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ACES Training
K Y Yow
23 Jan 2015
Reciprocating
Heat Rejection
W/C Centrifugal
absorption
W/C Screw
condenser
starter
control
panel
evaporator
© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC010-EN
Impeller
blades
refrigerant
refrigerant enters volute
static pressure
enters impeller
baffle
cooling
tower
water
tube liquid
© American Standard Inc. 1999 bundle refrigerant Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC010-EN
expansion device
Orifice Plates
orifice plates
to
evaporator
H1
liquid
refrigerant
chilled
water
return
liquid
distributor eliminator orifice system
© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC010-EN
Motor
motor
gear-drive
impeller
motor
impellers
direct-drive
gears
© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC010-EN
Hermetic Motor Cooling
stator
rotor
liquid drain
© American Standard Inc. 1999
refrigerant Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC010-EN
Controls and Starter
starter
control
panel
starter
unit-mounted
control power
wiring
remote-mounted
© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC010-EN
Comparison of LV Starters
economizer
evaporator condenser
expansion devices
© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC010-EN
2-stage centrifugal chiller
Refrigeration Cycle
6 condenser
Pc 4
expansion 5
pressure
economizer
devices
8 2-stage
P1
7 3 2
compressor
10
Pe 1
9 evaporator
C B enthalpy A
© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC010-EN
Refrigerant Operating Pressures
HCFC-22
HCFC-123
atmospheric ( Low Pressure vac/8 psig
pressure
inlet vanes
impeller
inlet vanes
© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC010-EN
Impeller Dynamics
Vr refrigerant flow rate
Vr
R Vt rotational speed × diameter
Vt
diameter
refrigerant
rotational flow rate
speed
Vr
R Vr
R
Vt Vt
90
pressure difference
75
51 63
36
10 14 25 vane position
(degrees)
© American Standard Inc. 1999 refrigerant flow rate Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC010-EN
compressor map for a
2-Stage Compressor
A
90
pressure difference
C B 75
51 63
36
10 14 25
unloading line
© American Standard Inc. 1999 refrigerant flow rate Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC010-EN
Centrifugal Water Chillers
period five
Application Considerations
3-4% Losses
load
AFD Centrifugal Chiller Requires LIFT Reduction to Save Energy
© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC010-EN
guidance
VSD or High Efficiency?
Guidance Factors
High efficiency VSD
Significant demand Many hours at low
charges condenser water
Humid climates temperature—and low load
scroll
<75 tons
4.0
reciprocating
<125 tons
2.0
Go for the Best
0.0
ASHRAE Standard 90 “best”
90-75 90-75 90.1-89 90.1-99 90.1-2010 available
(1977) (1980)
1% 85°F (30°C)
57% 42%
75° (24°C)
65° (18°C)
Purpose
Establish definitions, testing,
and rating requirements
Scope
Factory designed and
prefabricated water chillers
Vapor-compression
refrigeration
Air-cooled and water-cooled
condensing
© American
American Standard
StandardInc.
Inc.1999
1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC012-EN
TRG-TRC010-EN
Helical-Rotary Water Chillers
water-cooled
air-cooled
condense
r
control
panel
starter
evaporator
male rotor
housing
slide valve
© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC010-EN
Oil Separator
refrigerant vapor
to condenser
refrigerant vapor
and oil mixture
cooling
tower subcooler
water
liquid
refrigerant
tube bundle
© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC010-EN
air-cooled
Condenser
propeller fan
condenser
coil
outdoor air
subcooler
© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC010-EN
expansion device… ( Air-cooled )
Electronic Expansion Valve
orifice plates to
evaporator
chilled
water
return
liquid level
sensor
© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC010-EN
Direct Expansion Evaporator (air-
cooled)
chilled
water
supply chilled
baffles water
return
refrigerant
vapor
liquid
refrigerant
tube bundle
© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC010-EN
Controls and Starter
control
panel
starter
5 condenser
2
4 3
pressure
expansion liquid/vapor
device compressor
separator
7
1
6 evaporator
© American
American Standard
StandardInc.
Inc.1999
1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC012-EN
TRG-TRC010-EN
RTHD AFD Water cooled Screw Chiller
with Adaptive Frequency™ Driver
200
180
Illustration Only
160
140
120
100 STD
80
60 AFD Type
40
20
0
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
air-cooled water-cooled
Lower maintenance Greater energy efficiency
Packaged system Longer equipment life
Better low ambient
operation
© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC010-EN
ASHRAE STD 90.1 ( 2013)
Current 2013 version
(first published 1975)
Air cooled >= 150 tons 10.1 EER and 14.0 IPLV 9.7 EER and 16.1 IPLV
WC pos. disp. < 75 tons 0.750 kW/ton & 0.600 IPLV 0.780 kW/ton & 0.500 IPLV
WC pos. disp. 75 < 150 tons 0.720 kW/ton & 0.560 IPLV 0.750 kW/ton & 0.490 IPLV
WC pos. disp. 150 < 300 tons 0.660 kW/ton & 0.540 IPLV 0.680 kW/ton & 0.440 IPLV
WC pos. disp. 300 < 600 tons 0.610 kW/ton & 0.520 IPLV 0.625 kW/ton & 0.410 IPLV
WC pos. disp. >= 600 tons 0.560 kW/ton & 0.500 IPLV 0.585 kW/ton & 0.380 IPLV
Purpose
Establish definitions, testing,
and rating requirements
Scope
Factory designed and
prefabricated water chillers
Vapor-compression
refrigeration
Air-cooled and water-cooled
condensing