~ ~

G P A STD*(<228b 95 3824b99 00LiLbA 214

GPA Standard 2286-95

Tentative Method of Extended Analysis

for Natural Gas and Similar Gaseous
Mixtures by Temperature Programmed
Gas Chromatography

Adopted as Tentative Standard 1986

Reprinted 1989, 1991, 1995
Revised 1995

Gas Processors Association

6526 East 60th Street
Tulsa, Oklahoma 74145

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 ~ ~

G P A STDr228b 95 W 3824b99 0017169 150 W

DISCLAIMER

GPA publications necessarily address problems of a general nature and may be used by anyone desiring
to do so. Every effort has been made by GPA to assure accuracy and reliability of the information
contained in its publications. With respect to particular circumstances, local, state, and federal laws
and regulations should be reviewed. It is not the intent of GPA to assume the duties of employers,
manufacturers, or suppliers to warn and properly train employees, or others exposed, concerning
health and safety risks or precautions.
GPA makes no representation, warranty, or guarantee in connection with this publication and hereby
expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or damage resulting from its use or for the
violation of any federal, state, or municipal regulation with which this publication may conflict, or for
any infringement of letters of patent regarding apparatus, equipment, or method so covered.
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G P A STDa2286 95
Tentative Method of Extended Analysis for Natural Gas and Similar Gaseous
Mixtures by Temperature Programmed Gas Chromatography
1. SCOPE
1.1 This method covers the determination of the chemical
composition of natural gas and similar gaseous mixtures within
the ranges listed in Table I. In cases where peaks are known to
contain one or more components, groupings are shown in Table
I and also again in Figure 4. Improved results for Btu content
over those obtained using GPA 2261 will not necessarily be
achieved. This method is intended for use with rich gas systems
and i n situations where the heptanes plus compositional
breakdown is desired.
1.2 Components sometimes associated with natural gases,
ie., helium, carbon monoxide and hydrogen are excluded from
the main body of the method. These components are determined
and made a part of the complete compositional data by
following special techniques outlined in Appendix B.
NOTE 1-Hydrogen suljïde is eluted in a well defined peak
between ethane and propane on the suggested partition column
described in 3.1.4. For further discussion of the hydrogen
sulfide content in natural gases see Appendix B.
2. SUMMARY OF METHOD
2.1 Components to be determined in a gaseous sample are
physically separated by Gas Chromatography and compared to
calibration data obtained under identical operating conditions.
Set volumes of sample in the gaseous phase are charged by gas
sample valves at designated times to three different packed
column systems, effectively splitting the analysis into three
r-------
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I side A
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I . -
Gas Sample Loop
Hdium in.
6P Y2
Hdiun in
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L - - - - - - - -- - - - -
Vacuum Saum
Figure 1 - Suggested Flow System Using an Effluent Splitter.
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~
3824677 0017170 772
sections. The first section separating oxygen, nitrogen and
methane is tied mathematically to the second section which
separates methane through normal pentane. The third section
which separates the components eluting from iso-pentane
through tetradecane (listed in Table I) are in turn tied to the
second section by the common components is0 and normal
pentanes. Components in section one are separated under
isothermal conditions on an adsorption type column and
detected by thermal conductivity. The second section of the
analysis is taken from a new sample charged to a partition-type
column held isothermally for six minutes and then finished by a
temperature program. This column effluent passes through a
splitter which permits carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide to be
detected by thermal conductivity and the methane through
pentane by hydrogen flame ionization methods. At the same
time as section two components are passing through the partition
column a third column system is charged with a fresh sample
using the same temperature program to yield a breakdown of the
components from iso-pentane to the tetradecanes with detection
on a second flame ionization unit. (See suggested flow system in
Figure 1 .) Twelve programmable open collector transistor
switch closures are required to perform the necessary valve
operations in this method.
NOTE 2-The TCD and FID may be run in series $desired
instead of using an efluent splitter.
N O T E 3-The times listed in this method are f o r
informational purposes only and may vary with changes in
operating parameters.
-1
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cids B
col. 1
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Mol Sebu\
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Gas Sample Oui
Gas Sample In
1
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 G P A STD*228b 95 3 8 2 4 6 9 9 OOL7L7L 809 m
Table I
Natural Gas Components and Range of Components Covered

Peak Conc. Range Peak Conc. Range

Number Component Mol % Number Component Mol %
Oxygen 0.005 - 20 16 1c,2t,4-Trimethylcyclopentane 0.001 - 2
Nitrogen 0.005 - 100
Carbon Dioxide 0.005 - 100 17 lc,2t,3-Trimethylcyclopentane 0.001 - 2
2,3,4-Trimethylpentane
Methane 0.001 - 100
Ethane 0.001 - 100 18 Toluene 0.001 - 2
Hydrogen Sulfide 0.10 - loo 2,3-Dimethylhexane
Propane 0.001 - 100 19 2-Methylheptane 0.001 - 2
Iso-Butane 0.001 - 10 CMethylheptane
n-Butane 0.001 - 10 3-Methylheptane
1 iso-Pentane 0.001 - 5 20 3,4-Dimethylhexane 0.001 - 2
2 n-Pentane 0.001 - 5 1c,2c,4-Trimethylcyclopentane
3 2,Z-Dimethylbutane 0.001 - 5 1c,3-Dimethylcyclohexane
4 2-Methylpentane 0.001 - 5 1t,4-Dimethylcyclohexane
23-Dimethylbutane 21 1.1-Dimethylcyclohexane 0.001 - 2
3-Methylpentane 1-Methyl-cis-3-ethylcyclopentane
5 0.001 - 5
Cyclopentane 1-Methyl-trans-2-ethylcyclopentane
22 1-Methyl- 1-ethylcyclopentane 0.001 - 2
6 n-Hexane 0.001 - 5
Methylcyclopentane n-Octane
23
1t,2-Dimethylcyclohexane
0.001 - 2
2.2-Dimethylpentane
7 2,CDimethylpentane 0.001 - 2 24 1c,2c,3-Trimethylcyclopentane 0.001 - 2
2.2.3-Trimethylbutane 25 1c,2-Dimethylcyclohexane 0.001 - 2
8 Benzene 0.001 - 2 2,s-Dimethylheptane
3.3-Dimethylpentane 26 3,s-Dimethylheptane 0.001 - 2
9 Cyclohexane 0.001 - 2 Ethylbenzene
10 ZMethylhexane 0.001 - 2 1,3-Dimethylbenzene
2,3-Dimethylpentane 27 1,CDimethylbenzene 0.001 - 2
3-Methylhexane 2,3-Dimethylheptane
11 1,l-Dimthylcyclopentane 0.001 - 2 3,4-Dimethylheptane
1t,3-Dimethylcyclopentane 2-Methyloctane
28
3-Methyloctane 0.001 - 2
1c,3-Dimethylcyclopentane 0.001 - 2
12 1t, 2-Dimethylcyclopentane 29 1,2-Dimethylbenzene 0.001 - 2
3-Ethylpentane 30 n-Nonane 0.001 - 2
13 n-Heptane 0.001 - 2 31 Decanes 0.001 - 1
Methylcyclohexane 32 Undecanes 0.001 - 1
14 2,2-Dimethylhexane 0.001 - 2
1,1,3-Trimethylcyclopentane 33 Dodecanes 0.001 -1
Ethylcyclopentane 34 Tridecanes 0.001 - 1
15 2,CDimethylhexane 0.001 - 2 35 Tetradecanes 0.001 - 1
2,5-Dimethylhexane

CAUTION: Peak identification and component groupings are based on the spec@ column arrangement and operating conditions
used in the development of this method.

2.2 An equally acceptable method using a packed column/
capillary system is described in Appendix A. Use of a capillary
column provides a more detailed characterization of the hexanes
plus fraction identifying more individual components than
packed columns.
3. APPARATUS
3.1 Chromatograph-Any gas chromatograph may be used
which has the following specifications:
3.1.1 Detectors-The instrument should be equipped with
thermal conductivity detection and dual flame ionization with
dual electrometers.
3.1.2 Sample Valves-Valves capable of introducing gas
volumes up to 0.5 ml will normally be required. The sample
volume should be reproducible such that successive runs agree
to HIS% of the counts on each component peak.
NOTE &The sample size limitation of 0.5 ml or smaller is
selected with the linearity of detector response and ejjìciency of
the column separation in mind. Larger samples may
occasionally be used to improve measurement accuracy in low
concentration components.
3.1.3 Adsorption Column (Column 1)-This column must
completely separate oxygen, nitrogen and methane by returning
to the baseline after each peak. Figure 2 shows an example
chromatogram obtained using an acceptable adsorption column.

2
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 3.1.5 Extended Analysis Packed Column (Column 3)-This
Column - 12 ft. 13X Mol Sieve
column must separate hydrocarbons, pentane through
Temperature - 60°C tetradecane. Principal components separated are shown in Table
Inlet Pressure - 25 psig I. The column packing must be capable of withstanding
Sample Size - 0.25 cc temperature programming to 170 "C. Figure 4 shows an
Type Detector - Thermal Conductivity
example chromatogram obtained using a suitable extended
Carrier Gas - Helium
analysis column to separate these components.
W
e
c
5 NOTE 7-The preparation of a suitable exfended analysis
P
packed column to perform this separation is described in
Appendix C-3.
3.1.6 Attenuator-The chromatograph should be equipped
with an attenuator to control the signal manually, if needed.
However most modern computing integrators have the ability to
program the attenuation of the signal automatically and this
s procedure is strongly recommended.
.ze c= 3.1.7 Temperature Control-During the iso-thermal part of
o
O the method the analyzer columns shall be maintained at a
A temperature within +0.2"C of the required temperature. The
temperature rise versus time must be checked periodically to
Figure 2 - Separation of Oxygen, Nitrogen and Methane. determine that the program is repeatable. Care should be taken
that the upper limit of the program never exceeds the maximum
NOTE 5-The preparation of a suitable adsorption column recommended temperature limit of the materials used in the
to perform this separation is described in Appendix C.1. column packings.
3.2 Carrier Gas-Pressure reducing and flow control
3.1.4 Partition Column (Column 2)-This column must devices shall provide a flow of helium or other suitable carrier
separate the hydrocarbons methane through pentanes, and non- gas to pass through the chromatographic columns at rates not
hydrocarbons nitrogen andor air, carbon dioxide and hydrogen varying more than +0.5% during the sample and reference
sulfide. All peaks must be completely resolved with a return to standard runs while in the isothermal mode.
baseline following each peak. Figure 3 shows an example
chromatogram obtained using a suitable partition column to 3.3 Recording Instruments-Either strip-chart recorders or
separate these components. electronic integrators with printer-plotters should be used to
display and measure the peaks as they pass through the
NOTE &The preparation of a suitable partition column to detectors. A chromatogram provides an evaluation of instru-
perform this separation is described in Appendix C.2. ment performance during the course of the run.

-
Column Silicone Composite
Temperature - Programmed
60°C - 170°C
Inlet Pressure 50 psig -
Sample Size - 0.25 cc
Type Detector See Fig. 3 -
Carrier Gas - Helium

)c- TCD Signal Plot FID Sional Plot

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 = 3824bîï
~
G P A STDm228b 75
iII I I
3.3.1 .Recorders-Recorders shall be strip-chart types with
a full range scale of 1 mv and a response time of 1 second.
Minimum chart speed is recommended to be 1 cm/min and
maximum speed 10 c d m i n and minimum chart width IO cm.
Figure 4.
3.3.2 Integrator/Computers-Wide range, 0-1 volt/O-IO volt,
with both printing and plotting capabilities, baseline tracking
and tangent skim peak detection. Integratorkomputers should
have sufficient memory to handle the large number of
components and have a minimum of 12 programmable external
event relays.
3.4 Manometer-May be either U-tube type or well type
equipped with an accurately graduated and easily read scale
covering the range O to 900 mm (36 in.) of mercury or larger.
The U-tube type is useful with the GPA Gas Standard, since it
permits filling the sample loop with up to two atmospheres of
sample pressure, thus extending the range of all components.
The well type inherently offers better precision and is preferred
when calibrating with pure components. Samples can be entered
up to one atmosphere of pressure. With either manometer, the
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mm scale can be read more accurately than the inch scale.
Caution should be used in handling mercury because of its toxic
nature. Avoid contact with the skin. Wash thoroughly after any
contact.
NOTE 8-A suggested mangold arrangement for entering
samples to the chromatograph under vacuum is shown in Figure
5.
3.5 Vacuum Pump-Must have the capability of producing
a vacuum of 1 mm of mercury absolute or less.
4
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O O L i L 7 3 b8L
Column - 15 ít. UCL-45
Temperature - Programmed
60°C - 170°C
Inlet Pressure - 80 psig
Sample Size - 0.25 cc
Type Detector - Flame Ionization
Carrier Gas - Helium
4. LINEARITY CHECK PROCEDURE
I
w f
I
4. 1 For any specific chromatograph, the linear range of the
major components of interest must be determined on their
respective detectors. The linear range should be established for
any new chromatograph and re-established whenever the
instrument has undergone a major change (i.e., replaced
detectors, increased sample size, switched column size, or
dramatically modified run parameters).
In order to determine the range of linearity it is necessary to
construct response curves. These may be obtained by charging
varying amounts of sample of each pure component to the
chromatograph and then plotting all the response counts versus
the appropriate partial pressures. Tables II and III show the
range of partial pressures used for the various components.
NOTE 9-To generate pure component data necessary to
construct linearity plots, it is suggested that mini-programs be
written to run just long enough to charge the GC with the
component of interest, elute it from the TCD, and return the
sample value to the load position. This will avoid waiting for the
instrument to proceed through the complete cycle of 35 minutes
before another data point can be determined.
NOTE 10-Dry air can be used f o r the calibration of
oxygen and nitrogen, using composition values of 21.87 mol 96
for oxygen (includes argon which is eluted with oxygen on a
molecular sieve column at these conditions) and 78.08 mol %
for nitrogen.
 G P A STD*228b 95 = 3824699 001717Y 518

Table II TO
Range of Partial Pressures Used to Determine Pure Component -
...- -..
VACLILIM
PUMP
Linearity Response Data on Partition Column (Column 2) by
Thermal Conductivity Detection r;\ VAIVF n n

Partial Pressure Range

Component m m of Mercury
Nitrogen 50 - Atmosphere
Methane 50 - Atmosphere
Carbon Dioxide 50 - Atmosphere
Ethane 50 - Atmosphere
Hydrogen Sulfide* 50 - Atmosphere

T A UTION: Exercise appropriate handling procedures when U II

using pure hydrogen sulfide. See Appendix B-3. W I
Figure 5 - Suggested Manifold Arrangement for Entering
Table III Vacuum Samples.
Range of Partial Pressures Used to Determine Pure Component
Linearity Response Data on Adsorption Column (Column 1) 4.3.3 Record exact partial pressure, operate appropriate gas
by Thermal Conductivity Detection sample valve to place sample on Column 1,
Partial Pressure Range 4.3.4 Repeat steps 4.3.2 and 4.3.3 above at partial pressures
Component mm of Mercury of 100,200, 300,400,500,600,700 and atmospheric pressure in
Oxygen 50 - Atmoshpere mm of mercury absolute (4.0, 8.0, 12.0, 15.5, 19.5, 23.5, 27.5
Nitrogen 50 - Atmoshpere and atmospheric pressure in inches of Hg).
Methane 50 - Atmoshpere
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Carbon Monoxide 20 - 200
Helium 20- 100
NOTE II-Procedures for the calibration and analysis of
helium and carbon monoxidefound by test to meet requirements
of this method are described in Appendix B.
4.2 For each of the components nitrogen, methane, carbon
dioxide, ethane and hydrogen sulfide proceed as follows:
4.2.1 Connect sample source to gas sampling part of
chromatograph. Evacuate manifold system, including sample
loop and check for leaks. (See Figure 5 for suggested manifold
arrangement.) Total system must be vacuum tight.
4.2.2 Carefully open metering valve to admit pure
component up to approximately 50 mm mercury absolute (2 in.
Hg).
4.2.3 Record exact partial pressure, operate appropriate gas
sample valve to place sample onto Column 2.
4.2.4 Repeat steps 4.2.2 and 4.2.3 above at partial
pressures of 100, 200, 300, 400, 500,600, 700 and atmospheric
pressure in mm of mercury (4.0, 8.0, 12.0, 15.5, 19.5,23.5, 27.5
and atmospheric pressure in inches of Hg).
4.3 For each of the compounds oxygen, nitrogen and
methane separated on the adsoption column (Column 1) proceed
as follows:
4.3.1 Connect sample source to gas sampling valve of
chromatograph. Evacuate manifold system, including sample
loop and check for leaks.
4.3.2 Carefully open metering valve to admit pure
component up to approximately 50 mm absolute (2 in. of Hg).
NOTE 12-Dry air can be used f o r the calibration of
oxygen and nitrogen in lieu of the pure components due to the
hazard of handling pure oxygen. The procedure for air is exactly
the same as for pure components (4.3) except that the partial
pressure recorded f o r a i r is allocated proportionately
21.87 mol % to oxygen and 78.08 mol % to nitrogen. Thus, air
sampled at 100 mm mercury absolute yields a point for the
oxygen curve at 21.9 mm of mercury absolute and a point on the
nitrogen curve at 78.1 mm of mercury absolute. Thus, a
complete calibration curve using air to atmospheric pressure
results in a linearig curve for oxygen over the range O to 21.9
mol % and a linearig curve for nitrogen over the range O to
78.1 mol %.
4.4 From experimental data developed in accordance with
4.2, 4.3, response curves shall be prepared in the following
manner:
4.4.1 Determine area counts of all peaks of interest.
4.4.2 Tabulate peak area counts opposite the appropriate
partial pressure used for each calibration run.
4.4.3 Plot the data in 4.4.2. Use rectangular coordinate
paper, the y-axis being partial pressure, the x-axis being peak
area counts. Draw smooth lines through the points plotted for
peak area count and extend down to zero. The linear range will
be that portion from zero to the point at which the plot departs
from a straight line.
5. CALIBRATION PROCEDURE
5.1 The routine method of calibration is to use the response
factor from a gas reference standard of known composition. This
method may be used for those components in an unknown that
lie within the proven linear range for a specific chromatographic
instrument.

5
COPYRIGHT Gas Processors Association (GPA)
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G P A S T D W 2 8 b 95 M 3824699 OOl17l175 454
5.1.1 Connect reference standard gas to gas sampling part
of chromatograph. Evacuate manifold system, including sample
loop and check for leaks.
5.1.2 Carefully open metering valve to admit reference
standard gas up to pressure decided upon for all runs. (See
analytical procedure.)
5.1.3 Record atmospheric pressure and start program to
actuate sample valve to place sample on Column 2.
5.1.4 Determine peak area counts from the TCD and FID
for all components of interest. These data shall be used to
calculate response factors in accordance with section 7.
6. ANALYTICAL PROCEDURE
6.1 General-The full range analysis of a gaseous sample first
requires a run on an adsorption column (Column 1) at isothermal
conditions to determine oxygen, nitrogen and methane. It is
Molecular Sieve Column
TC-Isothermal
TCD (Col. I)
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Methane t Briged in Mol Yo t
- n-Pentane
UCL-45 Column ¡so-Pentane
FID (Col. 3) n-Pentane
2,2-Dimethylbutane
2-Methylpentane
2.3-Dimethylbutane
3-Methylpentane
Cyclopentane
n-Hexane
Methylcyclopentane
2,P-Dimethylpentane
2,4-Dimethylpentane
2.2,3-Trimethylbutane
Benzene
3,3-Dimethylpentane
Cyclohexane
2-Methylhexane
Weight Percent 2,3-Dimethylpentane
3-Methylhexane
1,I -Dimethylcyclopentane
1t,3-Dimethylcyclopentane
1c,3-Dimethylcyclopentane
1t,2-Dimethylcyclopentane
3-Ethylpentane
n-Heptane
Methylcyclohexane
2.2-Dimethylhexane
1,I ,3-Tnmethylcyclopentane
Ethylcyclopentane
2.4-Dimethylhexane
2,5-Dimethylhexane
1c,2t,4-Trimethylcyclopentane
1c,2t,3-Tnmethylcyclopentane
2,3,4-Tnmethylpentane
Toluene
- 2.3-Dimethylhexane
Figure 6 - Calculation Procedure.
NOTE 13-Bridge FID (Col. 3) in weight % to FID (Col. 2). Convert both data columns to moles and then bridge to TCD (Col.
2 al). (See 7.2)
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suggested that a temperature of 60°C be used in conjunction
with thermal conductivity detection for this section of the
analysis. In about three minutes, methane will have eluted from
side A of the TC cell and the program should rotate the eight
port routing valve (V3) so causing Column 1 to be placed in the
back flush mode. The remaining components will now exit from
the system through side B. This now places Column 2 in series
with side A of the TC cell. At the same time as valve (V3) is
rotated, both V1 and V2 sampling valves should automatically
be moved to the sample "load" position. (A schematic flow
diagram of this procedure is shown in Figure 6.)
Evacuate V1 and V2 and then fill with fresh sample using
the manifold arrangement shown in Figure 5. This pari of the
procedure must be carried out in approximately four minutes
which is the period of time needed to complete the back-flushing
of Column 1. The program has now reached an elapsed time of
seven minutes. At this point V1 is rotated and a sample now
passes into Column 2. Meanwhile the oven temperature still
Silicone Comoosite Column
TCIFID Split Effluent
Part isothermal - part temperature programmed
TCD (Coi. 2) FID (Coi. 2)
-
Nitrogen (Air Free)
Methane c Briged in Mol % c Methane
-
Carbon Dioxide
- Ethane
Hydrogen Sulfide - In Weight Percent
Propane - Converted to
¡so-Butane Mol Relationship
n-Butane
¡so-Pentane
+ Briged in Weight % +
YCL-45 Column 2-Methylheptane
FID (Col. 3) 4-Methylheptane
3-Methylheptane
3,4-Dimethylhexane
1~,2~,4-Trimethylcyclopentane
1c,3-Dimethylcyclohexane
1t,4-Dimethylcyclohexane
1,l -Dimethylcyclohexane
1-Methyl-cis-3-ethylcyclopentane
1-Methyl-trans-2-ethylcyclopentane
1-Methyl-1-ethylcyclopentane
n-Octane
1t,2-Dimethylcyclohexane
1c,2~,3-Trimethylcyclopentane
Weight Percent - Ic,2-Dimethylcyclohexane
2,5-Dimethylheptane
3.5-Dimethylheptane
Ethylbenzene
1,3-Dimethylbenzene
1,4-Dimethylbenzene
2,3-Dirnethylheptane
3.4-Dimethylheptane
2-Methyloctane
3-Methyloctane
1,2-Dimethylbenzene
n-Nonane
Decanes
Undecanes
Dodecanes
Tridecanes
Tetradecanes
6
I G P A STD*228b 95 3824699 00LïLïb 390

remains at 60°C isothermal. Components leave Column 2 in the
following order - inerts, methane, carbon dioxide, ethane and
hydrogen sulfide, as shown in Figure 3, and pass through the
effluent splitter. Suggested split ratio is one part to the hydrogen
flame detector, three parts to the themal conductivity detector.
At an elapsed time of 11 minutes, or after four minutes in
Column 2, V2 is automatically rotated and a sample is charged
to Column 3 that separates the components iso-pentane through
tetra-decanes. At 14 minutes elapsed time the hydrogen sulfide
will have cleared the TC cell and been integrated, and the TC
detection part of the analysis is completed.
At this time the oven temperature heating program
commences and adds heat at approximately 2û°C per minute,
reaching the final temperamre of 170°C at approximately 20
minutes elapsed time. Meanwhile, Column 3 is analyzing the
higher than any expected sampling temperature. This includes
any gas filter that may be in use in the charging line to the GC
and also any tubing and connections that may be inside the
chromatograph but not inside the oven. The purpose of this is to
ensure îhat the gas shall not be allowed to drop below its dew
point and shall be representative of the gas that was sampled.
NOTE 14-To be sure of representative samples in the
field, select appropriate sampling method from GPA Publication
2166.
Table IV
Example of Response Factors Determined from Reference
Síandard and Pure Components by Thermal Conductivity
component Mol % Response Factor
oxrsen 2.73
17795
= 0.W1534

heavy ends of the sample and detecting components on the

second hydrogen flame detector (FID 2) and yielding a
chromatogram as shown in Figure 4. At 23 minutes elapsed time
I
Nitrogen

Methane (Mol Sieve)

29.282
252925
69.97
= o.Ooo1158

= 0.0001405
498116
the propane, iso- and normal butanes and iso- and normal
52.42 = 0.00003919
pentanes have eluted from Column 2 and have been detected on Methane ( S i i i iComposite)
1337500
FID 1 (Figure 3). At this point the program causes V3 to rotate 7.37
so back-flushing the hexanes plus to the atmosphere via the TC Carbon Dioxide = 0.00OûZ630
280215
cell, and also returns both V1 and V2 to the sample "load"
position. After two more minutes (25 minutes elapsed time)
Hydrogen Culide -
2.5 = 0.00002857
87500
tetradecane has cleared FiD 2 and the oven is switched to the
"cool down" mode. Ten more minutes (35 minutes of elapsed 6.2.1 Evacuate charging system, including sample loop,
time) and the system is now equiiibriated at 6O"C, ail valves are back to the valve on sample cylinder to 1 mm of mercury
back to the starting position of the cycle and a new sample may absolute or less. Close valve to vacuum source and carefully
be charged to the system. meter gas from sample cylinder into charging system until
sample loop is filled at the selected pressure as indicated on the
Response factors from natural gas reference standards used manometer. The chromatograph is now ready to start the
in conjunction with response curves derived from pure analysis procedure outlined in Section 6.1.
components as discussed in Sections 4 and 5 of this method are
essential to accurately determine the composition of an unknown 7. CALCULATIONS
gas sample. Care must be maintained to ensure that identical 7.1 Response factors are calculated for each component
instrument operating conditions exist during the running of the from nitrogen through normal pentane using the peak area
gas standard and the unknown. As long as this stipulation is met counts of the reference standard. The appropriate moi or weight
numerous samples can be analyzed using a single gas reference percent of each component is used depending upon whether the
standard run. If the sample volumes are measured at atmospheric peak is taken from the TC cell or the FID.(Examples are shown
pressure the operator is at the mercy of the day-to-day variations in Tables IV and V.) The response factors are calculated by the
in barometric pressure resulting in poor, unnormalized totals following formula:
(see Note 15-Calculations). It is suggested that the operator Table V
always charge a consistent partiai pressure of 400 mm pressure Example of Response Factors Determined from Reference
to the sample loop using the manifold arrangement discussed Standard by FID
earlier-Figure 5 . This procedure will remove the effect of
fluctuating barometric pressure and make sure that the GC Compooent Weight % Responce Factor
receives a representative sample, particularly when the gas is Methane
47.69
= 0.00000688
rich in heavy ends and has been sampled from a high 6926850
temperature source. If a component concentration falls outside Ethane 11.89 = 0.00000712
the established linear range of that component, reduce the 1670658

sample volume so that all components stay in the linear range. ProPane
11.32
= 0.00000732
1547536
One response factor can then be used for all concentrations of
that component. Ico-BUtane 7.46 = 0.00000810
919943
6.2 Preparation and Introduction of Sample-If field data n-8utane
7.28
= 0.00000806
indicate the gas sample was taken at a temperature greater than 902966
that of the laboratory, the sample must be heated to at least 20°F iso-Pentane
3.04 = 0.00000893
above the sampling temperature. It is recommended that ail lines 340424
connecting the sample to the GC be made of stainless steel and Mentane 3.06 = 0.00000899
that these lines should be permanenrly heated to a tempemure 340528

7
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 M (or W) by TC from the following formula:
Where K =
P M=PxK
K - Response factor on either mol or weight basis
Where
M - Mol percent of component in reference standard
M -Mol percent of component in unknown
W - Weight percent of component in reference standard
P - Integrator area counts of component in reference
P - Peak area counts of each component in unknown
standard K - Molar response factor as determined in 7.1
Table VI
NOTE 15-Some integrators determine a response factor
Example of Relative Sensitivity Values Determined from Liquid
Blend by Flame Ionization Detector
(as Described in 7.2)
Be sure to use the approach that is consistent with your Component Relative Sensitivity
integration equipment. ¡soPentane 1.o0
n-Pentane 1.o0
2,2-Dirnethylbutane 0.99
7.2 Response factors for a flame ionization detector from 2-Methylpntane 0.99
C5 to C, can be determined relative to the response of pentane 2,3-Dimethylbutane 0.98
3-Methylpentane 0.98
by analyzing a liquid blend of aliphatic, aromatic, and Cyclopntane 0.98
naphthenic hydrocarbons from C5 to C,. (Examples of relative n-Hexane 0.99
Methylcyclopentane 0.97
sensitivity values for the FID are shown in Table VI.) Weight 2,2-Dmethylpentane 0.98
sensitivities relative to i-Cs and n-Cs for the above components 2,4-Dmthylpentane 0.98
2,2,3-Tnmethylbutane 0.98
are very close to 1.o0so making peak area percent almost equal Benzene 1.O7
3,3-Dimethylpentane 0.96
to weight percent.l Each area count is divided by the relative Cyclohexane 0.97
sensitivity for that particular component to convert to the true 2-Methylhexane 0.96
2.3-Dimethylpentane 0.96
weight distribution in counts. This distribution is then connected 3-Methylhexane 0.96
to the Cl through Cs unnormalized weight percent distribution 1.l-Dimethylcyclopentane 0.97
11,3-Dimethylcyclopentane 0.97
by the bridge components iCs and nCs and an unnormalized 1c,3-Dimethylcyclopentane 0.97
weight percent for the components C6 to C, may then be 1t ,2-Dimethylcyclopentane 0.97
3-Ethylpentane 0.96
calculated. Both of these parts of the analysis may then be n-Heptane 0.96
converted to a mole relationship by dividing by the molecular Methylcyclohexane 0.97
2,2-Dimethylhexane 0.93
weight. The non-hydrocarbons oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide 1,1,3-Trimethylcyclopentane 0.94
and hydrogen sulfide which have been analyzed on the TC side Ethylcyclopentane 0.97
2.4-Dimethylhexane 0.93
of the system are then added to the rest of the analysis using the 2.5-Dimethylhexane 0.93
1c,21,4-Trimethylcyclopentane 0.97
bridge component methane. (See Figure 6.) The unnormalized 1c,21,3-Trimethylcyclopentane 0.97
total of all the components analyzed should be within fl.O% of 2.3.4-Trimethylpentane 0.93
Toluene 1.o2
100.00%.Any air is now removed from the analysis based on 2.3-Dimethylhexane 0.93
the oxygen percent and the results may be normalized to an air 2-Methylheptane 0.93
4-Methylheptane 0.93
free basis. (See Table VIL) 3-Methylheptane 0.93
3,4-Dimethylhexane 0.93
7.2.1 Response factors for the liquid blend C5 to C, are 1~,2~,4-Trimethylcyclopentane 0.97
1c.3-Dimethylcyclohexane 0.97
calculated by the following formula: 1t.4-Dimethylcyclohexane 0.97
1.1-Dimethylcyclohexane 0.97
K= -W 1-Methyl-cis-3-ethylcyclopentane 0.97
P 1-Methyl-trans-2-ethyIcyclopentane 0.97
1-Methyl-14hylcyclopentane 0.97
Where n-Octane 0.93
11.2-Dimethylcyclohexane 0.97
K - Weight response factor 1c.2c.3-Trimethylcyclopentane 0.97
1c,2-Dimethylcyclohexe 0.97
W -Weight percent of component in liquid blend 2,5-Dimethylheptane 0.93
3,5-Dimethylheptane 0.93
//^:^^#^~^^""~:""~#*^~@^"#:$@""~^"~"~:~:^::#^^*^~@^~:\\

P - Peak area counts of component in liquid blend Ethylbenzene 0.99

1,3-Dirnethylbenzene 0.98
7.2.2 Calculate the weight concentration of all the 1,4-Dimethylbenzene 0.98
2,3-Dimethylheptane 0.94
components in unknown determined by FID in 7.1 and 7.2 by 3,4-Dimethylheptane 0.94
2-Methyloctane 0.94
the following formula: 3-Methyloctane 0.94
1,2-Dimethylbenzene 0.98
W=PxK n-Nonane 0.94
Decanes 0.95
Where Undecanes 0.94
Dodecanes 0.95
W - Weight percent of component in unknown Tridecanes 0.95
P - Peak area counts of component in unknown Tetradecanes 0.95

K - Weight response factor as determined in 7.1 or 7.2.1

7.2.3 Calculate the moi % of oxygen, nitrogen, methane, NOTE Z6-Each area count is divided by the relative
carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide in unknown as determined sensitivity vahe to get the true area count.1
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G P A STD*<228b 95 3824699 O O L ï L ï 8 L b 3

Table VI1
Calculation of Unknown Sample using Response Factors
-
Adsorption Column Thermal Conductivity Detection
für Containing Air Containing Air Free Air Free
Response Unnormalized Corrected Mol % Corrected Mol Yo Mol %
Comoonent Counts Factor Mol % (Unnormalized) Wnnormalized) (Normalized)
Oxygen 210 0.0001534 0.032 0.032
Nitrogen 237928 0.0001 158 27.545 27.545 27.429 27.435
Methane 378759 0.0001405 53.21 5 53.21 5 53.215 53.225

-
Composite Silicone Column Thermal Conductivity Detection
Air Containing Air Free Air Free
Response Unnormalized Corrected Mol YO Corrected Mol Yo Mol %
Component counts Factor Mol % (Unnormalized) (Unnormalized) (Normalized)
Methane 1351682 0.00003919 52.972 53.21 5 53.21 5
Carbon Dioxide 240863 0.00002630 6.335 6.364 6.364 6.365
Hydrogen Sulfide 98732 0.00002857 2.821 2.834 2.834 2.835

-
Composite Silicone Column Flame ionization Detection
Air Containing Air Free Air Free
Response Unnormalized Corrected Mol % Corrected Mol Yo MOI%
Component Counts Factor Weight % Mol wt. Mdes (Unnormalized) (Unnormalized) (Normalized]
Methane 5322628 0.00000688 36.620' 16.04 2.28304 53.215 53.215
Ethane 849288 0.00000712 6.047' 30.07 0.201 10 4.687 4.687 4.688
Propane 596340 0.00000732 4.365' 44.09 0.09900 2.308 2.308 2.309
iso-Butane 228233 0.00000810 1.849' 58.12 0.031 81 0.742 0.742 0.742
n-Butane 286869 0.00000806 2.312' 58.12 0.03978 0.927 0.927 0.927
iso-Pentane 135164 0.00000893 1.207 72.15 0.01673 0.390 0.390 0.390
n-Pentane 104274 0.00000899 0.937' 7215 0.01299 0.303 0.303 0.303

-
Silicone UCL-45 Column Flame ionization Detection
Air Containing Air Free Air Free
Relative Corrected Unnormalized Corrected Mol % Corrected Moi Yo Mol %
Component Counts Sensitivitv Counts Weipht % Mol Wt. Moles (Unnormalized) (Unnormalized) (Normalized
iso-Pentane 332181 1.o0 332181 1.207
n-Pentane 268065 1.o0 268065 0.937
2,2-Dimethyibutane 18200 0.99 18384 0.066* 86.1 8 0.00077 0.01 8 0.01 8 0.018
2-Methylpentane 93830 0.99 94778 0.339' 86.18 0.00393 0.092 0.092 0.092
2,3-Dimethylbutane
3-Methylpentane 64900 0.98 66224 0.237' 78.16 0.00303 0.071 0.071 0.071
Cyclopentane
N-Hexane 145200 0.99 146667 0.524' 86.18 0.00608 O. 142 0.142 0.142
Methylcyclopentane
2,2-Dimethyipentane
33916 0.98 34608 0.124' 85.76 0.00145 0.034 0.034 0.034
2,4-dimethyl pentane
2.2.3-Trimethylbutane
Benzene 20550 1.O6 19387 0.069' 80.31 0.00086 0.020 0.020 0.020
3,SDimethyipentane
Cyclohexane 11352 0.97 11703 0.042' 84.16 0.00050 0.01 2 0.012 0.012
2-Methylhexane 16190 0.96 16865 0.060' 100.20 0.00060 0.014 0.014 0.014
2,3-Dirnethylpentane
3-Methylhexane
8250 0.96 8594 0.031' 99.76 0.00031 0.007 0.007 0.007
1,l -Dimethylcyclopentane
1t,3-Dimethylcyclopentane
1c,3-Dimethyicyclopentane
15110 0.97 15577 0.056' 98.19 0.00057 0.013 0.013 0.013
1t,2-Dimethylcyclopentane
3-Ethylpentane
n-Heptane 101176 0.96 105392 0.376' 100.20 0.00375 0.087 0.087 0.087
Methyicyclohexane
2,2-Dimethyl hexane 21448 0.96 22342 0.080' 99.78 0.00080 0.01 9 0.019 0.019
1.1,3-Tnrnethylcyclopentane
Ethyicyclopentane
2,4-Dimethylhexane 7982 0.94 8492 0.030' 110.22 0.00027 0.006 0.006 0.006
2,BDimethyl hexane
1c,2t,4-Tnmethylcyclopentane 4940 0.97 5093 0.018' 112.22 0.0001 6 0.004 0.004 0.004

9
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 G P A STDa228b 95 m 3824699 OOL7L79 OTT m
Table VI1 - Continued

-
Silicone UCL-45 Column Flame Ionization Detection
Air Containing Air Free Air Free
Relative Corrected Unnormalized Corrected Mol % Corrected Mol % Mol %
Component Counts Sensitivity Counts Weight % Mol Wt. Moles (Unnormalized) . .(Unnormalized) (Normalized)

lc,2t,3-Trimethyicyclopentane 5420
0.97 5588 0.020' 113.22 0.00018 0.004 0.004 0.004
2,3,4-Trimethylpentane
Toluene 34318 1.o2 33645 o. 120* 92.1 3 0.00130 0.030 0.030 0.030
2,3-Dimethylhexane
2-Methylheptane 15722 0.93 16905 0.060* 114.23 0.00053 0.012 0.012 0.012
4-Methylheptane
3-Meth ylheptane
3,4-Dimethylhexane 5249 0.93 5644 0.020* 114.23 0.00018 0.004 0.004 0.004
1c,2~,4-Trimethylcyclopentane
1c,3-Dimethylcyclohexane
10651 0.97 10980 0.039' 112.21 0.00035 0.008 ' 0.008 0.008
1t,4--Dimethylcyclohexane
1-1-Dimethylcyclohexane
1-Methyl-cis-3-ethylcyclopentane
I I .
1-Methvl-Trans-2-ethvlcvclo~entane 2252 0.97 2322 0.008' 112.21 0.00007 0.002 0.002 0.002
1-Meth;l-l -ethylcyclopentane
n-Octane
43566 0.93 46845 0.167' 114.23 0.00146 0.034 0.034 0.034
1t,2-Dimethylcyclohexane
1c,2~,3-Trimethylcyclopentane 1453 0.97 1498 0.005' 112.21 0.00005 0.001 0.001 0.001
1c,2-Dimethylcyclohexane 2251 0.97 2321 0.008' 112.21 0.00007 0.002 0.002 0.002
2,5-Dimethylheptane
10519 0.93 11311 0.040" 128.25 0.00031 0.007 0.007 0.007
3,5-Dimethylheptane
Ethylbenzene
1,3-Dimethylbenzene
1,4-Dirnethylbenzene 35740 0.96 37229 0.133' 117.23 0.001 14 0.027 0.027 0.027
2,3-Dimethylheptane
3P-Dimethylheptane
2-Methyloctane
15482 0.94 16470 0.059" 128.25 0.00046 0.01 1 0.01 1 0.01 1
3-Methyloctane
1,2-Dimethylbenzene 10251 0.98 10460 0.037* 106.16 0.00035 0.008 0.008 0.008
n-Nonane 30120 0.94 32043 0.1 15' 128.25 0.00090 0.021 0.021 0.021
Decanes 63980 0.95 67347 0.241' 142.28 0.00169 0.039 0.039 0.039
Undecanes plus 56871 0.94 60501 0.216' 156.30 0.00138 0.032 0.032 0.032
100.128' 99.980 100.000

*NOTE 17-if all components are measured, the unnomlized total should not vary more than & 1.00%from 100.00%.

APPENDIX A acterization of this fraction as shown in Figure A-I. For

Supplementary Procedures convenience of calculation, some peak groupings are made
according to hydrocarbon type to produce Table A-II for
A. 1 Extended Analysis by Capillary Gas Chromatography calculating the physical properties of gaseous mixtures.
Table A-I
//^:^^#^~^^""~:""~#*^~@^"#:$@""~^"~"~:~:^::#^^*^~@^~:\\
A.l.l Scope-This method covers the determination of the
chemical composition of natural gas by combining the analysis GPA Standard 2261
described in GPA Standard 2261 with an extended analysis of 1. Hexanes and heavier
the hexanes and heavier components using capillary gas 2. Nitrogen
chromatography. Table A-I and Table A-II name the individual 3. Methane
4. Carbon Dioxide
or grouping of components for GPA Standard 2261 and 5. Ethane
Extended Analysis respectively. 6. Propane
7. Ico-butane
A.1.2 Summary of Method-An analysis of a gaseous 8. nButane
mixture is made according to GPA Standard 2261 except results 9. Iso-pentane
are reported to three places to the right of the decimal for more 10. n-Pentane
accurate normalization of the combined data. On the same
gaseous mixture, an analysis is made on the iso-pentane and The two analyses are combined into a simple report using
heavier fraction by capillary gas chromatography. The latter the common peaks iso-pentane and normal pentane in each
analysis provides essentially an individual component char- analysis as the bridge to correctly adjust the peak areas of the

10
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components shown in Table A-II to the same sample size as the A.2.4 Capillary Column-A 60 meter x 0.26 mm ID fused
components of Table A-I. The peak areas of Table A-II are then silica capillary coated with a 1.O micron film thickness of DB- 1
converted to molar response using response factors (if needed) has been found by experiment to be suitable for this analysis.
and molecular weight factors relative to pentane. These
converted areas are calculated to mol percent relative to the total A.2.5 Integratorkomputer-Wide range, O- 1 VIO-10 V, with
mol percent of pentanes determined by GPA Standard 2261. both printing and plotting capabilities, baseline tracking, and
Peaks 2 through 10 in Table A-I are summed with peaks 1 1 tangent skim peak detection.
through 33 in Table A-II and normalized to 1OO.ooO%. A.2.6 Carrier Gas-The sensitive flame ionization detector
Table A-II requires hydrocarbon free carrier gas. Chromatographic grade
Capillary Extended Analysis helium (99.998% pure) has proven satisfactory for this analysis.
9. Iso-pentane A.2.7 Pressure Reducing a n d Flow Control
10. n-Pentane
Devices-Upstream restrictions such as flow controllers are not
11. Neohexane
12. 2-Methylpentane permitted when using inlet sample splitters. Column inlet
13. 3-Methylpentane pressures should remain constant during splitting and the period
14. n-Hexane of analysis.
15. Methylcyclopentane
16. Benzene
A.3 Preliminary Preparations
17. Cyclohexane
18. 2-Methylhexane
19. 3-Methylhexane A.3.1 Hydrocarbon Test Blend-Prepare a gravimetric stan-
20. Dimethylcyclopentanes dard of n-hexane, n-octane, n-decane and n-dodecane using
21. n-Heptane >98% purity of the pure hydrocarbons. Weigh accurately
22. Methylcyclohexane approximately 1 gram of each hydrocarbon into a narrow mouth
23. Tnmethylcyclopentanes
24. Toluene 4 ounce bottle followed by approximately 96 grams of hexane-
25. 2-Methylheptane free n-pentane. Cap the bottle tight and keep refrigerated except
26. 3-Methylheptane during use. From the recorded weights calculate the exact
27. Dimethylcyclohexanes concentration of the hydrocarbons in the blend.
28. n-Octane
29. C, Aromatics
A.3.2 Instrument Conditions-The capillary instrument
30. C, Naphthenes
should be installed according to the manufacturer's instructions,
31. C, Paraffins
including installation of the capillary column and inlet splitter
32. n-Nonane
33. Decanes and heavier
system. Parameters to be recorded for the operation file include:

Hydrogen Press., psig (15-30) (Nominal Range)

A.2 Apparatus
Air Press., psig (40-60) (Nominal Range)
A.2.1 Apparatus description includes only that additional Carrier Gas Press., psig (40-60) (Nominal Range)
apparatus required for a capillary gas chromatography system. Initial Temperature 30°C for 3.0 min.
Reference should be made to GPA Standard 2261 for
Temperature Program 6"C/min. for 20.0 min.
information on apparatus requirements.
Final Hold 150°C for 1 min.
A.2.2 Chromatograph-The chromatograph must be equip- Inlet Splitter Temp. 175°C
ped with flame ionization detector, temperature programming Detector Temperature 175°C
that includes settable initial and final constant temperature
Split Ratio 1:400 (nominal)
periods, and settable temperature programming rates over the
range of 2 - 10°C per minute; inlet splitter in heated zone; small NOTE A-2-Before the capillary column is inserted into the
volume capillary connectors at inlet splitter and detector inlet to detector inlet, the carrier gas flow through this column should
allow proper location of capillary column ends in inlet splitter be measured at 30"C, using a soap bubble meter or similar
and detector inlet, and provision for makeup gas at detector inlet technique to measure flow as a function of time. A t 30"C,
if detector manifold design requires such gas. establish a flow of 1.8-2.0 cc/minute by adjusting the column
A.2.3 Sample Inlet System-A gas sampling valve must be inlet pressure up or down until the desiredflow rate is achieved.
provided to introduce about 2 cc of sample gas into the inlet
splitter. The gas sampling valve should be mounted in its own A.3.3 Setting Split Ratio-Connect a reference gas to the
temperature controlled oven capable of being maintained at 20- sample inlet system and with splitter set near 1 :200. inject a 2 cc
50°F above the highest expected field sampling temperature. sample of gas and record the ¡so- and normal pentane peaks on
scale. Repeat the above step at a ratio of 1:300, record the
NOTE A-1-A vacuum sample entry system, such a s pentane peaks and observe whether the resolution has improved.
described in GPA Standard 2261, can be used to avoid heating Repeat this step and increase the split ratios until no visual
the sample valve. For example, a 5 cc sample loop filled to 300 resolution differences are observed for these two peaks. Select
mm partial pressure would provide the approximate 2 cc of gas the smallest split ratio that exhibits the best resolution for this
for analysis. The 300 mrn partial pressure would greatly reduce operating parameter.
the possibility of condensation of heavier sample components,

11
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A.3.4 Sample Discrimination Check-Using a microliter
syringe, inject 1.0 microliter of the blend prepared in A.3.1,
using the split ratio parameter determined in A.3.3 and the
temperature program parameters detailed in A.3.2. Record the
peak retention times and peak areas. For the blend components
used, the flame ionization detector responds relative to mass
(weight), therefore since the same mass of each of the four
components was injected, the area under the individual peaks
should be very close to the same value. If not, adjust inlet splitter
temperature upward and repeat test until the four peak areas
agree to within f l % relative.
NOTE A-3-This blend can be used f o r guidance in
adjusting instrumentparameters for optimum analysis time since
n-decane is usually the last significant component in natural
gas.
A.4 Analysis Procedure
A.4.1 Make an analysis on the unknown gas according to
GPA Standard 2261. If this analysis is made at 120'C or above,
record the unnormalized mol percent values for nitrogen through
n-butane, the peak areas and unnormalized mol percent for iso-
and normal pentane, and the peak area for hexanes and heavier.
For an analysis made below 120'C, do not record the peak area
for hexanes and heavier.
NOTE A-4-At temperatures above 120"C, the GPA
Standard 2261 is expected to measure all of the hexanes and
heavier components. This may not be the case for lower column
temperatures.
A.4.2 Connect the unknown gas to the sample inlet system
of the capillary gas chromatograph and inject about 2 cc of gas.
Record the peak areas, beginning with iso- and normal pentane,
of the heavier peaks in the sample. A typical chromatogram of a
capillary column separation is shown in Figure A-I.
-+\
Figure A-I - Natural Gas Residue by Capillary Gas Chromatography.
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A S Calculations
A.5.1 Assemble Peak Areas for Table A-II by appropriately
grouping like hydrocarbon types of the same molecular weight
into a single area for inclusion in Table A-II. Figure A-I has
every peak labeled with its corresponding location in Table A-II.
A.5.2 GPA Standard 2261 above 120' C-Areas in Table A-
Ii heavier than n-pentane are normalized to 100%. The normal-
ized area percent of each Table A-II component is multiplied by
the total area of hexanes and heavier from GPA Standard 2261
(Table A-I). This correctly distributes the total hexanes and
heavier area of GPA Standard 2261 (Table A-I) according to the
components named in Table A-II. Next the areas in Table A-II
are calculated to mol percent as follows:
AcxMsxRn)
C n = ( (As x Mc)
Where
Cn = Mol percent of component n
Ac = Peak area of component n
As = Peak area of iso- and normal pentane
Cs = Mol percent of iso- and normal pentane
Mc = Molecular weight of component n
Ms = Molecular weight of iso- and normal pentane
Rn = Flame ionization response factor for component n (if
needed)
NOTE A-5-Flame ionization response factors are significant
for benzene and toluene. These are also significant components
in natural gas residues. For this method the response factor
(multiplying factor) for benzene is assumed to be 0.928 and for
toluene 0.972. All remaining components in Table A-I have
assumed response factors relative to iso-and normal pentane
having responsefactors of 1.000. (Refer to Table VI, main text.)
Time - Minutes
12
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 - ~ ~

G P A STD*:228b 95 3824699 0017182 b 9 4

Table A-III Table A-IV

Example Calculations (above 120°C) Example Calculations (below 120°C)
TABLE A-I TABLE A4
Area Unnorm. Norm. Area
- Unnorm. Norm.
Mol % Mol % Mol % Mol %
1. 4400 4.031 4.012 1.
2. 71.456 71.129 2. 4.031 4.012
3. 1.O62 1.O57 3. 71.456 71.129
4. 9.843 9.797 4. 1.O62 1.O57
5. 5.462 5.437 5. 9.843 9.797
6. 2.998 2.984 6. 5.462 5.437
7. 3.014 3.000 7. 2.998 2.984
8. 1.012 1.O07 8. 3.01 4 3.000
9. 5500 ,921 .SI 7 9. 5500 1.012 1.O07
10. 5000 10. 5000 .921 .917

TABLE A-Il TABLE A-Il

Area
- Nom. x Area(1) Apportioned crl x A-I (9)(10) Adjusted for crl
Area % Area (1)
- A-Il (9)(10) Sample Size
9. 9. 186700
1o. 10. 167900
11. 600 .397 4400 17.468 .O03 .O03 11. 600 .O2961 17.766 .O03 .003
12. 18500 12.229 538.076 .O83 .o83 12. 18500 547.785 .O84 .084
13. 14250 9.41 9 414.436 .O64 .o64 13. 14250 421.942 .O65 .065
14. 21350 14.113 620.972 .O96 .O96 14. 21350 632.1 74 .O97 .097
15. 15600 10.312 453.728 .O72 .O72 15. 15600 461.816 .O73 .073
16. 9500 6.280 276.320 .O42 .O42 16. 9500 281.295 .O43 .o43
17. 17890 11.826 520.344 .O82 .O82 17. 17890 529.723 .O84 .o84
18. 6500 4.297 189.068 .O25 .O25 18. 6500 192.465 .O25 .025
19. 6450 4.263 187.572 .O25 .O25 19. 6450 190.984 .O25 .025
20. 7540 4.984 219.296 .O29 .O29 20. 7540 223.259 .O30 .O30
21. 11840 7.826 344.344 .o45 .O45 21. 11840 350.582 .O47 ,047
22. 10560 6.980 307.120 .O41 .O41 22. 10560 312.682 .O42 .042
23. 1200 .793 34.892 .O04 .o04 23. 1200 35.532 .O04 .004
24. 4560 3.014 132.616 .O18 .O18 24. 4560 135.022 .O18 .o18
25. 1100 .727 31.988 .O04 .o04 25. 1100 32.571 .O04 .004
26. 905 .598 26.316 .O03 .o03 26. 905 26.970 .O03 .003
27. 1360 .a99 39.556 .O05 .o05 27. 1360 40.269 .O05 .005
28. 826 ,546 24.024 .O03 .O03 28. 826 24.458 .O03 .003
29. 425 .281 12.364 .o01 .o01 29. 425 12.584 .o01 ,001
30. 100 .O66 2.904 <.o01 c.001 30. 100 2.961 <.o01 <.001
31. 100 .O66 2.904 c.001 <.o01 31. 100 2.961 <.o01 <.001
32. 75 .O49 2.156 c.001 c.001 32. 75 2.221 <.o01 c.001
33. 50 .O33 1.452 c.001 <.o01 33. 50 1.480 <.o01 c.001
___-
151281 100.000 4400.000 100.450 100.000 151281 4479.502 100.455 100.000

A.5.3 The mol percent from the individual components APPENDIX B

from A.5.2 are summed with the n-pentane and lighter
components from GPA Standard 2261 (Table A-I) and
normalized to 100.000%.An example calculation is shown in
Table A-III.
A.5.4 GPA Standard 2261 below 120°C- The summed
areas of is0 and normal pentane in Table A-II are divided
into the summed areas of is0 and normal pentane of Table A-I
to produce a multiplying factor to convert the component
areas of Table A-II to the same sample size as used in GPA
Standard 2261 (Table A-I). These adjusted areas are calcula-ted
to mol % in exactly the same manner as described in A.5.2.
These mol % data are summed into the n-pentane and lighter
data from GPA Standard 2261 and the combined data is
normalized to lOO.ooO%. An example calculation is shown in
Table A-IV.
B. 1 Determination of Carbon Monoxide-This component is
encountered in association with oxygen, nitrogen, carbon
dioxide and the conventional hydrocarbons in the effluent
streams from combustion processes such as insitu combustion,
manufactured gas, and many varied types of stack gas. A 10 ft.
molecular sieve 5A column, 100/120 mesh substituted for the
adsorption column shown in 3.1.3 of the main text, will
determine carbon monoxide since it elutes shortly after methane.
If a calibration gas is available containing carbon monoxide,
obtain a response factor as for methane on the molecular sieve
column. However, should a gas blend not be available, a
calibration curve should be developed using pure carbon
monoxide to determine the extent of the nonlinearity, if present.
B.2 Determination of Hydrogen and Helium-If hydrogen is to
be separated from helium, a 40 ft. molecular sieve 13X column

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 GPA STDx2286 95 M 3824699 QOLïL83 520 M
30# nitrogen carrier
40°C even
1/2 cc. loop
250 m.a.
40-foot mol sieve 13X
(1/8- inch col.)
Thermal conductivitydetection
I I
O 1 2 3
Tima, minules
~~
Figure B-1-Separation of Helium and Hydrogen.
using nitrogen or argon as a carrier gas may be used (Figure
B-1). Low temperature, 40°C or less, is necessary to effect this
separation.
When helium is used as a carrier gas and hydrogen is
present, hydrogen will elute on the standard molecular sieve
column just before oxygen. It will also be noted that a low
percentage recovery is obtained in the case where helium is
present in the unknown gas indicating the need for a separate
helium determination on the long 40 ft. (12 meters) molecular
sieve 13X column. If a calibration gas blend is available
containing hydrogen and helium, it should be used to obtain
response factors. However, this not being the case, the pure
components, hydrogen and helium, may be used to develop
response curves in the manner set forth in section 4.3, main text.
B.3 Determination of Hydrogen Sulfide
As indicated earlier in this text, to determine the hydrogen
sulfide content of a gas accurately, analyses should be made at
the sample source. However, in the case where a field analysis
has not been made and although corrosion of the sample bottle
may have resulted in some loss of hydrogen sulfide, an analysis
of the in-place component may be made by gas chromatography.
It is necessary to charge a sample of pure hydrogen sulfide to the
column prior to charging the unknown gas. As soon as the pure
hydrogen sulfide has cleared the column, the unknown gas
should be charged. (All calibrations should be done the same
way, that is, each partial pressure charge of pure hydrogen
sulfide must be preceded by a full sample loop of pure hydrogen
sulfide.)
A column that has proved satisfactory for this type of
analysis is the Silicone 200-500 column. It is most convenient
since this is the recommended column for analyzing the
hydrocarbons in natural gas. Hydrogen sulfide elutes between
ethane and propane with good resolution. Extreme care must be
taken when working with hydrogen sulfide due to the very toxic
nature of the gas. The best ventilation possible must be
maintained in the laboratory.
14
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c
œ
O
-5
z
4 5
The Maximum Allowable Concentration to which a person
may be exposed without approved respiratory protection
equipment is 10 ppm for an eight hour working period.
Concentrations as low as 15.0 ppm may cause severe initation to
the eyes and respiratory tract if the exposure lasts through the
//^:^^#^~^^""~:""~#*^~@^"#:$@""~^"~"~:~:^::#^^*^~@^~:\\
working day. Exposure of 800 to 1,ooO ppm may be fatal in a
few minutes. The nose cannot be depended upon to detect the
pressure of hydrogen sulfide, as 2- 15 minutes of exposure will
cause the loss of sense of smell.
APPENDIX C
Preparation of Equipment
C.1 Linde Molecular Sieve Column-Clean a 12 ft. (3.6 meter)
length of 1/8 in. (3.18 mm) stainless steel tubing with acetone
and dry with a stream of clean, dry air or inert gas. Plug one end
of the tubing with about 1/2 in. of glass wool.
Attach a small funnel to the other end and fill the tubing
with Type 13X, 100/120 mesh, dry Linde Molecular Sieve.
Continuously vibrate the tubing while filling by moving an
electric vibrator up and down the length of the tubing. When
completely full, remove about 1/2 in. (10-15 mm) of the packing
and replace with glass wool.
Shape the finished column to mount conveniently in the
chromatograph. Condition new column at 300°C overnight with
carrier flow and disconnected from TC cell.
This column will separate hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and
methane. About 25 psig of carrier gas pressure at the inlet will
give a suitable flow rate.
C.2 Silicone 200-500 Composite Column-A suitable partition
column to resolve the components nitrogen and/or air, methane
and all hydrocarbons and non-hydrocarbons through normal
pentane (as discussed in 3.1.4 and shown in Figure 3 main text)
can be made as follows:
Clean a 20 ft., 2 ft., and 1 1/2 ft. (6, 0.6, and 0.4 meter)
length of 1/8 in. (3.2 mm) stainless steel column tubing with
 GPA STD*228b 95 = 3824b99
chloroethane followed by acetone, and then dry with a stream of
clean, dry air or inert gas. Bend into a U-shape for filling.
Dilute 30 grams of Silicone 200-500 with about 300 grams
of ethyl ether in a filter flask and add 80 grams of 100/120 mesh
Chromosorb P or equivalent support material. Shake the flask
gently to disperse the solvent. Connect a vacuum line to the flask
and evaporate the solvent. Swirl the flask gently several times
while removing the solvent, to avoid concentration of the
silicone in the upper layer.
Pour the dry packing into both ends of the 20 ft. length of
tubing using a small funnel and electric vibrator to completely
fill the column. Plug each end with 1/2 in. (10-15 mm) of glass
wool.
Shape the finished column to mount conveniently in the
chromatograph.
Pour some 80/100 mesh Chromosorb 102 into the 2 ft.
length of tubing using a funnel and electric vibrator to
completely fill the column. Plug each end with 112 in. (10-15
mm) of glass wool.
Repeat above procedure with Porapak T and the 1 1/2 ft.
length of tubing.
Using two 1/8 in. (3.2 mm) stainless steel unions join the
2 ft. length of Chromosorb 102 and the 1 1/2 ft. length of
Porapak T to the 20 ft. length of Silicone 200-500 in that order.
Condition column at 200°C (maximum) overnight before using.
Caution: temperatures in excess of 200°C will harm this column.
This column will separate air, methane, carbon dioxide
ethane, hydrogen sulfide, propane, iso-butane, n-butane, iso-
pentane, n-pentane and other natural gas hydrocarbons as
described in the method procedure.
C.3 UCL-45 Column-A suitable packed column to resolve the
components iso-pentane through tetradecane (as discussed in
3.1.5 and shown in Figure 4 main text) can be made as follows:
Clean a 15 ft. (4.5 m) length of 1/8 in. (3.2mm) stainless
steel tubing (0.021 in. wall) with chloroethane followed by
acetone, and then dry with a stream of clean, dry air or inert gas.
Bend into a U-shape for filling.
Weigh approximately 1.4 grams Silicone UCL-45 (methyl)
in a clean beaker and add 60 cc of chloroform. Allow several
hours for mixture to become completely homogeneous, stirring
during this time at regular intervals.
Weigh 10.6 grams Gas Chrom QI1 or Supelcoport (100/120
mesh) in a side-arm flask and add dissolved liquid phase. With
the flask gently rotating pull a vacuum on the side-arm of flask
and apply mild heat. Continue until material is dry and can be
poured satisfactorily into a bottle. Place open bottle and material
in oven at 120°F for one hour. Pack column in U-shape using a
vibrator. Do not use a vacuum pump on the column during the
packing process. Plug each end with 1/2 in. (10-15 mm) glass
wool, and bend finished column to required shape for
installation in the chromatograph. Condition column at 200°C
overnight with carrier gas flow before using.
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C.4 Preparation of a Reference Standard by Weigh?-Materials
required:
a. Five gallon cylinder.
b. 2,000 gram balance, sensitivity I O mg.
c. 100 ml pressure cylinder.
d. Pure components, methane through n-pentane, and
carbon dioxide. All materials except methane, carbon
dioxide and possibly ethane, will be added as a liquid.
The pure components should be 99+% pure. Run chro-
matogram on each component to check on given composition.
Evacuate the five gallon cylinder for several hours. Evacuate
the 100 ml cylinder and obtain its true weight. Connect the 100
ml cylinder to a source of pure n-pentane with a metal
//^:^^#^~^^""~:""~#*^~@^"#:$@""~^"~"~:~:^::#^^*^~@^~:\\
connection of calculated length to contain approximately the
amount of n-pentane to be added. Flush the connection with the
n-pentane by loosening the fitting at the 100 ml cylinder valve.
Tighten the fitting. Close the n-pentane valve and open the 100
ml cylinder valve to admit the n-pentane from the connection
and then close. Disconnect and weigh the 100 ml cylinder to
obtain the weight of n-pentane added.
Similarly, using connections of suitable length for each
component, add iso-pentane, n-butane, iso-butane, propane,
ethane and carbon dioxide as desired to include in the reference
standard. Weigh the 100 ml cylinder after each addition to
obtain weight of component added.
Connect the 100 ml cylinder to the five gallon cylinder using
as short a connection as possible. Open valves on both cylinders
to transfer the sample. Disconnect and weigh the 100 ml
cylinder to obtain weight of sample not transferred. Analyze the
material remaining in the 100 ml cylinder and calculate the
weight of all components transferred into the five gallon
cylinder.
Weigh a one quart cylinder containing pure methane at
about 1500 pounds pressure. Transfer the methane to the five
gallon cylinder until the pressure equalizes. Weigh the quart
cylinder to determine the weight of methane transferred.
Thoroughly mix the contents of the five gallon cylinder by
heating at the bottom by convenient means such as hot water or
heat lamp and leaving in vertical position for six hours or longer.
From the weights and purities of all components added,
calculate the composition and convert the weight percent to mol
percent.
NOTE C-1-Maintain the GPA Reference Standard at 21°C
or above, which is safely above the hydrocarbon dew point. Ifit
should be exposed to lower temperature, heat the bottom of the
cylinder for several hours before using.
REFERENCE
Dietz. W. A., J of GC, February, 1967, Pages 68-71.
NIOSH No. MX1225000.
 G P A STD*228b 95 = 3824bïï 0017185 3T3

Appendix D

Calculations Performed in
Association with Gas Analyses

PREFACE

All physical constants used in these calculations should come from the most recent edition of GPA 2145. The constants used
in the examples that follow are from GPA 2145-95.

The following physical constants not listed in GPA 2145 have been used in some of the calculations:

0.25636 = vapor pressure of H,O (psia) @ 60°F (reference: U.S. Bureau of Standards)
1230 = vapor pressure of CO, (psia) @ 100°F
5000 = vapor pressure of N, (psia) @ 100°F

-
R = Gas Constant = 1545.3504 ft. - lbplb - mol OR
Cu.ft./lb - mol of any gas at 14.696 psia and 60°F = 1 =E
n P

(1545,3504)(459.67+ 60)
-
(144)(14.696)

= 379.48357

Constant values for hexanes plus ((2,)' or heptanes plus (C,') if not actually determined by extended analysis should be
mutually agreed upon by all concerned parties.

For ease of hand calculations in the examples shown the number of significant figures does not match those shown in GPA-
2145. Precision of numbers in computer generated calculations should match that of GPA-2145. Rounding of numbers can cause
some differences in final results. Computer generated calculations should only round those final numbers displayed on analyses,
not numbers generated in intermediate calculations.

For those calculations that are pressure dependent, the mathematics should be carried out using the constants at a pressure base
of 14.696 and the final result converted to the desired pressure base after all other mathematical functions are completed.
Conversion of the physical constants to equivalent values at other pressure bases or the use of generated secondary factors prior to
performing calculations is not recommended.

I t is further recommended that computer software be written to follow these methods and recommendations and that
hardbound documentation of the software programs be maintained and available at all times.

For use in these calculations, moi fraction shall be equal to: mo1%/100.

16
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 ~ ~

G P A STD*2'28b 95 W 3824699 001718b 23T

Calculation of Physical Properties from Mol Fraction

D.1 Calculation of Heating Value (Btu), Relative Density (Specific Gravity) and Compressibility Factor (Z).
The reader is referred to GPA 2172 for the proper method of calculation for these properties.

0.2 Calculation of GPM (Liquid Volume Equivalent Expressed as Gallons per 1000 CU. fi. of Gas) of Natural Gas.

Column 1 Column 2 Column 3 Column 4

Mol Fraction Cu. Ft./Gallon GPM Q 14.696 Dsia GPM Q 14.650 psia
Component d 14.696 psia (Col. 1 x 1ooo)/col. 2 Col. 3 x 14.650
GPA-2145 14.696
Nitrogen 0.0068 91.413
Methane 0.7987 59.135
Carbon Dioxide 0.0056 58.807
Ethane O. 1034 37.476 2.759 2.7504
Propane 0.0523 36.375 1.438 1.4335
Iso-Butane 0.0074 30.639 0.242 0.2412
N-Butane 0.0138 31.791 0.434 0.4326
Iso-Pentane 0.0040 27.380 0.146 0.1 455
N-Pentane 0.0035 27.673 O. 126 0.1 256
Hexanes Plus 0.0045 23.235* 0.1 94 0.1934
Totals 1.o000 C+, GPM = 5.339 5.3222
C+, GPM = 2.580 2.5718
IC5+ GPM = 0.466 0.4645

* Arbitrarily assumed value (used if average value not determined).

Note: It is recommended that this calculation be carried out using cu.ft./gallon constants at a pressure base of 14.696 psia until
the final calculation at which time GPM can be converted to any desired pressure base as shown. Conversion of or
manipulation of constants prior to performing the calculation is not recommended.

0.3 Calculation of 26-70 Gasoline Content of Natural Gas.

Column 1 Column 2 Column 3

Mol Fraction Vapor Pressure Partial Pressure
Component GPA-2145 Col. 1 x Col. 2

Iso-Pentane 0.0040 20.450 0.0818

N-Pentane 0.0035 15.580 0.0545
Hexanes Plus 0.0045 3.683* 0.01 66

Total A = 0.0120 B = 0.1529

* Arbitrarily assumed value (used if average value not determined).

Note: The reader is directed to the GPSA Engineering Data Book, Vol. I, Section 6 (Storage), Figure 6-4for conversion of Reid
Vapor Pressure to True Vapor Pressure.

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 = 3824699 0037387 176 m
~

G P A STDx2286 95

Mol Fraction of NC, Required to Produce 26 PSI Gasoline:

[(27.5 x A) - B ] t 24.22 = mol fraction of NC, required

[(27.5 x 0.012) - 0.1529 ] + 24.22 = 0.0073

Where: 27.5 = True Vapor Pressure (psia) required to obtain an ASTM Reid
Vapor Pressure of 26 psi.

24.22 = NC, Vapor Pressure (51.72) - required pressure (27.5)

A = Sum of mol fractions of C,+ components.
B = Sum of Partial Pressures of C,+ components.

Column 1 Column 2 Column 3

Mol Fraction Cu. Ft./Gallon GPM Q 14.696 psia
Col. 1 x 1000
Component GPA-2145 Col. 2
N-Butane 0.0073 31.791 0.2296
Iso-Pentane 0.0040 27.380 0.1461
N-Penatane 0.0035 27.673 0.1265
Hexanes Plus 0.0045 23.235* 0.1937

Total 26 psi Reid V.P. Gasoline GPM = 0.6959

* Arbitrarily assumed value (used if average value not determined).

D.4 Calculation of 14 psi Reid Vapor Pressure Gasoline Content of Natural Gas.

14 psi Reid Vapor Pressure Gasoline content is calculated in exactly the same manner as 26 psi Gasoline with the
following two changes:

(1) 15.25 is used in place of 27.5 as the required True Vapor Pressure to obtain a correct reading of 14 psi Reid.
(2) 36.47 is used in place of 24.22 as the difference between NC4 True Vapor Pressure and required pressure.

D. 5 Calculation of Actual Btu (Based on Field Determined H 2 0 Content) of Natural Gas.

//^:^^#^~^^""~:""~#*^~@^"#:$@""~^"~"~:~:^::#^^*^~@^~:\\

Actual Btdcu. ft. = Dry Btu @ PB x (21.0649 CU. ft.Ab x 14.696PB)I

Where: PB = Pressure Base (psia) of Dry Btu

Pounds = Field determined H,O Content in pounds per MMcf
21.0649 = 379.48357 (CU. ft. per mol H,O)
18.015 (mol wt. H,O)

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 ~ -

G P A S T D t 2 2 8 b 95 m 3824699 0017188 002 m

0.6. Calculation of Btu per pound of Natural Gas.

D.6a Calculation of Weight Fraction.

Column 1 Column 2 Column 3 Column 4

Mol Fraction Molecular Wt. Comp. Pounds WeinM Fraction
Component GPA-2145 Col. 1 x Col. 2 Col. 3
Sample Mol. Wt.
Nitrogen 0.0068 28.01 3 O. 1905 0.0091
Methane 0.7987 16.043 12.8135 0.61 44
Carbon Dioxide 0.0056 44.01 o 0.2465 0.01 18
Ethane 0.1 o34 30.070 3.1 092 0.1491
Propane 0.0523 44.097 2.3063 0.1106
Iso-Butane 0.0074 58.123 0.4301 0.0206
N-Butane 0.01 38 58.123 0.8021 0.0385
Iso-Pentane O.Oo40 72.1 50 0.2886 0.01 38
N-Pentane 0.0035 72.1 50 0.2525 0.0121
Hexanes Plus 0.0045 92.489* 0.41 62 0.0200
//^:^^#^~^^""~:""~#*^~@^"#:$@""~^"~"~:~:^::#^^*^~@^~:\\

Totals 1.oOOo Sample mol wt. = 20.8555 1.moo

* Arbitrarily assumed value (used 1 average value not determined).

D.6b Calculation of Bhúlb.

Column 1 Column 2 Column 3

Weight F r a c t x BtuAb. Mass Comp. Btu/lb.
Component GPA-2145 Col. 1 x Col. 2

Nitrogen 0.0091 - O
Methane 0.61 44 23891 14679
Carbon Dioxide 0.01 18 - O
Ethane 0.1491 22333 3330
Propane 0.1 106 21653 2395
Iso-Butane 0.0206 21232 437
N-Butane 0.0385 21300 820
IsoPentane 0.01 38 21o43 290
N-Pentane 0.0121 21085 255
Hexanes Plus 0.0200 20899' 41 8

Total 1.o000 BtuAb. mass = 22624

Arbitrarily assumed value (used if average value not determined).

Notes: 1. Bhúlb. mass constantsporn GPA-2145 are fuel as ideal gas.

2. Since mass is not pressure dependent the final sample Btdlb. mass should not be adjusted for any pressure base
corrections.

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 GPA STD*228b 95 W 3824699 0037189 T 4 9 W

0-7. Conversion of Known Btu Value to Btu Value at Different Condition.

Btu Conversion Factors

Conditions Required Btu Conditions

of 14.650 psia 14.696 psia 14.730 psia 14.735 psia 15.025 psia
Known -Dry
. . - Sat
D r y - p Sat Dry Sat Dry Sat Dry Sat
Btu Multiply By:

14.650 Dry 1.000 0.9825 1.0031 0.9856 1.0055 0.9880 1.0058 0.9883 1.0256 1.0081
mia Sat 1.O178 1.O000 1.O21O 1.O032 1.O234 1.O056 1.O237 1.O059 1.O439 1.O261
14.696 Dry 0.9969 0.9794 1.0000 0.9826 1.0023 0.9849 1.0027 0.9852 1.0224 1.0049
psia Sat 1.0146 0.9968 1.0178 1.0000 1.0201 1.0024 1.0205 1.0027 1.0405 1.0228
14.730 Dry 0.9946 0.9772 0.9977 0.9803 1.0000 0.9826 1.0003 0.9829 1.0200 1.0026
psia Sat 1.O122 0.9945 1.O154 0.9977 1.O177 1.O000 1.O181 1.O003 1.O381 1.O204
14.735 Dry 0.9942 0.9768 0.9974 0.9800 0.9997 0.9823 1.0000 0.9826 1.0197 1.0023
psia Sat 1.O118 0.9941 1.O150 0.9973 1.O174 0.9997 1.O177 1.O000 1.O377 1.O200
15.025 Dry 0.9750 0.9580 0.9781 0.9610 0.9804 0.9633 0.9807 0.9636 1.0000 0.9829
psia Sat 0.9920 0.9746 0.9951 0.9777 0.9974 0.9800 0.9977 0.9804 1.0174 1.0000

Note: Sat (saturation) assumes that the gas contains all of the water vapor it can hold at 60°F and the indicated pressure base.

Formulas Used to Derive Btu Conversion Factors

1. Dry to Dry: PB Required Known Dry Btu

Known Dry Btu PB

2. Dry to Sat: PB Required - 0.25636

Known Dry Btu
Known Dry Btu PB

3. Sat to Dry: PB Required x Known Sat Btu

Known Sat Btu PB - 0.25636

4. Sat to Sat: PB Required - 0.25636 Known Sat Btu

Known Sat Btu PB - 0.25636

Where: PB = pressure base (psia)

20
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