Axially Loaded

Members
(Struktur yang Dibebani
secara Aksial)
 Introduction
0 Structural components subjected only to tension or
compression are known as axially loaded members.
0 Examples: solid bar with straight longitudinal axes, coil
spring, cable.
0 Solid bars examples:

TRUSS
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 Introduction
0 Solid bars examples:

Column on building

struts

spokes
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 Introduction
0 Coil spring & cables examples:

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 Uniaxial Stress and Strain
0 Stress and strain are called uniaxial stress and strain if the
deformation of the bar be uniform throughout its volume,
which is the bar should be prismatic, the loads act through
the centroids of the cross sections, and the material be
homogeneous.
0 Homogeneous : the same throughout all parts of the bar

“In order to have uniform tension or compression in a

prismatic bar, the axial force must act through the centroid of
the cross-sectional area” 5
 CHANGES IN LENGTHS OF
AXIALLY LOADED MEMBERS
Springs
L = natural length, unstressed length, relaxed length, or free length
• If the material of the spring is linearly
elastic,

• The constant k (the stiffness of the

spring/spring constant) : the force
required to produce a unit elongation.
• the constant f (the flexibility/compliance ) :
the elongation produced by a load of unit
value.

The flexibility can be determined by measuring the elongation produced6

by load, and the stiffness can be calculated by the formula above.
 CHANGES IN LENGTHS OF
AXIALLY LOADED MEMBERS
Prismatic Bars
0 A prismatic bar is a structural member
having a straight longitudinal axis and
constant cross section throughout its
length.

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 CHANGES IN LENGTHS OF
AXIALLY LOADED MEMBERS
Prismatic Bars
0 The elongation δ

EA = the axial rigidity

0 Sign convention : elongation as

positive and shortening as negative
0 The stiffness and the flexibility

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 CHANGES IN LENGTHS OF
AXIALLY LOADED MEMBERS
Cables
0 cables are often referred to as wire rope
0 The cross-sectional area is equal to the total cross sectional
area of the individual wires, called the effective area or
metallic area.

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 CHANGES IN LENGTHS OF
AXIALLY LOADED MEMBERS
Remember

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 CHANGES IN LENGTHS OF
AXIALLY LOADED MEMBERS
Example:
0 The device shown in Fig. 2-8a consists
of a horizontal beam ABC supported by
two vertical bars BD and CE. Bar CE is
pinned at both ends but bar BD is fixed
to the foundation at its lower end. The
distance from A to B is 450 mm and
from B to C is 225 mm. Bars BD and CE
have lengths of 480 mm and 600 mm,
respectively, and their cross-sectional Assuming that beam ABC
areas are 1020 mm2 and 520 mm2, is rigid, find the maximum
respectively. The bars are made of steel allowable load Pmax if the
having a modulus of elasticity E = 205 displacement of point A is
GPa. limited to 1.0 mm. 11
 CHANGES IN LENGTHS OF
AXIALLY LOADED MEMBERS
Solution:
0 Free body diagram

shortening

Note that the force FCE acts downward on

bar ABC and the force FBD acts upward.
Therefore, member CE is in tension and
member BD is in compression.
lengthening

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 CHANGES IN LENGTHS OF
AXIALLY LOADED MEMBERS
Solution: Note:
0 Displacement diagram 1. Member CE is in tension and member BD
is in compression.
2. Beam ABC is rigid
• From triangles A’A”C’ and B’B”C’

• δA = 1mm dan δCE = 0.261 mm

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α = 0.11° .
 CHANGES IN LENGTHS UNDER
NONUNIFORM CONDITIONS
0 change in length of a
prismatic bar of linearly
A. Bars with Intermediate Axial Loads
• Procedure to calculate change of the length:
elastic material loaded 1. Identify the segments of the bar (segments AB, BC,
only at the ends, is, and CD) as segments 1, 2, and 3, respectively.
2. Determine the internal axial forces N1, N2, and
δ=PL/EA N3 in segments 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Sign
Convention = tensile—positive; compression—
negative.

3. Determine the changes in the lengths of the

segments. Sign Convention = elongation—positive;
shortening—negative.

4. Add δ 1, δ 2, and δ 3 to obtain δ,

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 CHANGES IN LENGTHS UNDER
NONUNIFORM CONDITIONS
B. Bars Consisting of Prismatic Segments
0 same general approach.

0 Ni is the internal axial force in segment i

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 CHANGES IN LENGTHS UNDER
NONUNIFORM CONDITIONS
C. Bars with Continuously Varying Loads or Dimensions

𝑑 𝐷−𝑑 2 4𝑃𝐿
A=𝜋
2
+
2𝐿
𝑥 δ = ΔL =
π𝐷𝑑𝐸

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 CHANGES IN LENGTHS UNDER
NONUNIFORM CONDITIONS
D. Effect of Weight

X
W = ρ.A.y

𝑊𝐿
δ = ΔL =
2𝐴𝐸

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 CHANGES IN LENGTHS UNDER
NONUNIFORM CONDITIONS
Example.

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 CHANGES IN LENGTHS UNDER
NONUNIFORM CONDITIONS
Example.
A vertical steel bar ABC is pin-supported at its
upper end and loaded by a force
P1 at its lower end . A horizontal beam BDE is
pinned to the vertical bar at joint B and supported
at point D. The beam carries a load P2 at end E. The
upper part of the vertical bar (segment AB) has
length L1= 20.0 in. and cross-sectional area A1 =
0.25 in2; the lower part (segment BC) has length L2
= 34.8 in. and area A2 = 0.15 in2 . The modulus of
elasticity E of the steel is 29.0 x 106 psi. The left-
and right-hand parts of beam BDE have lengths a =
28 in. and b = 25 in., respectively. Calculate the
vertical displacement δC at point C if the load Pl =
2100 lb and the load P2 = 5600 lb. (Disregard the
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weights of the bar and the beam.)
 CHANGES IN LENGTHS UNDER
NONUNIFORM CONDITIONS
Solution.
0 Free body diagram
 Taking moments about point D,

 in which δ is the change in length of bar ABC.

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Since δ is positive, the bar elongates.
 CHANGES IN LENGTHS UNDER
NONUNIFORM CONDITIONS
Solution.
0 The displacement of point C is equal to the
change in length of the bar:

δC = 0.0088 in.

0 This displacement is downward.

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 STATICALLY
INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES
0 Struktur Statis Tertentu/statically determinate
structure: Struktur dimana gaya-gaya reaksi dan
internalnya dapat diperoleh hanya dengan diagram
benda bebas dan keseimbangan statis. Tidak perlu
mengetahui besaran bahan.
0 Contoh: gambar di samping, dapat ditentukan R dan
gaya internal tanpa harus mengetahui
bahan/material batang, yaitu R = P1 + P2

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 Definisi
0 Struktur Statis Tak-Tentu: Struktur di mana
gaya-gaya reaksi dan internalnya tidak dapat
diperoleh hanya dengan diagaram benda bebas
dan keseimbangan statis.

(a)

0 Karena ujung dijepit  panjangnya tidak

berubah, sehingga gaya-gaya RA, RB, dan P, akan
menyebabkan perubahan panjang sebesar δAB = 0.
 [persamaan keserasian/equation of
compatibility]
0 Mencari besar RA dan RB di dalam persamaan
keserasian.
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 Definisi
0 Hubungan gaya-peralihan: hubungan antara
gaya2 yang bekerja di batang dengan
perubahan panjang δL (atau ΔL)
0 Jika bahan bersifat elastis linear, maka
digunakan:
δ = PL/EA

(b)

Dengan menyelesaikan (a) dan (b), diperoleh

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 Definisi
0 Maka, perpanjangan (sama dengan peralihan)
segmen AC,

0 δBC = ?
0 Tegangan pada segmen AC,

0 Tegangan pada segmen BC = ?

0 Dari persamaan,

Perubahan panjang karena tarikan pada segmen ac, sama dengan 25

perubahan panjang karena tekanan pada segmen bc
 Contoh
0 The steel rod shown in Fig. below a has a diameter of 10 mm. It is
fixed to the wall at A , and before it is loaded, there is a gap of 0.2 m
between the wall at B! and the rod. Determine the reactions at A and
B! if the rod is subjected to an axial force of P = 20 kN as shown.
Neglect the size of the collar at C . Take Est = 200 GPa.

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Jawaban

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Perubahan Panjang karena Dua Jenis Bahan
Berbeda

persamaan keserasian

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Hubungan gaya-
peralihan
 Perubahan Panjang karena Dua Jenis Bahan
Berbeda

Perubahan panjang antara dua bahan sama

Maka, dengan menyelesaikan pers.

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Kesetimbangan dengan gaya-
peralihan
 Perubahan Panjang karena Dua Jenis Bahan
Berbeda
0 Maka, tegangan tekan pada tabung tembaga (c) dan silinder baja (s)

0 Perubahan panjang dari bahan (pemendekan)

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