
large building projects, and the subsequent management of their. commercial and
physical progress. For the last 20 years David has been a full-time academic at
Northumbria University where he teaches and researches in the field of construction
management and contract administration. During this time there he has maintained a
close contact with the industry through consultancy and training work in related
fields. Some of this work has been overseas, principally in the Far East and in
France. David’s primary research interests are the commercial relations between
contracting organisations, including the way construction contracts are drafted. He
has published and supervised research students in related subject areas.
Dr Joe Gunning is a chartered civil engineer and chartered builder, as well as a
Fellow of the Institute of Quality Assurance. Following a career in managing the
construction and design of projects in Canada, Ireland, the United Kingdom and
the Channel Islands he entered the academic world at the University of Ulster and
has directed its Masters Programme in Construction and Project Management
since 1992. Joe also acts as a consultant t o the construction industry, particularly
the ready mixed concrete sector. He is a registered lead assessor of quality
management systems with IRCA (International Register of Certified Auditors). Joe
has published over 50 papers in academic and professional journals, and in the
proceedings of national and international conferences. He has also published a
textbook on Concrete Technology. His PhD thesis was on the enhancement of quality
in construction project management, a topic upon which he has focused throughout
his 35-year career in construction.
Frank Harkin MSc (Dist) MAPM, BlAT is a Construction Project Manager and
Architectural Technologist with over 35 years experience working with award
winning architects. The practice works throughout Ireland on a diverse range of
architectural projects. He was awarded Best Graduate from the University of Ulster
(MSc Construction Project Management) by the Association of Project Managers
for his work on the relationship between aesthetic quality, architects, clients and
their project managers
Dan Hobbs graduated from the University of Strathclyde in 1999 with a BEng (Hons)
in Building Design Engineering (Structural Engineering Stream). After some time
away from academia he has returned t o undertake a PhD in the ‘Implementation
of Life Cycle Analysis into an Architectural Practice’. He is currently employed
under the Government’s TCS Knowledge Transfer Scheme working for the University
of Strathclyde with his placement within a leading PFVPPP Architects (HLM Design,
Glasgow). The industrial experience has been invaluable to his research and he has
experienced varied project work within a number of sectors, under differing
procurement routes; from a f 6 0 m Hospital redevelopment and refurbishment
...
Xlll
Contributor Biographies continued
under traditional contract to the f50m 'Glasgow Schools PPP', f 1b SLAM Project,
feasibility studies for sustainable procurement and design, and competition work.
The nature of his research is in developing a Life Cycle Analysis methodology and
a tool for use by designers throughout the design process, which will facilitate
analysis of environmental impacts and life cycle costs of design decisions.
Professor John Kelly BSc MPhil MRICS is the Anglian Water Group (AWG) Professor
of Construction Innovation at Glasgow Caledonian University. He trained with
George Wimpey and CO Ltd and practised as a quantity surveyor with a small
architectural practice before becoming an academic in 1976. John has researched,
taught and practised in the field of value management for 25 years focusing on
the investigation of value strategies at the inception of projects. He has published
widely, conducted considerable funded research and undertaken consultancy in
strategic and project briefing, partnering and procurement strategies with a wide
spectrum of clients and projects varying from social housing to football stadia.
Professor Bimal Kumar is Professor of IT in Design and Construction in the School of
Built and Natural Environment at Glasgow Caledonian University. He is well known
for his work on the application of artificial intelligence/knowledge-based systems
to structural design - this has resulted in two books and numerous publications.
He is also the founding secretary/treasurer of the European Group for Structural
Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence (EG-SEA-AI). Bimal sits on the
editorial boards of two international journals - A/ in Engineering and Advances in
Engineering Software - and has chaired numerous international conferences on
AI in Structural Engineering. He has regularly been invited to run courses and
seminars on AI in Engineering in various countries including Portugal, Greece,
Malta, Indonesia, Switzerland, USA and India. Bimal has held positions a t Strathclyde,
Sydney (Australia) and Heriot-Watt Universities not to mention Visiting Faculty
positions at Malta and Stanford (USA) Universities. He is also a Professional
Member of the British Computer Society and the American Society of Civil
Engineers.
Professor Thomas Kvan MA, MArch, PhD, of the Department of Architecture,
University of Hong Kong, has published over 60 papers in the areas of cognitive
and computational aspects of collaborative design and professional practice manage-
ment processes. His background includes the design of buildings and software as well
as many years as a management consultant to design industry practices in Europe,
Africa, North America and Asia. He is a member of several editorial boards, and a
member of the Boards of CIB, CAAD (Computer Aided Architectural Design) Futures,
IFMA (International Facility Management Association), among other international
organisations.
Professor David Langford holds the Barr Chair at Strathclyde University, having had
experience of working in the construction industry before taking up an academic
appointment. During his academic career he has published, in conjunction with
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Contributor Biographies continued
colleagues, several books and has contributed to many academic journals and
conferences. He has taught and consulted throughout the world.
Professor Martin Loosemore is Chair of Construction Management and Associate
Dean at the University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia. He is a chartered
surveyor and chartered builder and leads a consultancy specialising in risk and
opportunity management, advising many government and private organisations
around the world. In 2002 Martin was a consultant to the Australian Royal
Commission into the Building Industry, advising on international workplace reform
and productivity. He also lobbied the Australian government, on behalf of major
contractors, in its recent OHS reforms. Martin has published over 100 articles and
books on risk management, crisis management, occupational health and safety
and human resource management. In 2000 he was awarded the American Society
of Civil Engineers’ Engineering Management - Outstanding Journal Paper Award
for a peer-reviewed paper entitled ’The psychology of accident prevention in the
construction industry’. Later, in 2002, he was awarded the UK Literati Club Highest
Commendation Award for a paper entitled ‘Customer focussed benchmarking in
facilities management’.
Dr Steve McCabe is a senior lecturer and researcher in The Faculty of the Built
Environment at The University of Central England in Birmingham: As well as teaching
management to a wide range of courses at undergraduate and postgraduate level, he
has carried out research into the use of quality management techniques in
construction. As a consequence, he has published a number of articles which describe
the experiences of organisations that have implemented QA (Quality Assurance),TQM
(Total Quality Management) and Benchmarking for Best Practice.As well as this, Steve
has given presentations to The Construction Best Practice Programme and written
two books, Quality Improvement Techniques in Construction (Addison Wesley
Longman, 1998) and Benchmarking in Construction (Blackwell Science, 2001).
Dr David Moore is currently a lecturer in The Scott Sutherland School at The Robert
Gordon University in Aberdeen, and is also a visiting lecturer at University of
Manchester Institute of Science and Technology (UMIST) for the MSc Project
Management distance-learning programme. He has also delivered guest lectures as
part of the University of Bath’s MSc Construction Management summer school
programme. David is involved in researching a number of areas including the
nature of integrated teams in construction projects, behaviours differentiating
between average and superior managers (receiving a research paper award from
the Chartered Institute of Building for a co-authored paper on this subject), and
factors in the perception and cognition of complex charts. To-date, he has produced
over 50 journal and conference papers, along with three books. David has previously
lectured at UMlST and De Montfort University, Leicester.
Dr Mike Murray is a lecturer in construction management within the Department of
Architecture and Building Science a t the University of Strathclyde. He completed his
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Contributor Biographies continued
PhD research in June 2003 and also holds a first class honours degree in Building
Engineering & Management and an MSc in Construction Management. He has
lectured at three Scottish universities (The Robert Gordon University, Heriot Watt
and, currently, at Strathclyde) and has developed a pragmatic approach to both
research and lecturing. He has delivered research papers to academics and
practitioners at UK and overseas symposiums and workshops. Mike began his
career in the construction industry with an apprenticeship in the building services
sector and was later to lecture in this topic at several Further Education colleges.
He is a member of the Chartered Institute of Building and is co-editor of Construction
lndustry Reporls 1944-1998 (2003) and co-author of a forthcoming textbook on
Communication in Project Environments.
Margaret-Mary Nelson is a Research Fellow at the Centre for Facilities Manage-
ment, in the 6* RAE rated School of Construction and Property Management,
University of Salford. Her main areas of research are in the facilities management
value chain including demand and supply chain management, performance
measurement and process improvement. She is the lead researcher in the CFM
Public Service Partnerships research programme, which includes Public Private
Partnerships. She has a property management and development background, and
over 12 years experience of working both in practice and academia.
Christopher Platt C.Arch, Dip.Arch (Mackintosh)-,RIBA, ARIAS, MILTHE held senior
positions in architectural practices in Scotland, England, Germany and Ethiopia
before establishing his current practice, studio KAP, in Glasgow. His built work is
regularly peer reviewed in international journals and he is the recipient of several
national architecture prizes including three RlBA Regional Awards. Chris combines
practice-based research with a lectureship at Strathclyde University’s Architecture
Department and an involvement with other educational workshop initiatives at a
national and international level. He is a regular guest lecturer a t several UK Schools
of Architecture and has taught and been external examiner in a number of European
Schools. He has written and exhibited widely and his media appearances include
radio and TV.
Professor Steve Rowlinson is a civil engineer by training, graduating from
Nottingham University, and has worked for the past 17 years at the University of
Hong Kong, first in the Department of Civil and Structural Engineering and (for the
past 11 years) in the Department of Real Estate and Construction. During that time
he has been engaged as a consultant and expert witness for a number of companies,
including the Hong Kong Housing Authority and Hong Kong Government Works
Bureau. Steve has researched into the Hong Kong construction industry and has
written and co-authored four books on the subject. His areas of specialisation
are construction site safety, IT and procurement systems. In the latter area he has
been the co-ordinator of the CIB international working commission, W092, for ten
years and has extensive experience of how construction projects are procured
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Contributor Biographies continued
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Contributor Biographies continued
and operation of a new methodology for the specification and delivery of complex
engineering projects in a heavily sub-contracted operational environment. In 1998
John was recruited as post doctoral researcher in construction procurement processes
in the School of the Built and Natural Environment, Glasgow Caledonian University.
He was appointed lecturer in 2001, with research and particular teaching interests in
construction logistics and marketing. John continues to publish regularly in the area
of supply chain and logistics management in construction, whilst conducting active
industry-based research and supervising several PhD students.
Peter Walker is a partner in the Newcastle office of DEWJOC Architects, a practice
with offices in the North East and London. DEWJOC specialise in the design of
education buildings, laboratories and clean rooms in the UK and abroad. Prior to
this, he was a director of Conran Design Group, a multidisciplinary design
consultancy. Peter teaches part time at the School of Architecture of Newcastle
University and is variously an external examiner, on the advisory board and a visiting
lecturer at Northumbria, Huddersfieldand the Queen’s University, Belfast. Peter has a
particular interest in the way architects manage the design and procurement process,
and in the education of architects in this area. He is a member of the Architects
Registration Board Education and Practice Advisory Group, and is the co-author
(with Dr David Greenwood) of the Construction Companion to Risk and Value
Management.
xviii
Architect's Handbook of
Construction
Project Management
Edited by Michael Murray and
DavidLangford
The practice of architecture today has evolved into a multi-disciplinary
profession under pressure to produce better buildings more quickly and for
less money. Procurement routes have multiplied to include partnership
agreements, where knowing how all members of the construction team
operate is central to the smooth running of the contract. All in all, there has
never been such a need to understand the basic management tenets
underpinning all aspects of the construction project.
(I
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