Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
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2 (A pril 1987)
Decentralization as a concept has two featu res: political and administrati11e. While
political decentralization involves devolution of powers , administrative decentr:a/ization
focuses on deconctntration of fun ctions, Present trends seem to indicate the . recogni tion
of the regional level, not simply as an operational level for administrative decentraliza.
tion, but .asa separate level in Philippine local government .
Introduction
•A ssistant Professor and Director, Publications Office, College of Public A~inis trat ion,
University of the Philippines.
This paper wu Initially presented at the Conference of wues on Cordillera Auton omy spon-
sored by the Cordillera Studi es Center, University of the Philippines.
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132 PHILIPPINE JOURNAL OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION •
There are several modes by which the process of decentralization can
be operationalized. These._include: (1) devolution which essentially is the
transfer of power for the perf onnance of certain functions from the national
or central authorities to the lower levels of governments, e.g., lc;>calgovern-
ments; and (2) deconcentration which, essentially, is the process of
delegating functions from the central government to lower lev,els or field
(or regional) units. Other forms of decentralization have been identified
by other authors. For instance, R9ndinelli and Cheema2 add "delegation
to semi-autonomous or parastatal organizations" and "transfe r of functions
from government to nongovemment institutions" to the two 'major forms
listed .above. Others also include privatization in the list. ·
Political decentralization
Decentralization
Administrative decentralization
•
Devolution of powers to Deconcentration of authority to
local government units regional units
April
• DECENTRALIZATION IN THE PHIJ:.IPPINES 133
It will be within the general context described above that thi s paper
will discuss the historical debate of decentralization in the Philippines.6.
Political Decentralization
Local Autonomy
The con cept of local autonomy has alway s been related to th e gen eral
idea of decentralization. It should be emphasized, however, that as used
in this paper, local ·autonomy is mote specifically related to political
decentralization than to administrative decentralization .7
Thi.id, the relationship between the national and the local levels should
be clearly defined, and areas of primary responsibility clearly delineated.
For instance, are local decisions considered more or less final, or are they
subject to review? A distinction should be made between · review and
approval by the national government over the local level's decisions. Another
· example would pertain to the subje ct of buggets : would the local budget
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184 PHILIPPINE JOURNAL OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
•
be effective only upon approval by the national .government , or are certain
point.s subject for review/approval/supervision by the central government.
April .,
• DECENTRALIZATION IN THE PHILIPPINES
Panganiban 11 the use of the term "s upervision" instead of "co ntrol " was a
135
• the city and municipal governments greater fiscal, planning and regulatory
powers . For instance, it broadened the taxing powers of the cities and
mun icipalities within the general fram ework of national tax Jaws. It likewise
gave the cities and municipalities powers to adopt zoning and planning
ordinances. It likewise granted the authority to provincial, city and
municipal governments the authority to undertake and ·carry out any public
works projects which the local government itself finances.
As such, RA 5185 broadened the fiscal base of the local governments. For
instance, provincial and city governments were allowed to retain some
• 1987
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As such, the Code manifested its bias for local autonomy. For -instance, in
cases of conflicting interpretations of the powers of the local government
and the national government, the Code provided that "any power of a
parangay, municipality, city or province shall be liberally- construed in its
favor. Any fair and reasonable doubt as to the existence of the power shall
be interpreted in favor of the local government unit.s concerned ."
April
• DECENTRALIZATION IN THE PHILIPPINES 137
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138 PHILIPPINE JOURNAL OF' PUBLIC ADMINISTRATIO N
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(Administrative decentralizat ion . is discussed later.) Hence , decentrclization
under the ·Marcos government was subjected to contradicting yet coexisting
tendencies: political centralization and administrative decentralization.
The territorial political subdivisions of the Republic of the Philippines are the prnvinces,
cities, municipalities , and barangays. There shall be autonomous regions in Muslim .
Mindanao and the Cordilleras as hereinafter provided.
April •
• DECENTRALIZATION IN THE.PHIL[PPINES 139
• Administrative Decentralization
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140 PHILIPPINE JOURN:AL OF PUBLIC·ADMINISTRATION
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The form~r Presidential Commission on Reorganization emphasized
administrative decentralization in operationalizing regionalization. According
to the PCR., "regionalization inv.olves the development from major organiza-
tional units, such as ministries, of· smaller field units with distinct and
standard geograp~ical cover.ages, primarily . for , adnµrj_istrative: and plannin_g
purposes." They emphasized - that it is- "basi~ally .an administrative proces 5,;
intended to provide greater uniformity in. the divisi<;m of Hie country into
standard areas with standard ·geographical bound .a'ries, known as regions,
with standard reginal centers." ( 3 · · •
April •
• DECENTRALIZATION IN THE' PHILIPPINES . 141
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142 PHILIPPINE JOURNAL OF PUBLIC ADMINISTR:ATION
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primarily one major function. An example would be the ·Department of
Education and Culture and Sports that provides primarily educational
services. The Department of Health _performs closely related functions, from
medical services, environmental sanitation and other closely related
fun ctio ns, which can be integrated at a single regional office.
In an integrated setup, a regional offi ce is functionally · organized ip a
. parallel fash ion to the cen.tral office. The regional director is the department.
secretary's counterpart in the regio n , and the major unit s of the department
- such as the bureaus - have their corresponding coun terparts in the d ivi-
sions of the regional office. A direct line of auth~rit y exists between the
agency head (the department secretary) and the regional director. Iri line
•
with the general spirit of decentralization primarily thro ugh deconc ent rat ion ,
the department head also delegates both substantive and administrative
authority to the regional director in order to e~able him t~ effectively
implement agency program ·s in the region or field. The bureaus of the .cent ral
office perform staf f functions, at the same time pro viding technical advice
to their regional cou nterparts, the divisions.
Seci:etary
l~tary
Bureau I Bureau Burau .
l
Bureau
1
·Regional Regional' Regional
. Office · Office Office
April
• DECENTRALIZATIONIN THE PHILIPPINES. 143
In pe~forming their tasks at the regional level, the IRP saw to it that
• certain administrative decisions and processes that did not have to be done
at the central office could be delegated - or deconcentrated - to the lower
levels. This included both substantive and administrative matters, i.e., those
pertaining to the appointments of certain officials and employees of the
regional office, or to the signing of contracts.
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144 PHILIPPINE JOURNAL OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
•
even the appointments of janitors had to be fol"'.Vardedto Manila. The
.disparity in · delegation of .authority to the regional level, inspite of central ·
government letter ;;. of instructions, .continue to pose a problem for
a~inistrative decentralization . For indeed, how can th e regional offices be
expected to perform tasks assigned to them in a.hasty and responsive manner
if their central offices continued to be jealous of their authority and resisted
delegating authority . to 'the region? This problem continues to confront
a number of regional offices, 1986 political revolution notw ith standing.
The· President shall provide for regional development councils or other similar bodies
composed of local government officials, regional heads of departments. and other govern:
. ment offices, and repre~tatives from non.governmental organiza.tions within. the .
. regions for purposes of administrative decentralization to strengthen the autonomy
of the units therein and to accelerate the economic and social growth and development
of the µnits in the region.
Indeed . as early as 1972 upon the promulgat ion of the IRP, the policy
•
of the state to promote the socio-economic development of .the regions by
regional developm_ent and planning in the context of national and local
planning· was emphasized. It . was in pursuance of this policy tha:t the
Regional Development Councils (RDC) and Regional Development Authori-
ties (RDA) were to be created. ·However, only the RDCs were activated.
Activation of the RDAs was postponed because there was a general feeling
that such bodies did not have the administrative capability for operating as
such. Additionalfy, and more importantly, . the idea of regional pianning
has·not yet i?stitutionalized.
·The R.DC was described as the "formal administrat ive vehicle for
•·
regional plann ing and development". As an extension of the NEDA and as the
planning body of the. region, the RDC was responsible for the undertaking
a "co mprehensive and detailed survey of the resources and potentialities
of the region" and for preparing, on the basis-of such a survey "long-range
and annual plans within the guideli_nes set by the NEDA." .
The R.DCs as operationalized have not · yet fully evolved · into the
regional planning mechanisms that they were envisioned to be. At best, the
RDCs performed, and continue to perform largely coor~inatlve functions
April •
a DECENTRALIZATIONIN THE PHILIPPINES 145
sin.ce they are composed of all heads of local governments and all heads
of national departments and agencies in the area. The RDC head has no
line authority over its members, hence it is not taken seriously by some
members. Some have dismissed them simply as talking forums. However,
However, it should be emphasized ·that the RDC should not be taken lightly
on account of these seeming ;weaknesses. It is in the RDCs that we can find
the germ for eventual regional governments, defini~ political local govern-
ment units recognized as int.ervening layers between the national and the
provincial levels. Efforts should therefore be directed towards str'engthening
• their role not only as coordinative bodies, but as serious planning, and more
importantly, implementing bodies, complet.e with a regional executive and
regional legislative assemblies. The new Constitution's provision on the
RDCs augurs well for trus development .
Pursuant ·to the constitutional provision cited above, the following may
be considered as method s by which local government units may come
together and group themselves to achieve a common purpo se. Planners
have- labelled this approach as the Integrated Area · Development (IAD)
• approach, or Municipal Development Approach . In· this approach, the
basis of jurisdictional planning scheme was made possible thr ough the
grouping of different geographically continguous and adjacent ·municipalities
in order to facilitate the sharing, strengthening, and coordinating of plans ,
programs, and projects in the area. In Iloilo Province, for instance, the
municipalities of Pavia, Legaes, Sta. Barbara, · New Lucena, and Zarraga
have agreed to initiate doing planning for the areas unaer their jurisdiction .
Likewise, the adjacent municipalities of Camalig~. Canarnan, Cainza, and
Milaor to Naga City in Camarines Sur have also followed this approach.
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146 PHILIPPINE JOURNAL OF PUBLIC AD\.ll~ ISTRATIOt'-!
These problems which may also be shared . by the RDCs include: (1)
the issue of coordinating the multifarious activities that cut across all govern-
mental sectors and agencies in the geographically delimited area; (2) the
scarcity of resources - both capital and human; (3) the absence of strong
grassroots organization; (4) the need of evolving an appropriate politico/
administratiye structure for the effective planning, monitor ing, and
implementing integrated area development programs and projects.
April
•
• 147
Concluding Remarks
Endnotes
1Raul P. de Guz.man and Alex Brilbnt es, Jr., " Issues and Problems in Development Adminis-
tration in tire Philippines: Fo cus on Regjonalization," paper presented at the Fifth Annual National
Conference of the Philippine Political Science Association, Quezon City, October 1978.
2
Dennis A . Rondinelli and G. Shabbir Cheema, " Implementing Decentralization Policies,"
Decentralization and Development (Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1983), pp. 18·25.
3Presidential Commission on Reorganization, Organizing Government for Effect ive Develop-
ment Administration(Manila:PCR, 1984), p. 31.
4
United Nations Technical Assistance Program, 1962 , p. 208.
5Rondinelli and Cheema, op. cit.
6
1t. should be emphasized that the implementation of decentrali:zation - specifically political
decentralization or autono my - need not always be initiated by central author ities. There are, in
fact, historical precedents that demonstrate otherwise. ·The expetience of the Muslims in Southern
Philippines, and the Cordillerans in Northern Philippines are best examples of locally .initiated move-
ment s for autonomy. Other examples cited are the barangays and locally initiated vigilante move-
ments such as the AJsa Masa, altho agh the latter is still a debatable one.
7
The discussion of the ~ncept of autonomy is based on various lectures of Dr. Paul P. de
Guzman, Chancellor of the University of the Philippines at Los Banos.
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14s · PHILIPPINE JOURNAL OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
12
PrcsidontialCommission on ReorganiuUon,op: cJt.
131ntesr'a~ed.Reo~an.izati .on Plan of 1972 , p . S3. . · . ·.
14See Guzman, Ocampo, Mariano and Brillante s, .''The Polit ical/Administrative As~cts .of
•
Regionallzation and Development In the Philippines : Issues, Problems ~nd Prospe cts, Philippine
Journal of Public Admini1trt1tion, Vol. 21, Nos. 3-4 (Ju ly.:October 1977), pp . 354-358.
150antnHzation was also Identified as one df the five guiding principles of the Presidential
Commwlon on Government Reorganizadon (PCGR). See "~!plea and Policy Prop osals." Provi·
,tonal J!tp<Wfof the Presldentifll Cbmmlnion on Governmtnt .Reo,roniution,J.une 11, 1986 .