Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
OF COMPLEX REFINERY
DISTILLATIONS
By
EDGARDO A. LOPEZ
Licenciado en Ingenieria Quimica
Universidad de Costa Rica
San Jose, Costa Rica
1981
Master of Science in Chemical Engineering
The University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan
1983
Thesis Approved:
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
research effort.
iii
A special note of appreciation is given to my friends,
Liu Gohai, Partha Roy, Yoo and Raghu, who made the long
night hours a little bit more pleasant.
And finally, my deepest appreciation to my parents for
their unconditional support and encouragement throughout my
life; and to my wife Gloria, to her love and patience I owe
my deepest gratitude.
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter Page
I. INTRODUCTION. . . . • • • • • . . . . . . . • . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
v
Chapter Page
VI. CRUDESIM: AN INTERACTIVE SIMULATOR FOR
REFINERY DISTILLATIONS......................... 87
VII. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. . . . . . . • • . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . 96
Test Problem 1: Distillation............. 96
Test Problem 2: Distillation with
l?lllnl>--~~()\lllci............................. 98
Test Problem 3: Absortion ..•......••..... 109
Test Problem 4: Reboiled-Absortion ...•... 112
Test Problem 5: Crude Distillation
Tower. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Test Problem 6: Exxon's Tower •••••....... 128
APPENDIXES............................................ 152
APPENDIX A- MODEL EQUATIONS •••..•.........•... 153
vi
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
I. Summary of Three Phase Distillation
Examples .. .•..••.. •••••••••••••. ... •.... ... 22
vii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
1. Schematic of a Single Stage.................... 38
2. Schematic Diagram of a Simple
Fractionator....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
viii
Figure Page
21. Crude Oil Characterization ..................... 121
ix
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1
2
existing unit.
performed.
absorbers.
1.- VLE
function.
4
2.- THERMO
condensation.
3.- C6-PLUS
4.- FRAC
final chapter.
CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
7
8
Decoupling by type
Relaxation Methods
with the entry points, s 0 for the liquid states and sn+l
for the vapor states. Any basis can be chosen for the
- n
-
.l(s) = L w1 j(s).l (sj) o~s~n (2. 2)
J=o
n+l
-
y(s) = L Wvj ( s) V ( sj ) l~s~n+l ( 2. 3)
j=l
-L(s)h(s)
- n -
= L Wlj(s)L(sj)h(sj)
- o~s~n ( 2. 4)
j=O
- - n
- -
V(s)H(s) = L wnj(s)V(sj)H(sj)
j=l
l~s~n+l (2.5)
with
-L(s) c -
=.L 1· (s) ( 2. 6)
l=l l
- c -
V(s) =,L v· (s)
l=l l
(2.7)
17
n+1 (s-sk)
wnj (s) = II j=1, ... ,n+1 (2.10)
k=O ( sj -sk)
k=#=j
-
~(sj-1)
-
+ v (j+1) - -
~(sj)
-
- y(sj) = o ( 2. 11)
- - -
y(sj) - y(sj+1) - Env{y-y(sj+1)} = 0 (2.12)
-
-
y(s) =
y(s)
( 2. 13)
V(s)
- -
~(s)
~(s) = ( 2. 14)
L(s)
18
and
- - - -
-L(sj-1)h(sj-1)+V(sj+1)H(sj+1)-L(sj)h(sj)-
-
- -
V(s·)H(s·) = 0 j=1, ••. ,n (2.15)
J J
TABLE I
# SYSTEM REFERENCE
k·1 = (2.16)
X•
1
27
aki+(1-a)ki
where
I
L
a = -----
I H
L+L (2.18)
inner loop, and use the primitive variables (T, xi, L and
section.
Crude Towers
again.
calculating K-values.
Russel (1983) used his modification of the Boston and
simply requires too much memory and took too long to run on
method, and the sum of Rates method in a new way for the
the lower stripping section of the main column and the side
MATHEMATICAL MODEL
mixed.
each stage.
37
38
( 3. 1)
(3.2)
(3. 6)
where:
= total number of variables in the process
= the number of variables fixed by restraints on
the process
Nt = number of recurring variables in the process.
v
Accur::.ulator
L
Reflu.x D1v1der
•
• Rect 1 fy 1 r.g Sect:J.on
• I of Colwr.n
+ n-1
l f D
F
t t
fee= ?la:e
~ f m
t t :c::-1
t • i
• Stn.pp1 ng Sect. lor;
of Colun:n
•
2
l
Independent Variable NV
Rectifying section 2c+2n+5
Stripping section 2c+2m+5
Condenser c+4
Feed plate 3c+8
Reflux divider c+5
Reboiler c+4
10c+2(m+n)+31
the implied restrains are the number of variables in the
interconnecting streams among the modules described above.
Restraint Nr
Inter-connecting streams 9Cc+2)
9c + 18
Therefore, the degrees of freedom or design variables are
Ns = (10c + 2(m+n) + 31) - (9c + 18)
= c + 2(m+n) + 13
TABLE II
Total c+2(m+n)+10
43
FORMULATE~
PROCESS IN TERMS
OF
LOCAl, MODELS
L INITIALIZE
-.-
MODFLS
t THERMODYNAMIC
RIGOROUS
MODELS
,.-- - - - L - - - - ,
SOLVE THE
APPROXIMATE --UP;~ TE MO~l
PROCESS M----------; PARAMETE~
MODEL
(!110)
CONVERGENCE
(YES)
RESULTS
(3.9)
c iJln Ki, j
=- • ~
~=1
Y··(---)
~]
u(1/T)
!I
x,y
(3.10)
48
evaluated by
c B·
J
Aj =.L Yij ln(ki,j) + (3.11)
1=1 T·
J
(3.12)
(1983) suggested several models but did not say which one
(3.13)
(3.14)
Where Hv and HL are the vapor and liquid enthalpies per mol
0 0
of mixture, and HN and HN are ideal gas enthalpies for the
0 c 0
Hv = • }: • Y·l. h·l. ( 3 • 15)
l.=J
c
=
•
L X·
l.
he:>l. (3.16)
1.=1
Model Equations
these equations.
D
-li,j- 1 + {RLj + Ej cxij Sb Srj Rvj + J3jKij}lij
where:
c
L· = ~ 1· ·
1]
(3.21)
J i=1
c
V· = ~ {E· <X ••
1] sb srj}1ij (3.22)
J i=1 J
II c
L· = ~ {J3. K·1]~1·1]· (3.23)
J i=1 J
W· = V·
J J
(RV·
J - 1) (3.24)
U· = L·
J J
(RL·
J - 1) (3.25)
51
c
- (C· + D· [T · -T *· ] )
0
H·J = . L Y·l.J· h·1 (3.26)
J.=l J J J J
c
(E. + F· [T · -T *·])
0
h·J = . ~ Y·.
l.J h·J. - J J J J
(3.27)
J.=l
Pump-Around
II
-(Lj + Uj + Gj)hj - Ljhw + Qj = 0 (3.31)
52
Side-Strippers
(SMF),, the receiving tray on the main tower (RMF), and the
notation.
D
-li,j- 1 + {RLj + Ej ~ij Sb Srj RVj + ~j Kij +
SS·
__J}lij -{Ej+1 ~i,j+l sb srj+1}li,j+1 = fij (3.32)
Lj
II
D
~ l.J
• · Sb S rJ· RVJ· + f.L
t-'J Kl.J
· · }1 l.J
·· -
(3.34)
II
"
- (Lj + Uj)hj + Fj HFj + Qj - Ljhw =0 (3.37)
SOLUTION ALGORITHM
54
55
D
c (RL·J + l3j ) (1-kij) X•'
l.J
f <13j) = L = 0 ( 4. 1)
D
j=1 (RL· + 13· k l.J
.. )
J J
where:
I
k·.
D
k·. =
l.J
l.J (4.2)
k·. "
l.J
L·"
=
J
13·J (4.3)
I
L·
J
1
(4.4)
c
. L ex··
l.J x·l.J·
1.=1
( 4. 5)
Scaling of S-Factors
(4.6)
Tx = b (4.7)
satisfying:
(4.9)
Ty = b (4.10)
solving m + 1 times.
2. Form a matrix A(m x m)
(4.11)
and a vector
(4.12)
64
3. Solve
Az = w for z ( 4. 13)
X =y - Vz {4.14)
CHAPTER V
THERMODYNAMIC MODELS
Equations of State
65
66
In~ 1
= .!!._ (r -
b
I)- In [r (I -~ ) ]+ ~ r~ -2_ :,EyJ
Y bRT [ b aa ;
(a a)
11 ] In (I + _Vb )
B, A [B,
=-cz-1)-ln(r-B)+- 2 "'t"'
---~y1 (aa) 1 ;
] In B )
( 1+-
B B B aa ; z
d(aa)1 ~
D, = - T - n = (m(aa) v T,./a ),,
H'
ART= I- I
z + bRT(aa +D) In (I+ b/V),
=I -z +~B (1 +...£.)In( I+
aa
Biz),
Standard form
RT aa
P=--- (I )
V- b v2 + 2b v- b2
Parameters
a= 0 45124R 2 T~!Pc, (2)
b = 0 07180RTc1Pc, (3)
a=[! +(037464+154226w-026992ez.f)(1-J15)]2, (4)
A= aaP/R2T2 = 0 45724aP,/T;, (5)
B = bP/RT= 0 07180P,IT, (6)
Polynonual form
z3 - (1 -B) z 2 +(A - 3B 2 - 2B) z - (AB - B 2 - B 3 ) = 0
(7)
M1xtures
aa = I:I:y,y1 (aa) 11 , (8)
b = I:y,b,, (9)
(aa) 11 = ( 1 - k 11 )'. (aa),(aa)J' (10)
A = I:I:y,yJAI)' ( I 1)
B = I:y,B,, ( 12)
Av = (1- k,1 )(A,A1 )0 5 ( 13)
k .. =o ( 14)
H' A ( D ) z + 2 414B
!!.. - = 1 - z +--- 1+- In
RT 2 828B aa z - 0 414B
TABLE III
COMPONENT LIBRARY
follows:
1. Estimate the PNA analysis of the fraction. This
(5.1)
v
74
Kistiakowsky:
Tc-537
-----]0.38
Tc-Tb
in this work.
*
Cp =A+ BT + CT2 + CF (A 1 +B 1 +C'T2) (5.4)
A= -0.32646 + 0.02678K
B = (1.3892-1.2122K + 0.03803K2)*10-4
c = -1.5393 * 1o-1
12.8 ) ( 10 )
CF = ( ( -1 X - - 1 * 100]2
K K
SG = Specific gravity
Water-hydrocarbon Mixtures
t.G"
RT
T=289 OF
P=100 psia
oz 04 06 08
10
MOLE FRACTION WATER IN n- BUTANE
for the HC-rich phase and other for the water-rich phase,
dependent.
I H
awi = awi + awi Xw (5.6)
where:
T
" = G·1
awi [1- ( )cl] (5.8)
Tcw
78
phase.
The hydrocarbon phase parameter was usually set in the
2
range between 0.4-0.6. The kij's were found to be nearly
linear functions of temperature.
T
(5.9)
1000 )
1
The "standard" hydrocarbon kij's are assumed to be
applicable to the water phase when the binary pair does not
2
contain water. For systems for which kij is not available,
a four step procedure is followed:
79
2
2. Estimate the slope of the kij equation from
(5.10}
2
3. Estimate kij at l00°F for the component from
Vi(8i- 22.3)2)
( 5 .11}
618
(5.12}
2
4. Finally, the intercept of the equation for kij'
is obtained from
2
a0 = kij(100) - a 1 (0.55967) (5.13)
2 1
If the value of kij exceeds the value for kij'
2 . 1
kij 1s reset to a value equal to kij·
80
That is
a) if at all solutions ~ Yi ~ 1. => stable
i
I
0~----~~------------------------.
1[2
---------
~~----------·--1
..•'
.:
11:2 - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
87
88
field.
1. Product flow
2. Reflux Ratio
3. Component Recovery
8. Pump-Around Temperature
9. Pump-Around Rate
10. Side-Stripper product flow rate
to these items.
test problems and its results are compared with those from
problems.
96
97
TABLE IV
Methane 12.2332
Ethane 10.5976
Propane 8.1487
i-Butane 8.3864
m-Butane 7.6607
i-Pentane 6.9242
n-Pentane 5.9612
n-Hexane 4.9959
n-Heptane 3.9996
n-Octene 3.000
Tower Specifications:
2. Reflux ratio of 1.
98
TABLE V
2 4 6 8 10 12
Stage Number
1-'
0
0
140~------------------------------------~
120
-
Liquid Hys1m
"C'
..r: Liquid Crudes1m
~
0 100
-E
Q)
1U ------*---·--*·-----*-- ----
Vapor Hys1m
0:
~
.2 ''
* Vapor Crudes1m
u.. ''
... *------*------* - ,/-*
~ // ·--·-3(<;_ ---~--
0
::E
''
40 /'
'
''
20+-----~-----.------.-----,------,------
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Stage Number
Figure 12: Flow Profiles
......
0
......
102
TABLE VI
C3 325
50
50
N-C5 75
Feed Conditions
Tower Specifications
W-L Re9Uits
oa•oo aouaoo W-L Results
1000 - - CRUOESIW 1000 - - CRUDESlW
800
... 800
-;:- -;:-
.s= .s=
~
0 13
5 600 5 600
b" -E
a:
a:
~
0
co:
"0
400 £, 400
.,.
:;
.=;
:;
g
200 200
0
10 15 20 10 15 20
Stage Number Stage Number
{a) Prof"•e With no Pump-Ar<>ll'\d {b) Prone With a Pump-Around Rote of 80
1200
~1000
13
5 800
.s
0
a:
£, 600
5 400
.sr
--'
200
0
10 15 20
Stage N1811ber
{c) Profile wrth a Pump-Around Rate of 450
_,.-... 700
L..
_c
...__....._
0
E
CL>
........
~ 650
3:
0
lL
L..
0
a..
0
> 600
550~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
0 5 10 15 20
Stage Number
for all three cases. The use of the more accurate equation
configuration.
107
280 280
240 240
...
~ ~
...
• !.200
i-200 •
~ ~
e !
1!!" 160
!.
E - - W-L Raulls
teo
"
E - - W-L Raulls
~ -CRUDESIIII ~ -CRUDESIIII
120 120
1 2D 1
stGge tUnber stage tUnber
(a} Profile with no Pump-Around (b} Profile with a Pwnp-Arauncl Rate of 80
240
...... 220
...
_________ .,
- - W-L Raulls
-CRUDESIIII
120
1
Silage tUnber
(c) Profile With o Pu~nd Rate of 460
TABLE VII
overhead Product
Bottom Product
the last stage. The feed compositions for both streams are
input.
The solution of the problem without any dampi:ng took
TABLE VIII
C1 0.0 0.70
C2 o.o 0.15
C3 0.0 0.10
Feed Conditions:
TABLE IX
EFFECT OF DAMPING
~
~ 110
a....
9t5
c / •
~ /
! 92
/
/
/
~
/
/
80+---~~r--,--~---r--~--~--, ~7---r-~---r--.---r--.---r--•
0 2 3 4 6 7 0 2 3 4 5 6 7
STPGE NMBER STJIGE IU&R
(a) Vapor Rote Profiles (b) L1quid Rote Profiles
TABLE X
C1 65 0
C2 13 0
C3 1 0
i-C4 1 0
n-C5 20 0
n-CB 0 100
Feed Conditions:
Location 6 1
Tower Specifications:
Temperature Estimates:
- - HOI..LNI)
- CRU>ESIN Q-2.8£+06
- - CROOESIII o-30£+06
400
c
100
J&)
- - HOI.J.NI) - - ltOUN()
- CRLClESIN Q-2.8£+06 - CROOESIII Q-2.8£+06
_200
.
- - CROOESIN o-3 0£+06 300 - - CROOESIII Q-3.0£+06
':::'
~ ~
}250
.s
~o~150
......
~ i200
! ~
c! 100 c!
11::
0 e:::> 150
~ g
50
100
0 50
4 10 12 10 12
STAGE t«.MER S'WlE IUIIIER
TABLE XI
Q = 2.77*106 Q = 3.0*106
4
5
6
7
Pump- 8
around 9
#1 10
23
11
12 L1ght Oil
Pump- Product
13
around 14
#2 15
16 Steam
17
18 M1ddle 011
Feed 19 Product
20
Steam
side strippers. The top one has a reboiler and the other
two use stripping steam at a rate of 1000 lbjhr. Steam is
also used for additional stripping in the main column. The
tower has a total condenser, two pump-arounds with cooling
and a prefeed heater.
The crude oil characterization without the light ends
is presented in Figure 21. The numerical values are
included for reference in Appendix K. The feed conditions
and_towe~ specifications are shown in Table XII, where the
specification set given is equivalent to those in the Hysim
manual. A side water draw is installed in Stage 1. There-
fore, the program will take as a fact that three phases are
always present on this stage, no stability checking is
done. Note that a water side draw does not introduce an
extra specification.
The feed compositions and other details of the charac-
terization are given in Appendix K. The C6+ fraction was
divided into 24 pseudo-component which are the same as
those in the Hysim simulation except for 13 and 14, that
were combined into a single component.
This simulation is obviously more complex then the
previous ones, and therefore more difficult to converge.
However, with the appropriate damping factor, the simula-
tion usually converges in less than 10 iterations of the
outer loop. For this example, a damping factor of 0.4
provided a very stable approach to the answer. Some prob-
lems were experience with damping factors bigger than 0.7.
1--- TEMPERATURE -+- GRAVIlY
1-'
(\.)
1-'
122
TABLE XII
Feed Conditions
Feed 1 2 3 4
Stage 19 20 26 29
Temperature ( • F) 637 375 375 375
Flow Rate
( lb-moljhr) 3465.104 194.228 55.494 55.494
Specifications
4000
.....,.. H'Y'SIM
- CRUDESIM
.......... H'I'SIIol
- CRUDESIM
"::-
~3000
..c.
~
13000
.1.
.::;
...
I
.::;
i2000 i2000
...~ ~
e
~1000 11000
~
0 0
10 20 :J 10 20 JD
STAGE~ STAGE~
800
100
10 20
STAGE NLUBER
~3000 . ~3000
l ~
! !
~
!i2ooo ~2000
~... ~
e ~
~1000 ~1000
....
10 20 30
STIIGE NM8ER
800
TABLE XIII
ITERATION SUMMARY
Case A: Waterside Draw Installed In Stage 1
w,
Steam
Bottoms (B)
135 0
1 - - - - - - ' ' - - - - - - Uqu1d Hydrocarbon
2
Duly = 3 8
L--Q)--- 294 0
28 8 Steam
L-----3280
15 8 Sloam
939 7 (Hydro-
carbon) at ' - - - - - - 107 0
637or 69 4 ,;
vaporized, 264 0
(Stoam) at 637°F
TABLE XIV
EXXON TOWER
Feed Conditions
Feed 1 2 3 4 5
Stage 27 33 35 37 28
Flow-Rate
(lb-moljhr) 2203.2* 6.94 26.8 15.8 66.0
Specifications
Other estimates:
/
r /
G:" 1200 80
(J)
~
C)
/
-(J)
"'0
1-
z
1000
/ 60
~
0 800 40
ll..
(!) ~
z 600 20
(!)
::::i ll..
0 <(
m
_J
<( 400 0
::lE
a:
0
z 200 -20
0 -40
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
%VOLUME
~
w
w
134
1300 00 A
A
_,.......
LL..
w
w
rY
c__,
w
0 900.00
'-..../
w
rY
::::>
~
rY
w
(L
~
w 500 00
1-
100 00 I
0 20 40 60 80 100
LIQUID VOLUME -PERCENT VAPORIZED
I-'
w
Ul
700
600
/
r--..
9-
l.J._
/
w 500
w fJ
0:::
c.::>
w ri
8400 /
/
w
0:::
:::>
~ 300
0:::
w
Q_
2 /
~ 200
CRUDESIM
100 HESS ET AL ( 1 977)
ooooo ACTUAL DATA
o~~~~~~~~"""""""""""""
0 10 20 30 40
STAGE NUMBER
138
139
work.
141
142
152
APPENDIX A
MODEL EQUATIONS
Single Stage
II
II
V·l.,J'+1 l.J = f l.J
+ 1·. .. (1)
Lrt vJ
WJ
vJ
153
154
equilibrium.
I II II
I
1·. K·. = 1·. K·. "l.J "
l.J l.J l.J
L· L·"
J J
" "
" = 1·.
1·.
l.J l.J X (~) X
( Kij)
L·
J "
K·.
l.J
D
"l.J = 1·.
1·. K·.
l.J ~j l.J (2)
D I
"
l.J = k·l.J·/k·.
where K·. "
l.J and ~j = ~~~
W· U·
v. . [ 1 + _J_] + 1· . [ 1 + _J_] - 1· . 1 -
l.J l.J l.IJ-
vj Lj
D
vi 1 j+1 + 1 ij ~j Kij = fij (3)
given by
V•' 1·.
l.J = E· ex ••
l.J
J l.J Kbj
V· L·
J J
155
Kb· V·
where Sj = J J is the stripping factor. Let's further
L·
define the relative stripping factors as
(5)
D
Ej+l oc:i,j+1 sb srj+1 1 i,j+1 + 1 ij ~j Kij = fij
D
-li,j- 1 + {RLj + Ej oc:ij Sb Srj RVj + ~j Kij} lij
(7)
where:
W·
J = vapor withdrawal factor
RV·J = 1 +
V·
J
156
II
(8)
where:
c
Lo = ~ lo o
J 0 l.J
1.=1
Wo
J
= Vo (RVo
J J - 1)
Uo = Lo (RLo
J J J - 1)
II
c II
c D
Lo =
J
~ lol.J =
0 ~ {f3 0 Koo }loo
l.J l.J
0
1.=1 i=1 J
vj+1 = VN+l = 0
uj = 0
Pump-Around Stages
Receiving Stage
W· ) ( U· )
V•'
l.J + __
J_ + lij 1 + _J__ - li,j-1 - vi,j+1
vj Lj
II
(9)
II
(10)
158
sending Tray
where j = s
D
-li,j- 1 + {RLj + Ej ~ij Sb Srj RVj + ~j Kij
( 11)
"
- (L•J + U·J + G·)h·
J J - LJ· h
·~
+ QJ· = 0 (12)
Side-Strippers
r = rece1vrng stage
s = sendrng stage
1--1------1 r
•
•
•
1-.------l s
Os
RMF
Tr
SMF SSrss
-- -
' TSS +
I
-- -
TSS = lop tray rn ~de Stnpper
RMF = B_ece1vrng tray rn Mam .[ract1onator
SMF = ~endrng tray rn Morn .[ract1onator
W· U·
vij (1 + __ J_) + lij (1 + _J__) + ssj xij
vj Lj
D
- 1 i,j-1 - vi,j+1 + ~j Kij lij = fij
f·. (13)
l.J
II
(14)
II
1 i,SMF
1 i,j-1 = = SSsMF - - - -
161
(15)
II
where j = TSS.
II
II
(18)
where j = RMF.
APPENDIX B
INITIAL PROFILES
Preliminary Estimates
162
163
sb = (n sj)11n (2)
S·
J
srj = (3)
sb
RL•
J = 1 + U·/L·
J J
( 4)
RV·
J = 1 + W·/V·
J J
(5)
Refined Estimates
LX··
l.J l.J +
X• • (1)
I I II
L = Lj + Uj + Lj (2}
II II
U· " U· L·
~)
II
J + _J) + _J_ X·.
(1 + + xij = (1 X• •
l.J l.J
(3)
II I I I
L· L· L· L·
J J J J
Defining:
L·"
J
~j = (4)
I
L·
J
I
U·
J
RL·
J = 1 + (5)
I
Lj
165
166
(9)
I Lj
L·J = ----- ( 11)
RLj + ~j
(12)
I I H
Uj = L - Lj - Lj (13)
SCALING PROCEDURES
Distillation Towers
NF
= ~ Fk (1)
k=1
where
c c
~ = . ~ l·N
l.
(2)
]=1
c c
u1 + L1 (RL1 - 1) (3)
168
169
NF
= L Fk (4)
k=l
(5)
he
~+~ (6)
(7)
For the general case with liquid and vapor withdrawals, the
final working equation is
lc lc n~l { lc lc
~ + wN + £:t. uk + wk >
k=N+l
N he he
~ ( uk
+ ""' + wk ) (8)
k=2
c c
V1/L1 - V1/L1
e1 = = 0 (10)
V1/L1
Reboiled-Absorbers
e = = 0 (11)
Absorbers
N N
+ ~ U· h)· + ~ W· H· (12)
j=l J j=l J J
Refluxed-Absorbers
173
174
TABLE E-1
ENTHALPY DIFFERENCES
TABLE E-2
TABLE E-3
ENTHALPY COMPARISON
(Case 1)
14.7
LlH 4.676 4.668 -0.17
48.0
47.2
LlH 1. 637 1. 629 0.5
70.0
TABLE E-4
TABLE E-5
TABLE E-3
ENTHALPY COMPARISON
(Case 1)
50
~H 5.224 5.230 0.115
14.7
600
ali 17.782 17.870 0.495
600
SUMMARY OF RESULTS
180
181
KIJ = .0000
KIJ = .0000
TABLE G-1
182
183
TABLE G-2
ITERATION SUMMARY
TABLE G-3
Global Variables
Products Report
TABLE H-1
TABLE H-2
Products Report
185
186
TABLE H-3
TABLE H-4
ITERATION SUMMARY PUMP-AROUND:
8 0 LB-MOL/HR
TABLE H-5
PRODUCTS REPORT
TABLE H-6
TABLE H-7
TABLE H-8
PRODUCTS REPORT
TABLE H-9
TABLE I-1
GLOBAL VARIABLES
TABLE I-2
PRODUCTS REPORT
191
APPENDIX J
TABLE J-1
192
193
TABLE J-2
TABLE J-3
TABLE J-4
TABLE J-5
TABLE J-6
TABLE K-1
196
197
TABLE K-2
LIGHT ENDS ANALYSIS
Component Volume %
Propane 0.010
i-Butane 0.015
n-Butane 0.060
i-Pentane 0.120
n-Pentane 0.250
198
TABLE K-3
FEED COMPOSITION
H2 0 0.000
c3 0.031
i-c 4 0.039
N-C 4 0.164
i-c 5 0.282
N-C 5 0.594
FRAC 1 3.127
FRAC 2 2.844
FRAC 3 1.931
FRAC 4 1. 012
FRAC 5 4.883
FRAC 6 5.148
FRAC 7 6.082
FRAC 8 6.021
FRAC 9 5.750
FRAC 10 5.300
FRAC 11 4.794
FRAC 12 3.614
FRAC 13 6.308
FRAC 14 3.865
FRAC 15 4.392
FRAC 16 3.813
FRAC 17 4.716
FRAC 18 3.999
FRAC 19 4.107
FRAC 20 3.855
FRAC 21 6.326
FRAC 22 3.095
FRAC 23 1. 865
FRAC 24 2.002
199
TABLE K-4
TOWER PROFILES
TABLE K-5
PRODUCT COMPOSITION
TABLE K-6
PRODUCT COMPOSITION
TABLE K-7
PRODUCT COMPOSITION
TABLE K-8
Liquid Vol. %
0 104.0
2 161.2
5 243.7
10 297.2
15 337.1
20 377.9
30 463.9
40 572.2
50 643.9
60 751.7
70 849.6
80 955.3
90 1131.9
95 1300.8
98 1428.0
100 1523.5
Bulk Properties:
TABLE K-9
TABLE K-10
TABLE L-1
H2 0* 1.198E-01
c1 3.3101E-03
c2 ' 1.1660E-02
c3 ' 1.7250E-02
N-C 4 1.9880E-02
N-C 5 4.3441E-02
FRAC 1 150.00 73.67 86.37 3.3082E-02
FRAC 2 190.00 66.11 97.86 2.88743-02
FRAC 3 210.00 62.85 103.70 2.8700E-02
FRAC 4 240.00 58.74 112.60 3.4376E-02
FRAC 5 260.00 56.35 118.88 3.4266E-02
FRAC 6 300.73 52.61 132.15 3.9227E-02
FRAC 7 340.00 48.34 145.05 3.8553E-02
FRAC 8 370.17 45.50 155.58 2.6136E-02
FRAC 9 400.00 43.01 166.58 2.2619E-02
FRAC 10 430.18 40.60 178.25 3.0082E-02
FRAC 11 460.18 38.50 190.53 2.7086E-02
FRAC 12 497.20 36.40 206.79 3.8728E-02
FRAC 13 534.63 34.30 224.10 3.8118E-02
FRAC 14 580.00 32.12 246.54 3.1498E-02
FRAC 15 620.00 30.11 267.22 2.9926E-02
FRAC 16 675.00 27.50 297.18 5.9281E-02
FRAC 17 750.00 25.17 342.14 5.1383E-02
FRAC 18 825.00 22.31 388.62 4.4650E-02
FRAC 19 900.00 20.72 439.79 3.8016E-02
FRAC 20 1000.00 19.17 512.94 3.2345E-02
FRAC 21 1100.00 16.52 584.92 2.2772E-02
FRAC 22 1200.00 11.32 643.45 2.7978E-02
FRAC 23 1300.00 -3.69 740.00 1.3775E-02
FRAC 24 1400.00 -20.94 800.00 1. 3171E-02
206
1000 00
800 00
1-
I
0 *
w 600 00
5:
0:::
:5
:::::>
u
w
_j 400 00
0
~
200 00
1\.)
0
-.J
208
TABLE L-2
GLOBAL VARIABLES
TABLE L-3
PRODUCT COMPOSITION
TABLE L-4
PRODUCT COMPOSITION
TABLE L-5
PRODUCT COMPOSITION
TABLE L-6
PRODUCT COMPOSITION
Edgardo A. Lopez
Biographical: