1-TNPSC-Group 2 Geography PDF

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com 1
Geography
Earth and Universe - Solar system - Atmosphere - Hydrosphere - Lithosphere Monsoon
Rainfall Weather and Climate - Water Resourse – Rivers in India Soil Minerals & Natural
Resourses - Natural Veggitation - Forest & Wildlife – Agriculture Pattern Livestock &
Fisheries – Social Geography – Population – Density and Distribution – Natural Calamities –
Disasters Management.
nfhs;fs;
bts;sp – Venus brt;tha; - Mars tpahHd; -Jupiter
Co2 Green house Effect rptg;g[ nfhs; nfhs;fspy; bghpaJ
Earth Twin ,ka kiyia tpl bghpa kiy Lords of Heaven
Hotest nfhs; Nixolympia cs;sJ
Jizf;nfhs;fs; ,y;iy ×Ru N²
R{hpaDf;F kpf mUfpy; ã¬VàdÏ ªL AÚ¡p Es[ 2YÕ ªLlùT¬V
cs;s nfhs; úLôs úLôs
ntW bgah;fs; ã¬Vû] ªL úYLUôL Ñtßm 7 Yû[VeLs
tpobts;sp/ khiy úLôs Es[]
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el;rj;jpuk;/ mHfpd; njtij £\l×l ùTVo : A±Yu ùYtßdLiQôp
TôojRôp UgN[ôL
ùR¬Ùm
CûR BnÜ ùNnR
®iLXU - Lô£²
g{kp - Earth a[nud!; beg;oa[d; Jizf;nfhs;fs;

Blue planet tlf;F bjw;f;fhf Greenish Star tpahHd; - 63
nfhs totk; RHy;fpwJ a[nud!; - 27
Jizf;nfhs; - EÚÏm úLôs rdp – 20
re;jpud; beg;oa{d; - 13
71% - ePh; bts;sp/ g[jdpy;
29% - epyk; Jizf;nfhs;fs;
,y;iy
FW';nfhs;fs;
vhp!;/ g[Sl;nlh/ bru!;
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Inrhghj; - MHk;
Inrhbjh;k; - btg;gk;
Inrhep~g; - gdpg;bghHpt[
Inrhghh; - mGj;jk;
Isohyets – kiH
g{kp jd;idj;jhnd Rw;Wtjhy; -

o ,ut[ gfy;/ fly; fhw;W/ ePnuhl;lk;
o fhy neuk;/ fly; miy/ Xjk;/ Vw;gLfpwJ
g{kp R{hpaid Rw;Wtjhy;
o gUt fhyk;/
o rk gfy; rk ,ut[ Vw;gLfpwJ
r{hpa xsp g{kpia te;jila[k; neuk; - 8 tpdho 16.6 behofs;
re;jpu xsp g{kpia te;jila[k; neuk; - 1.3 behofs;
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!;ungh!;gpah; !;l;nuhnlh!;gpah; kpnrh!;gpah; mandh!;gpah; vf;n!h!;gpah
Troposhere Stratosphere Mesophere Ionosphere Exosphere
8-16km 16-50km g{kp mjpf 500-600km g[tpaPh;g;g[ tpir
gUtkhw;wk; Mfhatpkhdk; btg;gk; kpd;rhuk; Fiwt[
eilbgWk; gwf;Fk; ,lk; bgWtij flj;Jk; ,lk; tspkz;lyk;
,lk; Xnrhd; mLf;F jLf;Fk; ,lk; ,y;iy
Moisture/ Dust/ ,';F cs;sJ 80 – 150km iAl;u#d;/
Water vapour g[w Cjhf; fjph;fis APypak; mjpfk;
,';F Xnrhd; jLf;fpwJ
eilbgWfpwJ
Sunset/ Sun
light ,';F
eilbgWfpwJ
tspkz;lyk; g{kp R{hpad;

iel;u#d; 78.9 Mf;!p#d; - 46.5 iAl;u#d; - 71%
Mf;!p#d; 20.95 rpypf;fhd; - 27.72 APypak; - 26.5
Argon – 0.94 mYkpdpak; - 8.13
Other Gas -2.5
Co2 – 0.03 ,Uk;g[ - 5.01
Other - epahd;/ APypak;/ fhy;rpak; - 3.63
nrhoak; - 2.85
Ozone. iAl;u#d;
bghl;lhrpak; - 2.62
bkf;dPrpak; - 2.09
bgsh;zkp re;jpu fpufzk; mkhthir R{hpa fpufzk;

R{hpaDf;Fk; R{hpad; - re;jpud;-g{kp R{hpad; - g{kp - R{hpad; - re;jpud; - g{kp
re;jpuDf;Fk; Xnu neh;f;nfhl;oy; re;jpud; Xnu neh;f;nfhl;oy;
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,ilna g{kp te;jhy;
R{hpad; -re;jpud; -g{kp
te;jhy;
,utpy; Vw;gLk;
Xsp kiwg;g[ neuk; - 100
re;jpf;Fk; nghJ
gfypy; eilbgWk;
xspkiwg;g[ neuk; - 8
epkplk; epkplk;
Xspkiwg;g[ Vw;gLk;
fPw;W nkfk; gil nkfk; (m) jhH; jpus; nkfk; (m) eLj;ju fhh; nkfk;
(Cirrus) nkfk; (Stratus) nkfk; (Cumulus) (Nimbus)
canu fhzg;gLk; gdpg;bghHpt[/ J]uiy ,o kpd;dnyhL kiH fdj;j kiH
kiHg;bghHpit jUfpwJ jUk; nkfk; bghHpit jUfpwJ
juhJ
kz; tiffs;
kz; ,e;jpah jkpH;ehL gaph;fs;

tz;ly; kz;
(Alluvial Soil) f';if rkbtsp fhtphp rkbtsp bey;/ nfhJik/
fhjh;/ gh';fh; rpe;J rkbtsp k";rs; fUk;g[/ thiH
Rz;zhk;g[ gpuk;kg[j;jpuh rkbtsp
bghl;lhrpak;/ flw;fiu rkbtsp
bkf;dPrpak; cs;sJ bly;lh gFjpfs;
fhpry; kz;
(Black Soil) kj;jpa ,e;jpah/ nfhit/ kJiu/ gUj;jp/ nrhsk;/
mYkpdak;/ jf;fhz gFjp/ bey;iy/ uhkehjg[uk; jpid g[ifapiy
Rz;zhk;g[ fhy;rpak; F#uhj;/ kfhuh\;ouh

gUj;jpf;F Vw;w kz;
,J
brk;kz; gUg;g[ tiffs; /
(Red Soil) TN/ Me;jpuh/ MP/ rptf';if/ nth;f;fliy/ fk;g[/
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ruis kz;
(Lateritic Soil)
xhprh
AP /TN/ KAR /
uhk;ehjg[uk;
KPM/ jpUts;Sh;/
nrhsk;
fhgp/ ug;gh;/ kuts;sp/
rpypf;fh ,Uk;g[ fpHf;F bjhlh;;r;rp j";ir [ Ke;jphp
Mf;irL cs;sJ kiyfs;
cth; kz; nrhHkz;ly flw;fiu Mh;fhdpf;
Marina Soil) flnyhu khepy';fs;
,e;jpahtpd; epy eLf;f mjph;tiy kz;ly';fs;

mjph;tiy
ghjpf;Fk; gFjpfs; tiffs;
kz;ly';fs;
fhc&;kPh;. g";rhg;. nkw;F (k)
kj;jpa ,ka kiy. tl kpf mjpf mgha neh;t[
kz;lyk; vz; V fpHf;F ,e;jpah. F$uhj;jpd; kz;lyk;
uhz; Mg; flr; gFjpfs;
rpe;J f';if rkbtsp. mjpf mgha neh;t[
kz;lyk; vz; IV bly;yp. $k;K. gPfhh; kz;lyk;
me;jkhd; epf;nfhgh;. nkw;F kpjkhd mgha neh;t[
kz;lyk; vz; III ,ka kiy gFjpfs; kz;lyk;
jf;fhz gPlg{kp gFjpfs; (k) Fiwthd mgha neh;t[
kz;lyk; vz; II jkpH;ehL kz;lyk;
fdpk ts';fs; (Minerals)
fdpkk; cyfk; ,e;jpah jkpH;ehL
,Uk;g[ rPdh/ M!;jpnuypah/
jhJ gpnurpy;/ #g;ghd;/ 20 % gPfhh; / #hh;fz;l;
nkfdill;/ ,e;jpah nkw;F t';fk; nryk;/ ehkf;fy;/
nAkill; TVM
ypnkhidl;/ rpl;iul;
brk;g[ US/ bkf;!pnfh /rpyp/ uh#!;jhd; (nfe;jphp)/ nryk;/ ePyfhp/
,e;njhndrpah/ rPdh MP/ #hh;fz;l; nfhit/ kJiu
ghf;irl; M!;jpnuypah – 1/3 rl;o!;fh; - gpyh!; g{h; nryk;/ ehkf;fy;/

mYkpdpaj;jpd; jhJ rPdh/ gpnurpy;/ IND xhprh - rhk;gy; g{h; jpUr;rp/ <nuhL
F#uhj;/ fh;ehlfh
j';fk; 79% bjd; Mg;gphpf;fh
rPdh fh;ehlfh - nfhyhh;
US , USSR Inida 21%

kh';fdP!; SA/ cf;iud;/ 20% ,e;jpah
M!;jpnuypah/ rPdh/ 5 tJ ,lk;
www.Padasalai.Net Ind MP - ghy;fhl;

Xhprh – fpspnah";rh;/
nryk;/ ehkf;fy;/
<nuhL/ nfhit
KRT - bgy;yhhp
ikf;fh 60% India – Kjyplk; AP / #hh;fz;;l;/ jpUr;rp /nfhit/
kpd; flj;jhg; bghUs; US/ ehh;nt/ gp[nurpy; uh#!;jhd;/ gPfhh; uhk;ehl;
Fnuhikl; 44% SA18% IND nryk;/ ehkf;fy;/

f#f!;jhd; jpUr;rp/ <nuhL
epyf;fhp 49% rPdh/ US/ 3 tJ ,lk;
(Me;jh;irl; ,e;jpah/ Inuhg;gh #hh;fz;l;/ xhprh/ bea;ntyp/ ypf;idl;
gpl;Lkpd!;/ ypf;idl;) WB/ rl;o!;fh;
bgl;nuhypak; rt[jp mnugpah kfhuh\;ouh - Kk;ig jpUthUh;/ gd';Fo
US 80% F#uhj;/ Me;jpuh j";ir - ehpkzk;
u\;ah/ fdlh jkpH;ehL/m!;!hk;25% fhtphp bly;lh
ituk; SA – fpk;ghypd; MP- gd;dh

u\;ah
njhhpak; nfush - Kjyplk;
mQFz;L jahhpf;f
a[nudpak; Me;jpuh -ey;bfhz;lh
kog;g[ kiy ,kakiy/ My;g;!;/ uhf;fp/ ml;y!;

Newyoung Fold - Mz;o!;/ uhf;fp/ My;g;!;/ ,kakiy
Old Mountain – Pennier Euro/ mg;nghnyhr;rpad; US/

Muty;yp (,e;jpah)
Black Mountain – Vogges (gpuhd;!;)/ buapd; (b#h;kdp)/ jf;fhzk;
(,e;jpah)/
Volcano Mountain –
Cotopaxi (,j;jhyp)/ Fujiyama (#g;ghd;)/ Mauna
Loa Kiauea –Atha; jPt[
Relict mountain - !;fhl;yhe;J/ !;bgapd;/ fh;ehh;/ uh#kAhy;/ ,e;jpah
fdpk ts';fs;
vhpbghUs; - 4
Metalic – 11
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Non – metallic – 52
Minor Minerals – 22
,e;jpahtpd; gaph; bra;a[k; gFjp (Cultivate Land) – 58.78%
epyf;fhp – coal- 4
Fisheries – 3 tJ
bkf;dPrpak;/ ,Uk;g[ - 7 tJ ,lk;
ghf;irl; - 5 tJ ,lk;
ikf;fh - 1 ,lk;
Jh;fhg;g{h; %h;nfyh gpyha; bghf;fhnuh

nkw;F t';fk; Xhprh USSR cjtp #hh;f;fz;l;
,';fpyhe;J cjtp II V year Plan 2nd Five year plan USSR cjtp
2nd V year plan bjhlf;fk; rl;O!;fh; jhnkhjh; - water
bjhlf;fk; West Jermany cjtp nfhh;gh epyf;fhp Tata - ,Uk;g[
rp';g{k; - Iron nfhh;gh epyf;fhp/ ghyf;fhL - kh';fdP!; #hhpah - epyf;fhp
jhnkhjh; - water APuhf;Fl; kpd;rhuk; kfhejp -water
#hhpah epyf;fhp kfhejp Water
,e;jpah cs;s kiyfs;

,e;jpah jkpH;ehL
,ka kiy jkpH;ehl;od; caukhd kiy - nkw;F

bjhlh;r;rp kiy
2500m – kog;g[ kiy tif
caukhd rpfuk; - bjhl;lbgl;lh
nkw;fpy; ,Ue;J fpHf;fhf rhpe;Js;sJ
nkw;F bjhlh;r;rp kiy
,khr;ryk; gpunjrk; Kjy; mUzhr;ry gpunjrk;
cah;e;j rpfuk; - vtbu!;l; (neghsk;) -8852 1800- 2400m
vtbu!l; ntWbgah; - rhfh; khjh gHdp kiy
njf;fo ruzhyak;
,e;jpahtpd; cah;e;j rpfuk; - K2, (fhunfhuk;)
bfhilf;fhdy;/
fhl;tpd; mf!;od; - 8611
Fwp";rpg;g{(12 tUlk;)
fhl;tpd; mf!;od; ntWbgah; - ,k;khjphp
Mz;og;gl;o
_d;whtJ cau rpfuk; -f";rd; #';fh – 8598
n\hnyh fhL ,';Fs;sJ
gphpt[ 3 - ,khjphp/ ,khr;ry;/ rpthypf;
Midkiy
cw;gj;jpahFk; ejp
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bjd;dpe;jpahtp;d; caukhd rpfuk; MidKo
f';if gpuk;kg[j;jpuh rpe;J
,';Fs;sJ
utpf;Fsk; njrpa g{';fh/ MHpahW/
nrhiyahW/ ntftjp MW/ flk;gho Miz
,';Fs;sJ
Vy kiy
Muty;yp fk;gk; gs;sj;jhf;F - tU\ ehL
cyfpd; gHikahd kiyfspy; xd;W

cah;e;j rpfuk; - kt[z;l; mg[ (m) FUrpfhh;
cw;gj;jpahFk; ejp - Y]dp
brk;g[ - nfj;jphp btl;obaLf;fg;gLfpwJ
tpe;jpa rhj;g[uh kiyfs;

7 kog;g[ kiy gphpit rhh;e;jJ fpHf;F bjhlh;r;rp kiy
cah;e;j rpfuk; - J]g;fhh; 1100- 1600 m
eh;kijf;Fk; jgjpf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l gFjp
cah;j rpruk; - nrh;tuhad; kiy - TN
cw;gj;jpahFk; ejp
efhpf;Fd;W/ jpUg;gjp/ #t;thJ/ bfhy;ypkiy/
btapd; f';fh thh;jh
gr;irkiy/ ,jd; tif
nkw;F bjhlh;r;rp kiy ( rahj;jphp)

#t;thJ kiy Vykiy - ntY]h;
jgjp Kjy; fd;ahFkhp tiu ePz;Ls;sJ
nrh;tuhad; kiy/ Vw;fhL kiy - nrykk;
(F#uhj; Kjy; jkpH;ehL tiu)
fy;tuhad;d kiy - tpGg;g[uk;
caukhd rpfuk; - Miz Ko (bjd; ,e;jpah)
jkpH;ehl;oy; cah;e;j rpfuk; - bjhl;lbgl;lh gr;r kiy – (Blue Granite) jpUr;rp
cw;gj;jpahFk; ejp bfhy;yp kiy - ghf;irl; - ehkf;fy;
fhtphp fpU\;zh nfhjhthp rpj;njhp kiy - jh;kg[hp
Kf;fpa kiyfs; br";rp kiy - tpGg;g[uk;
Mizkiy Vyf;fha; kiy brapd;l; jhk!; kt[z;l; - brd;id
Fw;whyk; bfhilf;fhdy; gHdp
ePh;tPH;r;rp
rptrKj;jpuk; (m) kfhj;kh fhe;jp (2695 m)
fztha;
jhy;fhl; nghy;fhl; ghy;fhl;
nkw;F bjhlh;r;rp kiya[k; fpHf;F bjhlh;;r;rp
kiya[k; re;jpf;Fk; ,lk; (ePyfphp) TN
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fpHf;F bjhlh;r;rp kiy
xhprh Kjy; kJiu tiu gutpa[s;sJ
tpl;L tpl;L fhzg;gLk;
caukhd rpfuk; - knfe;jpu fphp – xhprh – 1501
Oct td tpy';F ghJfhg;g[ thuk;

1992 ahid ghJfhg;g[ jpl;lk;
2010 njrpa ghuk;ghpa tpy';fhf ahid mwptpg;g[
1973 g[ypfs; ghJfhg;g[ jpl;lk;
1980 TN td ghJfhg;g[ rl;lk;
2002 gy;Yaphpa gutr; rl;lk;
1949 TN jdpahs; fhL ghJfhg;g[r; rl;lk;
1955 TN kiygFjp ku ghJfhg;g[r; rl;lk;
1972 Td caphpd ghJfhg;g[r; rl;lk;
gaph;fs;
gaph;fs; ,e;jpah jkpH;ehL
bey; ,e;jpahtpd; Kf;fpa czt[ ghuk;ghpa gaph;

gaph;fsp;y; xd;W jkpH;ehl;od; bew;fs";rpak; - j";rht{h;
Kjyplk; - rPdh bey; Muha;r;rp ikak; - MLJiw
,uz;lhtJ - ,e;jpah
WB/ Me;jpuh
Xhprh/ jkpH;ehL j";ir/ jpUthUh;/ ehif – fhnthp bly;lh
bey; Muha;r;rp ikak; - fl;lhf;
,e;jpahtpd; Kf;fpa czt[ gaph;
nfhJik cj;jpugpunj\;/ uh#!;jhd;

kj;jpa gpunj\;/ rl;o!;fh;
kfhuh\;ouh
gRik g[ul;rpahy; bghpa khw;wk;
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fUk;g[
bgw;w gaph;
btg;g kz;ly gaph;
fUk;gpd; gpwg;gplk - ,e;jpah jkpH;ehl;od; Kjd;ik gzg;gaph;
cyfytpy; - 2 tJ ,lk; nfhit/ fUh;/ tpGg;g[uk;/ jpUts;Sh;
Kjyplk; - gpnurpy; rh;f;fiu Miy mjpfk; cs;s khtl;lk;
rh;f;fiu cw;gj;jp - 4tJ ,lk; flY]h;
fUk;g[ cw;gj;jpapy; - UP, TN, rh;r;fiu cw;gj;jpapy; 10% TN
AP, Karnataka TN y; 42 rh;f;fiu Miyfs; cs;sd
fUk;g[ gzg;gaph;
,e;jpahtpd; Kf;fpa ,iH gaph;
fhpry; kz;zpy; tpisfpwJ nfhit / jpUbey;ntyp / kJiu
gUj;jp cw;gj;jpapy; 4 tJ ,lk bjd;dpe;jpahtpd; khd;br!;lh; - nfhit
gUj;jp cw;gj;jpapy; Kjyplk; bert[ jiyefuk; - fUh;
gUj;jp
F#uhj;/ kfhuh\;ouh . AP . bert[ gs;sj;jhf;F - nfhit
fh;ehlfh
fhl;ld; cw;gj;jpapy; 4 tJ ,lk;
,e;jpahtpd; khd;br!;lh; Kk;ig
rzy; ,uz;lhtJ ,iH gaph;

rzy;cw;ggj;jpapy; ,e;jpah
g';fhsnj\; Kjyplk;
WB/ gPfhh;/ xhprh
j';f ,iH gaph; rzy;
1508 y; nghh;r;RfPrpah; mwpKfk;
g[ifapiy bra.jdh;
cyfpy; _d;whtJ ,lk;
1 ,lk; - rPdh
2tJ ,lk; - US
AP / TN / xhprh
fhg;gp cw;gj;jpapy; 2 tJ ,lk; - ,e;jpah ePyfphp/ kJiu/ njdp/ nryk;

Kjy; ,lk; - gpnurpy; fhgpapy; TN 2 tJ ,lk;
btg;g kz;ly gaph;
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njapiy m!;!hk;/ WB/ nfush/ TN ePyfphp/ nfhit
cw;gj;jpapy; 6 tJ ,lk;
ug;gh; bjd;dpe;jpahtpy; mjpfk; fd;dpahFkhp/ jpUbey;ntyp

nfush/ TN/ fh;ehlfh / me;jkhd;
gH';fs; ,e;jpah - 2 tJ ,lk; fpU\;zfphp/ nfhit
,khr;ry; - #k;K f\;kPh; / TN
fhy;eilfspy; ,e;jpah
nfhHp - kfhuh\;ouh fGij - tlnkw;F ,e;jpah
ghy; - UP thj;J - jkpH;ehL/ Me;jpuh
Kl;il - kfhuh\;ouh cs;ehl;L kPd; gpog;g[ - nkw;F t';fk;
ML -Me;jpuh khL - Ahpahdh/ g";rhg;
Fjpiu - Up, MP fk;gsp - uh#!;jhd;
Xl;lfk; - Ahpahdh/ g";rhg;
,aw;if jhtuk;
fhLfs; ,e;jpah jkpH;ehL ku';fs;

btg;g kz;ly (m) ePyfphp/ Midkiy
gRik khwhf; fhLfs; me;jkhd;/ nkw;F Sisthu , Chaplash/
(Trophical Ever bjhlh;r;rp kiy/ nuh!;cl;/ knfhdp/
,khyah/ m!;!hk; re;jdk;/ njf;F
Green)
Rain – 200cm above
btg;g kz;ly ,ka kiy rhpt[
gUtf;fhw;W fhLfs; m!;!hk;/ WB fpHf;F/ nkw;F rhy;/ re;jdk;/ njf;F/
Deciduous (or) gPfhh;/ MP bjhlh;r;rp kiy _';fpy;/ gl;lhf;/
fh;ehlfh vnghdp/ gyhkuk;/

Mansoon Foresr
rPrk;/ _';fpy;
Rain – 100 – 200cm
kh';Fnuht; (m) ,e;jpahtpd; flw;fiu Iunrhnghuh
rJg;g[ epyf; fhLfs; Xuk;/ fHpKfj;Jthuk; fhtphp fyf;Fkplk; - Jhtutif
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Rug;g[d;id (m)
miyahj;jp, Re;jhp
ku fhLfs;
f';if/ kfhejp/
nfhjhthp/ WB-
Re;jutdk;
gpr;rhtuk;/
ntjhuz;ak;
Hogla, Garan, Fire
wood, bjd;id
Tidal (or) Mangrove

Forest
Dry Decidus and tlkhtl;l';fs;
jf;fhzk;/ uh#!;jhd;/ ntshz;ikf;F
Scrubus
g";rhg;/ UP gad;gLk; ku';fs;
Rain – 50-100cm
gid/ ff;hp/
mf;nfrpah
kiy fhLfs; ,khyah ePyfphp Xf;/ khg;gps; / Deodar /
Mountain Forest nkw;F bjhlh;r;rp Mid kiy Laurel / Pine
tpe;jpa kiy
,aw;if jhtuk;
,e;jpahtpd; gug;gst[ - 63.72 kpy;ypad; rJu kPl;lh;
,e;jpahtpy; cs;s ,aw;if jhtu gug;gst[ - 19.39
1988 fzf;bfLg;gpd; go xU ehl;ow;f;F 33% rjtPjk; ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;
rkbtspfs;
,e;jpah jkpH;ehL
f';if rkbtsp fhnthp rkbtsp
,e;jpahtpy; bghpa rkbtsp jh;kg[hp/ nryk;/ jpUr;rp/ jpUthUh;/
1500km ePsk; g[Jf;nfhl;il/ fUh;/ <nuhL/ ehif
300 km mfyk;
Re;jutdk; kzy; jpl;L cs;sJ
UP/ gPfhh;/ WB/ bjd; fpHf;F gFjp rhpe;Js;sJ
gpuk;kg[j;jpuh rkbtsp nrhH kz;ly flw;fiu
,e;jpahtpd; tlfpHf;F gFjp rhpe;Js;sJ jpUts;Sh; Kjy; flY]h; tiu
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mrhk; tiu ePz;Ls;sJ
tz;ly; tprpwpfis Vw;gLj;JfpwJ
juha; rJg;g[ epyf;fhLfs; ,';Fs;sJ
Mh;ord; ePh; Cw;Wfs; ,';F cs;sJ
brd;id Kjy; unk!;tuk; gutp cs;sJ
Silver Beach ,';F cs;sJ
cyfpd; 2 tJ ePz;l flw;fiu bkhpdh cs;sJ
uh#!;jhd; rkbtsp twz;l rkbtsp

Muty;yp kiyj;bjhlh; mUnf cs;sJ kd;dhhh; tisFlh gFjpapy; cs;sJ
Y]dp MWk;/ rhk;ghh; Vhpa[k; cs;sJ uhkehl;/ tpUJefh;/ kJiu/ rptf';if/
g";rhg;/ mhpahdh rkbtsp jpz;Lf;fy;/ Jj;Jf;Fo
bly;yp KfL cs;sJ KU';ifg;ghh;/ nfhhp kzy; nkL kd;dhh;
fhf;uh aKdhtpw;f;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l gFjp tisFlhtpy; cs;sJ
,e;jpahtpd; MWfs;
MWfs; cw;gj;jpahFk; ePsk; gadila[k; Fwpg;g[
,lk; gFjp
rpe;J khdrnuhth;Vhp 3100 Km ,e;jpah - #k;K Jiz ejpfs;

ifyh\; kiyj; ,e;jpahtpy; fh\;kPh; #Pyk;/ rpdhg; / uhtp
bjhlh; (jpbgj;) 709 KM ghfp!;jhd; gpah!;/ rl;by#;
#Pyk; bthpehf; eP%w;W\ #k;K fh\;kPh;
fh\;kPh;
gs;sj;jhf;F
mUfpy;
rl;by#; uhfh!; Vhp 1450 Km ,khr;ry gpunj\; ,jd; FWf;nf
khdrnuhth;f;F ,e;jpahtpy; g";rhg; gf;uh e';fy;
mUfpy; 1050 KM mizf;fl;L
cs;sJ
gpuk;k g[j;jpuh Rkha['; gdpahW 2900 km m!;!hk; kw;Wk; kWbgah;fs;
cyfpd; (ifyh\; kiy) tlfpHf;F jpbgj;jpy; -
kpfg;bghpa jpbgj;jpy; khepyk; jprh';nfh
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Mw;Wj; jPthd
k#Pyp
,;';Fs;sJ
cw;gj;jpahfpwJ
,e;jpahtpd;
btspna
rPdh (jpbgj;)
,e;jpah
g';fshnj\;
g';fshnj\; -
#kdh
AP - jpfh';
cw;gj;jpahFk;
ejp
f';if f';nfhj;hp 2525 KM cj;jh;fhz;l; ,e;jpahtpd;
gdpahW UP / gPfhh; ePskhd ejp
cj;ufhz;l; Jiz MW #hh;fz;;l; ,e;jpahtpd;
myf;ee;jh uhk f';fh WB njrpa ejp
nfhkjp ,e;jpah ,jd;
miz fh';fhuh g';fshnj\; fHpKfj;Jthuk;
Tehri miz Gandaki / t';fhsj;jpy; Re;jutdk;
ghfpujp FWf;nf ghfpujp ntW bgah; gj;kh
ghd;rhfh; miz kfhee;jh /
nrhd; ejp FWf;nf nfhrp/ aKid
nrhd;/ Punpum
aKid aKndhj;hp 1300 km bly;yp f';ifapd;
gdpahW Ahpahdh ePskhd
cj;jh;fhz;l; cj;jpugpunjrk; Jiz MW
aKid
f';ifa[ld;
myfhghj;jpy;
,izfpwJ
nfhkjp ,ka kiy 805 km cj;jpugpunjrk; JizahW

ngl;th bfd;
fhf;uh rpthypf; Fd;W 1080 km Ahpahdh g";rhg; f';ifapd; Jiz

Fh;yh kd;jjh cgp MW jhhh;
rpfuk; ghiytdj;jpy;
KofpwJ
nfhrp rpf;fpk; neghs; 730 km gPfhh; gPfhhpd; Jauk; -
jpbgj; vy;iyapy; nfhrp
rk;gy; tpe;jpa kiyapy; 1050 km MP, Rajestan, aKidapd;
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jhnkhjh;
nkh (mhow)
vd;Dkplj;jpy;
nrhl;lh ehf;g{h; 541 km
UP
AP/ #hh;fz;l;
Jiz MW
epyf;fhp
gPlg{kp t';fhsj;jpd; tay;kpFe;j
guhf;fh; / Jauk; (jhnkhjh;) gs;sj;jhf;F
jhnkhjhpd; nfhdhh;/ Tennesse Valley
giHa bgah; bghf;fhnuh/ Authority US
River of Sarrow Ahnuh /
#Kdpah
jPgfw;g ,e;jpahtpy; fpHf;F nehf;fp gha[k; MWfs;

ejp cw;gj;jpahfk; ,lk; ePsk; Jiz ejpfs;
kfhejp rhj;g{uh kiy 857 km ,g; (IB) kz;l; (Mand)
jz;lfhuhz;lah kfhejpapd; FWf;nfh Ah!;nlh (Hasto)
gad; mothuj;jpy; rpfhth ApuhFl; miz
bly; (Tel)
rl;o!;fh;/ xhprh/ (rl;o!;fh;/ uha;g{h;) cs;sJ
#hh;fz;;l;/
kfhuh\;ouh
nfhjhthp jphpk;gf; gPlg{kp 1465km kd;#;uh (Manjra)
ehrpf; bgd; f';fh
bjd; ,e;jpahtpd; (nkw;F bjhlhh;r;rp kfhuh\;ouhtpy; 45% (Penganga)
ePskhd ejp kiy - kfhuh\;ou) Me;jpuh kj;jpa thh;jh (Wardha)
bjd; ,e;jpahtpd; gpunj\; rl;o!;fh;/
btapd; f';fh (Wain
f';if xhprh
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,e;jpahtpd; 2 tJ
bghpa ejp
ntW bgah;
Ganga)
,e;jpuhtjp
Rghp
jf;\pd; f';fh
tpUj f';fh
fpU\;zh kfhgyP!;tuh; Fd;W 1400 km bfha;dh (Koyna)
jPgfw;g ,e;jpahtpd; 2 nkw;F bjhlh;r;rp kiy fhl;l gpugh (Ghata
tJ bghpa ejp kfhuh\;ouh kfhuh\;ouh
prabha)
fh;ehlfh Me;jpuh khy gpugh
(malaprabha)
J';fgj;uh
gPkh
_rp (Musi) -
iAjuhghj; efuk;
KndU – (Munuru)
J';fgj;uh nfhkz;lf rpfuk; - Me;jpuh J';fh kw;wk; gj;uh
tp#a efu muR nkw;F bjhlh;r;rp kiy fh;ehlfh
njhd;wpaJ f';Fnyh
Rgh;z nufh uh";rp gPlg{kp #hh;fz;l; #hh;fz;l; nkw;F t';fk;
Hudrau Falls AB xhprhtpd; vy;iy ,e;j

cs;sJ Xhprh ejp
bgd;dU (Pennereu) ee;jp Jh;fh fh;ehlfh fh;ehlfh Me;jpuh
,e;jpahtpd; Kf;fpa njrpa beL";rhiyfs;
NH ? 1 epa{ bly;yp ? mkph;jru!; tHp mk;ghyh. $ye;jh;

NH ? 2 bly;yp ? fy;fj;jh tHp Mf;uh. fhd;g{h;. myfhghj;. thudhrp
NH ? 3 Mf;uh ? Kk;ig tHp Fthypah;. ehrpf;
NH ? 4 jhnd ? brd;id (Kk;ig?brd;id) tHp g[nd. bgy;fhk; bg';fSU
NH ? 5 brd;id ? bfhy;fj;jh
NH ? 6 bfhy;fj;jh ? Jny (Kk;ig)
NH ? 7 thudhrp ? fd;dpahFkhp tHp kJiu.bg';fS:U.iAjuhghj;. ehf;g{h;
NH ? 8 bly;yp ? Kk;ig tHp b$ag;g{h;. mfkjhghj;. tnjhjuh
NH ? 9 Kk;ig ? tp$athlh
jPgfw;g ,e;jpahtpd; nkw;nf gha[k; ejpfs;

ejp cw;gj;jpahFk; gad; bgWk; gFjp Fwpg;g[
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eh;kij
,lk;
mkh;fz;l; kiy
kj;jpa gpunj\;
MP kfhuh\;ouh nkw;F nehf;fp gha[k;
Mw;wpy; ePskhdJ
F#uhj;
1312 km
Dhundhar Falls
cs;sJ
jgjp gr;khhp kiy (m) 724 km nkw;F nehf;fp gha[k;
_y;jha; - MP MP ejpfspy; ,uz;lhtJ
kfhuh\;ouh ePskhd MW
rgh;kjp nkthh; Fd;W uh#!;jhd; flypy; fyf;Fkplk; -
Muty;yp kiy F#uhj; fhk;ng tis Flh
mugpf;fly; / F#uhj;
khAp tpe;jpa kiy uh#!;jhd; flypy; fyf;Fkplk; -
F#uhj; fhk;ng tis Flh
mugpf;fly;/ F#uhj;
Y[]dp M#;kphpy; Muty;yp 320 km ,e;jpahtpd; xnu
cg;g[ ejp vd;W bgah; kiyapy; bjw;F uh#!;jhd; cs;ehl;L tofhy;
cw;gj;jpahfpwJ MW Y]dpF#uhj;jpd;
uhd; Mg;fl;r; gFjpapy;
KotilfpwJ
Y]dp nfhtpe;fhh;f;
vd;Dkplj;;jpy;
ru!;tjpa[ld;
fyf;fpwJ
ru!;tjp g[!;fh; Vhpapy; Rf;uejp Rf;uh/ #t;tha; ejpfs;
cw;gj;jpahfpwJ #t;tha; ejp Muty;ypapy;
njhd;WfpwJ
jkpHf MWfs;
ejp cw;gj;jpahFk; ePsk; gad;bgWk; Fwpg;g[
,lk; gFjp
fhtphp jiyf;fhtphp - 805km nAkhtjp

jkpH;ehl;od; f';if gpuk;kfphp Fd;W - fh;ehlfh mh;fhtjp
fh;ehlfh - nkw;F jkpH;ehL gthdp
miz bjhlh;r;rp kiy nfush beha;ay;
fpU\;z rhfh; miz ghz;o nkhahh;
– fh;ehlfh ePh;tPH;r;rp
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nkl;^h; miz (m) rptrKj;jpuk;
(,e;jpahtpd;
!;lhd;yp TN
,uz;lhtJ ePh;tPH;r;rp)
Xnfdf;fy; ePh;tPH;r;rp
itif tU\ ehL fk;gk; 258 km 1886 Ky;iy bghpahW
gs;sj;jhf;f bgd;dp Fapf;
njf;fo ruzhyak; 1958 - itif miz -
jkpH;ehL fhkuh#h;
ePh; tPH;r;rp
Fk;gfiu
jhkpuguzp mfj;jpah; kiy 120km Jiz MW
miz kzpKj;jhW
ntWbgah; kzpKj;jhW miz - ngahW
bgUiz jkpH;ehl;od; tw;whj 1957 - fhkuh#h; epw;whW
jd;bgUj;jk; ejp
kUj;Jt ejp ghgehrk; miz
ghz jPh;j;jk; miz
bjd;bgz;id ee;jp Jh;fh fh;ehlfh 396 km gha[k; ,lk;
rhj;jD]h; miz nryk;
fpU\;z fphp
flY]h;
tpGg;g[uk;
jpUtz;zhkiy
ghyhW ee;jp Jh;fk; - fh;ehlfk; 348 km

ghyhw;wpd; cgejp -
bra;ahW Me;jpuh
fh;ehlfk;
jkpH;ehL
gthdp 217 km miz

fPH; gthdp jpl;lk;
nfhit gthdp rhfh; miz
<nuhL gf;jthr;ryk; ePh;
njf;fk;
bfhrj;jiy brd;id miz
jpUts;Sh; rj;jpa _h;j;jp
rhfh;miz
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fpHf;F nehf;fp gha[k; MW nkw;F nehf;fp gha[k; MW
jhnkhjh; Y]dp
kfhejp rgh;kjp
nfhjthp khAp
fpU\;zh eh;kjh
ghyhW jgjp
fhtphp
itif
t';ff;flypy; fyf;Fk; MW mugpf;flypy; fyf;Fk; MW
gpuk;kg[j;jpuh
f';if
kfhejp
nfhjhthp
fpU\;zh
fhnthp
1853 ? jhnd ? gk;gha;

1854 ? uhzpf"R ? bfhy;fj;jh
1856 ? brd;id ? muf;nfhzk;
mjpntf uapy; rjhg;jp Express ? 140 km

bly;yp ? Bom ? uh$!;jhdp Express – muz;kiz trjp bjhiyngrp
cz;L
2003 ? 150Mz;il bfhz;lhoaJ
nrhd; Mw;wpd; kPJs;sghyk; Ind ? kpf ePz;l uapy; ghyk; neU nrJghyk;
fk;rhfh;tz;o ? JK ? fd;dpahFkhhp ? 3/726-10 state
fhuf;g{h; ? gpshl;ghuk; ? ePskhd gpshl;ghuk;
gUtf;fhyk;
fhyk; ,e;jpah jkpH;ehL
Fsph;fhyk; ork;gh; - gpg;uthp ork;gh; - Vg;uy;
nfhilf;fhyk; khh;r; - nk Vg;uy; - Mf!;l;
bjd;nkw;F #Pd; - brg;lk;gh; #Pd; - brg;lk;gh; - 22% kiH
tlfpHf;F mf;nlhgh;- etk;gh; mf;nlhgh; - etk;gh; - 57%
www.Padasalai.Net kiH
fhhpg;gl;lk; #Pd etk;gh;

uhgp gl;lk; etk;gh; khh;r;
iraj; gaph; khh;r; #Pd;
gzg;gaph; fUk;g[/ gUj;jp / rzy;/ g[ifapiy / vz;bza;

tpj;J
njhl;l gaph; njapiy / fhg;gp/ ug;gh; / gHk;/ fha;fwp
czt[ gaph; bey;/ nfhJik/ jpiz/ gUg;g[
cyfk; ,e;jpah jkpH;ehL

vtbu!;l; K2- fhl;tpd; mf!;od; caukhd rpfuk; -
8850 - cyfpd; caukhd rpfuk; 8611m bjhl;lbgl;lh
jpbgj; neghsk; nkw;F bjhlh;r;rp kiyapd; 2637m
caukhd rpfuk; - Mid Ko
fpHf;F bjhlh;r;rp kiyapd; ,uz;lhtJ caukhd rpfuk;
caukhd rpfuk; - knfe;jpufphp Kf;Th;j;jp - 2540
Muty;yp kiyapd; caukhd
rpfuk; - kt[z;l; mg[
tpe;jpa rhj;g[uh kiyapd;
caukhd rpfuk; - J]g;fhh;
gPlg{kpfs;
,e;jpah jkpH;ehL
jf;fhz gPlg{kp epyfphp gPlg{kp
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500000 rJu fp.kP
ghg[jhd; Fd;W ,';Fs;sJ
kiH kiwt[ gpunjrk; nfhak;gj;J]h; gPlg{kp
tlnkw;F gFjpapy; rhpe;J fhzg;gLfpwJ
Kf;nfhz totk; bfhz;lJ
gukf;fhy; gPlg{kp - jh;kg[hp
nrhl;lh ehf;g{h; gPlg{kp

kJiu gPlg{kp
,e;jpahtpd; fdpk tsk; mjpfk; fhzg;gLk;
gPlg{kp
#hh;fz;l;/ xhprh/ gPfhh;/ rl;o!;fh; gutp cs;sJ
uh#kAhy; gPlg{kp ,';F cs;sJ
jhnkhjh; gs;sj;jhf;F ,';F cs;sJ
khs;th gPlg{kp
Muty;yp tpe;jpa kiyfSf;fpilna
mike;Js;sJ
yhth vhpkiyf; FHk;ghy; R{Hg;gl;Ls;sJ
uh#!;jhd; F#uhj; gFjpfspy; gutp cs;sJ
khw;wpl ntshz;ikj; bjhHpy;(Shifting

Cultivation)kWbgah;fs;
1) nuhf;nfh ? gpnurpy;
2) $Pk; ? mnrhk;
3) ngthh; ? kj;jpag; gpunjrk;
4) nghlh ? tlfpHf;F ,e;jpah
5) bghL ? Me;jpuh. xhprh
6) bghd;dk; ? nfush
7) khrd; ? kj;jpag; gpunjrk;
8) kpy;gh ? kj;jpa mbkhpf;fh
cyfpd; Kf;fpa g[y;btspfs; cyfpd; Kf;fpa g[ay;fhw;Wfspd;

!;blg;gp (Steppe) - a[nurpah kj;jpa Mrpah/ bgah;
f#f!;jhd;
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Ahpnfd; (Hurricannes) – North USA,
gpbua;hp (Praire) - tl mnkhpf;fh/ fdlh bt!;;l; ,z;o!;
ghk;gh!; (PamPsa) - mh;b#d;odh ilg{d; (Typhoons) - rPdh/ #g;ghd;
bty;L (Veld) - bjd; Mg;gphpf;fh tpy;yp/ tpy;yp (Willy Willies) -
lt[d;!; (Downs) - M!;jpnuypah M!;jpnuypah
r_d!; - rt{jp mnugpah
nfz;lgh;hp (Centebury) - epa{rpyhe;J
irf;nshd; (Cyclone) - ,e;jpah/
g[\;lh\; (Bustaz) - A';nfhp
bjd;fpHf;F Mrpah
k";R{hpad; (Manjurian) - rPdh
blhh;dhnlh -(Tornado) – US
rthdh (Savannah) - Mg;gphpf;fh
l;tp!;lh; (Twister) - mbkhpf;fh
yhdh!; (Lanas) - bfhyk;gpah/ btdpRyh
fhk;gh!; (Cambos) - gpnurpy;
bry;th!; (Selvas) – gpnurpy;
fpuhd;rhnfh!; (Granchacos) - gpnurpy;/ mh;b#d;odh .
guhFnt
fl;o';fh!; (Catingas) - gpnurpy;
,e;jpahtpy; njhd;Wk; Kd;gUt kiHfs;

(Pre Monsoon Showers)
nfush. fh;ehlf
1/ kh";rhuy; (Mango Showers) kh';fha; tpisr;ry;
kiHg;bghHpt[ flw;fiug;gFjp
tlfpHf;F
2/ ehh;bt!;lh; (Norwester) nfhJik. njapiy
,e;jpag;gFjp
3/ fhy;igrhfp (Kalbaisagi) g";rhg; nfhJik
4/ g{ J}wy; kiH (Blossom fh;ehlfh fhg;gp tpisr;ry;

Shower. Cherry blossom)
5/ njapiy J}uy; (Tea Showers) mnrhk; njapiy tpisr;ry;
Kf;fpa Tiger Reserve

m!;!hk; mUzhr;ry Me;jpuh #hh;fz;l;
fhrpu';fh gpunjrk; ehfhh;#Pd rhfh; gyhK
kdh!; ek;jgh fhthy; (Kawal
enkhp cj;jh;fz;l;
kpnrhuk; #pk; fhh;bgl;
www.Padasalai.Net
fh;ehlfh
ge;jpg;g{h;
lk;gh (Damba)
nfush
bghpahh;
kj;jpa gpunj\;
ge;jth;f;
jkpH;ehL
fsf;fhL
ehfh;nfhy; (uh#Pt;fhe;jp) guk;gpf;Fsk; fd;Ah Kz;le;Jiw
gj;uh gd;dh bey;iy
gd;ndUAl;lh gPfhh; bgd;r; 1988- 89
gpypfpyp u';frhkp nfhapy; thy;kpfp ul;lghdp Mid kiy
Fj;nuKf; nghhp - rhj;g{uh (,e;jpuhfhe;jp –
nfhth r";ra; ^ghhp nfhit - 2008- 09)
Xorh kh~nja; KJkiy -
rpk;ypghy; (Mhadei) ePyfphp(2007)
rj;jpak';fk; - 2010
rj;nfh\;ah (Satkosia)
rl;o!;fh; nkw;F t';fhsk; cj;jpu gpunj\; uh#!;jhd;
,e;jpuhtjp gf;rh ( Buxa) Jj;th uj;jd;g{h;
mr;rdhf;kh;f; Re;jutdk; gpypgpl; ( Bilibit)
FU fhrpjh!; rhp!;fh;
KFe;jhuh kiy
ntshz;ik g[ul;rp (Agriculture Revolution)
gRikg;g[ul;rp ? ntshz;ik cw;gj;jp
btz;ikg;g[ul;rp ? ghy; bghUl;fs; (m) bts;isg;g[ul;rp
rhk;gy; g[ul;rp ? Kl;il (k) nfhHpg;gz;iz
bghd; g[ul;rp ? gH';;fs; cw;gj;jp
k";rs; g[ul;rp ? vz;bza; tpj;Jf;fs;
ePyg;g[ul;rp ? fly; bghUl;fs;
bts;spg[ul;rp ? Kl;il
j';fg;g[ul;rp ? gH';fs; cw;gj;jp
gput[d;g[ul;rp nfhy; ? Non Conreation
fpnu g[ul;rp ? cu cw;gj;jp
gp';fg[ul;rp ? kUe;J cw;gj;jp
rptg;g[ g[ul;rp ? khkpr. jf;fhsp
tl;l g[ul;rp ? cUisfpH';F
cyfpd; Kf;fpa jyf;fhw;Wfs; (Local Winds)
btg;gf;fhw;Wfs; Fsph;fhw;Wfs;
~nghd; fhw;W ( Fohn) - tl ,j;jhyp/ My;g;!; kp!;l;uy; (Mistral) - gpuhd;!; kj;jpa jiuf;fly;
kiy rhpt[ Inuhg;gh iuz; gs;sj; jhf;fpy; ,Ue;J My;g;!; kiy
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rpD]f; (Shinook) - tl mbkhpf;fh uhf;fp kiy
rhpt[/ “gdp jpd;Dk; fhw;W”
Y (Loo) - tl,e;jpa rkbtsp
tiu
nghuh (Bora) - a[nfh!;nyhtpyah
g[h;fh (Purga) - u\;ah Je;jpug;gFjpfs;
bly;yp/ cgp/ jhh; ghiytdk; ehh;l; - bkf;rpf;nfh tisFlh
rpuhf;nfh (Siracco) - tl Mg;ghpf;fh ghk;bgnuh - mh;b#d;odh
rAhuh ghiytj;jpy; ,Ue;J ,j;jhyp nehf;fp gpyprhy;L ( Blizzard) - irgphpah u\;ah fdlh
Ah;kl;ld; (Harmattan) - rAhuh ghiytdk; bjw;F gh;!;lh; (South Burster) - M!;jpnuypah
(Doctor Wind) bythz;lh; (Levender) - !;bgapd;
gphpf;gPy;lh; (Brick Fielder) - M!;jpnuypah

rhkd; (Samun) - <uhd;
nahkh (yoma) - #g;ghd;
fy;gha; rhfp ( Lalpalisakhi) - tl,e;jpah
fk;rpd; (Khamsin) - vfpg;J
b\hz;lh (Zonda) - mh;b#z;odh/ rpy;yp
cyfpd; epyj; njhw;wk; ,e;jpahtpd; epyj; njhw;w';fs;

rkbtsp - 41% rkbtsp - 43%
gPlg{kpfs; - 33% gPlg{kpfs; - 27.7%
Fd;Wfs; - 14% Fd;Wfs; - 18.6 %
kiyj; bjhlh;fs; 12% kiyj; bjhlh;fs; --10.7 %
fhy;tha;
R{a!; gdhkh Kiel fPy;
R{a!; - 169 Km 58Km 98 km
kj;jpa jiuf;fly; - bjd; mbkhpf;fhita[k; tl ,';fpyhe;jpy; cs;sJ
br';fly; mbkhpf;fhita[k; gphpg;gJ ,';fpyhe;ija[k; ghy;of;
fl;lg;gl;lJ – 1869 ml;yhz;of;ifa[k; fliya[k; ,izg;gJ
gRgpf;ifa[k; ,izg;gJ
Nationalised - 1956
,e;jpahtpd; g[ypfs; ruzhyak;

www.Padasalai.Net
Project Tiger (g[yp ghJfhg;g[ jpl;lk;) - Vg;uy; 1/ 1973 y; bjhl';fg;gl;lJ
jw;nghJ 53 g[ypfs; ruzhyak; cs;sJ
Kjy; Tiger Reserve - fh;ehlfhtpy; cs;s ge;jpg;g{h;
bghpa gug;g[ila Tiger Reserve - ehfh;#Pd rhAh; - $iryk; (AP)
rpwpa gug;g[il Tiger Reserve - bgd;r;/ kfhuh\;ouh
Nationa Tiger ConservationAuthority - 2006
2010 Tiger fzf;bfLg;gpd; go - 1706 g[ypfs;
mjpf g[ypfs; thGk; khepyk; - fh;ehlfh
mjpf g[ypfs; cila g[ypfs; ruzhyak; - fh!pu';fh (m!;!hk;)
Biosphere Reserves Project Elephant

ghJfhf;fg;gl;l caph; thH;tpl';fs; ahidfs; ghJfhg;g[j;jpl;lk; - 1992
Biosphere Reserve Programe 1971 y; Elephant Project – Feb 1992
a[bd!;nfhtpy; Man and Biosphere ahdfs; ruzhy';fspd; vz;zpf;if - 32
xhprh - rhk;gy; g{h;
jpl;lj;jpd;_yk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ (MAB)
mrhk; - fh!pu';fh
,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; gnah!;gpah; - ePyfphp
nkfhyah - fnuh fhrpf; Fd;W
,e;jpahtpd; bkhj;j gnah!;gpah; vz;zpf;if - 18
jkpH;ehL - ePyfphp nfhit Mid kiy
ePyfphp – 1986 - jkpH;ehL/ nfush/ fh;ehlfh
nfush – taehL bghpahh; MidKo
ee;jhnjtp - 1988 - cj;ufhz;l;
nehf;uhf; - 1988 - nkfhyah fh;ehlfh - gj;uh
kdh!; - 1989 - m!;!hk; cj;jpufhz;l; - uh#h#p fhh;gl;
Re;jutdk; - 1989 - nkw;F t';fhsk;
kd;dhh; tisFlh - 1989 - jkpH;ehL Kf;fpa ghJfhg;g[ jpl;l';fs;
fpnul; epf;nfhghh; - 1989 - me;jkhd; Hangul Project – 1970
rpk;yp ghy; - 1994 – xhprh Gir Lion Prject – 1972
jpg;U - rha;nfhth – 1997 - m!;!hk; g[ypg;ghJfhg;g[ jpl;lk; - 1973
jpfh'; jpgh'; - 1998 - mUzhr;ry gpunj\; Kjiyfs; mgptpUj;jp jpl;lk; - 1974
g";r;khh;Ap – 1999 - kj;jpa gpunj\; Rhinos (m) fhz;lhkpUfk; ghJfhg;g[ jpl;lk; - 1987
f";rd; #';fh - 2000 - rpf;fpk; ahid ghJfhg;g[ jpl;lk; - 1992
mf!;jpa kiy - 2001- nfush / jkpH;ehL rptg;g[ ghz;lh fuo ghJfhg;g[ jpl;lk; - 1996
mr;rdhf;kh; - mkh;fz;l; - 2005 - MP <uepy ghJfhg;gpw;f;fhd xg;ge;jk; - 1971
fpnul; ud; Mg; fl;r; - 2008 - F#uhj;

Fsph; ghiytdk; - 2005 – HP
nr\hr;ryk; Fd;W - 2010 - Me;jpuh
gd;dh - 2011 - MP
www.Padasalai.Net a[bd!;nfhtpdhy;
World Network of Biosphere Reserves
cyf gnah!;gpah; bel;bthh;f;fhy; m';fpfhpf;fg;gl;lit
ePyfphp – TN Karnataka, Kerala – 2000 kd;dhh; tisFlh – TN -2001
Re;jutdk; (Westy Bengal) - 2001 ee;jh njtp (Uttarkand ) – 2004
nehf;uf; (nkfhyah) – 2009 g";rkhh;Ap - MP – 2009
rpk;ypghy; - xhprh - 2009 mr;rdhf;kh; - mkh;fz;l; - MP -2012
fpnul; epf;nfhgh; - me;jkhd; epf;nfhghh;
,e;jpa ,uapy;nt kz;ly';fs; ? 17

jiyikaplk; bly;yp
vz; kz;ly';fs; Muk;gk; jiyikaplk;
kj;jpa uapy;nt (Central) Kk;ig rj;ugjp rpth$p
1/ 5 etk;. 1951 (CST)
2/ nkw;F (Western) 5 etk;. 1951 Kk;ig rh;r;nfl;

3/ bjw;F (Southern) 14 Vg;. 1951 brd;id
4/ fpHf;F (Eastern) 14 Vg;. 1952 bfhy;fj;jh
5/ tlf;F (Northern) 14 Vg;. 1952 bly;yp
6/ tl fpHf;F (North Eastern) 14 Vg;. 1952 nfuhg;g{h;
7/ bjd; fpHf;F (South Eastern) 1955 bfhy;fj;jh
8/ bjd; kj;jpa (South Central) 2 mf;. 1966 brse;jpuhghj;
tl fpHf;F vy;iy (North East FtAhj;jp
9/ Frontier) 15. $d 1958 (khypfht[d;)
10/ fpHf;F kj;jpa (East Central) 1 mf;. 2002 Ah$pg;g{h;

11/ tl nkw;F (North Western) 1 mf;. 2002 b$a;g;g{h;
12/ fpHf;F flw;fiu (East Coast) 1 Vg;;. 2003 g[tnd!;th;
13/ tl kj;jpa (North Central) 1 Vg;;. 2003 myfhghj;
bjd; fpHf;F kj;jpa (South East gpyh!;g{h;
www.Padasalai.Net
14/
15/
16/
Central)
bjd; nkw;F (South Western)
bjw;F kj;jpa (West Central)
1 Vg;;. 2003
1 Vg;;. 2003
1 Vg;;. 2003
APg;sp. bg';fSU
$gy;g{h;
17/ bfhy;fj;jh bkl;nuh uapy;nt 29 or. 2010 bfhy;fj;jh
ePskhd uapy; ghij kz;lyk; tlf;F uapy;nt. bly;yp ? 6968 fpnyh kPl;lh;
Fiwthd uapy; ghij ePsk; kz;lyk; fpHf;F uapy;nt. bfhy;fj;jh 2414km
TN d; bry;Yk; National High way
NH ? 5 bfhy;fj;jh ? brd;id
NH ? 7 ? thuzhrp ? fd;dpahFkhhp
NH ? 4 ? jhnd ? brd;id
Kf;fpa uapy;nt bjhHpw;rhiyfs;

Ory; kw;Wk;
1/ bghd;kiy uapy;nt gzpkid 1928 bghd;kiy. jpUr;rp kpd;rhu
vd;$pd;
rpj;ju";rd; bjhlh; tz;o rpj;ju";rd;.
kpd;rhu
2/ gzpkid (Chittaranjan 1947 mrhd;rhy;. nkw;F
vd;$pd;
Locomotive works t';fhsk;
3/ Ory; vd;$pd; Miy (Diesel 1961 thuzhrp Ory; vd;$pd;
Locomotive works)
Ory; vd;$pd; etPd Miy Ory; kw;Wk;
4/ 1981 ghl;oahyh;. gPfhh; kpd;rhu
(Diesel loco modernization works vd;$pd;
5/ ICF ,izg;g[ uapy; bgl;o 1952 bguk;g{h;. brd;id uapy; bgl;o
Integrated coach Factory
6/ uapy; bgl;o Miy Rail Coach 1986 fg{h;jyh. g";rhg; uapy; bgl;o
Factory
Fthypah;. Passenger coach
7/ Rail Spring Karkhana 1988
kj;jpag;gpunjrk; Springs
uapy; rf;fu Miy Rail vyf';fh
8/ 1984 uapy; rf;fuk;
Wheel Factory bg';fSU
9/ uapy; rf;fu Miy 2012 Chhapra. gPfhh; uapy; rf;fuk;
nubgnuyp.
10/ uapy; bgl;o Miy 2012 uapy; bgl;ofs;
www.Padasalai.Net
ehLfSf;fpilnaahd rh;tnjr vy;iyf;nfhL
cj;jpug;gpunjrk;
1. kf;nkhfd; vy;iyf;nfhL. 1914 (Mac Mohan Line) ? ,e;jpah ? rPdh

2. Luhz;L vy;iyf;nfhL (Durand Line) 1896 ?ghfp!;jhd; ? Mg;fhdp!;jhd;
3. uhl; fpspg; gy;iyf;nfhL (Radclife Line) 1947 ? ,e;jpah ghfp!;jhd;
4. Apz;ld; gh;f; vy;iyf;nfhL (Hindenburg Line) ? b$h;kdp ? nghye;J
5. xy;lh; ep!p vy;iyf;nfhL (Older Neisse Line) ? b$h;kdp ? nghye;J
6. rPf; gPupL vy;iyf;nfhL (Siegfried Line) ? b$h;kdp ? gpuhd;!;
7. khfpdhl; vy;iyf;nfhL (Maginot Line) ? gpuhd;!; ? b$h;kdp
8. khdhApk; vy;iyf;nfhL (Manner Heim Line) ? uc&;ah ? gpd;yhe;J
9. 17 tJ vy;iyf;nfhL (17th Parellel) ? tlf;F tpal;ehk; ? bjw;F
tpal;ehk;
10. 24 tJ vy;iyf;nfhL (24th Parellel),e;jpah?ghfp!;jhd; (fl;r; tisFlh)
11. 38 tJ vy;iyf;nfhL (38th Parellel) ? tl bfhhpah ?
bjd;bfhhpah
12. 49 tJ vy;iyf;nfhL (49th Parellel) ? mbkhpf;fh ? fdlh
,e;jpahtpd; njrpa ePh;tHpg; nghf;Ftuj;J (NATIONAL WATER WAY)

njrpa
ePh;tHp
ePh;tHpj;jlk; ePsk; MW-fhy;tha;
vz;f
s;
myfhghj; ? Ay;jpah f';if ejp
1 NW 1 ghij 1629km
irajpah ? J}g;up ghij gpuk;kg[j;jpuh
2 NW 2 819 km
nfhl;lhg[uk; ? bfhy;yk; rk;ghf;fuh kw;Wk;
3 NW 3 186 km cj;nahf; kz;ly; fhy;tha;
gj;uhr;ryk; ? uh$Ke;jphp nfhjhthp. fpUc&;zh
4 NW 4 turpuhghj; ? tp$athlh 1100km ejpfs;. Me;jpuh
fhf;fpehlh ? g[Jr;nrhp
k';fy;fho ? ghuhjPg; kfhejp. gpuhkzp ejpfs;
5 NW 5 jhy;r;rh; ? jkhuh 1623km xorh
,e;jpahtpd; ePskhd MW - f';if
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,e;jpahtpd; ePskhd Jiz MW - aKid
bjd; ,e;jpahtpd; ePskhd MW
jkpH;ehl;od; ePskhd MW
- nfhjhthp
- fhtphp
,e;jpahtpd; kpd; jpl;l';fs;

ePh; kpd; jpl;lk; mdy; kpd; jpl;lk;; mQ kpd; jpl;lk;
kpd; cw;gj;papy; ,e;jpah- 6
tJ
3.4% cw;gj;jp mdy;kpd; rf;jp – 75% mQ rf;jp – 4%
ePh; kpd;rf;jp – 21% mdy; kpd; rf;jpahy; mjpfk;
Kjy; ePh;kpd; jpl;lk; - rpt gad;bgWk; khepyk; - WB
rKj;jpuk;
jkpH;ehL fy;ghf;fk; - fhkpdp
ghgehrk;/ bghpahW/ bea;ntyp(Kjy mdy;kpd; (,e;jpahtpnyna
guk;gpf;Fsk;/ nfhijahW/ epiyak;)/ nkl;L;h;/ vz;Q[hh;/ totikf;fg;gl;lJ - III V
igfhuh 150(Kjy; kpd; J]j;Jf;Fo/ year plan)
jpl;lk;)/ fhlk;ghiw/ bra;a{h;/b#bfhz;lk; (m)
nkl;Lh;(840) Fe;jh(500)/ ,e;jpuhfhe;jp
nrhiyahW/ RUspahW/ FBDR - g[Sl;lhdpak;
nkhahW/ rhfh;gjp mdy; kpd;rhuk; -29% vhpbghUs;
jdpahh; - 12$ fhkpdp
vhptha[ -5%
Tl';Fsk;
kj;jpabjhFg;g[ -28%
Russia – India
kw;wit -5%
fh;ehlfh jhj;hp/ bgy;yhhp iffh

J';fgj;jpuh/ b#urg;gh/
\huhtjp (n#hf; my;yJ
kfhj;kh fhe;jp ePh;tPH;r;rp)
rptrKj;jpuk; (fhtphp)
nfush
bghpahh; (,Lf;fp)/ rghpfphp
Me;jpuh uhkFlk;/ nfhj;jFlk;/ bey;Y]h;/ mQkpd; epiyak; ,y;yhj

$iryk;/ ehfh;#Pd rhfh;/ tp#athlh/ kDFU/ gj;uhryk;/ khepyk; - Me;jpuh
rpnyU cnrd;rhfh;/ fpU\;zgl;odk;/
rpk;khj;jhp
www.Padasalai.Net
F#uhj;
jgjp - cfha; Jtuhd;/ gdh!;/ Ke;j;uh/
fhe;jpefh;
fhf;ughuh – CAPE
kfhuh\;ouh ehrpf;/ ouhk;ng/ jhnghy;/ a[uhd; jhug;g{h; - ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy;

mQkpd; epiyak;
bfha;dh/ g{h;dh
(Purnima,Duruva,
Cirus,AHWR) - US cjtp
mg;rhuh - giHa mQkpd;

epiyak;
cj;jpugpunj\;
hpfhz;l; - nrhd; ejp Ah; Jtf";r; Enuhuh
uh#!;jhd;
uhdhgpujhg; rhfh; rj;g[uh - uh#!;jhd;- MP gd;!;thuh
#tAh; rhfh; (rhk;gy; ejp) nfhlh/ rtha; / kjhg;g{h; uht;gl;lh - nfhl;lh - fdlh
cjtp
Xhprh
kd;r;fz;l; Uh;nfyh/ ghypnkyh/ jhy;rh;
ghypbkyh
ApuhFl; - kfhejp
#hh;fz;l;
jpy;yah/ Rgh;znufh Tenushat/ patratu - jhnkhjh;
Rgh;znufh
cj;jh;fhz;l;
blA;hp – ghfpujp ejp
g";rhg;
gf;uh e';fy; - rl;y#; gl;oz;lh
ehg;jh; #hf;hp - rl;y#; -
,e;jpahtpd; kpfg; bghpa ePh;
kpd;rf;jp jpl;lk;- g";rhg; -
,khr;ry gpunj\;
bly;yp
#.gp.!;nl\d;
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kj;jpa gpunj\;
fhe;jp rhfh; - rhk;gy;
kzpg;g{h;
nfhh;gh/ rhj;g[uh/ rp';fuht;yp/
mkh;fz;l;/ rhrd;
nyhf;lf;
#k;Kf\;kPh;
#Pyk;/ ryhy;/ Jy;A!;jp
gPfhh;
gj;uhJ/ bghf;fhnuh/ re;jpug[uh/
gUzp
nkw;F t';fk;
ge;bjy;
rl;o\;fh;
nfhh;gh
fhw;whiy
jkpH;ehL Kjy; khepyk; - Muy;tha;bkhHp/ Kg;ge;jy; / faj;jhW
kfhuh\;ou- 2 tJ
F#uhj; - 3 tJ
 ,e;jpahtp;d; Kf;fpa mizjpl;lk;

 t';fhsj;jpd; Jauk; - jhnkhjh;
 gPfhhpd; Jauk; - nfhrp
 vfpg;jpd; ed;bfhil Jauk; - iey;
 rPdhtpd; ed;bfhil Jauk; - k";rs; MW
jpl;lk; MW gad;bgWk; khepyk;

eh;kjh gs;sj;jhf;F jpl;lk;
eh;kjh rhfh; - kgp eh;kij ejp F#uhj;/ kfhuh\;ouh/
ntW bgah; - ,e;jpuhrhfh; uh#!;jhd; / kj;jpa gpunj\;
,e;jpahtpy; kdpjdhy; (eh;kjh ghJfhg;g[ ,af;fk;)
cUthf;fg;gl;l bghpa Vhp Narmada Bacha Andolan
movement
rh;jhh; rnuhth; - F#uhj; miz cauj;ij
cah;j;Jtjw;f;F vjph;g;g[
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jiyik- ghgh Mk;nj
Mjuthspfs;- nkjhgl;fh;/
a\;ghy;/ mUe;jjpuha;/
fhe;jpathjp eph;kyh
nj\;ghz;nl
jhnkhjh;
gs;sj;jhf;Fjpl;lk; US apy; bld;dp!p btyp gPfhh;/ #hh;fz;l;/ kj;jpa
gy;nehf;F jpl;lj;ij nghd;wJ gpunj\;/ nkw;F t';fk;
1+48
Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; jhnkhjh;ejp - gd;rPl;/ Jh;fhg{h; bghf;fhnuh/ Jh;fhg{h; /
guhf;fh; ejp - jpy;iya/ re;jpug[uh ,itahy; kpd;rf;jp
gy;nehf;F jpl;lk;
ikj;jhd; bgWfpwJ
nfhdhh; ejp - nfhdhh;
nfhrp jpl;lk;
,e;jpa neg;ghs vy;iy neghsk;/ ,e;jpah
AEkdpy; fl;lg;gl;Lfs;sJ #hh;fz;l; / gPfhh;
nrhd; ejpapd;; FWf;nf cgp/ gPfhh;

fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ
hpfhz;l; gs;sj;jhf;F
jpl;lk;
nfhtpe;j rhfh; Vhp- ,jw;fhd Vhp
nrhd; ejpapd;; FWf;nf
fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ
gf;uh e';fy; rl;y#; ejp FWf;nf
cyfpd; rh;jhh; rnuhth; jpl;lk; g";rhg;/ Ahpahdh/
caukhdmiz(226m). eilKiwapy cs;sJ uh#!;jhd;/ ,khr;ry gpunj\;
,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; braw;if Vhp

nfhtpe;j rhfh; ,;[';Fs;sJ
rhk;gy; jpl;lk;
fhe;jprhfh; miz - rhk;gy; ejp uh#!;jhd; / kj;jpagpunj\;
kj;;jpagpunj\;
uhdh gpujhg; rhfh; miz-
uh#!;jhd;
#tAh; rhfh; - nfhl;lh
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uh#!;jhd;
ApuhFl; miz
4801m kfhejpapd; FWf;nf Xhprh
cyfpd;/ ,e;jpahtpd; ePskhd
mizf;fl;L
J';fgj;jpuh miz J';fgj;jpuh ejp
(fpU\;zhtpd; Jiz MW) Me;jpuh/ fh;ehlfh
blA;hp miz
ghfpujp - bly;ypf;F FoePh; cyfpd; 3tJ caukhd
tH';Fk; MW miz
rpg;nfh ,af;fjpdh; Re;jh;yhy; cj;ufhz;l;
gFFzh vjph;j;jhh;
bjY';F f';if jpl;lk; -

1983 Me;jpuh fh;D]y; Kjy; g{z;o fpU\;zh ePh; jkpH;ehl;oy;
tiu 400 km EiHa[k; ,lk; jhkiuf;Fsk; -
g{z;o (m) rj;jpa_h;j;jp rhfh;
fpU\;zh ejpePh; brd;idf;F Cj;Jf;nfhl;il
Vhpapy; ,Ue;J
tUfpwJ
,Lf;fp jpl;lk; bghpahh; ejp nfush
rptrKj;jpuk; fhtphp fh;ehlfh
uhkf';fh jpl;lk; uhkf';fh ejp Me;jpuh
ehfhh;#Pd rfhfh; fpU\;zh Me;jpuh
kr;R Fz;l; kr;RFz;l; ejp Me;jpuh
$iryk; fpU\;zh Me;jpuh
b#af;fhto nfhjhthp Me;jpuh
nghr;rk;gl; nfhjhthp Me;jpuh – xhprh
fpU\;z rhfh; fhtphp fh;ehlfh
J';fgj;uh J';fgj;uh fh;ehlfh
nky;fpU\;zh fpU\;zh fh;ehlfh
kyg;gpugh fpU\;zh fh;ehlfh
\huhtjp \huhtjp fh;ehlfh
Mykhl;o fpU\;zh fh;ehlfh
guhf;fh jpl;lk; f';fh gPfhh;-g';fshnj\;-nkw;f
t';fk;
bfha;dh (m) fph;dh bfha;dh ejp kfhuh\;ouh
g{h;zhjpl;lk; kfhuh\;ouh
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gPkh jpl;lk;
kj;jpy;yh
aKid ePh; jpl;lk;
gPkh ejp
ngl;th ejp
aKid - nrhd;
kfhuh\;ouh
cj;jpugpunj\;
cj;jpugpunj\;
gA;ypfhh; jpl;lk; brdhg; ejp #k;K - fh\;kPh;
Jy;g[y; jpl;lk; #Pyk; ejp #k;K - fh\;kPh;
Jy;A!;jp jpl;lk; brdhg; ejp #k;K - fh\;kPh;
ryhy; jpl;lk; brdhg; ejp #k;K - fh\;kPh;
ehg;jh #hf;hp jpl;lk; rl;y#; HP / g";rhg; / Ahpahdh
cfha; kpd; jpl;lk jgjp F#uhj;
fhf;f ghuh jgjp F#uhj;
jz;lfhuz;ah Xhprh- kj;jpa gpunj\;-
Me;jpuh
fz;lf; jpl;lk; fz;lf ejp gPfhh; - UP
kf;fs; bjhifapy; kf;fs; bjhifapy; gug;gstpy; bghpaJ gug;gstpy; rpwpaJ
bghpaJ rpwpaJ
rPdh thofd; u\;ah thofd;
,e;jpah JtS -Tuvalu fdlh bkhdhf;nfh
USA neU - Nauru rPdh neU - Nauru
,e;njhndrpah USA JtS -Tuvalu
ghS -Palau
gpnurpy; gpnurpy;
Sanmaino Sanmaino
VHhtJ ,e;jpah
bghpa jPt[fs; rpfu';fs; flw;fiufs; fz;l';fs;
fphpd;yhe;J vtbu!;l; - 8850 hpnahob#dpnuh - Mrpah - 29.51
epa{ fpdpah k2 - 8611 mh;b#d;odh Mg;hpf;fh - 20.2
bgnundh f";rd;#';fh - 8126 bkhpdh - ,e;jpah
tlmnkhpf;fh - 16.53
klrh;f;fhh;
ee;jnjtp - 7812 bjd;mnkhpf;fh - 11.84
ghg;gpd; jPt[
fhkj; - 7756 mz;lhh;l;ofh - 9.5
Inuhg;gh - 6.5
M!;jpnuypah - 5.2
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vhpkiy
Xb#!; bly;ryhnlh -
kiyj;bjhlh;
1. ,kakiy - Mrpah
ghiytdk;
1. rfhuh
fly;fs;
bjd;rPdf;fly;
mh;b#z;odh 2. Mz;o!;- 2. M!;jpnuypa fhPgpad; fly;
3. bjd;mbkhpf;fh 3. Mnugpah kj;jpa jiuf;fly;
Fyhjp - rpyp 4. My;g;!; - Inuhg;gh 4. fyfhhp fU';fly;
nfhl;lghf;!p - 5. uhf;rp - 5. nfhgp br';fly;
<f;btl;lhh; tlmbkhpf;fh gynfhdpad; ghy;of;fly;
r';nf - <f;btl;lhh; Ughfhyp
Vesuvius jhh; bgU';fly;fs;
Etna italy Fsph; ghiytdk; gRgpf; (45.7%)
nfhgp- rPdh ml;yhz;of; - (22.8%)
Fujiyama jf;ykhfhd; - jpbgj;
,e;jpag; bgU';fly; -
Maunaloa japan gLnfhdpad; - S.USA
(20.3%)
Kilauea btg;g ghiytdk; Mh;of; bgU';fly;
rfhuh - vfpg;J (3.9%)
nghh ; gpnsah; fyfhhp
Paran island jhh; - ,e;jpah
india http://www.trbtnpsc.com/2013/09/tnpsc-group-2-group-4-vao-exam-study.html
Deccan plateau M!;jpnuypa
ghiytdk;-
M!;jpnuypah
tisFlh jPgfw;gk; cg;g[ Vhp (,e;jpah)

bkf;rpf;nfh tisFlh mnugpah rpypf;fh (xhprh)
Al;rd; tisFlh ,e;jpah g[ypfhl; (TN)
mnugpah tisFlh myh!;fh bfhy;nyW (AP)
brd;l;yhud;!; tisFlh byguld;
Loonkaramar – (uh#!;jhd;)
fypnghh;dpah tisFlh !;nfz;onetpah
g";r;ghj;uh (uh#!;jhd;)
fhy;eilia jhf;Fk; neha;

Me;jpuh!; vy;yh fhy;eiliaa[k; jhf;Fk; neha;
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#hd; neha;
khh;f; uhzpfz;l; neha;
hpz;ld; bgl!;l;
khLfis jhf;Fk; neha;
nfhHp
ML khLfis jhf;FtJ
gRik g[ul;rp
gRik g[ul;rp vd;w brhy;iy cUthf;fpath; - th;fP!; Rhpad;
gRik g[ul;rp – M.S. Rthkp ehjd; / c.Rg;gpukzpad;
gRik g[ul;rpahy; gadile;j khepyk; - Ahpahdh/ g";rhg;/ UP
Kjy; gRik g[ul;rp - 1967-1968
,uz;lhtJ gRik g[ul;rp - 1983-1984
btz;ik g[ul;rp - 1970-1971
ghy;tsk; bgUf;FtJ Operation Blood
,e;jpahtpd; czt[ fs";rpak; g";rhg;
gz;iz Kiwapy; Kjyplk; Me;jpuh
mjpf czt[ gapiu Vw;Wkjp bra;a[k; khepyk; UP
Kj;Jf; Fspj;jy; eilbgWk; gFjp - kd;dhh; fhk;ng tisFlh
kPd; gpoj;jy; eilbgWk; khepyk; - nfush
,e;jpa ntshz;ikf;F Vw;w epyk; -43%
,e;jpahtpd; gUtf;fhyk;
nfhil Fsph; kiH
khh;r; - #Pd; mf;nlhgh; - gp;g;uthp #Pd; - etk;gh;
R{hpaf;fjph; br';Fj;jhf tpGk; brg;lk;ghpy; R{hpa fjph;fs; nfhil kiH
nk khjj;jpy; cr;r btg;gk; br';Fj;jhf tpGk;
g[w jPgfw;g ,e;jpahtpy; #Pd;
khjk; cr;r btg;gk;
jkpH;ehl;od; gUtf;fhyk;
nfhil - KJntdpw;fhyk; Fsph; - kiH - fhh;fhyk;
Vg;uy; - Mf!;l; ork;gh; - Vg;uy; Mf!;l; - ork;gh;
Kd;gdp - khh;fHp – ij
gpd;gdp – khrp - g';Fdp
gH';Foapd kf;fs;
I/ czt[ nrfhpf;Fk; bjhHpy; bra;a[k; kf;fs;
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1/ Mg;gphpf;fhtpy; ? g[c&;bkd; ,d kf;fs;
2/ me;jkhd; epf;nfhghpy; ?
II ntl;ilahLnthh;
a) $hh;th!; ,d kf;fs;
b) X";r!; ,d kf;fs;
1/ Mg;gphpf;fhtpy; ? gpf;kp ,d kf;fs;

2/ mnkrhd; gFjp (gpnurpy;) ? mbkhpz;oad; ,dkf;fs;
3/ fdlhtpd; ? v!;fpnkh!; kf;fs;
III. nka;r;ry; bjhHpy; g[hpnthh;
vz; ehnlhofs; ,lk; tpy';Ffs;

1/ krha; Mg;gphpf;fh ? bfd;ah ? lhd;nrdpah fhy;eilfs;
2/ gnlhapd; mnugpah xl;lfk;
3/ nyg;!; !;fhz;o netpah fiykhd;
4/ lhbuf;!; Mg;gphpf;fh. bjd;nkw;F Mrpah xl;lfk;
5/ fh;l;!; nkw;F Mrpah ML. brk;kwpML
6/ ,uhghp ,e;jpah. uh$!;jhd; xl;lfk;
,e;jpahtpd; gH';Foapd kf;fs;

mnghh; (Abhors)?tlfpHf;F ,e;jpah gpy; (Bhils) ? k/gp. uh$!;jhd;
M';fhkp ? kzpg;g{h; nghl;oah!; (Bhotias) ? cj;jh;fz;l;
fhrp. fhnuh ? mnrhk;. nkfhyah Gaddis ? Apkhryg;gpunjrk;
F$;$hh; ? Apkhr;ry;. fhc&;kPh; Ff;fp (Kuki) ? kzpg;g{h;
b$ae;jpah;fs; ? nkfhyhah byg;rh!; (Lepchas) rpf;fpk;
$hh;thy;. X";r!; ? me;jkhd; kPdh (Minas) ? uh$!;jhd;

nfhz;L Khond? kj;jpag;gpunjrk;. khg;gpisfs; ? nfush
xorh
re;jhy; (Santhals) ? nkw;Ft';fk;.
Kz;lh. Mundas ? $hh;f;fz;l;
xorh. $hh;f;fz;l;. gPfhh;
ehfh;fs;. Nagas ? ehfyhe;J

xuhd;!; ? $hh;f;fz;l;. xorh
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tdtpy';F
jkpH;ehl;oy; td tpy';F/ njrpa g{';fh/ gwitfs; ruzhyak;
njrpa g{';fh gwitfs;
KJkiy – ePyfphp KJkiy ntle;jh';fy; - fh";rpg[uk;
Kz;le;Jiw - jpUbey;ntyp fpz;o ntl;l';Fo - <nuhL
nfhoaf;fiu - ehif kd;dhh; tisFlh (fly;rhh;) g[ypf;fhl; - jpUts;Sh;
,e;jpuh fhe;jp - nfhit ,e;jpuh fhe;jp fphpfpyp - fh";rpg[uk;
fyf;fhL - jpUbey;ntyp Kf;FUj;jp fh";rpuh';Fsk; - uhkehjg[uk;
tsehL - J]j;Jf;Fo rpj;jpu';Fo - uhkehjg[uk;
rhk;gy; epw mzpy; - bty;ntL- <nuhL
$tpy;ypg[j;J]h; fiubtl;o - bguk;gY]h;
tdtpy';F - fd;dpahFkhp Tj;j';Fsk; -jpUbey;ntyp
tdtpy';F - <nuhL bty;nthL - <nuhL
cjajhz;lg[uk; -
ahid jpUbey;ntyp
ePyfphp nky;/ fPH; brt;thSh; -
Midkiy uhkehjg[uk;
nfhit tLt{h; - jpUth%h;
$tpy;ypg[j;J]h;
bjg;gf;fhL kapy;
KJkiy tpuhyp kiy
mzpy;
g[ypfs; $tpy;ypg[j;J]h;
fsf;fhL khd;
KJkiy
fpz;o
Midkiy - guk;gpf;Fsk;
Kf;FUj;jp
Kz;le;Jiw
Fsph; ePnuhl;lk; btg;g ePnuhl;lk;

fypnghh;dpah - Fnuh\pah – gRgpf;
bgUypad;/ Myh!;fd; - gRgpf;
ek;nghy;;l; - gRgpf; bkhrhk;gpf; - ,e;jpa bgU';fly;
xah\plnah - mFyh!; - ,e;jpa bgU';fly;
Okhotsk -; g[nshhplh
nkw;F M!;jpnuypah - ,e;jpa bgU';fly; gpnurpy;
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byguhlh;
nfdhP!;
ghf;yhe;J
ml;yhz;of;
fy;g;
Mz;o!;
tl ml;yhz;of;
ml;yhz;of;
gUtf;fhw;W
,e;jpah jkpH;ehL
bjd; nkw;F gUtf;fhw;W - 80% kiH tlfpHf;F gUtf;fhw;W - 57% kiH
#Pd; - mf;nlhgh; mf;nlhgh; - etk;gh;
,U fpis - mugpf;fly; - nfush - fhk;ng fpHf;F kj;jpa nkw;F khtl;l';fspy; mjpf
t';fhs tphpFlh - jf;fhzk; - kiH
nkfhyah bjd;nkw;F gUtf;fhw;W – 22% kiH
#Pd; - brg;lk;gh;
tlfpHf;F (m) gpd;dilt[ gUtf;fhw;W fd;dpahFkhp – nfhit - ePyfphp - nryk;
brg;lk;gh; - mf;nlhgh; mjpf kiH
mjpf kiH - Me;jpuh - jkpH;ehL r{whtsp - 21%
etk;gh; -t';f fly; - flnyhu khtl;l';fs;
,aw;if nghplh;fs; Natural Disaster

Rdhkp
khh;r; 11 2011 Fukushima epyeLf;fj;jhy; #g;ghd; gRgpf; bgU';fly; gFjpapy; Rdhkp
Vw;gl;lJ.
2004 ok;ghh; 6 ,e;jpa bgU';flypy; kpfg; bghpa Rdhkp Vw;gl;lJ
epyeLf;fk; 4 kz;ly';fshf gphpg;g[

IV/ V - mjp mghafu kz;lyk;
,e;j mghafu gFjpap;y; jhd; ,kakiy fl;r; tisFlh cs;sJ
26 #dthp 2001 y; F#uhj;jpy; g{#; khtl;lj;jpy; 7.7 vd;w hpf;lh; mstpy; kpfg; bghpa
epyeLf;fk;
1989 Y]kh bgl;uh
2001- Olympia US
2004- Rkj;uh epyeLf;fk; + Rdhkp
2003- Barm - <uhd;
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1994 - North Ridge
2005 - fh\;kPh; g{fk;gk;
g[ay;
,e;jpahtpy; g[ayhy; ghjpf;fg;gLk; fhyk; Vg;uy; Kjy; ork;gh;
kpf nkhrkhd g[ay; 1737 fy;fj;jh
1970 Bhola
1991 - g';fshnj\;
1990- xhprh
29 mf;nlhgh; 1999 xhprh
05B g[ay; jhf;fpaJ
bts;sk;
bjd; nkw;F gUtf;fhw;W fhy';fspy; bts;sk; Vw;gLfpwJ
gpuk;k g[j;jpuh f';if ejpapd; nghf;fhy; ,e;jpahtpy; bts;s bgUf;F Vw;gLfpwJ
,e;jpahtpy; bts;s bgUf;fhy; mof;fo ghjpg;gila[k; gFjp[ - xhprh/ Me;jpuh
g";rk;
1997-2009 y; M!;jpnuypahtpy; fLikah g";rk;
2011 blf;rh!; - USA y; fLikahd g";rk;
,e;jpahtpy; mof;fo g";rk; Vw;gLk; gFjp - gPfhh;/ xhprh/ Me;jpuh
Heat Waves
1918 – Spanish Flu
1957-58 -Asian Flu & AIDS
1968-1969 - Ah';fh'; water Flu
200-2003 - SARS and H1N1 influenza (Swinw Flu)
2003 - Inuhg;gh - Heat wave jhf;fpajhy; ghjpg;ghy; 2000 ngh; ,wg;g[
Northen Hemisphere gFjpapy; Heat Waes jhf;fpajpy; 2000 ngh; ,wg;g[
2009 - bky;gh;dpy; btg;gj;jhy; (gy Mapuk; ngh; ,wg;g[) – 40oC (104OF - ,e;ehs; Black
Sunday vdg;gLfpwJ
Landsliders epyr;rhpt[
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,e;jpahtpy; epyr;rhpt[ fhzg;gLk; gFjp Lower ,khyah/ Western Guard, JK, HB, Sikkim
16.07.2004 - Fk;gnfhzk; jP tpgj;J gs;sp FHe;ijfs; ,wg;g[
02.12.1984 nghghy; tp\tha[ jhf;fpajhy; 2000 ngh; ,wg;g[ (kj;jpa gpunj\;)
1995 – NCDM (National Center of Disaster Management) ,e;jpahtpy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ

2003- NIDM – National Institute of Disaster Management
1990- UNO – IDNDR – International Decade For Natural Disaster Reducatiion vd;w
mikg;ig epWtpaJ
fy;tpawpt[ (2011)
,e;jpatpd; bkhj;j fy;tpawpt[ (k)

jkpH;ehl;od; bkhj;j fy;tpawpt[
Mz;fspd; fy;tpawpt[
mjpfKs;s
Fiwthd khepyk; mjpfKs;s khtl;lk; Fiwthd khtl;lk;
khepyk;
1/nfush 1/gPfhh; 1/fd;dpahFkhhp 92.2% 1/jUkg[hp 64.7
2/kpnrhuk; 2/mYzhrygpunjrk; 2/brd;id 90.3 2/mhpaY}h; 72
3/jphpg[uh 3/uh$!;jhd; 3/J}j;Jf;Fo 86.5 3/tpGg;g[uk; 72.1
4/nfhth 4/$hh;$;fz;l; 4/ePyfphp 85.7 4/fpUc&;zfphp 72.4
State + UT 5/Me;jpuh 5/fh";rpg[uk; 85.2 5/<nuhL 72.9
1/nfush
2/yl;rj;jPt[
3/kpnrhuk;
4/jphpg[uh
5/nfhth
www.Padasalai.Net bgz;fs; fy;tpawpt[
,e;jpahtpd; bgz;fs; vGj;jwpt[ jkpH;ehl;od; bkhj;j fy;tpawpt[
mjpfKs;s Fiwthd
Fiwthd khepyk; mjpfKs;s khtl;lk
khepyk; khtl;lk;
1/nfush 1/uh$!;jhd; 1/fd;dpahFkhhp 90.5 1/jh;kg[hp 60.
2/kpnrhuk; 2/gPfhh; 2/brd;id 87.2 2/mhpaY}h; 62.2
3/jphpg[uh 3/$hh;$;fz;l; 3/J}j;Jf;Fo 81.8 3/tpGg;g[uk; 63.2
4/fpUc&;zfphp
State + UT 4/fh";rpg[uk; 80.2 64.9
1/nfush 5/ePyfphp 79.4 5/<nuhL 65.7
2/kpnrhuk;
3/yl;rj;jPt[
kf;fs; bjhif
FHe;ijfs; kf;fs; bjhif (0?6 ,e;jpahtpy; ngrg;gLk;
tsh;r;rp mjpfKs;s
taJ) mjpfKs;s khepyk;) bkhHpfs;
khepyk;
1/cj;jpugpunjrk; 1/cj;jpugpunjrk; 1/,e;jp
2/kfhuhc&;ouh 2/gPfhh; 2/bg';fhyp
3/gPfhh; 3/kfhuhc&;ouh 3/bjY';F
4/nkw;F t';fk; 4/kj;jpa gpunjrk; 4/kuhj;jp
5/Me;jpu gpunjrk; 5/uh$!;jhd; 5/jkpH;
FHe;ijfspd; ghypdk;
FHe;ijfs; ghypdk;
Child - Sex Ratio jkpH;ehl;oy;
Child - Sex Ratio jkpH;ehl;oy; mjpfk;
(0?6taJ) mjpfKs;s mjpfk;
Fiwthd khepyk;
khepyk;
kpnrhuk; (971) ePyfphp 1041 mhpahdh ? 830 jh;kg[hp ? 946
nkfhyah (970) j";ir 1031 g";rhg; ? 846 nryk; ? 954
J}j;Jf;Fo
rl;o!;fh; (864) 1024 $k;K fhc&;kPh; ? 859 fpUc&;zfphp ? 956
jpUthU:h; ?
1020 uhkehjg[uk; ? 977
jpUts;Sh; ?983
www.Padasalai.Net,e;jpahtpd; brd;r!; tptu';fs; (2011)

,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; brd;r!; ? 1872
nknah gpug[
gj;jhz;L tsh;rpr tPjk; ? 14/64
2001?2011
,e;jpahtpd; Kgikf;Fkhd Kjy; cyf kf;fs; bjhifapy; ,e;jpa

KGikahd brd;r!; ? 1881 hpg;gd; gpug[ kf;fs; bjhif 17/5%
2010y; cyf kf;fs; bjhif ? 6908/7

kpy;ypad; mjpf kf;fs; bjhif ?
brd;r!; rl;lk; ? 1948 cj;jpugpunjrk; (19/9nfho)
2011 tJ brd;r!;
15tJ brd;r!; MFk;.
Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fg;gpd; kf;fs; Fiwthd khepyk; ? rpf;fpk;
7 tJ brd;r!; MFk;/ kpff; Fiwthd kf;fs; ? yl;rj;jPt[
2011tJ brd;r!; nehf;f thrfk; ghypd tpfpjk; ? 940

OUR CENSUS OUR FUTURE mjpfk; ? nfush (1084) - ghz;o?1038
kpff; Fiwt[ ? lhkd;. ila{. 618
,J ,uz;L gFjpfis cilaJ/ Fiwthd khepyk; ? Mhpahdh 877
1/tPLfs; gw;wpaJ (House listing and
Housing census)
2/ kf;fs; bjhif (Population
Enumeration) FHe;ijfs; ghypd tpfpjk; (0?6taJ)
fzf;bfLg;g[ neuk;. ehs; 914- vg;nghija[k; tpl kpff;Fiwt[
khh;r; 1. http://www.trbtnpsc.com/2013/09/tnpsc-group-2-group-4-vao-exam-study.html
2011 es;sput[ 12 kzp mjpfk; ? kpnrhuk; - Fiwt[ ? Mhpahdh
fy;tpawpt[ ? 74/04% (bkhj;jk;)
brd;r!; ? kj;jpag; gl;oaypy; cs;sJ/ Mz;fs; ? 82/14% bgz;fs; ? 65/46%
tpjp 246
kj;jpa cs;Jiwapd; eph;thf fl;Lg;ghl;oy;
cs;sJ/ fy;tpawpt[ mjpfk; fy;tpawpt[ Fiwt[
2011 br;dr!pd; hp$p!;lh; b$duy; kw;Wk;
brd;r!; fkpc&dh; ?jpU/rp/re;jpubksyp nfush gPfhh;
2011 brd;r!py; National Population
Register jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ/ yl;rj;jPt[ mUzhr;rygpunjrk;
2011y; ,e;jpa kf;fs; bjhif kf;fs; beUf;fk; (382)
1210 kpy;ypad; (m) 1/21 gpypypad; (m) mjpfk; ? gPfhh; Fiwt[ ?
121 nfho mUzhr;rygpunjrk;
Mz;fs; 623/7 kpypypad; (51/54%)
,e;;jpa kf;fs bjhif tsh;r;rp
bgz;fs; 586/5 kpypyad; (48/46%) epiyfs;
I.1901-1921-Stagnant population growth
kf;fs; bjhif tsh;r;rp njf;f epiy
II.1921 -1951-Steady Growth
kpjkhd tsh;r;rp epiy

III. 1951-1981-Rapid High Growth
kf;fs; bjhif btog;g[ epiy
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IV.1981-2001-High growth with definite
symp of slowdown
njrpa kf;fs; bjhif bfhs;if 2010
,e;jpahtpd; kf;fs; bjhif jkpH;ehl;od; kf;fs; bjhif

mjpfKs;skhepyk; Fiwthd khepyk; mjpfKs;s Fiwthd
khtl;lk; khtl;lk;
1/cj;jpug;gpunjrk; 1/rpf;fpk; 1/ brd;id 1/ bguk;gY}h;
2/ kfhuhc&;ouh 2/kpnrhuk; 2/ fh";rpg[uk; 2/ ePyfphp
3/ gPfhh; 3/mUzhr;rygpunjrk; 3/ ntY}h; 3/ mhpaY}h;
4/ nkw;Ft';fhsk; 4/ jpUts;Sh; 4/ fU:h;
5/Me;jpug;gpunjrk; State + Ut nrh;j;J
1/yl;rj;jPt[
2/lhkd; kw;Wk;
ika{
3/ jhj;uh
4/ me;jkhd;
5/ rpf;fpk;
kf;fs; beUf;fk; (m) kf;fslh;j;jp (2011)
,e;jpahtpd; kf;fslh;j;jp (382) jkpH;ehl;od; kf;fslh;j;jp (555)

mjpfKs;s Fiwthd khepyk; mjpfKs;s Fiwthd
khepyk; khtl;lk; khtl;lk;
1/gPfhh; 1/mUzhr;ryk; brd;id ePyfphp
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2/ nkw;Ft';fk;
3/nfush
UT
1/bly;yp
2/kpnrhuk;
1/rpf;fpk;
States + Ut nrh;j;J
fd;dpahFkhp
jpUts;Sh;
uhkehjg[uk;
bguk;g{h;
2/ rz;ofh; mUzhr;ryg;gpunjrk;
me;jkhd; epf;nfhghh;
Mz;?bgz; tpfpjhr;rhuk; - ghypd tpfpjk; (Sex Ratio) (2011)
,e;jpahtpd; Sex Ratio (940) jkpH;ehl;od; Sex Ratio (995)

mjpfKs;skhepyk; Fiwthd khepyk; mjpfKs;s Fiwthd khtl;lk;
khtl;lk;
1/ nfush (1084) 1/ Ahpahdh (877)
2/ jkpH;ehL (995) 2/ $k;K fhc&;kPh;
3/ Me;jpuh (992) 3/ rpf;fpk;
(State + UT) States + UT
1/nfush nrh;j;J
2/ ghz;o lhkd; ? ika{
3/ jkpH;ehL (618)
4/ Me;jpuh jhj;uhehfh; 775
rz;ofh; 818
bly;yp 866
Ahpahdh 877
gug;gst[
,e;jpa khepy';fspd; gug;gst jkpHf khtl;l';fpsd; gug;gst[
bghpa khepyk; rpwpa khepyk; bghpa khtl;lk; rpwpa khtl;lk;
1/uh$!;jhd; 1/nfhth 1/tpGg;g[uk; 1.brd;id
2/kj;jpuagpunjrk; 2/rpf;fpk; 2/jpUbey;ntyp 2.fd;dpahFkhp
3/kfhuhc&;ouh 3/jphpg[uh 3/jpz;Lf;fy; 3.mhpaY}h;
2011 brd;r!; tptu';fs;

jkpH;ehL
,e;jpa
t/
tptu';fs; ,e;jpah jkpH;ehL mstpy;
vz;
tfpf;Fk;
,lk;
1210 kpy;ypad; (m) 1/210 72/13 kpy;ypad;
bkhj;j kf;fs;
1 gpy;ypad; (m) 121/01 nfho (m) 7/21 nfho 7 k; ,lk;
bjhif
(m) 121.01.93422 ngh; (m) 7/21/38/958
Mz;fs; kf;fs; 62/37 nfho (m) 623 3/61 nfho (m)
2
3
www.Padasalai.Net
bjhif
bgz;fs; kf;fs;
bjhif
kpypyad;
58/64 nfho (m) 586
kpy;ypad;
36/1
3/59
35/9
kpy;ypad;
nfho (m)
kpy;ypad;
kf;flh;jjp (m) 382 ngh; xU rJu
4 555 ngh; 12 k; ,lk;
kf;fs; beUf;fk; fpnyhkPl;lUf;F
940 bgz;fs; (1000
5 ghypd tpfpjk; 995 3 k; ,lk;
Mz;fSf;F)
6 fy;tpawpt[
7 1/bkhj;j fy;tpwpt[ 74.04% 80.33% 14 k; ,lk;
2/Mz;fs;
8 82.14% 86.81% 16 k; ,lk;
fy;tpawpt[
3/bgz;fs;
9 65.46% 73.40% 15 k; ,lk;
fy;tpawpt
FHe;ijfs; ghypd 914 (100
10 946 11 k; ,lk;
tpfpjk; (0?6) Mz;;FHe;ijfSf;F)
kf;fs; bjhif
11 gj;jhz;L tsh;r;rp 17.64% 15.60%
tpfpjk;
1/30 yl;rk;
3/28 kpy;ypad; r/rp/kP (m)
12 gug;gst[ r/fp/kP (m) 11 k; ,lk;
32.87.263 r/fp/kP
1.30.058 r/fp/kp
gj;jhz;L tsh;r;rp
13 17/64 15/60 23 ,lk;
tPjk;
,e;jpahtpd; Kf;fpa njrpag;g{';fh (k)tdtpy';F ruzhya';fs;
Me;jpug;gpunjrk; F$uhj;
1. ehfh;$Pdrfh; ? _iryk; ? g[yp 1. fph;fhLfs; (1956) Mrpa rp';fk;
2. Wild Ass Sanctuary fhl;Lf;
2. vJh;efuk; fGij
3. bfhy;nyU: ? gwitfs; 3. fl;r; ghiytdk;
4. fpd;dh;rzp 4. fl;r; tisFlh
5. bt';fnl!;tuh 5. ehuhaz rnuhth;
6. g[yf;fl; Vhp ? gwtifs;
6. ehy; rnuhth;
7. ghsf; gf; (m) ntytjhh;
m!;!hk;
1. fhrpu';fh ?
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4. Eagle Nest
www.Padasalai.Net
3. ghy;gf;uk;

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g{kp - Earth a[nud!; beg;oa[d; Jizf;nfhs;fs;

g{kp jd;idj;jhnd Rw;Wtjhy; -

tspkz;lyk; g{kp R{hpad;

bgsh;zkp re;jpu fpufzk; mkhthir R{hpa fpufzk;

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US , USSR Inida 21%

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