Sharcsoftware Manual

SHARC Manual Software Manual
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SHARC
Sediment and Hydraulic Analysis

for Rehabilitation of Canals
Software Manual
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Contents
1 Getting Started ................................................................................................................................. 1

1.1 Installing SHARC ........................................................................................................................ 1
1.2 Creating and Restoring Back-Up Database Files......................................................................... 2
1.3 Program Conventions................................................................................................................... 2
2 Problem Diagnosis and Initial Options ............................................................................................ 3
2.1 Background .................................................................................................................................. 3
2.2 Using SHARC.............................................................................................................................. 3
3 Preliminary Economic Screening..................................................................................................... 4
3.1 Background .................................................................................................................................. 4
3.2 Using SHARC.............................................................................................................................. 5
4 Design Tools .................................................................................................................................... 6
4.1 DORC........................................................................................................................................... 6
4.1.1 DORC - Introduction........................................................................................................... 6
4.1.2 Operating DORC.................................................................................................................. 7
4.1.3 DORC Facilities ................................................................................................................... 9
4.1.4 The Data Pool....................................................................................................................... 9
4.2 DACSE....................................................................................................................................... 10
4.2.1 Introduction - DACSE........................................................................................................ 10
4.2.2 Running DACSE – Similarity to DORC............................................................................ 11
4.2.3 DACSE facilities................................................................................................................ 11
4.3 DOSSBAS .............................................................................................................................. 12
4.3.1 Introduction – DOSSBAS .................................................................................................. 12
4.3.2 DOSSBAS Menu Options.................................................................................................. 14
4.4.2 Intake Model - Operation ................................................................................................... 28
5 Hydraulic Simulation ..................................................................................................................... 35
5.1 Background ................................................................................................................................ 35
5.2 Using SHARC - Quick Start ...................................................................................................... 36
5.3 Entering Design Data ................................................................................................................. 39
5.3.1 X-Section Data................................................................................................................... 40
5.3.2 Structure Design Data ........................................................................................................ 41
5.3.3 Turnout Design Data .......................................................................................................... 42
5.3.4 Editing Design Data ........................................................................................................... 42
5.4 Menu structure and detailed description of each menu item...................................................... 43
5.4.1 File ..................................................................................................................................... 43
5.4.2 Scheme Setup..................................................................................................................... 43
5.4.3 Map .................................................................................................................................... 43
5.4.4 List ..................................................................................................................................... 45
5.4.5 Hydraulic Model ................................................................................................................ 45
5.4.7 Results................................................................................................................................ 59
5.4.8 Help (F1) ............................................................................................................................ 61
6 Environmental impact .................................................................................................................... 61
6.1 Background ................................................................................................................................ 61
6.2 Using SHARC............................................................................................................................ 61
7 Economic analysis.......................................................................................................................... 62
7.1 Cost/Benefit Analysis ................................................................................................................ 62
7.2 Cost Comparison........................................................................................................................ 64
8 Help, Exit and Reset References.................................................................................................... 64
8.1 Help (F1) .................................................................................................................................... 64
8.2 Exit ............................................................................................................................................. 64
8.3 Reset References ........................................................................................................................ 64
SHARC Manual Appendix 2
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Contents continued
9 TUTORIAL 1 – Problem Diagnosis and Initial Options ............................................................... 65

10 TUTORIAL 2 – Preliminary Economic Screening........................................................................ 68
11 TUTORIALS 3 (a) to (d) – Design Tools – DORC....................................................................... 70
11.1 TUTORIAL 3(a) DORC: Entering and Saving Data – Regime Method ............................... 70
11.2 TUTORIAL 3(b) DORC: Repeating Calculations – Tractive Force Method ........................ 72
11.3 TUTORIAL 3(c) DORC: Comparing Methods - Rational Method ....................................... 72
11.4 TUTORIAL 3(d) DORC: Recording - Manning Equation .................................................... 73
12 TUTORIALS 4 (a) to (d) – Design Tools – DACSE..................................................................... 75
12.1 TUTORIAL 4(a) DACSE: Trapping Efficiency Calculation ................................................ 75
12.2 TUTORIAL 4(b) DACSE: Setting Extraction Ratio using Plots........................................... 76
12.3 TUTORIAL 4(c) DACSE: Setting Extraction Ratio - Canal Discharge Increases ................ 79
12.4 TUTORIAL 4(d) DACSE: Completion of Computations – Vortex Tube ............................. 80
13 TUTORIALS 5 (a) to (d) – Design Tools – DOSSBAS ................................................................ 82
13.1 TUTORIAL 5 (a) DOSSBAS: Using the Deposition Model ................................................. 82
13.2 TUTORIAL 5 (b) DOSSBAS: Modifying a Settling Basin Design ...................................... 88
13.3 TUTORIAL 5 (c) DOSSBAS: Using the Sluicing Model ..................................................... 89
13.4 TUTORIAL 5 (d) DOSSBAS: Designing an Escape Channel .............................................. 91
14 TUTORIAL 6 (a) to (b) – Design Tools – Intake Model............................................................... 93
14.1 TUTORIAL 6 (a) Intake Model: Running the Model............................................................ 93
14.2 TUTORIAL 6 (b) Intake Model: Comparing Model Runs .................................................... 98
15 TUTORIALs 7 (a) to (e) – Hydraulic Simulation........................................................................ 100
15.1 TUTORIAL 7 (a) Hydraulic Simulation: Setting Out a Simple Network ........................... 100
15.2 TUTORIAL 7 (b) Hydraulic Simulation: Specifying Dimensions ...................................... 103
15.3 TUTORIAL 7 (c) Hydraulic Simulation: Running the Model............................................. 106
15.4 TUTORIAL 7 (d) Hydraulic Simulation: Implementing Sediment Control........................ 112
15.5 TUTORIAL 7(e) Hydraulic Simulation: Further Tests........................................................ 122
16 TUTORIAL 9 – Environmental Impact ....................................................................................... 127
17 TUTORIAL 10 – Economic Analysis.......................................................................................... 128
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1 Getting Started
SHARC is a suite of integrated programs designed to assist in the identification and

solution of sediment problems at intakes in rivers and canal systems. The initial
window allows access to 6 modules that usually are used in the order given:
• Problem Diagnosis and Initial Options

• Preliminary Economic Screening
• Design Tools (with four design programs)
• Hydraulic Simulation
• Environmental Impact
• Economic Analysis
This Software Manual provides guidance on use of the software itself while the
separate Technical Manual provides the engineering context for the software and sets
out the engineering procedure for deriving solutions to sediment problems. The
Quick Guide enables users already familiar with PC software and with general aspects
of sediment control to make quick progress with the software.
This chapter explains how to install SHARC, and explains the conventions used in the
manual and in the software.
The use of the modules is described in subsequent chapters, the technical concepts on
which design and sediment routing software is based are summarised in appendix 6.
1.1 Installing SHARC
SHARC usually comes on a single CD-Rom disk and should be installed as follows:
1) Insert the CD into the PC.
2) Determine the letter of the installation drive. It is usually “D” but may be “E”. To
find out, open Windows Explorer and the letter will be displayed in the left hand
window next to a symbol of a CD drive.
3) Left click the mouse with the mouse pointer on the Windows Start button. Click on the
RUN command from the menu which appears. Type “D:\Electronic outputs\Sharc\Setup.exe”
in the window that appears, where “D” is the drive letter found in (2). Click on OK.
4) Follow the instructions. SHARC will be installed on “C:\SHARC” where “C” is the
letter of the hard disk drive. Another letter can be selected if required: (when ready
continue with the installation by clicking on the computer symbol)
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5) The additional design programs of DORC, DACSE and DOSSBAS are now installed by
repeating step 3 but now with the text “D:\Electronic outputs\Sharc\Modules\Setup.exe”,
where “D” is the letter of the installation drive.
SHARC can now be run by either:
1. Opening Windows Explorer, entering the SHARC directory (usually

“C:\SHARC”) and double-clicking on the file “SHARC.EXE”, or
2. Clicking the Windows Start button, then finding Programs>>SHARC>>SHARC

on the menu and then clicking on the final “SHARC”, or
3. Using Windows Explorer to create a shortcut to SHARC.EXE; in (1) just above

right-click on the file “SHARC.EXE”, and then select “Create shortcut” from the
menu that appears. Press the left mouse button with the pointer over the “Shortcut
to SHARC.exe” created and then drag it onto the background of the PC screen (the
desktop) and let go. SHARC can then be run by double-clicking on the icon
formed on the desktop.
On using SHARC for the first time, SHARC will request confirmation that the user
accepts the licence agreement. This process is only necessary during the first execution
of the program after installation.
1.2 Creating and Restoring Back-Up Database Files
To assist the construction of canal networks the SHARC program automatically

creates a back-up upon loading of an existing model database. The back-up file has the
same database name as the original, but is given the suffix .bk1 rather than the normal
.mdb (the back-up of the corresponding .ldb file has the suffix .bl1). The nine most
recent back-ups are stored, and as each back-up is created and given the suffix .bk1,
previous back-ups are updated accordingly (ie the previous .bk1 becomes .bk2, .bk2
becomes .bk3 and so on, with the previous .bk9, if it already exists, deleted from the
memory.
Note that a back-up file can be created manually at any time by holding down the
<CTRL> and <B> keys simultaneously, or by selecting Create Back-Up from the File
submenu on the main screen.
To restore a previously created back-up file, select Restore Back-Up from the
File sub-menu, and select the back-up file to be restored (noting that the .bk1 file is the
most recent back-up file, and the .bk9 the oldest). After restoring the back-up database
file it assumes the standard database name, with an .mdb suffix to the filename, with
the previous database becoming back-up file .bk1 and the remaining back-up files
updated appropriately.
1.3 Program Conventions
The opening window for each module shows a picture with usually 3 or 4 buttons, two
of which are always Information and Exit. Clicking on the Information button will
give some details on the purpose of the particular module. The module can be closed
either by clicking Exit or using the Escape key, <ESC>. Every window that has either
a Cancel or Exit button can be terminated using the Escape key.
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Pressing the <F1> key in any SHARC module displays the general Help facility. The
help is not context sensitive.
All modules, with the exception of the Hydraulic Simulation, operate from
conventional windows with option buttons. The Hydraulic Simulation module
operates from a menu, and a schematic map of the irrigation system to be modelled
must be created before any design data can be entered or the model run. The Intake
model, accessed from Design Tools, uses the same database for any particular scheme
as the Hydraulic Simulation module, although there is no need for the map to be
drawn if only this module is being used.
The Hydraulic Simulation requires considerably more input that the other modules
and is correspondingly more complex. To assist users a Quick Start section is given at
the beginning of section 5.2. SHARC can be used comprehensively without use of the
Hydraulic Simulation module if data or time is not available for the more refined level
of prediction that it provides.
Full details on the use of each module are given in the following chapters, most of
which are preceded by a summary of the technical background to the software.
2 Problem Diagnosis and Initial Options
2.1 Background
The module uses information on the size range and location of sediment deposits to
direct users to suitable options for improved sediment management. Sediment control
structures that are technical feasible can then be identified on the basis of the intake
type and the possibility of hydraulic sediment flushing.
2.2 Using SHARC
Select Problem Diagnosis and Initial options, and then Run Module. The module is
presented as a tabbed window, with pages 1 and 2 presenting questions, which should
be answered in order. Page 3 shows a short report generated from the responses. Some
useful notes are displayed in red in the space at the bottom of the screen as the
questions are answered.
Use the buttons that appear at various points in the sequence, to move to the next Page
and to display the summary report. An example first page is shown below.
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Sediment control structures that may be technically viable can be identified using
Initial Options .
Select Initial Options, and Technical viability after using the Problem Diagnosis
module. (The options displayed depend on the responses to the questions presented in
the Problem Diagnosis module).
Advice on sediment management options and structures is displayed after the

questions concerning the intake design and head available for sediment flushing have
been answered. Where appropriate options are given for a range of sediment sizes.
3 Preliminary Economic Screening
3.1 Background
Economic and financial analysis of engineering or operational interventions to

improve sediment management cannot be carried out until the design of sediment
control structures has progressed to the level that enables costs and benefits to be
determined. However it is important to have a idea of the level of cost which could
eventually be justified, as this will prevent time being wasted investigating options that
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have little prospect of being economically viable. The Preliminary Economic

Screening module enables preliminary estimates to be made of the allowable costs for
sediment control structures, that provide a specified Internal Rate of Return (IRR).
Comparing justifiable costs, with the sediment control performance required, and
preliminary estimates of costs provides a method of screening technically viable
options before detailed design studies are carried out. Estimates for justifiable cost
figures can be obtained for two scenarios:
The cost of the sediment control structures is to be justified by savings in de-

silting cost.
The cost of the sediment control structures is to be justified by an increase in

irrigated area.
A life of 20 years for sediment control structures and annual maintenance costs of 1%
of the capital cost is assumed in both cases. For the second case it is assumed that the
increase in irrigated area will be achieved over a five year period, i.e. the full benefits
of sediment control are not realised until year five.
An upper limit for allowable costs is expressed either as multiples of the cost of
removing all the sediment that settles in the system in a year, or as multiples of the
schemes gross margin (design scheme area *gross margin/ ha). A figure for the cost of
removing the sediment that settles in the canals of a system each year can be estimated
from sediment volumes derived from canal surveys sections, which are often carried
out to determine maintenance requirements . Gross margins may be available from
local or regional economic surveys, or from economic analysis carried out when the
system was constructed, with appropriate updating of costs and other assumptions.
If both a saving in de-silting costs and an increase in the sustainable irrigated area are
expected, the allowable costs for sediment control structures are the sum of the
allowable costs for the two scenario’s.
3.2 Using SHARC
Select Preliminary Economic Screening then Justifiable costs. The module then
allows benefits from either Reducing de-silting costs, or Recovering sustainable
irrigated area to be considered.
Reduce de-silting costs

Select this option to show the following window:
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The plot shows the percentage of the incoming sediment load that must be removed by
a sediment control structure to achieve a specified IRR for a range of costs, presented
as multiples of the cost of removing the volume of sediment settling in the scheme in a
year. The graph provides a means of assessing the trade off between cost and required
performance. If more precise values are needed then clicking Compute enables the
performance required at any level of cost and any IRR between 1 and 50 % to be
determined. (Enter a value for IRR, and then cost in the calculator window.)
See figure below:
Recover sustainable irrigated area
This plot is similar to the one for reduction in de-silting costs, but is based on the
area that must be recovered by an investment in sediment control to generate a
specified IRR. In this case costs are presented as multiples of the schemes gross
margin, ie margin per ha *design service area. If more precise values are needed then
clicking Compute enables the % increase in sustainable irrigated area required at any
level of cost to produce any IRR between 1 and 50 % to be determined. (Enter a value
for IRR, and then cost in the calculator window.)
4 Design Tools
This module allows access to an Intake model, and three programs supplied with
SHARC that are used to design of alluvial canals, (DORC), sediment extractors
(DACSE) and settling basins (DOSSBAS).
A summary of the methods used in these packages is given in appendix 6, only a brief
description is given here.
4.1 DORC
4.1.1 DORC - Introduction
The DORC software (‘Design Of Regime Canals’) can be viewed as a general toolkit
of methods for designing canals to transport sediments and to assess existing canals.
Alluvial canals are designed using a variety of methods, which vary in complexity
from simple methods based on the Manning equation, through traditional regime
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methods, to more complex rational regime procedures, which attempt to match

sediment transporting capacity to a specified sediment input.
Simple methods based on the Manning equation do not account for sediment transport,
and are only valid when the sediment input is small. Canals designed using these
methods usually have a low sediment transporting capacity, as designers often adopt
low bed slopes in order to maximise command. In this case canal sedimentation
problems are inevitable if there is appreciable sediment input, as is often the case in
run of river irrigation schemes. Classical regime design methods are based on sets of
empirical equations derived from observations of stable or “regime” canals. (An
alluvial canal is said to be "in regime" when, over some suitably long time period, its
depth width and slope stabilise to average or equilibrium values. This can only occur
when the sediment input to the canal matches the average sediment transporting
capacity, sediment deposition during periods of high sediment input being balanced by
periods of scour when the sediment input is low.) The rational methods link alluvial
friction and sediment transport equations so as to predict the canal dimensions and
slope required to carry a specified discharge and sediment load.
The methods in DORC enable canal designs to be matched to the expected incoming
sediment load through the use of one of the rational methods. If the data required to
use these methods is not available the classical regime design methods can be used,
and the sediment transporting capacity quantified. This enables transporting capacity
to be compared with sediment input, and the need for a revised canal design or
improved sediment control to be assessed.
4.1.2 Operating DORC
When DORC is run from Design Tools the following main screen appears:
Click with the left mouse button on the calculation facility you wish to perform.
In most of the calculation facilities a number of options are available. The window for
the facility includes all the boxes required for input to any option. Therefore for a
particular option some input parameters will not be required. They are made
unavailable for editing and are shown in grey. For example the option Sand
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Transport appears as follows when the option selected is the Engelund and Hansen
predictor:
Values for bed width, side slope, temperature and most bed material sizes are not
needed for the calculation. They are thus ‘greyed-out’ and cannot be filled with data.
When the van Rijn predictor is clicked most of this information is now required:
Data must be entered for each box shown in white, and then Calculate is clicked.
(Note that longitudinal slopes are input as numbers like 0.0005 rather than 1/2000).
The Results part of the screen shows the calculation results.
Help on each calculation facility is available within the facility by clicking the button
Help. The help text includes references for the methods.
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DORC imposes limits on the values input. The user can in exceptional circumstances
extend these limits by editing the file “DORC\DORClimits.txt”.
4.1.3 DORC Facilities
As well as the calculation options DORC includes some general facilities, which are
available from the main window. They are discussed below.
Load
Reads data from an external data file. A prompt asks the user for the name of the data
file which must have the extension ".DRC". The default name is “Latest.DRC”, which
is the data set in DORC when the program was last exited. (See under ‘Data Pool’,
section 4.1.4 below)
Save
Saves the contents of the data pool in an external data file. A prompt asks the user for
the data file name which must have the extension ".DRC ". If no extension is given,
then DORC automatically provides it with ".DRC ". The default name suggested is
“DORC.DRC”. If the file already exists then the user is given the choice of either
overwriting the old file, or returning to the main menu.
Record
Starts a record of all the computations in a file. The default file name is “DORC.CSV”
but an alternative file name may be entered. The file must have the extension “.CSV”.
If the file already exists you will be asked if it should be over-written. To stop
recording to a file click Record again. After recording is stopped, or after leaving
DORC, the file may be read into Excel. (Once loaded into Excel the first column will
need widening.) Use this facility if a printout of the computations is required.
Importing Data on Bed Material

Bed material sizes are used throughout DORC. Bed material sizes predicted by the
other programs in SHARC can be imported. Click on the program name from which
the sizes are to be derived. Details of the origin of the imported bed material sizes are
listed below.
Intake Model
The bed material sizes predicted for the canal headreach will be imported
DOSSBAS
The bed material sizes predicted for the canal downstream from the settling
basin will be imported
DACSE
The bed material sizes predicted for the canal downstream from the sediment
extractor will be imported
4.1.4 The Data Pool
When a data value is entered into DORC, it is stored with the results of calculations in
a common 'data pool". If a calculation is repeated, or a different option which requires
the same variables is chosen, then the stored value is displayed. Data values do not
have to be re-entered every time a new calculation is made. A change to a variable,
whether by input to a data entry screen, or as a result of a calculation, is communicated
to all the data entry boxes. However, it is important to check each data values
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displayed on a screen before continuing with calculations to ensure that the values of
the input variables are the ones expected.
4.2 DACSE
4.2.1 Introduction - DACSE
The DACSE software (‘Design Analysis for Canal Sediment Extractors’) provides
methods for aiding the design procedure for sediment extractors: vortex tubes and tunnel
sediment extractors. These structures function by separating, and then ejecting, the
sediment laden bottom layer of flow in a canal. Water and sediment from the region close
to the canal bed is diverted by the extractor, and taken out through one canal bank to an
escape channel. The escape channel returns the water and sediment to the river. By
extracting water from the near-bed zone a substantial proportion of the bed material
sediments entering the canal can be removed, at the expense of between 10% and 20% of
the canal discharge.
The advantages of sediment extractors over alternatives such as settling basins are their
(relatively) low cost and, in contrast to a settling basin, a sediment trap efficiency that
does not vary much with time or canal discharge. The disadvantages are that a
considerable proportion (10% to 15 %) of the flows diverted to a canal are used for
sediment flushing and are returned to the river. Vortex tube and tunnel sediment
extractors are not suitable for extracting fine sediments.
Design calculations for sediment extractors are carried out using the DACSE software,
which allows:
Sediment transport computations in the main canal to be undertaken, they

indicate the extractor performance required and the conditions upstream from
the extractor in the head reach.
Sediment trapping efficiency, and the way in which this varies with water
extraction ratio, to be quantified.
Extractor dimensions to be specified to meet the conflicting requirements of

preventing sediment deposition within the extractor, while ensuring that the
head loss is not excessive.
The optimum extractor location to be identified.
The cross section and slope of an escape channel needed to convey high
sediment concentrations to be determined.
Users of the software are assumed to be familiar with the concepts underlying
the design of alluvial canals and sediment control structures (as provided in
the Technical Manual), and with the hydraulic design of canal structures.
The principal steps in the design of a sediment extractor are:
Estimate the required sediment trap efficiency
Predict the sediment trapping efficiency that can be expected
Determine the location of the extractor
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Select the structure type (Vortex tube or tunnel extractor)
Determine the leading dimensions and expected head loss
Specify the slope and cross section of the escape channel.
The use of DACSE to carry out computations for all of the above is illustrated in the
design examples presented in the Technical Manual. The Tutorials at the end of this
manual illustrate operation of the software itself. (The methods on which the
computations are based are summarised in appendix 6).
4.2.2 Running DACSE – Similarity to DORC
DACSE is run in an equivalent manner to DORC, which is presented in Section 4.1

above. The format of the programs is equivalent, thus the following procedures and
facilities in DACSE have already been presented in Section 4.1:
Selecting options and making calculations
The Data Pool
Loading previously saved data (the files used have the extension “.DSE” in
DACSE while it is “.DRC” in DORC)
Saving data from the Data Pool
Recording calculations in a file readable in Excel
Obtaining help
Importing Data on Bed Material from the Intake Model or DOSSBAS

(however note that for DOSSBAS the bed material sizes predicted for the
canal upstream from the settling basin will be imported, in DORC it is the
downstream bed material sizes).
DACSE imposes limits on the values input. Similarly to DORC, the user can in
exceptional circumstances extend these limits by editing “DACSE \ DACSE
limits.txt”.
4.2.3 DACSE facilities
The calculation options in DACSE relate to the task of deriving a sediment extractor
design in the following manner:
Alluvial Friction – used to predict canal conditions either upstream or

downstream from the extractor. The predictions are then used by other
calculations such as Sand Transport or Trapping Efficiency.
Sand Transport – used to predict the sand transporting capacity of the canal
either upstream or downstream from the extractor. The predictions are used to
determine the required performance for the extractor.
Canal Depth and Slope - used to predict canal conditions upstream from the
extractor using the sand concentration entering the system. It is especially
useful when the canal is being designed and the adjustment of the slope to the
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sediment input is not known. It is not usually required when a canal system is
being rehabilitated. The output from the method is used by Trapping
Efficiency.
Trapping Efficiency – used to predict an extractor’s trapping efficiency. The

D50 size in transport predicted by this option is used by Adaption Length.
Adaption Length – used when determining the optimum location for an

extractor in the main canal headreach.
Vortex Tube Design – if a vortex tube has been chosen as the type of
extractor, then this option enables the leading design parameters, such as the
number of tubes and tube diameter, to be derived.
Tunnel Extractor Design - if a tunnel type sediment extractor has been

chosen, then these options are used when deriving the leading design
parameters, such as the number of tunnels and their widths. The options are
used within the design procedures described in the Manual.
Head Loss and Exit Loss – both options are required when
determining the total head loss between the canal and the upstream
end of the escape channel.
Height of Dividing Streamline – used when determining the height of

the extractor tunnels.
Escape Channel Design – derives the slope of the escape channel and its
width and depth. When a potential alignment for the escape channel is being
assessed, the product of slope and length of the escape channel (total head
drop) is required.
DACSE includes a facility to write and plot tables showing how conditions vary as the
extraction ratio is increased. These plots or tables are used especially when
determining the extraction ratio to use. Further details on the facility is available by
clicking Help in the sub-menu under ‘Summary Table’ on the main DACSE window.
Use of the facility is exemplified in the Tutorials below.
The options Alluvial Friction and Sand Transport both include the choice between
conditions upstream from the extractor and downstream from the extractor. This
enables the canal data such as bed material sizes to be stored separately in the Data
Pool in DACSE. Thus when Trapping Efficiency is run and the bed material sizes
downstream from the extractor are predicted, the sizes are copied to the Alluvial
Friction and Sand Transport options only when ‘Downstream of extractor’ is
selected.
4.3 DOSSBAS
Error! Bookmark not defined.4.3.1 Introduction – DOSSBAS
DOSSBAS (‘Design Of Sluiced Settling BASins’) aids in the design of settling basins by
providing models to test and refine potential basin designs. It can also be used to set the
escape channel dimensions.
Settling basins are often constructed at the head of canals, to trap sediment that would
otherwise settle in the canal network. Basins are formed by enlarging the canal section
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so that the flow velocity is reduced, allowing sediment to settle to the bed. Sediment
deposits are removed periodically either by mechanical excavation, or when there is
sufficient head, by flushing sediment back to the river from a low level outlet at the
downstream end of the basin. A typical sluiced settling basin is shown in the figure
below:
Weir
Intake
Inlet transition
Settling basin
Low level
sluice gate
Irrigation
canal
Escape
channel
The principle advantage of settling basins over alternative methods of sediment control
is that useful trap efficiencies can be obtained for relatively fine sediments, without a
requirement for excessive volumes of water for sediment flushing.
DOSSBAS is a suite of programs, which assists the design of sluiced or mechanically

excavated settling basins. It includes two numerical models that simulate the
performance of basins operating in the deposition and sluicing modes. Use of a
simulation model to aid the design of settling basins offers several advantages over
earlier methods, for example the trapping efficiency prediction equations of Vetter,
1940, or Camp, 1960. These can only be used to predict the trapping efficiency of an
idealised basin, as they assume zero sediment transporting capacity within the settling
zone, and thus do not predict the variations in trapping efficiency as the basin fills with
sediment.
By using DOSSBAS a designer can make several key predictions that assist in refining
and optimising a settling basin design.
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These are:
• The variation in sediment concentrations and grain sizes passing

through a basin and entering the downstream canal network as the basin
fills with sediment.
• The time period over which the basin fills, and thus the interval required
between sediment sluicing or desilting operations.
• If the basin is flushed, the time period required to flush the basin and the
volume of water needed for flushing.
• The slope and cross section required for the escape channel used to
convey sediment flushed from a basin to the river or disposal point.
The development of the methods used in DOSSBAS, and their validation against
measured data from operating settling basins is described in Atkinson 1992. Details of
the methods are not presented here.
4.3.2 DOSSBAS Menu Options
DOSSBAS is controlled from a main menu screen:
This screen controls both the DOSSBAS models. The Deposition model and Sluicing
model boxes contain a series of options allowing input data to be entered or edited,
models run and results viewed.
4.3.2.1 Open Project
This enables a project that was saved earlier to be selected and further runs made. The
project name and directory where the file was saved need to be selected and the project
opened to load a previously saved project.
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4.3.2.2 New Project
This is used to set up a new project under the name used by DOSSBAS. A name can
consist of up to eight characters and must be entered before data is entered or
calculations carried out.
The project name is used to identify input and output data filenames for a project. All
the project filenames have the same prefix (i.e. the project name), but the filename
extensions are automatically set by DOSSBAS, and thus users are not free to choose a
file name extension.
For example, if the project name BASIN2 is selected as the project name the
following filenames are set automatically:
Description Name set by DOSSBAS
DOSSBAS Project file BASIN2.DBS

Deposition INput file BASIN2.DIN
Deposition Old Restart file BASIN2.DOR
Deposition New Restart file BASIN2.DNR
Sluicing INput file BASIN2.SIN
Sluicing Old Restart file BASIN2.SOR
Sluicing New Restart file BASIN2.SNR
Deposition OUtput file BASIN2.DOU

Sluicing OUtput file BASIN2.SOU
EScape Channel design file BASIN2.ESC
The last three files contain detailed output from simulations, and can be viewed using
a Windows text editor. The figure overleaf shows the relationships between the files
and the models
4.3.2.3 Set Initial Layout
This option is used to make an initial estimate for the settling basin dimensions using
Vetters 1940 trap efficiency equation. The equation is used to predict the basin plan
area required to achieve a trap efficiency specified by the user for a specified
representative sediment size. DOSSBAS also calculates a maximum recommended
basin width, derived from the basin discharge, and from this and the plan area, a
recommended initial basin length.
A basin that is to be sluiced should have a width which is equal to or less than the
"regime" width of the sluicing flow, otherwise sediment berms will be left in the basin
after flushing. A maximum allowable width for sluicing, Wsmax in metres is predicted
from :
Wsmax = 4.83 Qs0.5
where Qs is the sluicing discharge. (See Atkinson, 1992 for the origin of
this equation.)
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DOSSBAS File Names
Input File Restart File Output File
Deposition Old Restart file

BASIN2.DOR
Deposition INput file Deposition Model Deposition OUtput file

BASIN2.DIN BASIN2.DOU
Deposition New Restart file

BASIN2.DNR
Use For Input to Sluice Only copy if

Model to copy file a sluiced
basin does
not empty
(often true for
still pond
Sluicing Old Restart file
regulation)
BASIN2.SOR
Sluicing INput file Sluicing Model Sluicing OUtput file

BASIN2.SIN BASIN2.SOU
Sluicing New Restart file

BASIN2.SNR
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The sluicing discharge used to set the maximum basin width will depend on the
application but might be set larger than a typical canal operating discharge, so as to
ensure rapid sluicing.
Basins are sometimes designed with multiple compartments that are flushed in turn, in
order to overcome the limitation in basin width arising from the need to ensure
efficient flushing.
If the basin is not to be sluiced, there is still a limitation on basin width. If the
upstream part of the basin fills with sediment, so that a channel of "regime" width
forms, then the flow transition from the "regime" width to the larger downstream basin
width will cause additional turbulence, and reduce the trapping efficiency. The
recommended maximum basin width for a non-sluiced basin, Wdmax, is calculated
from:
Wdmax = 7.2 Qo0.5
where Qo is the operating discharge. (See Atkinson, 1992 for the origin of
this equation.)
4.3.2.4 Deposition Model - Create/Edit Input
The edit facility is used to:
Enter a new set of data for the model.
View or modify data which has been entered previously.
The edit facility contains a number of data entry boxes and calls set-up windows for
further data entry, editing or viewing. Data must be entered for all parameters before
the model will run.
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Different data sets can be stored as runs identified by a Run Title. Parameters used in
previous runs can be selected from the ‘Select Earlier Run’ drop-down list. When
the model has been used once and an input file created, this window will open with the
last input file parameters displayed. (Note that the text on all the ‘Setup’ buttons will
be in italics indicating that data sets for these parameters have been selected.)
Other facilities to manage the data sets for input to model runs are:
Delete Run removes a run from the Select Earlier Run facility.
Clear Run clears all the data except for default values, so that a new run can
be prepared.
Save Run saves the input data so that it can be used again, and prepares an
input file for the deposition model. DOSSBAS then automatically returns to
the main menu. Earlier data for the run will be overwritten and lost.
Save As New Run saves the input data so that it can be used again, and
prepares an input file for the deposition model. DOSSBAS then automatically
returns to the main menu. If the run title has been changed, the previous run
will be retained.
Exit exits without preparing input file for the deposition model. Optionally
the data can be saved.
Entering and Saving Data
Some data is entered in the forms displayed using windows called by clicking on the
Setup Buttons, for example Setup Sand Sizes. When data has been entered the text
font on the button is changed to italic.
Basin Geometry
There are three geometry options. The simplest option is Regular Geometry. If it is
selected the basin dimensions can be input in the data entry boxes on the form.
The initial bed width is input. As sediment deposits the bed will become wider
(trapezoidal cross sections are assumed). If the basin is to be sluiced the upstream bed
elevation should be higher than the downstream bed elevation to provide a slope to
assist sediment flushing when the basin has nearly emptied.
Data required for all geometry options are:
Side slope SS 1:SS

Ramp slope m/m
Bed width of upstream channel m
The side slope is the ratio of the horizontal distance to the vertical height of the side
wall of a trapezoidal basin.
The ramp slope is the slope of the transition from the upstream canal bed level to bed
level at the upstream end of the basin, the inlet transition, specified in metres per metre
(m/m). (See Section 3.5.3 of the Technical Manual for a discussion on the impact of
the inlet transition on settling basin performance.)
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The bed width of the upstream channel is refers to the canal section immediately
upstream of the basin. (When a basin is located immediately downstream from an inlet
then input the inlet width.)
If the starting basin geometry is too complex to represented using the parameters listed
above then option Irregular Geometry should be used. Setup Irregular Geometry
must be selected, and the basin widths and elevations input for a set of distances up the
basin. Distance in this case is measured from the downstream end of the basin. The
first record should thus be at 0 m (the downstream limit) and the last record should be
for the section at the upstream limit. Up to fifteen distances, elevations and bed widths
are allowed in the irregular geometry option. The data requirements are:
If the deposition model is to be run with the deposition simulation starting from
conditions at the end of an earlier Deposition or Sluicing Model run select Restart
Run. When this option is specified DOSSBAS reads the geometry directly from a
restart file, which must have been be saved at the end of previous deposition or
sluicing simulation.
Flow and Concentration Data

The Deposition Model can be run for a single steady discharge and input sediment
concentrations, or for a series of varying discharges and sediment concentrations. For
a steady run leave the box ‘Unsteady run’ without a tick and enter the data requested
on the form.
For an “unsteady” run tick the box ‘Unsteady run’ and click Setup Unsteady Inputs.
Unsteady simulations enable different discharges, sediment concentrations and
downstream stage values to be specified at regular time steps. Selecting a short time
step requires more calculations and more input, but results in greater accuracy if a
significant range of input flows and or sediment concentrations is to be simulated. The
output constant is used to specify the number of time steps at which output data will be
stored and plotted. For example if the constant equals 2, data will be written to the
result file every second time step.
Note that for both steady and unsteady runs if the first sand concentration is set to
zero, then the sand calculations are "turned off". This is also true for fine sediment
(silt). Thus, the deposition model can be operated in three modes:
With sand and fine sediment

With sand only
With fine sediment only
The Manning roughness coefficient is required for both options, it is only used only if
there is no sand present in the inflow. (In the absence of data the default value of 0.024
can be used). When sand concentrations are larger than zero an alluvial friction
predictor is used to predict the hydraulic roughness from the sand sizes settling on the
bed.
Sediment properties - Sand data

The deposition model requires "in-transport" sediment sizes representing the sand
sized sediments entering the settling basin. These are entered using the Setup sand
sizes option. The size grading curve for sediment in transport will be finer than the
parent bed material, and is ideally derived from field measurements. If this data is
available it can be entered directly. If an "in - transport" size grading curve is not
available DOSSBAS will predict the "in - transport" sizes from canal bed material
sizes. Select which option is to be used, and enter the data in the appropriate column.
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The grain sizes can also be imported from the other programs in SHARC. The Intake
Model predicts the bed material in the canal headreach and the sizes in the flow
entering the canal. They can be imported from an Intake Model output file. DACSE
requires as input the sediment sizes in the canal bed upstream from the extractor and
these can be imported from a DACSE data file. The sizes can also be copied from the
*.DIN input file of another DOSSBAS project.
Sediment properties - Fine sediment data

The Setup fine sediment settling velocities screen requires information on the
representative settling velocities for the fine sediment fractions. Settling velocity data
is entered in 10% settling velocity fractions by weight, derived from a cumulative
settling velocity curve. (ie 50% by weight of the fine sediment will have a settling
velocity less than the value V50.) A minimum velocity can be specified, such that
settling velocities less than this value are ignored in the deposition simulation and do
not have to be entered. (It is assumed that particles or flocs with settling velocities less
than the minimum value entered will not settle in the basin. This assumption is
checked in DOSSBAS, and a warning is generated if deposition of the lowest settling
velocity fraction has occurred. If this occurs it will be necessary to enter further
sediment fractions with lower settling velocities and re-run the simulation).
4.3.2.5 Deposition Model - Run Model
This option, called from the main DOSSBAS screen, runs the deposition model. The
model can be started from three initial conditions:
Starting with an empty basin

The deposition model reads data from an input file. (Run Model will be
inactive and shown in pale grey if an input file does not exist.)
Restarting from a deposition simulation

Deposit levels and composition start from conditions predicted at the end of an
earlier deposition model run. A restart file must have been generated after an
earlier deposition run. (Use the button: Copy restart file: To restart deposition
model from the deposition model menu). Also the basin geometry option
(from Create/edit input) should be selected as a ‘Restart run’.
Restarting from a sluicing simulation

Deposit levels and composition start from conditions predicted at the end of an
earlier sluicing model run. A restart file must have been generated at the end
of the sluicing run. (Click Copy restart file: For input to deposition model
from the sluicing model menu). Also the basin geometry option (from
Create/edit input) should be selected as a ‘Restart run’.
When the deposition simulation finishes, results are written to a file (with extension
“.DOU”). If the output file already exists then its contents will be overwritten (output
files can be saved with a name selected by the user using Save results files). An
information screen will appear at the end of a deposition run:
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Adaption length
This represents the proportion of the basin length over which turbulence
generated at the basin entrance hinders sediment deposition. If the sediment is
fine then this can be a significant proportion of the basin length, and special
care needs to be taken over the design of the settling basin entry as discussed
in Section 3.5.3 of the Technical Manual (Figure 10).
Sand trap efficiency

Sand trap efficiency is the percentage of sand sediment sizes entering the basin
that is trapped over the duration of the simulation.
Silt trap efficiency

Silt trap efficiency is the percentage of fine sediment entering the basin that is
trapped.
Trapped material which is silt

This is the percentage of the total volume of the deposited sediment that
consists of sediments with a diameter less than 63 microns. Basins are often
designed to trap the coarser sand size sediment fractions, and thus a high % of
fine sediment trapped might indicate that the trap efficiency could be reduced,
perhaps by changing the cross section to increase the flow velocity, or by
reducing the basin length.
Volumes of water and sediment at start and end

These volumes indicate how efficiently the basin volume is being used. For
example if the purpose of the basin is to control the sand but most of the
deposited volume is silt, then the design should be altered (a smaller basin and
more frequent emptying, perhaps).
Mean sand and silt concentration out

The mean concentrations of sediments leaving the basin over the period of the
simulation. This provides an indication of the effectiveness of the basin in
reducing sediment concentrations supplied to the downstream canal network.
However, it is the mean value over the simulation period, and will change with
the duration of the deposition run. More detailed information on the variation
with time of sediment sizes and concentrations leaving the basin is available
from on screen graphs, and in the output data file, which are both described
later.
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4.3.2.6 Deposition Model - Save Results Files
The result file created by a model run (a .DOU output file) can be saved with a name
selected by the user for later reference or comparison with subsequent runs. Graphical
results for the current or previous runs can be read directly by View Results. If
calculations for the canal system downstream from the basin are to be carried out later
with DORC, then DORC can read the data from this file.
The file contains a complete listing of the results, with more comprehensive
information than is available from the View results option. An output file can be
viewed and printed using a text editor or imported to a word processor or spreadsheet.
4.3.2.7 Deposition Model - View Results
Key results in graphical form can be viewed:
Graph 1: Longitudinal profile

Graph 2: Sand and fine sediment concentrations
Graph 3: D50 and D90 grain sizes
Graph 4: In transport sediment gradings
Graph 5: Bed material sediment gradings
The graph shows bed elevations at successive time steps during the simulation, and
also shows the final water surface profile. It provides a rapid means of assessing a
settling basin’s performance, for example how quickly it fills with sediment.
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Graph 2: Sand and fine sediment concentrations
This graph shows the sediment concentrations entering and leaving the settling basin
as a function of time. The graph is useful in determining the time period before the
sediment concentrations leaving a basin rise to unacceptable levels.
Graph 3: D50 and D90 grain sizes

This graph shows in-transport D50 and D90 sediment sizes entering and leaving the
settling basin as a function of time. The graph indicates how the sediment sizes that
will be passed to the downstream canal network vary with time, as the basin fills with
sediment and its trapping efficiency reduces.
Graph 4: In transport sediment gradings

This graph shows the initial, average and final "in-transport" size grading curves for
sediment leaving the settling basin, and the in-transport sediment grading curve
entering the basin. The average "in-transport" size grading curve leaving the basin can
be used to determine the sediment sizes that are passed to the downstream canal
network.
Graph 5: Bed material sediment gradings

This graph shows the predicted canal bed material grading curve downstream of the
settling basin. If an upstream canal bed material grading curve was used to predict the
in-transport grading curve, then it will also be displayed.
4.3.2.8 Deposition Model - Copy restart file: To restart deposition model
Restart files store the bed levels and sediment composition within the deposits when
the basin is not empty. The file is produced by the deposition model run. The restart
file can be used to restart the deposition model by selecting this facility. It copies the
.DNR file to a .DOR file. Before the next model run the geometry option (from
Create/edit input) will need to be set correctly: specify ‘Restart run’.
4.3.2.9 Deposition Model - Copy restart file: For input to sluicing model
Restart files store the bed levels and sediment composition within the deposits when
the basin is not empty. The sluicing model always needs a restart file to predict the
rate of sluicing. The file is produced by the deposition model run. The restart file
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should be prepared for input to the sluicing model by selecting this facility. It copies
the .DNR file to a .SOR file.
4.3.2.10 Sluicing Model - Create/Edit Input
As for all the sluicing model facilities, the edit facility for the sluicing model is
equivalent to that for the deposition model. Data sets can be stored for a number of
runs. A new run should be started if inputs are being significantly changed. (Change
the Run Title and click Save as New Run).
Thus all these facilities have exactly equivalent functions to those in the Deposition
Model:
Run Title
Select Earlier Run
Delete Run
Clear Run
Save Run
Save As New Run
Exit
Entering and Saving Data

As most of the information required for a sluicing simulation is derived from a
deposition run the sluicing data entry screen only requires 7 inputs.
Note that a sluicing run must be initiated from a restart file.
The downstream stage will usually be much lower than the water level during
deposition so as to promote effective sluicing. The actual value will depend on the
hydraulic design of the outlet structures at the downstream end of the basin, and on the
sluicing discharge.
The sediment concentration that is entered here is the sediment concentration entering
the basin with the sluicing flow. It is used to terminate the sluicing run when the
sediment concentration leaving the basin during sluicing reduces to the same
concentration that is entering. The default value is the mean sand concentration
entering the basin during the deposition simulation. (Note that if this is changed then it
will also be changed in the deposition model input window.)
The maximum duration of the sluicing run is specified in hours. If the basin empties of
sediment before the specified sluicing time then DOSSBAS automatically stops the
run. A run will also be terminated when the input concentration equals the predicted
transporting capacity of the flow in the basin.
The output time step determines the time intervals that data is written to the results file
and plotted. For example, if the time step equals 2, data will be written to the result file
very 2 hours.
4.3.2.11 Sluicing Model - Run Model
This option runs the sluicing model using a restart file created from either a deposition
or a sluicing model run.
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The options for starting a sluicing simulation from a restart file are as follows (the file
must be copied before running the sluicing model):
Restart from an old deposition model run.

If the sluicing model is to be initiated from the end conditions of a previous
deposition run, then click: Copy restart file: For input to sluicing model
under the deposition model sub-menu. (This is the usual option).
Restart from an old sluicing model run.

If the sluicing model is to be re-started from the end conditions of a previous
sluicing run, then click: Copy restart file: To restart sluicing model under the
sluicing model sub-menu.
When the sluicing simulation finishes, results are automatically written to a .SOU file.
If the output file already exists then its contents will be overwritten (output files can be
saved with a name selected by the user using Save results files). An information
screen will appear at the end of a sluicing run, which lists the following statistics.
This screen lists the following deposition run statistics:
Total time elapsed

The total time elapsed during sluicing will depend on the reason for the end of
the run (see below). If all the sediment has been sluiced, then the time elapsed
represents the time required to sluice all the sediment from the basin. If the
time elapsed equals the run time specified by the user at the beginning of the
run it will be necessary to re run the simulation with a longer run to determine
the time required to sluice all the sediment from the basin. .
Mean sand concentration

The mean sand concentration leaving the settling basin during sluicing. In a
basin designed for efficient sluicing this will normally be very high. This
concentration is used in the escape channel design calculation, with the
information on sediment sizes, as described later.
Reason for end of run

There are 3 possible reasons for the run finishing:
(a). All the sediment deposits have been sluiced from the basin.
(b). The sediment concentration leaving the basin is equal to the
sediment concentration entering the basin. Under these
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circumstances, no more sediment can be sluiced from the

basin unless the discharge is increased, or the downstream
stage is reduced.
(c). The specified run time has been exceeded. In this case the run
time needs to be extended in order to see if the basin can be
sluiced. It may also be necessary to re-design the basin to
achieve more efficient sluicing.
4.3.2.12 Sluicing Model - Save Results Files
The result file (here with extension .SOU) contains a complete listing of the results
and can be saved using this facility in the same manner as in the deposition model.
4.3.2.13 Sluicing Model - View Results
Following a sluicing model run the key results can be viewed graphical form.
This graph shows the bed elevations in the basin at successive timesteps and
provides an indication of how effectively the sediment is sluiced from the
basin.
Graph 2: Concentrations leaving basin

This graph shows the sediment concentration leaving the settling basin at
successive timesteps.
4.3.2.14 Sluicing Model - Copy restart file: To restart sluicing model
If the basin is not empty after a model run, use this facility to let the next sluicing
model run start from current bed levels. (It copies the .SNR file to a .SOR file.)
4.3.2.15 Sluicing Model - Copy restart file: For input to deposition model
If the basin is not empty after a model run, use this facility to let the next deposition
model run start from current bed levels. (It copies the .SNR file to a .DOR file.)
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4.3.2.16 Escape Channel Design
An escape channel is usually required to convey sluicing flows from a low level
sluicing outlet at the end of a basin to the disposal point for the sluiced sediment,
typically the river some distance downstream of the canal intake. The escape channel
must be designed so that it can transport the high sediment concentrations carried in
the flow flushed from a basin. The hydraulic design of the escape channel should be
checked to ensure that it will not produce high water levels at the basin outlet which
will effect the sluicing efficiency.
Escape channel design is based on the methods outlined in the section of the Technical
Manual concerned with escape channel design for Canal Sediment Extractors (Section
A3.2.9). DOSSBAS will specify the recommended escape channel cross section and
slope on the basis of the sediment sizes and concentrations leaving the basin, which
are derived from the sluicing model. If the calculated bed width for a "regime"
channel is impractical (i.e. too large) the user can specify a smaller bed width and
recalculate the design with the assumption that the channel will be lined, which will
normally be the case, and is recommended.
The sluicing model in DOSSBAS has to be run before an escape channel is designed,
so that the results from the sluicing model are available for the design calculations.
The sediment concentration copied into the data entry screen is the mean concentration
leaving the basin. The bed material sizes are those in the escape channel which are
estimated from the sizes trapped in the basin. These values for sediment concentration
and sizes are predicted by the deposition and sluicing models and can be left unedited.
The output consists of the recommended escape channel side slope, bed slope, and
width, and the predicted flow depth and mean velocity.
4.4 Intake Model
4.4.1 Intake Model - Background
The design of sediment excluding intakes requires specialist expertise, and is often
based on the results of detailed physical or numerical modelling, topics beyond the
scope of this manual. However the intake model in SHARC can be used in to provide
an indication of the impact of modifying an existing conventional intake by
incorporating a tunnel under-sluice, (tunnel excluder ) or by improving the approach
flow conditions to provide a favourable upstream curvature. The model is not designed
to predict the effect of still pond regulation, and also it cannot be applied with any
confidence when the width to depth ratio of the channel upstream from the intake is
larger than 10.
The model consists of a flow component, and a sediment component. The flow
component determines the origin of the flow diverted to a canal, from a cross section
located in the river upstream from the intake. The envelope containing the diverted
flow at the upstream river cross section is predicted, based on an assumption that the
flow closest too and requiring the least momentum change will be diverted to the canal
intake. The sediment component of the model then computes the sediments sizes and
concentrations transported in the diverted flow envelope, thereby predicting the
sediment load entering the intake.
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4.4.2 Intake Model - Operation
Select Design Tools and Intake model to display the following screen:
Both this model and Hydraulic Simulation use a database to store design information
and input parameters. The same scheme database should be used for both models. If
the results from the Intake model are to be used to transfer river sediment loads to the
canal as in the Hydraulic Simulation model the same data base name must be used. If
the intake model results are not to be used for later simulation runs then chose a unique
data base name.
If no database exists only Open Database and New Database are enabled. Each time
the module is opened after a database has been used, it will be opened with the last
database used. This database name will be included in the title bar at the top of the
window.
Deleting, renaming, copying and backing-up databases should be done using

WINDOWS tools. Note that each database consists of two files, Database.mdb and
Database.ldb.
4.4.2.1 Open Database
Use this option to open a database. Drive, Directory and File list boxes can be used to
locate the required database. Select a name and click OK. The user is returned to the
first screen of the Intake Model, and the remaining buttons will now be enabled. The
name of the open database will also appear in the window title bar.
The model can be run after data has been entered under the Create/Edit Input Files
option.
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4.4.2.2 New Database
By default the directory of the current database is shown. This can be altered to
another directory, but this directory must exist. The database name must be new, and
not longer than 8 characters. (Even when the software is being used with
WINDOWS95 or later operating systems)
Click OK to create a new database.
4.4.2.3 Prepare Input Data
Use this option to create or edit input files for the model. Parameters used in previous
runs can be accessed and edited, or saved as new parameters. Selecting this option
displays the following window:
Data must be entered for all parameters before the model will run. Parameters used in
previous runs can be selected from the ‘Select Run’ drop-down list. When the model
has been used once and an input file created, this window will open with the last input
file parameters displayed. (Note that the text on all the ‘Setup’ buttons will be in
italics indicating that data sets for these parameters have been selected.) Also if the
selected database has been used in Hydraulic Simulation and a site name was entered,
this name will be displayed in the Site Name text box. Enter an appropriate site name
and run title where necessary.
‘Setup ‘ buttons
Clicking these buttons displays the window similar to the one below:
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Data sets can be created, edited and deleted for the selected parameter. Each data set
is named and these will appear in the list on the above window. Select a name and
click Select to assign that data set to the input file. Once a data set has been assigned,
the text on the relevant button on the main Intake Model window changes to italics.
A data set cannot be deleted if it has been assigned to an input file. However all data
sets can be edited, and then optionally saved as a new data set.
The following sections describe the different Setup forms accessed from this window
depending on the button that has been selected on the main Intake Model window.
Setup River Cross Section

The river cross section should be input for a location remote from the immediate
influence of the intake on bed levels. It is used to predict the typical variation in
velocity, depth and sediment concentrations in the flow approaching the intake. At
free intakes (no weir or barrage across the river) the intake has little influence on bed
levels so a cross section at or near the intake can be taken. Also for a proposed intake
the existing river section at the proposed site for the intake can be taken.
Selecting Setup River Cross Section displays the following window:
Use the Insert Row and Delete Row buttons to create/remove rows, enter pairs of data
for Lateral distance and Bed elevation, and enter a name for this data set. Before
saving, the data can be checked visually using the plot button. A new data set can only
be saved using the Save as New button.
Where a data set is being edited, it can be saved using the Save button which will
overwrite any data currently held for that data set. Use the Save as new button to
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create a new data set from an old data set. Data sets created in this way must have a
new name.
Setup River Bend Data

This option is enabled if the River Bend at Intake check box on the main screen, has
been checked. If there is a straight approach to the intake, then this box should not be
ticked and the Setup River Bend Data will remain disabled. Selecting this option
displays the following window:
Select the radio button most appropriate for the intake position and enter details for the
radius of the bend and the length of the bend. Enter the name for this data set and
click OK to save.
Setup Sand Sizes

These sand sizes refer to the river bed material and selecting this option displays the
following data entry window:
Enter a data set name and a value for each sand size. Like the cross section data, this
can be saved as a new data set (Save as New) or an old data set can be overwritten
(Save).
Setup Fine Sediment Settling Velocities
Selecting this option displays the following window:
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Unlike the Sand sizes window, this does not have a fixed number of points in the data
set. The default number of rows is 5 plus one extra for the V100 size. To change the
number of rows, edit the ‘Number of Fine Sediment Fractions’ and click Clear Table
to create a table with the required number of rows.
Enter a name for the data set and use Save as New or Save to save the data set.
Setup Intake Geometry

Unlike the other Setup options, this button does not show a list of data sets. The data
remains the same for all runs, and if the intake arrangement is to be changed from one
run to the next, this data must be altered accordingly.
Before selecting this option, a radio button for the intake arrangement should be
selected. The information required for each arrangement is different and the following
table details the data required for the different arrangements.
Intake Data Required Description

Arrangement
Type 1 No further data Select Type 1 if there is no structure at the point
of division between the abstracted flow and the
river flow passing downstream. Example are:
(i) a pump forebay set back from the river bank,
(ii) the entrance to a sluice pocket.
Type 2 Weir crest Select Type 2 if there is a side weir, skimming
elevation weir or overshot gate at the intake.
relative to the
local river level
Type 3 Gate sill Select Type 3 if there is a gate at the point of
elevation, gate abstraction from the river. If the gate is located
opening and in a forebay, and set back from the river flow,
the distance then select Type 1. If there is a sluice pocket
along the river and the majority of the flow into the pocket is
from the intake diverted to the canal, then the point of
to the abstraction is upstream of the sluice pocket.
representative Select Type 1. If only a small proportion of the
section. flow into the sluice pocket is diverted to the
canal, then the point of abstraction is close to
the gate, so select Type 3.
Type 3 can also be selected when a pump intake
is located within the river flow, the sill elevation
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would then be the lowest elevation on the intake

screens, and the opening would be the height of
the screens.
Type 4 No further data Select Type 4 if a tunnel type sediment excluder
is used. Other kinds of sediment excluder can
be described by Type 4 if it is certain that the
flow near the river bed is excluded from the
canal. (Numerical or laboratory model tests
would be needed to confirm this.)
The button More Information provides information for each intake type, as in
column three of the above table.
Select the intake type, click Setup Intake Geometry if required, enter the required data
and click OK.
Refine
The parameters displayed in this window have default values that are held in the
database. The parameters may be adjusted using this option, but can be reset to the
default values at any time by clicking on Set Refine Defaults.
Selecting this option will show the following window:
The default values for this screen, are listed in the table below.
Parameter Default Value

FLOW
Non-dimensional eddy flow viscosity 0.16
value
Factor on von Karman’s constant 1
Accuracy of determination of flow region 2
SAND
Relative transport for each sand/gravel Power on grain size
size fraction in the river determined by:
Maximum sand size in transport in the Shields curve
river is determined by:
Bed boundary condition Power on shear velocity
Is there a lateral variation in the Yes
composition of the bed material?
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The implications of selecting different methods are explained in appendix 6.
If there is a good reason for changing the default values select methods to be used and
enter values as appropriate. Click OK to save, and return to the main Intake model
window.
4.4.2.5 Run Model
Select this option to run the model after the input files have been created. When the
model has completed the calculations a WINDOWS Notepad window will open
showing the file Report.txt. This file gives a summary output or if the run failed
explains why the model did not complete the run. (Graphical results are available
from the View Results option described below).
4.4.2.6 View Results
Select this option to display graphical results. Results from the last run, in
INTAKE.OUT, and any results saved to other files can be plotted from this window.
All files in the database directory with a .OUT extension will be listed in the left side
of the window and the available plots in the right side of the window.
Select a file and a graph name and click Plot to show the graph. If the selected output
file is not of the correct type, an error message is generated and another selection
should be made.
4.4.2.7 Save Results File
Each time the Intake Model is run, the results are written to a file called
INTAKE.OUT and the file is overwritten each time. Select this option to keep the
results of a run, for example to enable comparison against later runs with View
Results.
Enter the name of the new file, without an extension which will be added
automatically, and click OK to save.
4.4.2.8 Save Results File
The input file for the INTAKE model holds data for the sand and sediment sizes and
this data can also be used as input to Hydraulic Simulation. The data is written to a
file called INTAKE.IN and each time an input file for the Intake Model is created,
this file is over written. Select this option to keep the input ready for use by Hydraulic
Simulation.
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5 Hydraulic Simulation
This chapter explains how to use the Hydraulic Simulation model. The model is
used to investigate the impact of different sediment management scenarios on
sedimentation rates and water deliveries through canal networks. It would normally be
applied at least twice, initially for existing conditions within the irrigation system, and
later with one or more sediment management improvements. By comparing pre and
post project sedimentation rates and water deliveries through canal networks the model
enables both the costs and the benefits of an improved sediment management to be
quantified.
5.1 Background
A steady state “gate setting” hydraulic model is used. Some key features of the model
are:
The model predicts discharges and water levels at each outlet and along each
canal reach.
Water levels in reaches are computed using backwater calculations, with

roughness derived from alluvial friction predictors.
Where required discharges in reaches or at structures cannot be achieved,

because gates are fully open, or water levels are at maximum levels, the model
computes the discharges that can be delivered
The model can be operated with a a number of water management rules,

ranging between sharing available water equitably between outlets to the
upstream users maximising abstraction .
Sediment calculations are carried out for many size fractions (up to 25 ) and
each size fraction is routed from the intake down each canal and through the
structures
Sediment routing along reaches is achieved using the input concentration,

reach transporting capacity, and a diffusion computation.
Turbulence generated by structures or expansions in the flow is simulated and

its effect of on sediment transport is predicted
When sediment concentrations change along a reach, continuity is used to

determine the rates of bed scour or deposition
Bed material composition along reaches is determined from the relative rates
of sediment deposition. The composition of the bed is stored for each location
and for each layer in the deposits
Bed material composition affects the transporting capacity
Sediment is routed through structures using a simplified version of the intake

model described earlier.
More information on the technical aspects of the sediment routing model are given in
appendix 6.
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The interface to the model is based on a schematic map, that is drawn using a number
of symbols representing objects such as turnouts, cross regulators and locations where
canal cross sections are specified. Design data for structures, turnout and X-sections
are entered via the schematic map and stored in a database.
5.2 Using SHARC - Quick Start
The Quick Start section explains the minimum steps required to run the hydraulic
model, before more detailed instructions are given.
Quick Start
The procedure for using the module is as follows:
1. Create new database

2. Draw schematic and enter data
3. Create input files for hydraulic model
4. Run hydraulic model and view results
If a database has been created for the Intake Model and results from the module are to
be used in this module, the same database should be used. Use File>>Open Database
to open the database and skip the first step.
1. Create new database
Select File>>New Database. Enter full path and name of new database and the total
scheme area. Any directories in the path must already exist otherwise an error occurs.
Click OK to create the database. Select File>>Open Database to open this new
empty database.
2. Draw schematic and enter data
The symbols used on the schematic are:
• An intake - filled blue circle
• Structures - 4 different symbols all in red
for a gated structure
for a weir
for a fixed orifice
for any other type of structure
• Turnouts - 3 different symbols all in red
for a sediment extractor
for an escape
for all other turnout types. The green

box indicates the area served by the
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turnout and is usually drawn

proportionally sized to the total area.
• X-section marker small olive green line at right angles

to the canal
• Settling basin A settling basin is shown as a thick

red line between two X-section
markers
• Canal termination small filled blue rectangle
• Nodes small filled red circle
Objects are drawn by selecting the appropriate type from the toolbar and pointing and
clicking with the left mouse button on the map window where the object is to be
displayed. Canals are automatically drawn between objects as they are placed on the
map and are started either with the intake, or from a node. All canals are drawn in
straight on an orthogonal layout.
The hydraulic model can only be run once the map is complete and all design data
entered. For the model to run successfully there are some basic connectivity rules
which must be maintained.
• There is only one intake on a scheme and all schematics must start with this
symbol.
• The end of a canal is shown either with an ‘end’ object or with a turnout
• Neither turnouts and ‘canal ends’ can have anything attached downstream of
them.
• Turnouts can only be at the end of a canal or at a node.
• Each structure must have a node upstream of it and a X-section downstream.
• Reaches must have both upstream and downstream X-sections, with any
number (or none) of additional X-sections in between.
• At most two canal reaches can be attached downstream from a node.
• When two canal reaches are attached downstream from a node, at least one
must have a structure at the head of the reach.
• Data must be entered for all objects that require information.
Drawing an intake
To draw an intake, click the ‘Intake’ button on the toolbar. The button text font
changes to italics to indicate that it has been selected. Click with the left button on the
map window where the symbol is to be shown. Enter the canal name on the displayed
form and click OK. The symbol will be shown on the map window as a filled blue
circle.
Adding other objects

All other objects can only be drawn when the symbol which is immediately upstream
of it has been selected. Symbols will turn magenta when they are selected. To select
an object click on the symbol with the left mouse button. It is advised that the map
objects are drawn in the following order:
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Intake
Structure
Node - automatically draws two X-section markers in reach
Structure - may be omitted
Node - automatically draws two more X-section markers
Etc.
X-section - insert extra X-section markers as required.
Turnouts - add on at nodes.
Moving objects on the schematic

Objects can be moved around by pressing the <CTRL> and <SHIFT> keys down and
left-clicking the object (it will turn magenta). Keep the <CTRL> and <SHIFT> keys
and the mouse button pressed and move it to its new position. The canal and symbol
will usually be drawn either horizontally or vertically aligned to the symbol upstream.
Some objects cannot be moved very far from their upstream connection e.g. the
symbols for a turnout and a structure, and attempting to move them will make no
difference to the display position on the map.
Multiple drawing of symbols

Since two X-sections must always be included on a reach downstream, each time a
node is placed on the map two X-sections are also drawn. Structures can then be
inserted downstream of nodes where appropriate. This makes for rapid creation of the
scheme and design data can subsequently be entered.
Deleting objects
Objects can be deleted or inserted at any time. To delete an object, simply select it (left
mouse button) and then select Map>>Delete Object or press the <DELETE> key.
The object will be removed from the schematic.
To insert an object:
• Select the object downstream of the position for the new object
• Click on either the X-Section, the Settling Basin, the Node or the Structure
button. (A turnout or canal end cannot be inserted since this object type can
never have anything attached downstream.)
• Point and click with the left mouse button on the map in the normal way at
the position for the new object. This must be immediately upstream of the
selected object.
• The new object will be inserted and canals drawn to connect the new object
with those both upstream and downstream.
Adding data
The model requires data to be entered for each X-section, structure and turnout. This
can be done either as the symbols are drawn or at any time afterwards. Pointing to an
object and clicking with the right mouse button will display the data entry form for this
object. There is no data attached to nodes or canal ends.
3. Creating input files for the hydraulic model
Once the schematic is complete and all design data entered, the input files for the
hydraulic model can be created. Select Hydraulic Model>>Create/Edit Input Files
from the main menu. The connectivity of the scheme is checked and where any of the
above rules have not been followed the ‘offending’ object is ringed and an indication
of the violated rule is shown. Correct and repeat.
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The resulting window allows for the setting and editing of several variables. The
default rule of “Maximize Conveyance” will be selected when this window is first
opened and all parameters are set according to this rule. (See the end of Section A3.5.2
of the Technical Manual for a description of all rules and settings available.) Setup
Intake Data and Setup Requested Flows at Turnouts must each be selected and data
entered. If sediment calculations are to be included in the model run, then both sand
and silt fraction sizes must be entered.
For the first run on a new scheme, select a single timestep and tick ‘Omit sediment
calculations’. Once this has run successfully, work steadily towards the full simulation
required by adding sediment computations and additional timesteps.
Click on Create Input Files to save any edits and create the files needed to run the
hydraulic model.
4. Running the hydraulic model and viewing results
To run the model select Hydraulic Model>>Run Model from the main menu. When
execution is complete, a report is shown in a Notepad window. This report file shows
how the model run ended, stating either that the model has completed with no errors,
or reporting the error that caused the model to end before calculations were complete.
If the model has completed with no errors, the results can be viewed by selecting the
Results menu. Results can be displayed either as a table, a plot or in different colours
on the map. The last option only applies to results for turnout, reach and structure
data.
Select Results>>Defined Plots and Results>>Defined Map Display to show the run
results quickly in a graphical form. The items listed under these options are those
which the user will often find most useful when initially displaying the results from a
run.
A more comprehensive list of items that can be plotted, displayed as a table or on in

colour on the schematic map, can be found by selecting Results>>User Defined
Plots, Tables & Map Display. There are five options for the horizontal axis and each
of these has a number of selections for the vertical axis. When the selection is to be
displayed as a table the selection for the horizontal axis becomes the column headings.
Any number of data sets can be selected for showing in a table or for plotting, but this
is limited to one when being used for map display. Tabular data can be saved to a file
or printed and plots can also be printed. The map can be printed when it has been
displayed in different colours. Of course, the colours will only show if the print has
been sent to a colour printer. See Section 5.3.6 for more details on displaying the
results.
5.3 Entering Design Data
Design data must be entered for all X-sections, structures and turnouts. This can be
done at the time of creation, by clicking on the Details button, or at a later stage by
right-clicking on the object from the map or by accessing the data entry form from the
List menu.
When an X-section is first placed on the map, the following window is displayed:
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Placing a structure or turnout displays the following type of window:
For an X-section the chainage must be entered and for a structure or turnout the name
and type of structure should be selected before clicking on the Details or OK button.
If design data is not to be entered at this stage, simply clicking OK will save the object
and draw it on the map.
5.3.1 X-Section Data

The X-section data entry form is shown below:
The canal name and chainage are both shown in the title. Enter data as appropriate.
Cross section
Click New to create a new cross section or select Edit to view or change previously
entered data. Either of these options will show the following window:
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Enter data for each variable and click OK to save and return to the Cross Section
definition window.
5.3.2 Structure Design Data

Use the pull-down list to select a structure type, (Gated structure, Fixed Orifice, Weir
or Other), and click Details to show a form similar to the one below:
The parameters for each type differ slightly and the definition forms reflect these
differences. The orientation of the structure refers to the direction of flow through the
structure as an observer views it from the canal upstream: so a cross regulator will
usually be ‘Straight’ while a head gate to a branch canal will usually be either ‘Left’ or
‘Right’.
Where a structure has been defined as a type ‘Other’, it is necessary to enter either
stage/discharge curve data or equation, or head difference/discharge curve data or
equation.
Entering equation/head difference/discharge curve data

The definition form for an ‘Other’ type structure is shown below:
To enter a curve or equation selection the appropriate radio button and click New. An
equation data entry form is shown below:
Enter a name, and values for a and b and click OK to save.
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A curve data entry form is shown below:
Use the Insert button to add additional rows. The increment between each height or
head difference is always the same and once an increment has been entered the head
difference/height is entered automatically as each row is inserted. For a
stage/discharge curve an initial level can be entered and the start level will be this
value and not zero. Rows can also be deleted using the Delete button. Click OK to
save and return to the structure definition form.
Enter the remaining data on the structure definition form and OK to save.
Click OK on the New Structure form to save the data and display the structure symbol
on the map.
5.3.3 Turnout Design Data

The data entry forms for turnouts are similar to those for structures. However, there are
more types to select from:
Gated structure
Fixed Orifice
Weir
Escape
Sediment Extractor
Continuing reach.
Select a ‘Continuing Reach’ type where a canal does not end but there is no
requirement to model the whole of the scheme. When entering the command area for
this type of turnout, the total area downstream of this position should be entered.
The size of the turnout symbol is determined by the proportion of command area to
total scheme area.
5.3.4 Editing Design Data

A design data form can be accessed by pointing to an object and clicking with the right
mouse button. An alternative method is to select List>>X-Sections/Structures
/Turnouts to show a list of the objects. Select an object name and click OK to display
the design data form. Edit and save as described previously.
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5.4 Menu structure and detailed description of each menu item
All menus are accessed from the main menu, which is displayed along the top of the
map window. There are eight main menu items with several sub-menus for each main
item. The menu is always displayed but during some operations parts of the menu
may be disabled. This section explains the use of each menu option.
5.4.1 File
This menu item allows a database to be opened and a new database to be created.
File>>Open Database
Use this option to select a database to open. Drives and directories can be searched
for the required database. Double click on the database name or click OK to open the
database.
File>>New Database
Use this option to create a new database. By default the directory of the current
database is shown. This can be altered to another directory, but this directory must
exist and the database name must be new. Even if the software is being used with
Windows95, the file name cannot be longer than 8 characters.
Enter a total scheme area and click OK to create a new database. Use File>>Open
Database to open the new database.
File>>Copy Database
Use this option to copy all the database files. It is used when the state of the model is
to be saved before adding or deleting features or changing run inputs. For example the
database should be copied before adding a sediment extractor to assess its impact. The
new database name (still 8 characters maximum) can reflect the new conditions. After
copying the newly named database is active in the model.
File>>Restore Backup
Use this option to restore a set of backed-up database files and make them active in the
model. It is used when a user mistake or software error has corrupted the model and
an earlier version is to be restored.
File>>Create Backup
Use this option to back-up all the database files. It should be used occasionally to
ensure that a recent back-up is available. The back-up facility should not be used to
store versions of the model for later use, use File>>Copy Database.
File>>Exit
Select this option to close the Hydraulic Model and return to the main window.
5.4.2 Scheme Setup

This menu item is used to edit the total scheme area. The total scheme area is entered
on creation of a new database in Hydraulic Simulation but not if the database was
created by the Intake Model. Also select this option if the area needs to be changed.
5.4.3 Map
All map options are selected from this menu. The map can be zoomed, printed, edited
and different labels selected for display. Items under this menu heading will have a
tick beside them if they have been selected.
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Map>>Edit Title
This enables the title displayed near the bottom right corner of the map to be inserted
or edited.
Map>>Zoom
Use this option to show areas of the map in greater detail. This is useful when there
are several map objects close together and it becomes difficult to select individual
objects. Select this menu option and point the mouse at the top left hand corner of the
area to be zoomed. Hold the left button down and drag the mouse to the bottom right
hand corner of the area to be enlarged. A dotted line will be drawn to delimit the
zoom area. Once the mouse button is released the selected area will be shown in
detail.
All map functions are available in zoom mode. Also objects can be deleted or moved.
Map>>Reset Zoom
This reverts back to the full map.
Map>>Draw Labels
By default, the canal labels are shown. These labels, as well as those for X-sections,
structures and turnouts can be switched on and off. When the option is ‘On’, a tick
mark is placed beside the option in the menu. To show the required labels, select the
option and the map will redraw with selected labels shown.
Map>>Draw Nodes
Nodes (small red circles) are shown by default but the map can be drawn without
them. Selecting this option either hides or shows the nodes. Nodes should be
displayed while the network is being constructed.
Map>>Draw X-Section Markers

X-section markers (olive green line at right angles to canal) are shown by default, but
the map can be drawn without them. Selecting this option either hides or shows the X-
section markers.
Map>>Draw Structures
Structures (type of red symbol depends on structure type), are shown by default, but
the map can be drawn without them. Selecting this option either hides or shows the
structures.
Map>>Refresh Map
Select this option to re-draw the map.
Map>>Pan Map
Use this option to move location of the network on the map window. It is useful if the
network is complex and so must extend beyond the boundaries of the map window.
Map>>Centre Map
This option returns the location of the network on the map window back to its original
position after Pan Map has been used.
Map>>Print Map
Select this option to print the map.
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Map>>Delete Object
Objects can be deleted at any time. To delete an object, simply select it (left mouse
button) and then select Map>>Delete Object, or press <DELETE>
5.4.4 List
Use this menu option to access the data entry forms for Canals, X-sections, Structures
and Turnouts. Select any of the sub-menus to give a list of the chosen objects. To
display the data entry form for the selected object, either double click on the object
name or select an object name and click OK. The definition form is displayed and the
data can be edited as described earlier.
5.4.5 Hydraulic Model

Input files for the sediment routing and hydraulic model are created and the model run
from this menu.
5.4.5.1 Hydraulic Model >>Create/Edit Input files

Selecting this option will display a window where parameters for the sediment routing
and hydraulic model are set or edited. Before the window is displayed the network is
validated to check that all relevant data has been entered, and that objects have been
drawn in the correct sequence. If there are any errors in either the data entry or the
object sequence, the validation stops and the object that is not correct is circled and an
indication of the error is displayed. If there are no errors this data entry window is
displayed:
When the “Allow Advanced Edit Options” box remains not checked, only four buttons
are available for data entry:
Setup Intake Data

Setup Requested Flows at Turnouts
Setup Sand Properties
Setup Fine Sediment Properties
It is essential that data be entered for all these parameters. However, if sediment
computations are not to be carried out then tick the box ‘Omit sediment computations’.
The Setup Sand Properties and Setup Fine Sediment Properties buttons will then be
disabled. All other parameters initially have default values.
Restart run
The model predicts and records bed levels and the composition of sediment deposits in
canals. If a model simulation is required to start from a silted condition predicted by an
earlier run, then tick ‘Restart Run’.
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Run Control
This section controls the precision of the hydraulic calculations. (More details under
Refine Accuracy below).
Print Control
This controls the quantity of information included in the model output files.
Time Data
Enter the number of time steps and the length in days of each time step. The time step
length can be part of a day, entered as a fraction, thus 12 hours would be entered as
0.5. The default values are 1 and 7 respectively.
Intake Data
After entering the number of time steps click the Setup Intake Data button and enter
values for:
River discharge available

River water level
Sand concentration entering intake
Fine sediment concentration entering intake
for each time step. If ‘Include intake in model’ is selected, then these parameters will
differ. See the section ‘Water and Sediment Properties’ below for an explanation of the
differences.
If all values will be the same for more than one time step then use Copy to row Below
to copy data from one time step to the next. If several rows are to be repeated, Block
Copy can be used. Highlight the rows that are to be copied and click Block Copy.
Rows will be added to the end of the table with the same data as in the highlighted
rows.
It is essential that values are entered for each time step and the input files cannot be
created if any are omitted.
Requested Flows at Turnouts

Click Setup Requested Flows at Turnouts. Values are required for each turnout and
for each time step, and are factors on the discharges that the model will attempt to
deliver. Final values for requested flows at turnouts are derived from the turnout
design discharge in two stages. In the first stage, a reference requested discharge is set
for each turnout, it applies for all time steps and can be viewed and edited by Refine
Requested Flows & Levels, which is explained below. (In most cases, the ‘Select
operating rule’ facility sets the data in Refine Requested Flows & Levels. The
reference requested discharges are usually simply set to the design discharges but a
factor times the design discharge may sometimes be used). The second stage in setting
the requested flows at turnouts is controlled by this facility (Setup Requested Flows at
Turnouts). In it, reference requested discharges are multiplied by a factor, given for
each turnout and each time step, to produce the actual requested discharges. Changes
in requested discharges due varying crop water demands, or due to rotation, are
entered here.
Enter values for each time step and for each turnout. In many cases values of 1.0 will
be suitable for all turnouts and time steps, however values should change with time
step when modelling changes in crop water requirements during a season. It is
essential that a complete set of these ratios is entered.
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It is possible to use this window to set the actual required discharges for each turnout
and time step, without reference to the design discharges. The values should then be
entered in this table in m3/s. In this case you must enter values of 1.0 for each of the
turnouts in Refine Requested Flows and Levels. See below for details on how to
access that facility.
Select Operating Rule

Operating rules apply to water management over the whole scheme. (A discussion of
the choice of rules is included in appendix 6.)
The default operating rule of “Maximise Conveyance” will be selected on initial entry,
but a selection can be made from one of the following six rules:
1. Stop model if supply problems

2. Operate on level
3. Maximised local abstraction
4. Maximise conveyance
5. Equity of supply
6. Minimise sedimentation
If either rules 3 or 5 are selected then the “Multiplier on design turnout discharges”
becomes active and shows the default value of 1.0, which can be edited.
Water and Sediment Properties

The water temperature has a default value of 20o Celsius, edit as required.
Include Intake Data

Intake Model (under Design Tools) can be directly linked to the sediment routing
computations so that sediments are routed from the river flow through the intake and
into the canal for each time step. If this facility is used the sand and fine sediment
properties need not be entered here, instead the intake model input file to use must be
selected when the hydraulic model is run. Tick Include intake in model if input data
from the Intake Model is to be used. Both the Setup Sand Properties and the Setup
Fine Sediment Properties are still enabled since the Bulk Density on Setup Sand
Properties window and the Specific Gravity on the Setup Fine Sediment Properties
can still be edited if necessary.
If Include intake in model has been ticked, the data entered from Setup Intake Data
now refers to total river discharges and not those available for diversion. The column
headings in the table change to reflect this difference and an additional column is
shown where the sediment excluder discharge should be entered. By default these
values are set to zero for each time step, and only need to be changed if an excluder
exists at the intake. Note that the Intake Model predicts river water level while the
river water level is also input under Setup Intake Data. As the former value may refer
to a location well upstream from the intake, the two values are considered independent
and are not compared within the computations.
Omit Sediment Calculations

Both the Setup Sand Properties and the Setup Fine Sediment Properties buttons
become disabled if the Omit Sediment Calculations option is ticked, since no sediment
data is required for the run. An initial run without sediment routing calculations is
recommended.
Setup Sand Properties

Click on the Setup Sand Properties button to display the following window:
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The default values for Specific Gravity and Bulk density are 2.65 and 1.4 respectively
which can be edited as required. The default number of sand fractions is 10 and the
table will be displayed with 10 spaces for grain diameter values to be entered plus two
extra for the D0 and D100 sizes.. To have a larger or smaller number, change the value
in the “Number of sand fractions” box and click Clear Table. The table will be
cleared and redisplayed with the number of fractions selected plus two extra for D0 and
D100. Enter a value for every sand fraction ensuring that the values are incremental.
Click OK to save to the database and close the window.
In many circumstances the data collection required to derive the sand sizes entering
the canal will not be possible. Deriving a representative size grading for the bed
material of the main canal head reach will be much easier: a number (about ten) of bed
samples can be collected and the resulting gradings averaged. The window shown
above has the facility to use the size grading for the bed material in the canal head
reach to predict the sand sizes entering the canal. Click the option ‘Enter canal bed
material sizes’ and a new table appears. Enter the bed material sizes and then click
Calculate Sand Sizes Entering Canal. Predicted values are entered on the table of
sand sizes entering the canal.
Setup Fine Sediment Properties

Click on the Setup Fine Sediment Properties button to display the data entry window.
Data is entered in a similar manner to the Setup Fine Sand Properties. Use the Clear
Table button to change the number of rows in the table if necessary. Enter values for
each settling velocity and edit the default value of 4 mm/s for the maximum settling
velocity V100 if necessary. Click OK to save to the database and close the window.
Creating Input Files

The data entered above are essential for running the model. Clicking on Create Input
Files will save the data and create the two input files necessary to run the model,
INPUT1.TXT and INPUT2.TXT.
Advanced Edit Options

To edit any of the remaining parameters, tick the “Allow Advanced Edit Options” to
display the remaining buttons.
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The following sections explain how to edit these options.
Refine Accuracy
The model divides each reach into a number of sub-reaches and this number can be set
from Refine Accuracy. Selecting one of the radio buttons under ‘Run Control’ will
set the same value for each reach:
Slowest/Most accurate sets a value of 20 sub-reaches

Intermediate sets a value of 12 sub-reaches (set by default)
Fastest/Least accurate sets a value of 6 sub-reaches
Where a reach is very short, the model will reduce these values. To edit values for
individual reaches select the Refine Accuracy button and edit as required.
It is on this form that the limit on water level rise above the freeboard level during
sediment routing is set. There is a default value of 0.2 metres, which can be edited
within the range 0.05m to 10m.
Refine Convergence
There are a total of 12 damping factors used during model calculations. These can be
edited by selecting the Refine Convergence button and editing as required. They
should usually only be changed in response to warnings given in the model output. See
later in the section for the default values.
The total number of sweeps per model run is also set on this form. The default value of
600 can be edited in the range 1 to 10,000.
Print Control
This allows controls the quantity of information included in the FLOWOUT and
SEDOUT files that are produced during a model run. The files are not used by the
plotting facilities, but are for monitoring of the computations. Selecting one of the
radio buttons sets default values as follows:
Minimum Moderate Maximum

Time step interval for print out 10 5 1
Hydraulic model sweep interval
for print out 1000 100 10
Reach selected for additional
print out Most upstream reach
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Time step selected for additional

print out 1st time step
First turnout selected for additional
print out Last turnout on scheme
Second turnout selected for
additional print out Last turnout on scheme
Selecting the Refine button allows all these values to be edited as required.
Operation Rules (Sediment extractors)

If a sediment extractor or a settling basin have been defined on the scheme, the
Additional Operating Rules button is enabled. Separate operating rules can be
defined for each settling basin and sediment extractor. Selecting this button shows the
following window:
If a sediment extractor has been defined, the rules accessed from the drop down list at
the top of the window are enabled. Select one from the following:
Operate only when spare water is available

Operate at design discharge even if water is scarce
Keep extraction ratio constant if water is scarce
This selection is disabled if there are no sediment extractors defined on the scheme.
If one or more settling basins have been defined they will be listed in the lower half of
the window. Double click in the 2nd column to display the following options:
Double click on the selected rule to display it in the Additional Operating Rules
window. To exit from this window without making a selection, click on the ‘x’ in the
top right corner. The table below shows when the columns for ‘Emptying interval’ and
‘Critical Value’ are enabled/disabled.
Rule Emptying interval Critical Value

Empty at regular intervals Enabled Disabled
Empty when d/s bed level Disabled Enabled
becomes critical
Empty at regular intervals Enabled Enabled
and/or when d/s bed level
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becomes critical
Empty as part of de-silting at Disabled Disabled
end of run.
Select a rule and enter values for emptying interval and critical value as appropriate
and click OK.
Refining Operating Rules

The six overarching operating rules that apply to water management over the whole
scheme were discussed above. The refining facilities explained below enable rules to
be adjusted for individual locations. All values will be re-set whenever the
overarching operating rule is changed, any values that have been set individually will
be lost. A list of the default values for each operating rule is given at the end of this
section.
Refine Requested Flows and Levels

Selecting Refine Requested Flows and Levels will display the following window:
The only column that can be edited in the “Reaches” section of this window is the last
column – Target Water Level. The values in the other columns are taken from the
reach and cross section definitions. By default the target water level is set according
to the operating rule selected.
Only the last column in the “Turnout” section of the window can be edited. The
design discharge is taken from the turnout definition. As described in the section
“Requested Flows at Turnouts” above, the Reference Requested Discharge on this
form must be set to 1 if actual discharges have been set in Setup Requested Flows at
Turnouts and values of 1 have been set for the design discharge in each turnout
definition.
Refine Responses to Supply Problems

Selecting Refine Responses to Supply Problems will display the following window:
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This table shows the response that the model will adopt for each structure and turnout
when there are supply problems at that structure/turnout. The selections are decided
upon initially by two factors, the operating rule and the structure or turnout type. The
responses can be edited and a double click in the response column will display the
options that are available. It will be a choice of one or more of the following:
Stop - stop model with an error message

Raise Water Level - enable supply by raising upstream level
Limit Q - reduce flow to what can be supplied
Raise Water Level and Limit Q - both the above options
Water Level sets Q - allow water level to set flow (applies to non-
gated structures)
‘Response if Oversupply is Needed’ column: in some circumstances flows greater than

those requested can be allowed. This will occur at nodes where there are two or more
flow routes that are not controlled by gates. Under supply at one route can then only be
addressed by increasing discharges to both flow routes, thus creating over supply.
The meaning of the numbers displayed in final column in the table are listed below:
Not possible This will occur where only one, or none of the
turnouts/structures downstream of a reach is a fixed type,
either a weir or a fixed orifice, so oversupply is not possible.
1 Oversupply is never allowed.
2 Oversupply is allowed to a turnout and only to enable a reach

downstream to be remain fully supplied.
3 Oversupply is allowed to a turnout or structure but only to

enable a reach downstream to be remain fully supplied.
4 Over supply is allowed to a turnout only if under-supply is

prevented elsewhere at the node.
5 Over supply is allowed to a turnout or structure if under-

supply is prevented elsewhere at the node.
6 Water levels are not reduced from their assigned values even
if these values will produce an oversupply.
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(note where ‘Canal’ appears as a structure name, the model has added a ‘virtual’
structure. These are used wherever there is no real structure at a node and are
necessary for the operation of the hydraulic model.)
Refine Priorities when Shortfalls

Select Refine Priorities when Shortfalls to set individual values for the structures and
turnouts associated with each reach. The displayed window is shown below:
The table consists of a row for the node at the downstream end of each reach with all
structures and turnouts associated with that node and the priority ranking number
given to them. These values are set by the operating rule selected, although they can
be edited within the range 1 to 4. Structures or turnouts with higher-ranking numbers
are given priority when supplies are short. Limited flows are distributed to equal-
ranking structures or turnouts according to the area served downstream from them.
Priorities when Excess Flows

Refine Priorities when Excesses produces a table for setting ranking numbers that is
similar to the table above. As in the values set for shortfalls, the values for excesses
are also set by the operating rule selected. The table is very similar and individual
values can be edited within the range 1 to 4. In this case excess flows are directed
towards structures or turnouts with the lowest values for ranking number.
Refine Computation Methods

Selecting Refine Computation Methods displays the following window:
One of three choices can be selected for the Alluvial Friction, which sets method of
calculation for canal roughness
Engelund - uses the Engelund (1966) method

Li and Liu - applicable when the concentrations are very high
Manning - uses roughness values input for X-sections
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The default method is the Engelund method.
There are also three choices for the Relative Transport calculations, which relates to
transport rates for each sand fraction (overall sand transport is computed using the
Engelund and Hansen (1967) formula):
Engelund and Hansen - see references

Ackers and White (revised) - see references
Power - rate proportional to sand diameter
raised to the power 2.18, Atkinson
(1987) refers
The default method is the Power method
For von Karmen’s constant there are two choices:
Clear water
High concentration
The default method is Clear Water.
The last section on this form is for transport rate factors. The factors apply on the
predictions of sediment transporting capacity. These are set to 1 for both sand and fine
sediment, although they can be edited within the range 0.001 to 1000. They should
only be changed in exceptional circumstances.
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Default Values that are the same for each Operating Rule
Section Parameter Default Value

Run Control Number of sub-reaches in Intermediate (12)
model calculations
Print Control Time step interval Moderate(5)
Sweep interval Moderate (100)
Reach for printout Most upstream reach
1st Turnout for printing Most downstream
turnout
2nd Turnout for printing Most downstream
turnout
Operating Rules Sediment Extractor Keep extraction ratio
operating rule constant if water is
scarce
Operating Rule Operate on Level
Water & Specific Gravity for Sand 2.65
Sediment
Properties
Bulk Density for Sand 1.4 t/m3
Number of Sand Fractions 10
Specific Gravity for Fine 2.65
Sediment
Bulk density for Fine 1.0 t/m3
Sediment
Number of Fine Sediment 5
fractions
Water Temperature 20 degrees Celsius
Alluvial Friction Engelund
calculation method
Relative Transport Power
calculation method
Von Karmen’s constant Clear water
Factor for Sand Transport 1.0
Factor for fine sediment 1.0
transport
Default values for the damping factors, which are also the same for each operating
rule, are shown in the table below.
Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Type 4

Reaches 90 ------------ ---------- ------------
Structures when ------------ 70 90 ------------
convergence restricted
Turnouts when ------------ 60 90 0
convergence restricted
Structures when over ------------ 50 50 ------------
supply
Turnouts when ------------ 0 0 ------------
oversupply
Distribution of 70 90 ---------- ------------
shortfalls --
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Default Values that change for Each Operating Rule
Operating Stop model if Operate on Maximised Maximise Equity of Minimise

Rule supply level local conveyance supply sedimentation
problems abstraction
Form or Parameter
Window
Refine Reference Design Design (Design Q) x Design (Design Q) Design
Requested requested discharge discharge (multiplier) discharge x discharge
Flows & discharge (multiplier)
Levels (turnouts)
Target Water Design water Design water Design Bed level Bed level Bed level
Level level level water level
(reaches)
Refine Stop model if Box ticked Box not Box not Box not Box not Box not ticked
Responses water level ticked ticked ticked ticked
to Supply rises above
levels freeboard
(check box)
Response Stop Limit Q or Raise water Limit Q or Limit Q or Limit Q or
(structures) Water level level & limit Raise Water Raise raise Water
sets Q Q level Water level level
Response Stop Limit Q or Raise water Limit Q or Limit Q or Limit Q or
(Turnouts) Water Level level & limit Raise Water Raise Raise Water
sets Q Q level Water level level
Response Stop Stop Stop Stop Stop Stop
(Continuing
reach)
Response Stop Limit Q Limit Q Limit Q Limit Q Limit Q
(Virtual
Structures)
Response if 1 1 5 3 5 3
oversupply
(For Reach)
Refine Ranking 1 1 Structure or 1 1 1
Priorities Number turnout with
when (Escapes) smallest area
Shortfalls has highest
rank
Ranking 2 2 Structure or 2 2 2
number (all turnout with
other smallest area
structures & has highest
turnouts) rank
Refine Ranking 1 1 Structure or 1 1 1
Priorities number turnout with
when (escapes) smallest area
Excess has highest
rank
number turnout with
(Structures smallest area
when an has highest
escape is rank
downstream)
number (all turnout with
other smallest area
structures and has highest
turnouts) rank
5.4.5.2 Hydraulic Model >>Run Model

Use Hydraulic Model>>Run Model to run the hydraulic model. (Note before the
model can be run input files must be created.)
If the input files are older than the last update date on the database, a warning is given.
The model run can be continued or aborted and new input files created. If there are any
missing data items, an error message is displayed giving details of the missing items.
Where the network has been updated, i.e. structures, X-sections or turnouts have been
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added, it will be necessary to enter Create/Edit Input Files and re-select the operating
rule to ensure that there is data present for the new network objects.
If the ‘Restart’ check box has been selected in Create/Edit Input Files a restart file
must be selected. Each time the model is run the file, Restart.txt, is overwritten.
There is an opportunity to save the last restart file and to select a restart file for use in
the current run before the run commences.
If the ‘Intake’ check box has been selected in Create/Edit Input Files then an Intake
model input file must be selected for use with the current run. There is an opportunity
to save the input file to a new name before the run begins.
A progress bar is displayed while the model is running and a report file (‘report.txt’)
displayed in a Windows Notepad window when execution is complete. The report file
shows either a summary report or details explaining why the model has failed.
Several result files are created during execution of the model. Most of the files will
have the name of the database as the first part of the file name. Output files will be
located in the same directory as the database files and are used to display the results.
Some useful results files can be viewed immediately using the File>>Open menu
option in the Notepad window. Like ‘report.txt’, the files are overwritten by each
model run so they must be saved in Notepad using other names if they are to be
retained for future reference. The files are:
‘design.txt’ - this lists the system design information used by the model, it can be
easier to find information in this file than in the X-section or structure
definition forms.
‘head.txt’ - this lists, for each time step, the model results for the head structure
on the main canal. The information is used to identify constraints to
flow entering the system. When such constraints arise a message is
provided in the summary report initially displayed in Notepad.
‘mess.txt’ - this lists warning messages from the run. It may be referred to in the
summary report initially displayed in Notepad.
‘intk_out.txt’ - when the Intake Model is being used by the Hydraulic Simulation,
i.e. the ‘Intake’ check box has been selected in Create/Edit Input
Files, this file contains the intake model results.
5.4.6 De-Silting
Each Hydraulic Model run produces a restart file that contains information on the
silted condition of the reaches The desilting menu controls a program that applies
desilting to these restart files. If, for example, the model has been run for one season
and the impact of desilting prior to the subsequent season is to be assessed, then the
restart file from the first season should be adjusted by the desilting program and then
used in a ‘restart run’ that simulates the second season.
De-Silting >>Create/Edit Input Files

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To create a new set of de-silting instructions, click New. The displayed window gives
a list of each reach on the scheme and de-silting instructions should be selected for
each reach (‘No De-Silting’ is selected for each reach by default).
First enter a name for the desilting instructions such as ‘Head reach desilting’. Then
double click in the column headed “Desilt Instructions” for each row of the table to be
changed. Each time the following list will be displayed:
Double clicking on the required instruction will close this window and display the
selected instruction in the “Desilt instructions” column. Enter either a depth for
dredging, or a volume to be dredged as applicable. The depth or volume to be entered
depends on the instructions selected and is detailed in the table below:
Desilting Depth Volume Description

Instructions
No de-silting 6 6 None
From upstream 6 4 Dredge back to design, start at

upstream end and continue until the
volume specified is removed
From 6 4 Dredge back to design, start at
downstream downstream end and continue until
the volume specified is removed
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Uniform 4 6 Remove the top layer of deposit,

down to the depth specified or to the
design bed level, throughout reach
Return to Design 6 6 Dredge back to design bed level
throughout reach
A cross (6) denotes that no value can be entered and a tick (4) that a value should be
entered. Check that a name for this instruction set is entered and click Save as New.
The first window returns. Instruction sets can be edited and deleted by clicking on the
appropriate button. Several instruction sets can be created and one should be selected
before clicking on Create Input File which also exits the window.
De-Silting >>Run
The hydraulic simulation model must have been run to produce a restart file. The de-
silt module will use the restart file selected here, in conjunction with the de-silt
instructions, to prepare a new restart file, named desilted.rst.
All files ending in “.RST” that are in the same directory as the database will be listed,
select the appropriate restart file and click OK . For example if the project is called
“proj1”, and so “[ proj1.mdb ]” is displayed at the top of the Hydraulic Simulation
window, then the file “proj1.rst” would be normally selected here. Checks are made to
ensure that the selected .RST file relates to the open database. Files produced by
earlier versions of the database should be acceptable so long as reaches have not been
added or removed since the database was copied (the File>>Copy Database
command).
A Windows Notepad window, filling the computer screen, is displayed when the
module has been run. It shows the quantity of sediment removed from each reach.
Each time the program is run, the output file, desilted.rst, is overwritten. To save the
desilted.rst file with a unique name, select De-Silting>> Save Output File.
5.4.7 Results
When the Hydraulic Model has run the results can be viewed in several ways.
Different data ranges can be selected for viewing either as a plot or a table, which can
then be printed if required. The parameters for these plots and tables can be user-
defined. The more frequently used output displays are also available as “defined”
plots and Map Displays, where the data ranges cannot be changed by the user.
Results>>User Defined Plots, Tables and Map Display

Use this option to display the following table:
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When the window is first displayed only data in the X Range list box is displayed.
Double clicking on one item in the list will show, in the Y Range list box, all the data
items that can be plotted for that X Range. Some of the data items in the Y Range
require a further selection before they can be ‘Added’ to the ‘Ranges Selected’
window. Double click on the selected item in the Y Range list box to display the
additional selection lists in the top right of the window. Make selections as
appropriate and click on Add to display the item in the ‘Ranges selected’ list.
The user is not restricted to the number of ranges that can be selected for plotting.
Scales are selected to be as practical as possible, but discretion should be used when
selecting the ranges to display on one plot. For example, there will be difficulty when
one Y-scale must describe both elevations (say 380m to 390m) and concentrations (say
0 – 1000ppm).
Click Plot to show the graph. Scales, legends and titles can be changed on the graph
using the icons shown at the top of the plot window.
Click Show Data to display the selected data ranges in a table. The data can be plotted
directly from this table window and the table can be printed.
Some ranges can be shown on the map. A range of colours are used to display the
values on the map with a key to explain the colours/values. For example, the
discharge the model has calculated for each turnout can be displayed on the map with
each turnout shown in a different colour to reflect the different discharges. All other
objects on the map will be shown in grey.
Only one range at a time can be displayed on the map in this way. Where the selected
range is appropriate for displaying in this manner, the Map Display button is enabled.
Results>>Defined Plots
Select this option to show a list of pre-defined plots that have been selected as being
useful in many circumstances. These graphs have the scales, titles and labels pre-set.
Select this option to display the following list:
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A longitudinal profile will be included for each canal included in the model. Select a
graph and click Plot to display on the screen. Use the Print button on the plot to send
the graph to the printer.
Results>>Defined Map Display

Select this option to show a list of pre-selected result sets that can be displayed in
colours on the scheme map. Select a result set and click Map Display.
Results>>Sediment Balance
When the model completes a run, the sediment balance is shown in the file ‘Report.txt’
and the values for Sand, Fine sediment and a Total can be plotted from this option.
Select one or more from the list and click Plot.
5.4.8 Help (F1)

This opens the Help facility, which is not context sensitive. Double-click on
‘Hydraulic Simulation’ in the window displayed.
6 Environmental impact
6.1 Background
The environmental impact module in SHARC is intended for use in projects where
environmental impacts are to be identified by non specialists. Further work, possibly
requiring specialist expertise, may be necessary to quantify the impacts, and determine
how they can be mitigated. It is important that screening for environmental impacts is
carried out before options are selected so that they can be included in the financial
appraisal.
6.2 Using SHARC
Selecting Environmental Impact and then Run Module displays the following screen:
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Clicking in one or more of the check boxes displays the factors which should be
considered if the checked solution is to be implemented. The report is divided into
sections so if more than one box has been checked, it is easy to see which factors apply
to which possible solution.
The reports can be sent to the printer (Print Report) or the text can be copied and
pasted into a Microsoft Word document (exemplified in Tutorial 9, Section 16 below).
New Report clears the text box, for new selections to be made.
Click Exit to close the module.
7 Economic analysis
This option carries out simple present-value-of-cost calculations and cost-benefit

calculations following the methods described in HR Wallingford (1996). More
information is given in the Technical Manual.
There are two options:
Cost/Benefit Analysis
Cost Comparison:
7.1 Cost/Benefit Analysis

Selecting Cost/Benefit Analysis shows the following window:
Enter the scenario title (e.g. ‘Sediment extractor and dredging’), expected structure life
in years, and an interest rate reflecting the opportunity cost of capital appropriate for
region type of project and the funding source. Then select Annual Costs
Annual Costs
Select this option to enter the costs incurred over the expected structure life.
Five columns allow for the entry of costs incurred for:
Land Acquisition
Compensation
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Construction
Initial De-silting and Cleaning
Annual Maintenance.
Additional columns enable other costs that may be significant to be included.
Enter values as appropriate. The values entered can be printed from Print Table.
Finally click OK to save.
Annual Benefits
Select this option to enter the expected benefits over the life of the structure.
Three columns allow for the entry of benefits for:
1. Reduction in De-silting costs

2. Increased yields over the original service area attributable to increased or
improved water distribution attributable to sediment control
3. Enlarged service area attributable to increased or improved water
distribution attributable to sediment control
Other benefits may be significant, they can be included using the additional columns
labelled ‘Other’. Enter values as appropriate and click OK to save. These values can be
printed, use: Print Table.
Compute
Select this option to show a table of the total costs and benefits and to calculate the
IRR and NPV for time period entered.
The data table can be printed, Print Table, and saved to a text file, Export results.
This data is not saved in the database and cannot be recalled once the window is
closed. To compare different scenarios, the table should be saved to a text file. The
scenario title is used when the table is printed or saved to a file.
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7.2 Cost Comparison
This option allows for the comparison of NPV (net present value) for different
structure life expectancies, construction and annual maintenance costs.
Enter values for interest rate and the number of scenarios to be looked at. This latter
value will put the correct number of rows in the table.
Enter values for the first 4 columns and click Compute NPV to calculate the values for
the last column.
The table can be printed, Print, and saved to a named text file, Save to File.
The scenario title is used when the table is printed or saved to a file.
8 Help, Exit and Reset References
These general facilities do not relate to specific functions in SHARC.
8.1 Help (F1)

This opens the Help facility, which is not context sensitive. Double-click on the
relevant SHARC function in the window displayed. The <F1> key has the same effect
and can be used from any screen in SHARC.
8.2 Exit
This exits SHARC.
8.3 Reset References

This re-writes the SHARC.INI file, which is stored in the Windows system directory.
The file contains references to the most recently used database and locations for
DORC, DACSE and DOSSBAS files. It is possible that errors can lead to the
references being confused and this function can be used to solve the difficulties that
arise. It should usually only be used in response to error messages.
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9 TUTORIAL 1 – Problem Diagnosis and Initial Options
As for all the Tutorials, this tutorial demonstrates the use of the software rather than
exemplifying the engineering aspects of the procedure. The latter is provided by the
Examples in the Technical Manual.
This tutorial demonstrates the use of the first SHARC function: Problem Diagnosis
and Initial Options.
Start SHARC, for example by double-clicking on the SHARC icon on the PC screen
(the ‘desktop’) or by left-clicking on the Windows Start button, finding ‘Programs’,
then ‘Sharc’ and then finally click on ‘SHARC’.
Left-click on Problem Diagnosis and Initial Options to open it:
Click on Information to view the message, click Close to close the message window.
Next click Run Module.
Answer the questions by clicking on the ‘No’ or ‘Yes’ radio buttons. Answer ‘Yes’,
‘No’, ‘Yes’, ‘Yes’, ‘Yes’, ‘No’ to leave the screen as follows: (these answers are
appropriate for coarse sediment deposition in the canal head reach)
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The next answer, a ‘No’, causes the window to move onto page 2. Clicking ‘No’
twice more (in keeping with sediment deposition being solely in the canal head reach)
completes this stage and displays the results:
Scroll down to see all the results and then click Exit.
Initial Options is now available in the main Problem Diagnosis and Initial Options
window. Click Initial Options
Answer the two questions, in this case answers are ‘Yes’ (the default setting can be left
unchanged) and then ‘No’ as shown above. Click OK to show:
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Options for sediment management are given, here for the coarse sediments identified
in the first set of answers provided. Clicking the page tab ‘MEDIUM SAND’ provides
no results for that size range because the first set of answers indicated that there is not
a problem with these sediments. Click on Exit twice to return to the main SHARC
window.
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10 TUTORIAL 2 – Preliminary Economic Screening
Start SHARC if necessary, enter Preliminary Economic Screening and then click on
Justifiable Costs to display:
Initially choose the Reduce desilting costs option to show:
Read off the values from the plot. For example the IIR required is 20% and a vortex
tube sediment extractor (estimated cost $4m) and a sluiced settling basin (estimated
cost $12m) are being considered. The annual desilting costs are $2m. Thus:
Estimated cost Multiples of cost % of sediment

of removing deposition to be
annual deposits prevented, as read
($m) from plot.
Vortex tube 4 2 42
Sluiced settling basin 12 6 More than 100
This shows that the vortex tube must reduce sediment deposition by at least 42% to
achieve an IRR of 20%, while the sluiced settling basin cannot achieve an IRR of
20%. Now find the results for IRR=15% by clicking Compute, entering 15 in the
input box and then clicking OK:
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Enter 2 in the ‘Cost’ box to reveal a ‘% to remove’ value of 36.4% for the vortex tube.
Entering 6 yields ‘>100’, so a settling basin cannot achieve a 15% IRR.
Clicking Exit returns to the main Preliminary Economic Screening window. Click on
Justifiable Costs again and then click Recover sustainable irrigated area. The
functionality is equivalent to the Reduce desilting costs option but now increases in
scheme area justify the investment in sediment control. The gross margin for the
system is approximately $40m, so the equivalent to the table above is:
Estimated Multiples of gross % of scheme area to be

cost margin recovered, as read from
($m) plot.
Vortex tube 4 0.1 2.5
Sluiced settling 12 0.3 7.5
basin
More precise values can be obtained using the Compute facility.
Click Exit twice to return to the main SHARC screen.
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11 TUTORIALS 3 (a) to (d) – Design Tools – DORC
This set of 4 Tutorials illustrates the key features of the DORC facility in Design
Tools. The DORC software (‘Design Of Regime Canals’) can be viewed as a general
toolkit of methods for designing canals to transport sediments and to assess existing
canals. Not all of the DORC sub-programs in DORC are included in the Tutorials
because their mode of operation is exactly equivalent to the ones that are included.
11.1 TUTORIAL 3(a) DORC: Entering and Saving Data – Regime Method
From the main SHARC screen click on Design Tools and the on DORC:
Click Regime Equations from the main menu. The next screen lists the two options
and the data entry required. We will use the Lacey method, which is selected by
default. The alternative option can be selected by clicking on the text ‘Simons and
Albertson’ with the mouse. Lacey should then be re-selected by clicking on that
option.
Click Help to view a message concerning technical aspects of the regime methods.
Close the message screen by clicking OK.
Default values for these variables are provided:
Side slope m/m 1.5

Lacey silt factor 1.0
Try entering 0.0 for the canal discharge to see what the response is.
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Click Calculate and the following error message will appear:
Click OK and enter a value of 10m3/s for canal discharge. Click Calculate again to
make the calculation. The result screen will show:
Flow depth = 1.216 m

Bed width = 10.908 m
Canal slope = 0.0002149 m/m
Mean velocity = 0.646 m/s
Manning roughness = 0.0229
Now save the data (including the canal design data calculated above) first click Exit to
return to the main menu, and then click Save. Enter the new file name Tutor.drc and
click the Save button:
DORC then returns to its main menu. (Note that the file name has the compulsory
extension ".DRC"). Exit DORC (click Exit) before continuing with the next tutorial.
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11.2 TUTORIAL 3(b) DORC: Repeating Calculations – Tractive Force Method
Enter DORC as before, and then load data from Tutor.drc. Click Load, then click on
‘Tutor.drc’ in the window produced and then click Open.
Select the Tractive Force option from the main menu.
The values in the data entry screen for the canal discharge and side slope are the same as
those entered in the previous tutorial. They have been automatically transferred to the
current data entry screen from the file Tutor.drc. The values for the bed material sizes
require entering:
D65 bed material size mm 0.25

Click Calculate and the results are:
Bed width = 3.203 m

Now repeat the calculation with a new discharge value of 20m3/s: enter 20 in the box,
click Calculate and the results are:
Bed width = 4.405 m

Click Exit and then Save, click on the file name ‘Tutor.drc’ and click Save. A warning
message that the file already exists will appear. Click Yes and DORC will return to the
main menu.
11.3 TUTORIAL 3(c) DORC: Comparing Methods - Rational Method
If you exited DORC after the previous tutorial in a file, enter DORC and load the data as
described in the previous Tutorial.
Choose Rational Method from the main menu, click on the ‘Rational method & Lacey
width’ option from the top-left set of options, and the ‘van Rijn and Engelund &
Hansen’ option from the right hand options (which become active by clicking the
‘Rational method & Lacey width’ option). Enter the following data values:
Canal discharge m3/s 10

Sediment concentration ppm 500
Temperature C 20
Side slope m/m 2.0
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These data can be retained:
Specific gravity 2.65

Lacey silt factor 1.0
Click Calculate to give:
Bed width = 9.588 m

Canal slope = 0.0004622 m
Now select ‘Rational method & Chang width’, keeping and the selection ‘van Rijn and
Engelund & Hansen’. Use the same data values as before, simply press Calculate
without making any changes. The results are:
Bed width = 10.232 m

Side slope = 2.0 m/m
In this case the two methods provide very similar predictions for the dimensions and
slope of the canal.
Return to the main menu and leave DORC by pressing Exit.
11.4 TUTORIAL 3(d) DORC: Recording - Manning Equation
Start up DORC. This time the data was not saved in TUTOR.DRC before the last exit.
The data from the last Tutorial can still be recovered by clicking Load and then Open in
the window produced, this loads data from ‘Latest.drc’ which was automatically created
by DORC on its last exit.
In this Tutorial the calculations will be recorded. Click Record. The default file to
record to, ‘Dorc.csv’, can be used, so click Save. A message will confirm the start of
recording.
Select the Mannings Calculations option from the main menu, and click on the option
‘Calculate Slope and Velocity’. This combination uses the Manning equation to
calculate the canal slope, mean velocity and shear velocity from the canal discharge,
flow depth and cross section. The canal discharge of 10m3/s can be retained, type in the
following new data values:
Flow depth m 1.0

Bed width m 20
Side slope m/m 1.5
Manning roughness 0.03
Click Calculate to give the results:

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Shear velocity = 0.0444 m/s
Return to the main menu and exit DORC.
Find the file ‘Dorc.csv’ with Windows Explorer, or an equivalent tool, and open the file
(for Explorer double-click on ‘Dorc.csv’). Excel should automatically open and display
the input and results of the computation. After increasing the width of the first column
the Excel worksheet will appear (in Excel 97):
Excel can be used to print the calculations, if required.
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12 TUTORIALS 4 (a) to (d) – Design Tools – DACSE
This set of 4 Tutorials illustrate the key features of the DACSE facility in Design
Tools. The DACSE software (‘Design Analysis for Canal Sediment Extractors’) provides
methods for aiding the design procedure for sediment extractors: vortex tubes and tunnel
sediment extractors. It is assumed that the user has already completed the DORC
Tutorials (3(a) to (d) immediately above), and so is familiar with the mode of
operation of DACSE (including the Load, Save and Record facilities).
12.1 TUTORIAL 4(a) DACSE: Trapping Efficiency Calculation
In this Tutorial an initial trapping efficiency prediction will be made.
Enter DACSE and click Trapping Efficiency. Note that a large number of bed material
sizes are requested. The irrigation system is the same as that on which the Tutorials
for the DOSSBAS program is based so, if the DOSSBAS tutorials have been
completed, the data can be imported from the DOSSBAS file “Tutor.din”. If the
DOSSBAS tutorials have not been completed, then skip these steps set out below.
Click Exit to return to the main menu. Then click DOSSBAS under ‘Import
Bed Material Copy From’. The window produced may well open with the
directory used for the DOSSBAS tutorials displayed. If not use the exploring
facilities in the window to find the directory (‘DOSSBAS under the main
SHARC directory, or a perhaps sub-directory of that directory). Click on the
file “Tutor.din” and then on Open.
Next open Trapping Efficiency again. The imported grain sizes will be
shown:
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If the DOSSBAS tutorials have not been completed and so the steps set out above have
been skipped, then enter the bed material sizes as shown in the window immediately
above.
Also enter the following canal data:
Discharge m3/s 8
Bed width m 9
Depth m 0.9
An extraction ratio of 15% should also be entered. Click Calculate to see the
predicted trapping efficiency, which is 49.7%. This is sufficiently high to pursue the
design further. Click Exit.
12.2 TUTORIAL 4(b) DACSE: Setting Extraction Ratio using Plots
(If you exited from DACSE after completing the previous tutorial enter DASCE as
earlier, click Load and directly click Open to accept the data saved on leaving DACSE
at the end of Tutorial 4(a), ‘Latest.dse’).
In this Tutorial we will carry out alluvial friction and sediment transport calculations in
the canal upstream and downstream from the extractor and so show that an extractor can
solve the sediment problem in the main canal. The conditions for a range of extraction
ratios will then be computed and plotted, and so the extraction ratio for which the sand
concentrations balance will be determined.
In this example, the sand concentrations entering the canal have not been measured, and
will be calculated using the options in DACSE. The discharge, depth, bed width and
side slope values given above represent typical operating conditions in the canal head
reach, rather than design values. We will use them to compute a typical sand
concentration passing through the head reach.
Click Alluvial Friction on the main menu. Check that the following options are
selected:
Location: ‘Upstream of Extractor’
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Type of Calculation: ‘Calculate Slope and Velocity’
Alluvial Friction Predictor: ‘van Rijn’
The data values entered in the previous Tutorial were automatically transferred to the
data pool and are now displayed. We do not need to change any of the data values, but if
grain sizes were not loaded from DOSSBAS the values D50=0.327mm and D90=0.61mm
must be entered. Click Calculate. The results show the slope and mean velocity to be
0.0007058 and 0.859m/s respectively.
Now click Exit to return to the main menu. Select the Sand Transport option, ensure
that the following options are selected:
Location: ‘Upstream of Extractor’
Sediment Transport Predictor: ‘Engelund and Hansen’
The results obtained from the alluvial friction calculation are displayed. Again we do not
need to change any of these data values, so click Calculate. The calculated sediment
concentration is 726ppm (parts per million by weight). Click Exit.
Conditions downstream from the extractor are now computed. Click Alluvial Friction
on the main menu. Change the following options:
Location: ‘Downstream of Extractor’
Type of Calculation: ‘Calculate Depth and Velocity’
The alluvial friction predictor should be kept as ‘van Rijn’. The discharge immediately
downstream of extractor should be determined: click the small button Calculate next to
the data entry box for ‘Discharge’. Accept the value of 6.8m3/s at the extraction ratio of
15% (click Yes). Then enter the design values for the main canal downstream from the
extractor:
Slope 0.00035
Bed width m 6
Note that the bed material sizes predicted by the trapping efficiency computation are
automatically transferred to the data boxes when ‘Downstream of Extractor’ is
selected. Click Calculate. Predicted depth is 1.248m. The sand transporting capacity
can now be immediately computed: click Sand Transport then the location:
‘Downstream of Extractor’ and then Calculate (all the data is automatically
transferred). A value of 359ppm is given. Click Exit.
Thus the sand concentration approaching the extractor is 726ppm, while the
concentration that can be transported in the canal downstream is about half that:
359ppm when the extraction ratio is 15%. The predicted trapping efficiency is 49.7%
(previous Tutorial), so it appears that the extractor will prevent deposition in the main
canal.
Now conditions for a range of extraction ratios must be computed so that the extraction
ratio for which the sand concentrations balance can be determined. Click Make Table:
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Note that for this calculation the option ‘Reduce downstream discharge’ applies: extra
discharge is not to be diverted into the canal to supply the flow into the extractor. All
other settings have already been made by earlier data input. Click Prepare Table. A
table name is requested: accept the name given “Table.csv” and click Save and then
Yes at the confirmation message if it appears.
The graph of trapping efficiency against extraction ratio can now be viewed by
clicking Plot Table, then clicking the text ‘Trapping Efficiency Plot’ in the small
window created and then clicking Plot.
The required trapping efficiecy value is now included in the plot. It shows the slight
drop in required trapping efficiency as the transporting capacity of the canal downstream
from the extractor increases. It appears that the extraction ratio should be set at about
20%. The other plot shows these results in a different format. Click OK, select ‘Sand
Concentration Plot’ and click Plot:
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Click OK and then Exit to return to the main menu.
12.3 TUTORIAL 4(c) DACSE: Setting Extraction Ratio - Canal Discharge Increases
In Tutorial 4(b) just above the canal discharge upstream from the extractor was kept
constant and the extractor caused less and less discharge to be available downstream
from the extractor. In this Tutorial we assume that there is sufficient river flow to allow
the extracted discharge to be provided by increased canal discharges.
Again use Make Table. Select the option ‘Increase upstream discharge’. In this case the
increased flow entering the canal will increase the transporting capacity of the head
reach, this is likely to slightly flatten the longitudinal slope. Such effects are predicted in
the DACSE facility Canal Depth and Slope. That functionality is available here in the
option ‘Canal Depth and Slope’, which should be set by default.
The discharge downstream from the extractor will be maintained at 8m3/s for all
extraction ratios. Enter 8 in the ‘discharge’ box under ‘Variables Downstream from
Extractor’. Other settings still apply so click Prepare Table.
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Click Yes to confirm that the previous table file, “Table.csv”, can be overwritten.
The trapping efficiency plot in Plot Table now appears:
The increased discharges downstream from the extractor have increased the transporting
capacity of the canal. Thus the extraction ratio can be set slightly lower, at about 17%.
12.4 TUTORIAL 4(d) DACSE: Completion of Computations – Vortex Tube
An extraction ratio of 17% has been chosen (Tutorial 4(c)), now calculations for
designing a vortex tube are made assuming this extraction ratio.
First set the data pool variables to be appropriate to the design conditions for the
extractor: enter Canal Depth and Slope and input the appropriate discharge value (8/(1
– 17/100) = 9.64m3/s), click Calculate and then repeat the calculation in Trapping
Efficiency with an extraction ratio of 17%.
Selecting Adaption Length and Calculate provides the adaption length prediction of
186m:
Vortex Tube Design is now used to derive a workable tube layout. 1m and 1.2m tube
diameters are available. The program gives warnings concerning a reduction in
trapping efficiency if a single tube is employed (‘Number of tubes’ = 1). Changing the
number of tubes to 2 provides acceptable designs for either tube size, eg:
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These results are thus obtained:
Tube diameter Head loss Maximum allowable D90 size

(mm)
(m) (m)
1.0 0.232 9.39
1.2 0.13 7.58
The actual D90 size (mm) upstream from the extractor is, at 0.61mm, vastly less than
the maximum allowable size and the head loss values are reasonable. Thus either
design can probably be taken. If head loss is critical at the site, then perhaps the larger
diameter tubes would be preferable.
Finally the Escape Channel Design should be attempted. All variables are
automatically transferred to the input boxes, with the exception of the concentration
entering the escape channel. The small button Calculate provides the value. The main
Calculate button produces the recommended escape channel dimensions:
Finally save the data (it will be needed in the DOSSBAS tutorial) click Save and enter
the file name: ‘Tutor4.dse’.
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13 TUTORIALS 5 (a) to (d) – Design Tools – DOSSBAS
This set of 4 Tutorials illustrate the key features of the DOSSBAS facility in Design
Tools. DOSSBAS (‘Design Of Sluiced Settling BASins’) aids in the design of settling
basins by providing models to test and refine potential basin designs.
13.1 TUTORIAL 5 (a) DOSSBAS: Using the Deposition Model
In this tutorial we develop an outline design for a settling basin using the deposition
model in DOSSBAS.
Setting Up the Project

When DOSSBAS has been selected from Design Tools the main menu screen appears.
Click New Project. The new project name is used for all input and output filenames,
enter the project name ‘Tutor5’:
Click Save to return to the main menu screen.
Set Initial Layout

Click Set Initial Layout. The option indicating that the settling basin will be sluiced is
selected by default. Leave the default setting. Enter the following data (it would be
derived from design calculations made outside DOSSBAS):
Target sediment removal rate 95%

Representative sediment size 0.2mm
Basin sluicing discharge 12 m3/s
Click Calculate:
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The results provide a first estimate of basin plan area, basin length and maximum
width for effective sluicing.
Click Exit to return to the main menu.
Entering Data for the Deposition Model

Click the Create/Edit Input option in the deposition model sub-menu:
The suggested run title is ‘Initial Run’ and this can be retained.
The basin is to have a regular geometry, so keep the default “Regular geometry”
option. The basin length and initial bed width will already have values assigned from
the initial layout calculations. These values provide a starting point in determining the
required basin dimensions. Here a slightly greater length of basin and smaller initial
bed width will be adopted for the first model run.
Input the following data:
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Basin length 100.

Initial bed width 12.
Upstream bed elevation 93.0
Downstream bed elevation 92.0
The basin has the bed sloping down towards the downstream end. (A bed slope of 1%
is usually appropriate). Further geometry data can be input:
Side slope 1
Ramp slope 0.01
Bed width of upstream channel 9.
Thus, the basin side slope is 1 to 1, the transition connecting the upstream canal bed to
the basin has a slope of 1 to 100, and the bed width of the upstream canal is 9 m.
Discharges can be either steady or time varying, here the canal design discharge of
8m3/s is to be used. So again retain the default setting (a steady run) by leaving
‘Unsteady run’ without a tick in the box.
Enter the data (derived from calculations outside DOSSBAS) as shown below:
Discharge m3/s 8
Downstream water level m AD 94.5
Sand concentration ppm 600
Fine sediment concentration ppm 800
Duration hours 720
The temperature (20 degrees C) is retained.
In this example we need to trap sediments in the sand size range. However, we need
to ensure that storage in the basin is not filled with fine sediment that does not need to
be trapped. Fine sediment deposition will also be simulated, as a value for the fine
sediment concentration has been entered. (It is possible to "turn off" either the sand or
fine sediment simulations by entering a zero concentration values.)
The default Manning's "n" roughness coefficient of 0.024 can be left unchanged. (As
we are simulating the deposition of sand in the basin the value of "n" that is input is
only used in an initial computation, roughness values are computed from the sediment
sizes that are deposited and hydraulic parameters using an alluvial friction predictor
during the simulation.)
The duration of the simulation has been selected as 720 hours, i.e. 30 days, on the
assumption that we wish to operate the basin in the deposition mode for this period
before flushing becomes necessary.
These default values can also be retained:
Specific gravity (sand) 2.65

Settled density (sand) 1.40
Specific gravity (silt) 2.65
And edit the settled density for silt:
Settled density (silt) 0.6
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The input screen should now look as shown below:
The sand and fine sediment sizes now need to be entered.
First click Setup Sand Sizes.
The deposition model requires in-transport sediment sizes derived from a size grading
curve representing the sand size sediments entering the settling basin. If this
information is available, for example from field measurements carried out at the intake
(strongly recommended) it can be entered directly. However in many cases this
information will not be available. In this example DOSSBAS is used to predict the in-
transport sand grading from bed material sizes derived from samples collected in the
canal head reach. Retain the default option ‘Enter bed material’.
If the DACSE Tutorials (Tutorials 4(a) to (d)) have not yet been run through, then
input the bed material grading as shown below. If that Tutorial has been completed,
the data can be imported because this Tutorial applies to the same irrigation system:
click DACSE under ‘Input Options’ and double-click on the file ‘Tutor4.dse’. Add the
D100 size of 1.8mm, as the message indicates, and the data will be as shown below.
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Click Interpret and Save Sizes to accept the predicted in-transport sediment sizes.
The results are shown below:
D0 size in transport 0.072 mm

Note that the predicted “In transport” sediment sizes are smaller than those represented
in the bed material.
Click Exit to return to the main edit screen. Then click Setup Fine Sediment Settling
Velocities. Input the following data (note that no information finer than V60 is
available):
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Click Save and Exit to accept the data and return to the main edit screen.
Note that all the Setup options are either inactive and shown in pale grey, or their text
is shown in italics, which indicates that complete data sets have been provided. No
active Setup options require data. The data can be saved and used to prepare an input
file for the deposition model. Click Save As New Run. This will also exit the screen.
The data that has been entered is now saved in the file ‘Tutor5.din’ and a simulation
can now be run.
Running the Deposition Model

In the main DOSSBAS menu, click the Run Model option under the deposition model
sub-menu. This runs the deposition model.
If the data has been entered and saved correctly, then no error messages will appear.
During the simulation, an hourglass icon on the screen indicates that the computation
is continuing. When the calculations have finished a summary results screen is
displayed:
Adaption length (% of basin length) = 30.0 %

Sand trap efficiency = 20.4 %
Silt trap efficiency = 0.3 %
Trapped material that is silt = 4.3 %
Volume of water at start of run = 2796. m^3
Volume of water at end of run = 973. m^3
Total volume of sand deposited = 1810. m^3
Total volume of silt deposited = 82. m^3
Mean sand concentration leaving basin = 478. ppm
Mean silt concentration leaving basin = 798. ppm
The results show that the sand trap efficiency is too low, 20%, and the mean
concentration of sand size sediment leaving the basin is too large. The reasons for this
can be investigated by looking at the results graphically.
Press OK to exit from the summary results screen, then click View Results.
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The data to be plotted is that suggested by default: the most recent model run. Click
Plot to view the first graph
Graph 1: Longitudinal Profile shows the bed elevations at successive

time steps and the final water level. In this example the
plotting interval, selected by DOSSBAS, is 5 days (120
hours). The graph indicates that the basin was nearly full with
sediment after about 300 hours, and during the later part of the
simulation very little deposition was occurring.
Click OK to exit the graph viewer. Then double-click on each of the other graph names
to view them (or click once and then click Plot). Click OK to exit the graph viewer
after each graph is viewed. Finally click OK from the plot control window to return to
the main DOSSBAS screen.
The data shown in the plots, plus a large amount of additional information is available
in the result file ‘Tutor5.dou’. This can be viewed with an external text editor.
Interpretation of the results in a ‘.DOU’ file is discussed later, when the basin design
has been adjusted so that its performance is closer to the target performance specified
at the start of the example.
The tutorial is now complete. If you exit DOSSBAS it will automatically save the
settings so that when you start DOSSBAS again it will open with the current data set.
13.2 TUTORIAL 5 (b) DOSSBAS: Modifying a Settling Basin Design
In this tutorial DOSSBAS is used to investigate the effect of changing the basin
dimensions, and reducing the period between basin flushing, to develop a design
which comes closer to meeting its target performance.
The results from the Tutorial 5(a) indicated that the basin was full after about 300
hours of operation. One option could be to reduce the period between basin flushing
from 30 days to say two weeks, or 336 hours.
Return to the deposition edit screen by clicking Create/Edit Input.
Change the ‘Duration’ value from 720 to 336 hours. As we do not want to overwrite
the data stored for the first run, enter a new Run Title, for example ‘Shorter Run’, or
‘Run 336 hours’. Click Save As New Run. This will also exit the screen.
Run the deposition model with the new input data by clicking Run Model. When the
simulation is completed the summary deposition statistics are now:
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Sand trap efficiency = 43.2%

The basin is still allowing too much sand to pass through and so will be made larger.
Return to Create/Edit Input and change the basin length to 150m. Click Save Run to
accept the data, prepare an input file and return to the main menu.
Run the deposition model and the summary deposition statistics are now:

Sand trap efficiency = 63.1 %
The basin design is now broadly acceptable. (Further changes could be made to
improve the basin performance. The impact of changing design parameters such as the
downstream water level, basin length, width and filling period can be investigated.
Click Create/Edit Input, edited the data, change the Run Title and then save using
Save As New Run, so that original run data are not overwritten.)
We now need to prepare to run the sluicing model in the next Tutorial.
Bed elevations and the composition of sediments deposited in the basin are located in
the deposition restart file. Before the sluicing model can access this information, it
must be copied. To do this, click For Input to Sluice Model under ‘Copy Restart File’.
It is the bottom button in the Deposition Model sub-menu on the main DOSSBAS
window.
13.3 TUTORIAL 5 (c) DOSSBAS: Using the Sluicing Model
In this tutorial we will use the results of the deposition run ‘Tutor5’, as a starting point
for sluicing simulations.
Click the Create/Edit Input option in the sluicing model sub-menu on the right hand
side of the main DOSSBAS window. This will be used to create a input data file for
the sluicing model.
The computations outside DOSSBAS confirm that the water level at the downstream
end of the basin during sluicing can be maintained at 92.5m AD. The sluicing
discharge is 12 m3/s, and initially a sluicing duration of 2 hours is selected. Results
must be output at a timestep of, say, 0.2 hours. The sediment concentration entering
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the basin during sluicing is taken as the same as that during the deposition period,
600ppm.
These default settings can be kept unchanged:
Run Title Initial Run

Sluicing discharge m3/s 12.0
°
Temperature C 20.0
Sediment concentration ppm 600
Enter the following data:
Downstream stage m 92.5

Duration hours 2
Output timestep hours 0.2
Click Save As New Run to accept the data, and return to the main menu.
You should have already copied the file created at the end of the previous deposition
run that is required to initiate the sluicing run. If you have not done this, then do so
now (see end of previous tutorial).
Select Run Model from the Sluicing Model sub-menu to run the sluicing model.
When the sluice model has finished running the summary results are displayed, as
copied below:
The results show that the basin is emptied in 1.1 hours. However, select View Results
from the sluicing menu to inspect the results graphically. The first graph (the
longitudinal profile) shows that the majority of the sediment is sluiced in 0.8 hours.
The remaining small amount of sediment from the downstream end of the basin was
removed relatively slowly over 0.3 hours.
To improve the sluicing efficiency, try lowering the downstream stage from 92.5m to
92.3m. Also, since the basin was emptied in 1.1 hours, reduce the simulation time
from 2 hours to 1.2 hours.
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To edit the sluice model inputs, return to Create/Edit Input under the sluicing sub-
menu. Change downstream stage to 92.3. Click Save Run to accept the data and return
to the sluicing menu. Now run the sluice model again (Run Model).
View the results from the sluicing menu. The summary statistics show that the basin
emptied in 0.91 hours this time:
Total time elapsed 0.91 hours

Total volume removed 2815 m3
Volume of sand removed 2557 m3
Volume of silt removed 258 m3
Mean sand concentration 91451 ppm
Reason for end of run Basin emptied
The graph of bed elevations indicates that sediment deposits were sluiced relatively
uniformly after the initial removal of the bulk of material from the downstream end.
Note that a complete listing of the results is printed in the sluicing model output file
‘Tutor5.sou’.
13.4 TUTORIAL 5 (d) DOSSBAS: Designing an Escape Channel
The DOSSBAS sluicing model must be run before an escape channel can be designed,
since the results from the sluice model are used in the design calculations.
From the main DOSSBAS menu choose the Design Escape Channel option. The next
screen gives the user the option of either entering a channel bed width, or allowing
DOSSBAS to automatically calculate a bed width. Use the second option: do not tick
“Input escape channel bed width”. All the input data to the calculation has been
provided earlier as inputs to the models or as model predictions. The sediment
concentration and bed material sizes are mean values over the sluicing period.
Click Calculate to accept the data and produce an escape channel design. The screen
will now appear as:
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In this example the design width is very large at 33.5m when the depth is 0.15 m and
the message concerning the bed width restriction to twice the Lacey width is given.
("Lacey width" is that predicted by Lacey’s regime equations.)
Consequently, we will re-design the channel with a smaller pre-set width of 16m.
Click the tick-box ‘Input escape channel bed width’: a tick will appear and the box to
enter a width value will become activated. Enter the new bed width of 16m and click
Calculate. This time the escape channel design is as follows:
Flow depth 0.261 m

Slope 0.012734 m/m
Side slope 1:1.5
To exit from DOSSBAS, click Exit to return to the main menu and then click Exit
again.
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14 TUTORIAL 6 (a) to (b) – Design Tools – Intake Model
This pair of Tutorials illustrates the key features of the Intake Model facility in
Design Tools. The model predicts the sediment exclusion performance of intakes and so
provides an outline assessment of basic changes in intake design.
In these Tutorials the Intake Model will be used to predict the sand concentration
entering an existing intake for typical operating conditions. The size distribution of
the sediments entering the intake and forming the bed material of the main canal head
reach will also be predicted. Finally the impact of adding a skimming weir at the
intake will be predicted.
14.1 TUTORIAL 6 (a) Intake Model: Running the Model
From the main SHARC window click Design Tools and then Intake Model to enter
the main model window. A new database is required, click New Database to display:
Replace the text ‘Database.mdb’ with ‘Tutor6.mdb’ in the box and click OK. Click
OK after reading the message and click Open Database as the message suggests.
Double-click on the file ‘TUTOR6.MDB’ listed on the left hand side of the window
created. Note that the database name is now displayed on the main model window:
Data on the river and intake must now be entered, click Prepare Input Data.
Enter the text ‘Tutorial 6’ in the Scheme Title box and ‘Existing intake at 200m3/s’ in
the Run Title box. Now input the river data for this condition:
River discharge m3/s 200
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River slope 0.00061

Manning roughness 0.026
River sand concentration ppm 840
River fine sediment concentration 0
The fine sediments are given zero concentration because they are not of concern at this
intake and irrigation system. The default values given on the input window can be
retained.
Now the river cross section is input. There is no weir or barrage across the river at the
intake site, so using data for a cross section near the intake is appropriate. Click Setup
River Cross Section to display:
It is to be a new set of data, so click New. In the form that appears add the section data
as shown below, include the title ‘Intake site’. Note that the table of data must be
enlarged to six rows by clicking Insert Row twice before entering the data.
Click Save as New and then Select to confirm the data and return to the main data
entry window. Note how the button Setup River Cross Section is now shown with
text in italics to indicate that data has been entered. The river reach is straight at the
intake site so the ‘River Bend at Intake’ tick-box can be left without a tick.
Now enter the river bed material grading in Setup Sand Sizes in a similar manner to
the river cross section (again click New in the window produced). The data to be
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entered is shown on the copies of the data-entry window below (the scroll bar on the
right hand side of the table can be used):
Use Save as New and then Select to return to the main data entry window as before.
Setup Fine Sediment Settling Velocities must be entered to enable the program to run.
A token data set can be entered. Reduce the ‘Number of fine sediment fractions’ to
the minimum of 1, click Clear Table and enter a data set name and V0 value as shown:
Click Save as New and then Select to return to the main data entry window. Now
click More information under the ‘Intake Details’ heading to display information on
the intake types. The intake at this site is set back from the river with a short entrance
channel between the river and the canal head regulator. It is thus ‘Type 1’. Click
Close and then the radio button ‘Type 1’. The button Setup Intake Geometry is now
displayed in pale grey, which indicates that no further information on intake geometry
is required. Enter the canal design discharge of 3m3/s in the ‘Discharge abstracted to
intake’ box.
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The entry of river and intake data is now complete:
Click Save as New Run to save the data ready for the Intake Model and return to the
main model window. Click Run Model, the Notepad window with summary results
quickly appears:
The sand concentration entering the intake is, at 571ppm, less than the river sand
concentration. (Click on the cross at the top right corner of the Notepad window to
close it.) Graphical display of the results will add to this observation. Click View
Results. In the window produced the model output file and the river cross section plot
are already highlighted and those selections are required. Simply click Plot to show
the cross section plot for this model run:
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The area of flow in the cross section that is entering the intake is a small pocket near
the river bank. It would appear that the sand concentrations are lower at the bank and
that is the reason for the lower concentrations entering the canal. Click Exit to return
to the plot menu. Now highlight the text ‘Predicted Sediment Grading Curves’ with a
left-mouse-click and then click Plot.
The graph shows how the material entering the canal has a similar grading to the
material transported by the river, and how the canal bed material is also similar to the
river bed material. Now use Exit twice to return to the main model window.
Save the output file for later comparison against a subsequent model run, click Save
Results Files and enter ‘Existing’ in the window displayed:
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Click OK. The Tutorial is complete and the Intake Model facility can be exited, click
Exit.
14.2 TUTORIAL 6 (b) Intake Model: Comparing Model Runs
In this Tutorial the effect of changing the intake design to a skimming weir will be
assessed.
Enter the Intake Model again. Note that the database used in the previous Tutorial is
re-loaded automatically. Return to Prepare Input Data to change the geometry to a
skimming weir. The text displayed by the More information button shows that ‘Type
2’ is required, click that ratio button. The button Setup Intake Geometry is no longer
displayed in pale grey, so further information on intake geometry is required. Click
Setup Intake Geometry to show:
The skimming weir might (optimistically) be designed to skim the top 0.5m of river
flow at this river discharge, so enter 0.5 in the box and click OK. The Run Title must
also be changed to reflect the new run, edit it to: ‘Skimming weir, 200m3/s’. The
model data is now ready, click Save As New Run as before, so that the original run
information is not lost. (Now if Prepare Input Data is clicked again the drop down
list ‘Select Run’ includes both runs. Ensure that the run ‘Skimming weir, 200m3/s’ is
selected before exiting the window again with Save Run, any warning message can be
ignored).
Repeat Run Model and note that the sand concentration entering the intake is only
somewhat reduced: 509ppm. In Notepad view the full intake model output file by
selecting File>>Open from the Notepad menu. Double-click on the file name
‘Intk_out.txt’. When the file has been viewed, click on the cross on the Notepad
window as before. Click View Results and then Plot to show the cross section plot for
this latest model run:
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The area of flow in the cross section that is entering the intake is slightly changed by
the change in intake design. Click Exit to return to the plot menu. Now highlight the
earlier results file ‘EXISTING.OUT’ with a left-mouse-click and then click Plot. The
slight change in the area of flow can be discerned. This small difference is not
sufficient to justify the costs or the operational difficulties of implementing a
skimming weir at the intake.
Repeatedly click Exit to return to the main SHARC window.
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15 TUTORIALs 7 (a) to (e) – Hydraulic Simulation
In first three tutorials (Tutorials 7(a) to 7(c)), a simple new irrigation system will be
entered and the hydraulic model will be run. In the subsequent Hydraulic Simulation
Tutorials an existing database describing a more complex network of irrigation
channels will be modified to reflect implementation of sediment control measures and
the model will be run. The results will be viewed to assess the impact of the sediment
control measures.
15.1 TUTORIAL 7 (a) Hydraulic Simulation: Setting Out a Simple Network
In this sequence of three tutorials, 7(a) to 7(c), a new network will be entered and the
model run. The system is a main canal head reach from which there is a single
offtake. Water levels at the offtake are controlled by a cross regulator.
In the first tutorial the network is set out.
Firstly, enter the SHARC package, select Hydraulic Simulation and then Run
Module. The project that was open the previous time Hydraulic Simulation was used
will be displayed, if this is the first time, the demonstration project will be shown.
Select File>>New Database to initiate entry procedures for the new system. A
window is displayed:
Edit the entry for database name from:
c:\sharc\database.mdb
to:
c:\sharc\simple1.mdb
Enter the system area, into the next box below, as 2000 hectares. Finally, click OK to
return to the main screen (click OK at the message).
Now select File>>Open Database to open the new database. Click Refresh. Find and
then click on the entry ‘simple1.mdb’ in the list displayed, and then click OK (again
click OK at the message). The map display should now be empty.
Start the entry of the system with the intake. Click the Intake button, move the mouse
pointer to near the top left corner of the map display area, and then click on the left
mouse button. A new window ‘New Canal’ is displayed. Enter the canal name as
‘Main’, and then click OK. A filled magenta circle will be shown on the map.
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Now add a node halfway along the canal to the map display. The intake symbol is
displayed in magenta, so it is already ‘selected’. To add the node downstream, select
the button Node and then left-click with the mouse pointer on the map display area at a
point to the right of the intake by about 6cm. The following should be displayed:
Add a structure, it will be a cross regulator, at the node just created:
• left-click with the mouse on the (now red) node marker to select it – it will turn
magenta
• select the button Structure
• click with the left mouse button on the map display area at a point just to the right
of the node.
A new window ‘New Structure’ is displayed. Enter the structure name as ‘Cross
regulator’. The new structure is gated, so that entry can be left at the default, and then
click OK.
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Now add another reach to the canal by:
• left-click with the mouse on the new structure to select it – it will turn from red to
magenta
• select the button Node again
• click with the left mouse button on the map display area at a point about 6cm
further to the right.
The map display should now be:
Now a add gated turnout at the node with the cross regulator:
• left-click with the mouse on the middle node marker to select it

• select the button Turnout
• click with the left mouse button on the map display area at a point just below the
selected node.
A new window ‘New Turnout’ is displayed. Enter its name as ‘First branch’. The
turnout is gated, so again the entry can be left at the default, and then click OK.
Repeat the procedure above for the right hand (downstream) node, where a continuing
reach is specified:
• select the right hand node

• select Turnout
• left-click on the map display just to the right of the node
• enter the name ‘Continuation’ in the ‘New Turnout’ window, select ‘Continuing
reach’ from the drop down menu list for turnout type, and then click OK.
Finally, enter a title onto the map display by double clicking with the left mouse button
in the title display box near the lower right corner of the map. Enter the title
‘Tutorials’ in the window displayed:
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And click OK. The map display should now be:
The Tutorial is complete. Either exit the module using File>>Exit or continue with
the next Tutorial.
15.2 TUTORIAL 7 (b) Hydraulic Simulation: Specifying Dimensions
The basic layout was set out in Tutorial 7(a), now dimensions can be added. If
SHARC was exited after Tutorial 7(a) re-enter SHARC: select Hydraulic Simulation
and then Run Module.
Start specifying the dimensions at the canal head:
• right-click with the mouse on the most upstream canal section marker (a short
vertical line crossing the line of the canal) – when the section is selected a data
entry window is displayed (a few attempts may be needed to get the mouse pointer
in exactly the correct location)
• All the default data in the new window, as shown below, can be retained
Enter the section details by clicking New and enter the details:
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Click OK and then OK again at the ‘Cross section definition’ window.
Repeat the procedure for each of the other cross sections using the following data:
Input Parameter 2nd section 3rd section 4th section

Window
First Chainage (m) 2000 2000 4000
Other parameters Leave Leave Leave
defaults defaults defaults
Second Bed level (m) 9.4 9.3 8.9
Bed width (m) 3.0 2.5 2.5
Side slope 1.5 1.5 1.5
Max water level (m) 11.4 11.1 10.7
Design water level (m) 10.25 10.15 9.85
Now the structure data can be entered:
• right-click with the mouse on the symbol for the cross regulator
• enter data in the new window that is displayed, as shown below
• click OK
And enter the data for the offtake gate, termed a ‘turnout’:
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• right-click with the mouse on the symbol for the turnout at the cross regulator
• enter data in the new window that is displayed, as shown below (Note that ‘the
drop down list ‘Turnout Orientation’ must be used)
• click OK
Finally enter the data for the turnout used to describe the continuing canal:
• right-click with the mouse on the symbol for the turnout on the right hand edge of
the map
• enter data in the new window that is displayed, as shown below
• click on the button New to get the window:
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• enter the values as shown above, they describe the relationship between discharge
and water level in the canal at the downstream limit of the model
• save the information by clicking OK in this window, and OK again in the earlier
window.
The irrigation network has now been described and the structure details have been
entered. Tutorial 7(b) is now complete. Either exit the module using File>>Exit or
continue with Tutorial 7(c).
15.3 TUTORIAL 7 (c) Hydraulic Simulation: Running the Model
The basic layout was set out and dimensions were added in Tutorials 7(a) & 7(b).
Now the model will be run and output viewed. If SHARC was exited after Tutorial
7(b) re-enter SHARC, select Hydraulic Simulation and then Run Module.
Specify the model conditions using the facility: Hydraulic Model>>Create/Edit

Input Files. Having selected the facility, after a brief pause for validation, the
following window is shown:
Edit the run title to ‘Initial test run’ and then click the box ‘Omit sediment
computations’ to produce a simple run of one time step and no sediment routing
computations. Data for the intake should be given, click Setup Intake Data to get:
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Enter the data as shown above. In this case the river flow and water level have both
been set sufficiently high to ensure that no flow constrictions occur at the intake. (But
water level cannot be at or above 12m the maximum water level allowable at the head
of the canal. This restriction would not apply if, as usual, there was a head regulator at
the canal head). Click OK to return to the main editing window.
Data for the requested turnout flows should be given, click on Setup Requested
Turnout Flows to produce this window:
Leave the default values, this specifies that requested discharges will be set at design
discharge. Click OK to save this data and finally click on Create Input Files.
Click OK and return to Hydraulic Model>>Create/Edit Input Files. Immediately

click on Create Input Files, this time no error message is displayed. The model can
now be run for the first time. Select: Hydraulic Model>>Run Model. A progress
window briefly appears, followed by the results window:
These results confirm that the requested discharges at the turnouts can both be
supplied by the channel and structures, without water levels exceeding their maximum
water values given at input.
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A longitudinal profile of the canal illustrates this result: select Results>>Defined

Plots, click on ‘Longitudinal profile for canal - Main’:
Click on Plot to display:
Now that the model runs for a simple case with no sediment input, it can be extended
to include sediments. Click on Exit twice and return to Hydraulic Model>>
Create/Edit Input Files.
Firstly edit the run title to ‘Ten time steps with sediment input’, next edit the entry for
‘Number of Time Steps’ to 10 and the ‘Time Step Length (days)’ to 30. This will
produce a run simulating 10 months of operation during a calendar year. Then click
again the box ‘Omit sediment computations’ to re-introduce sediment routing
computations. Hydraulic and sediment concentration data for the intake should now
be given for all the time steps, click Setup Intake Data. Enter 1000 in the first row for
the two columns ‘Sand Concentration Entering Intake (ppm)’ and ‘Fine Sediment
Concentration Entering Intake (ppm)’. Then repeatedly click on Copy to row below
until a message indicates that all rows have been filled. The window will be:
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It is not usually realistic to assume constant hydraulic and sediment conditions for 10
months. It is used here merely to ensure ease in following the tutorials.
Click OK and then Setup Requested Flows at Turnouts, then repeatedly click on Copy
to Row below until all rows have been filled. Again click OK.
Now sediment properties must be given: select Setup Sand Properties. For this run,
five sand fractions will be used and their sizes will not be predicted from the bed
material sizes. Leave the radio button setting ‘Enter sand sizes in the flow’ and edit
the ‘Number of sand fractions’ to 5 and click Clear Table. Then fill in the 5 fractions
and the two bounding values (D0 & D100) as follows:
Click OK and repeat for Setup Fine Sediment Properties as follows:
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Note that the default settings for the sand and the fine sediment properties (specific
gravity and densities) have been retained.
Click OK and click on Create Input Files. Select: Hydraulic Model>>Run Model.
The progress window now indicates the time step reached:
Finally the results window is shown.
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The results show that sedimentation has now caused flow constrictions: volume
supplied is less than that requested. A repeat of the longitudinal profile of the canal
illustrates this: select Results>>Defined Plots, click on ‘Longitudinal profile for canal
- Main’, and then Plot:
Two affects are apparent, firstly the sediment deposition is very severe, and secondly
the final water levels plot on top of the final bed levels, indicating a very low
discharge at the end of the simulation. Further information is provided by choosing
the defined plots: ‘Discharges at Intake’ and ‘Cumulative sediment deposition in all
canals’. They are shown below.
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The first plot shows how the canal discharges reduced sharply once sedimentation
caused freeboard to be encroached. The second plot shows a steady accumulation of
sand in the canal, and it indicates that there was no fine sediment deposition.
Further defined plots can be derived from the facility Results>>Defined Map
Display, for example ‘Mean sand conc. (ppm) entering turnout’ gives:
Click Return to selection window and then Exit. A sediment balance can be displayed
using Results>>Sediment Balance, select ‘Total sediment’ and click Plot to see:
Click Exit twice. In the first three tutorials, a simple irrigation network has been
entered, two simple simulations have been undertaken and the results have been
viewed. Tutorial 7(c) is now complete. Either exit the module using File>>Exit or
continue with Tutorial 7(d).
15.4 TUTORIAL 7 (d) Hydraulic Simulation: Implementing Sediment Control
In Tutorial 7(d) the model is run for a simple irrigation system and sedimentation is
found to restrict flows. Measures are introduced to control the sedimentation and they
are tested with the model.
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The database from which to start is TUTOR_00.MDB which can be found in the
directory Tutorial on the installation CD. Copy all three files TUTOR_00.* in that
directory into the SHARC directory. During the tutorial we will edit this database and
the original must be left unchanged. Enter the SHARC package, select Hydraulic
Simulation and then Run Module. Select File>>Open Database, click on
‘tutor_00.mdb’ and click OK. Then select File>>Copy Database, and add the
filename ‘tutor1’ to the extension ‘.mdb’ in the entry box under ‘Copy to’. Then click
OK.
Check on the title bar of the SHARC window (top of screen) that the database name is
‘tutor1.mdb’. The map of the new irrigation system is:
Click with the right mouse button on the structures and turnout symbols to gain an
understanding of the network being modelled. Briefly, it is a 24km main canal reach
(design discharge 30m3/s) with a large branch canal of 7.5m3/s design discharge
abstracting flow. The branch canal is fairly steep and levels are controlled by two
weirs. The main canal has two syphons; each are modelled using of a head –
discharge equation. At the head of the branch canal, flows are controlled by the
branch canal head gates and a gated cross regulator in the main canal. A small turnout
is included in the main canal; it is not gated and is modelled as an orifice.
View the model input conditions using the facility: Hydraulic Model>>Create/Edit
Input Files. Note that there are 10 time steps of 7 days each. This is intended to
cover the period of highest discharge and sediment inflow to the irrigation system.
Click Setup Intake Data to see the intake data (then click Cancel). As in the earlier
example, constant hydraulic and sediment conditions are assumed. Clicking Setup
Requested Turnout Flows shows that the requested turnout discharges will be set to
the ‘reference requested discharges’ for all time steps (again click Cancel). The
‘reference requested discharges’ are in this case set to the design discharges: the
‘Multiplier on design turnout discharges’ is set to 1 in the general input window (under
‘Operation Rules’). Later in the Tutorials a longer sequence with varying hydraulic
and sediment conditions will be tested.
Note that the operating rule is ‘Equity of supply’, which will distribute the flows
equitably should flow constrictions arise.
The sediment properties can be viewed by selecting and then closing the facilities:
Setup Sand Properties and Setup Fine Sediment Properties. Relatively fine sand
and some silts and clay are entering the canal system.
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Click on Create Input Files, then select Hydraulic Model>>Run Model. The output
window produced is:
Flow restrictions have occurred. Select Results>>Defined Plots and view the
‘Discharges at Intake’ graph:
Discharges became reduced after about 5 weeks of sedimentation. Now select on

‘Longitudinal profile for canal - Main’ to view the pattern of deposition in the main
canal, and ‘Longitudinal profile for canal - Branch’ for the branch:
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Sediment deposition is restricting flows into the main canal at the canal head. The
operating rule specifies equity in supply. This can be seen in the defined map display
‘Turnouts – ratio of supplied to requested water volume’
Note that all turnouts are equally under supplied except for the small (uncontrolled)
orifice-type turnout on the main canal, which is well over supplied, perhaps due to
sedimentation increasing water levels above design.
We can now attempt to find a solution to the problem. Firstly we introduce a vortex
tube sediment extractor. The design and initial (poor) assessment of the extractor have
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been undertaken following guidance elsewhere in the software and manual. Here, its
effect on the discharges achieved will be assessed. Return to the main map window
and insert the sediment extractor, a special kind of turnout, at the first node in the canal
system:
• left-click with the mouse on the node marker to select it

• select the button Turnout
• click with the left mouse button on the map display area at a point just above the
node.
The window ‘New Turnout’ is displayed. Enter its name as ‘Vortex tube’.
Select ‘Sediment Extractor’ from the menu list for turnout type:
Then click OK to display.
Now enter the design information for the vortex tube, click on the new turnout with the
right mouse button, and enter the data as shown below:
The model input can now be reset, select Hydraulic Model>>Create/Edit Input
Files. Click Setup Requested Turnout Flows and note that values for the new turnout
are automatically provided. Click OK.
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Now edit the run title to ‘Vortex tube included’.
The operating rule for the vortex tube must be set, click Additional operating rules
under ‘Additional Operating Rules for Settling basins and Sediment extractors’.
Select the rule:
Click OK. The additional input is complete, but the operating rule ‘Equity of supply’
has not been applied within the software to the new turnout. This is achieved by the
user changing the operating rule, and then restoring the rule to ‘Equity of supply’. On
each change a warning will be given, click Yes each time.
Click on Create Input Files, then select Hydraulic Model>>Run Model. The output
window is:
The results show only a slight improvement in deliveries, the ‘Discharges at Intake’
defined plot is:
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The defined plot ‘Longitudinal profile for canal - Main’ also indicates a slight
improvement. The constriction appears to be the limit on water levels in the main
canal immediately downstream from the head regulator. The sediment balance can be
obtained by selecting Results>>Sediment Balance, then the entry ‘Total sediment’,
and then clicking Plot:
Note how little sediment is being removed by sediment control.
An alternative means of sediment control is the use of a settling basin. A new

database should be used to investigate this measure. Use File>>Open Database to
return to tutor_00.mdb. Then select File>>Copy Database, and add the filename
‘tutor2’ to the extension ‘.mdb’ in the entry box under ‘Copy to’. Then click OK.
Check on the title bar that the database name is ‘tutor2.mdb’.
The settling basin will be inserted at the main canal head. Firstly a new node will be
needed to mark the downstream end of the basin. Highlight the second cross section
marker (at 3000m) by clicking on the marker with the left mouse button. Then click
Node and finally click with the left mouse button midway between the first two section
markers.
The new node has been inserted with two section markers. However, the new markers
have been placed so close to existing markers that they are not distinct on the map.
They will need to be moved to allow room for each section marker to be selected for
editing. Firstly hold the control and the shift keys down and left-click on the first
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(furthest to the left) marker visible, keep the mouse button pressed and carefully drag
the marker to the left by a few millimetres on the map and then release the mouse
button. Repeat with the first section marker after the node. Dexterity is required, and
mistakes are easy to make. If the connectivity between the sections is not clear, or the
location of a section marker is lost, then it can be helpful to move sections temporarily
to a location about 1cm above the line of the main canal. If required, finally check the
ordering of sections that have been created using the Map>>Zoom facility: select
Map>>Zoom and then hold the left mouse down with the pointer about 1cm above the
(blue) intake node on the map, keep the mouse pressed and drag the pointer down to
3cm below the main canal and left onto the line of the branch canal. A dotted
rectangle should show the area to be enlarged. When the mouse button is released an
enlarged map appearing similar to the one below should be shown.
The loss of orthogonality in the map is expected. The sections are seen to be in the
correct order. Now return to the normal view by selecting Map>>Zoom again. If
problems persist, then return to the tutor_00.mdb database, use Windows Explorer to
delete the ‘tutor2.*’ files, and start again.
The design of the settling basin can now be inserted. It is assumed in the tutorial that
the separate settling basin design facility has been used to derive the basin dimensions.
The dimensions are given in the following table. Included in the table are the
dimensions for the first cross section in the main canal downstream from the basin, at
300m.
Enter the data by clicking on each section marker with the right mouse button, and
filling-in or editing the data as appropriate.
Parameter 1st section 2nd section 3rd section

Chainage (m) 0 250 300
Manning’s n 0.025 0.025 0.025
Seepage 0 0 0
Bed level (m) 123.5 122 124.95
Bed width (m) 30 30 15
Side slope 1 1 1.5
Max water level (m) 127.8 127.8 127.8
Design water level (m) 126.5 126.5 126.45
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The reach in which the settling basin is placed must now be designated as a basin, to
enable basin operations to be specified. Select the more downstream of the settling
basin’s section markers (the 2nd marker), by clicking with the left mouse button. Then
click Settling Basin and left-click in the middle of the new settling basin (i.e. mid-way
between the first two section markers). The map should now appear:
The model input can now be prepared. Select: Hydraulic Model>>Edit Input Files.
Note that the button Additional Operating Rules under the heading ‘Additional
Operating Rules for Settling basins and Sediment extractors’ has become available.
Click on the button. Double-click on the blank cell in the table, under ‘Select Rule’, as
indicated by the message above the table.
Select ‘Empty at regular intervals’. Then enter 7 under ‘Emptying interval’, to

specify regular weekly basin emptying (probably this would be by flushing). Then
click OK.
A before the settings implied by the operating rule must be implemented for the new
node and reach introduced by the insertion of a settling basin. Change the operating
rule, and then return it to ‘Equity of supply’. Likewise convergence information is
required for the new reach: change the ‘Run Control’ setting to ‘Slowest/Most
accurate’ and then back to ‘Intermediate’. Finally change the Run Title to ‘Headreach
Settling Basin’ and click on Create Input Files. Select: Hydraulic Model>>Run
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Model. The results show no flow constrictions (keep the Notepad window open, for
use below):
The main canal longitudinal profile is:
Note how much less sedimentation there is than when the vortex tube was used to
control the sediments. Raising the banks to accommodate higher maximum water
levels in the main canal head reach is apparently not required. The plot of the
sediment balance indicates large volumes of sand being trapped in the settling basin,
with relatively little depositing in the canal system or passing into turnouts (‘turnouts’
include discharges continuing down the main canal in this model). Note too, that
relatively little fine sediments are being trapped in the basin, which indicates an
appropriate design.
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Details of the operation of the settling basin can be seen by viewing the file ‘sbasin.1’.
The file can be opened from Notepad (File>>Open and change ‘Files of type’ to ‘All
files’), in which the summary run results were displayed. When the display is:
15.5 TUTORIAL 7(e) Hydraulic Simulation: Further Tests
In this Tutorial, the model is run for the irrigation system used in Tutorial 7(d). In this
case, desilting measures, introduced to reduce the impact of sedimentation, are tested
with the model. The impact of the operating rule on the flow distribution when
supplies are restricted is also investigated.
The database from which to start is tutor1.mdb, for which a vortex tube has been
implemented. Enter the SHARC package, select Hydraulic Simulation and then Run
Module. Select File>>Open Database, click on ‘tutor1.mdb’ and click OK. Then
select File>>Copy Database, and add the filename ‘tutor3’ to the extension ‘.mdb’ in
the entry box under ‘Copy to’. Then click OK.
The first test will be to desilt the reach in the main canal that is constricting
conveyance. Desilting after 5 weeks will be tested (i.e. in mid-season).
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Select Hydraulic Model>>Create/Edit Input Files. Edit the number of time steps to
5, to cover the period of up to desilting. Click on Create Input Files, note the warning
concerning loss of data, and then select Hydraulic Model>>Run Model. The output
window produced is:
The main canal is ready for desilting. Select De-Silting>>Create/Edit Input Files.
Click New. Enter ‘Desilt in main canal’ against ‘Set name’.
Then specify the desilting: only for the reach ‘0.00 – 3000.00’ need the default ‘No
De-Silting’ be changed. Double-click on the cell in the column ‘Desilt Instructions’ on
that row and then double-click on ‘Return to Design’. The other columns in the table
are not needed because the desilting rules that require dredging depths or volumes to
be specified have not been selected. Click Save As New. Click on Create Input File,
and then select De-Silting>>Run. Select the restart file that contains the state of the
system after the 5 weeks of operation: ‘tutor3.rst’.
Then click OK. The desilting module will produce the output:
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The model can now be run for the final weeks of the high flow season: select
Hydraulic Model>>Create/Edit Input Files. The number of time steps is still 5, but
now the model must re-start from the desilted conditions. Click on ‘Restart run’ to put
a tick in the box and so specify a restart run. Click on Create Input Files, and then
select Hydraulic Model>>Run Model. The file from which to re-start must be given,
select ‘DESILTED.RST’ and click OK. The model will now run. The results show
some flow constrictions towards the end of the season. For example the ‘Discharges at
intake’ defined plot:
This test could also have been performed by specifying the desilted reach as a settling
basin, and applying ‘basin emptying’ after 5 weeks. The method described above has
been used for demonstration.
There is doubt over the ability of the sediment control method just tested to sustain the
required discharges over a full cropping season. Therefore the run just completed is
now extended to include a further 5 weeks after the end of the period with high flow
and sediment concentration. First store the state of the system after the 10 weeks of
operation in the file ‘after10wks.rst’: use Windows Explorer to copy ‘tutor3.rst’ to
‘after10wks.rst’.
Enter Hydraulic Model>>Create/Edit Input Files. Click Setup Intake Data and edit
the entries as below and click OK:
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Click Setup Requested Flows at Turnouts and enter the reductions in requested
discharge as the season ends. They can be entered in the first column and then Copy to
Column on right can be used to fill up the rest of the table.
Click OK. Click on Create Input Files, and click No at the warning:
Select Hydraulic Model>>Run Model. The file from which to re-start must be that
produced by the previous run: ‘after10wks.rst’, displayed as ‘AFTER1~1.RST’.
(More use of backing-up of the restart files is recommended when the model is run for
a real case). The model output is:
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These results show that the river flow was not restricting the irrigation supplies, while
sedimentation in the main canal was restricting the flow. Therefore, the sediment
management strategy is not providing a comprehensive solution.
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16 TUTORIAL 9 – Environmental Impact
In this Tutorial the use of the Environmental Impact facility is demonstrated.
Enter SHARC click on Environmental Impact and then Run Module. In the window
created click on the tick-box ‘Improved sediment exclusion – sediment excluders’. A
paragraph of text on the possible impacts of appears:
Now tick the box ‘New, modified or re-located intakes’ to add text for that set of
sediment management measures.
Use the text created in a Microsoft Word report:
• Left-click and hold down with the mouse in the top left corner of the text
box and then drag the pointer down and right until the whole body of text
is highlighted.
• Right-click and then click on ‘Copy’ in the menu-list that appears.
• Now open Microsoft Word or an existing Word document.
• Left-click with the mouse pointer at the location to paste the text, then
right-click and finally click on ‘Paste’ in the menu-list that appears.
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17 TUTORIAL 10 – Economic Analysis
In this Tutorial the operation of the Economic Analysis facility will be demonstrated.
The example in the Technical Manual provides more context to the computations than
is included here.
Enter SHARC click on Economic Analysis and then Cost/Benefit Analysis to assess a
potential sediment management option, it will display the window:
Enter the ‘Scenario Title’ as ‘Tutorial 10’, the ‘Time Period’ as 5 years and ‘Interest
Rate’ as 7%.
Next click Annual Benefits and enter the data (units are here taken as thousands of US
dollars, but other units could be taken):
(Copy to row below has been used to minimise typing-in of the values.)
Click OK and then Annual Costs and enter data as shown below:
Click OK and then Compute.
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Here the IIR value, at 30%, indicates that the sediment management is a good
economic investment.
Click Exit twice and Yes at the message to return to the main Economic Analysis
window:
Click Cost Comparison to compare the net cost or value of a number of different
options:
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Enter the data as shown above, which relates to comparing only 2 options:
an extractor with a lower initial cost but a larger annual maintenance

thereafter, and
a sluiced settling basin that is initially expensive but almost removes the need
for annual maintenance.
Click Compute NPV to highlight the overall costs:
In this case the Basin option has greater overall cost and so the Extractor option is
preferred. (To apply Cost Comparison it must be assumed that the yield or area
increase benefits are equivalent).
Click Exit twice to return to the main SHARC window.
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SHARC Manual Software Manual

Sediment and Hydraulic Analysis

1 Getting Started ................................................................................................................................. 1

9 TUTORIAL 1 – Problem Diagnosis and Initial Options ............................................................... 65

SHARC is a suite of integrated programs designed to assist in the identification and

• Problem Diagnosis and Initial Options

1.1 Installing SHARC

1) Insert the CD into the PC.

SHARC can now be run by either:

1. Opening Windows Explorer, entering the SHARC directory (usually

2. Clicking the Windows Start button, then finding Programs>>SHARC>>SHARC

3. Using Windows Explorer to create a shortcut to SHARC.EXE; in (1) just above

1.2 Creating and Restoring Back-Up Database Files

To assist the construction of canal networks the SHARC program automatically

1.3 Program Conventions

2 Problem Diagnosis and Initial Options

2.2 Using SHARC

Advice on sediment management options and structures is displayed after the

3 Preliminary Economic Screening

Economic and financial analysis of engineering or operational interventions to

have little prospect of being economically viable. The Preliminary Economic

The cost of the sediment control structures is to be justified by savings in de-

The cost of the sediment control structures is to be justified by an increase in

3.2 Using SHARC

Reduce de-silting costs

See figure below:

Recover sustainable irrigated area

4.1.1 DORC - Introduction

methods, to more complex rational regime procedures, which attempt to match

4.1.2 Operating DORC

4.1.3 DORC Facilities

Importing Data on Bed Material

4.1.4 The Data Pool

4.2.1 Introduction - DACSE

Sediment transport computations in the main canal to be undertaken, they

Extractor dimensions to be specified to meet the conflicting requirements of

The optimum extractor location to be identified.

The principal steps in the design of a sediment extractor are:

Estimate the required sediment trap efficiency

Predict the sediment trapping efficiency that can be expected

Determine the location of the extractor

Select the structure type (Vortex tube or tunnel extractor)

Determine the leading dimensions and expected head loss

Specify the slope and cross section of the escape channel.

4.2.2 Running DACSE – Similarity to DORC

DACSE is run in an equivalent manner to DORC, which is presented in Section 4.1

Selecting options and making calculations

The Data Pool

Saving data from the Data Pool

Recording calculations in a file readable in Excel

Importing Data on Bed Material from the Intake Model or DOSSBAS

4.2.3 DACSE facilities

Alluvial Friction – used to predict canal conditions either upstream or

Trapping Efficiency – used to predict an extractor’s trapping efficiency. The

Adaption Length – used when determining the optimum location for an

Tunnel Extractor Design - if a tunnel type sediment extractor has been

Height of Dividing Streamline – used when determining the height of

Error! Bookmark not defined.4.3.1 Introduction – DOSSBAS

DOSSBAS is a suite of programs, which assists the design of sluiced or mechanically

• The variation in sediment concentrations and grain sizes passing

4.3.2 DOSSBAS Menu Options

DOSSBAS is controlled from a main menu screen:

4.3.2.1 Open Project

4.3.2.2 New Project