Writing Res arch Papers and Making Academic presentations

Fall 2013

Siqnalling Ioeical connections

Linking words: Only limited research has been carried out on the topic of female entrepreneurs.
Coherence and Cohesiom in Academic Textr Hence, empirical data on this matter is scarce.

Coherence, the logical relations which make a text a unified whole, and cohesion,the grammatical Referencing with pronouns: Two divergent approaches are discussed. The first of /įese is...
and lexical features that create ties between sentences, are vital characteristics of acadĒmic or any
other type ofwriting. In text, coherence and cohesion can be created with a number ofdevices that
contribute to readers' better understanding of it. Repetition (or near repetition):
From this popuiation a sampĮe of 645 was drawn. The šanple was...
The widespread use ofminimally invasive laparoscopic techniques hąs revoĮutioni:ed
Task 1: Study the devices and their examples below. the surgical approach to a range of diseases. This revolution has come at a cost,
however.

Dividįng and seouencing

Linking up short sentences
Enumeratįon: The two main objectives we,Jirst, to identify risk factors associated with teenage
Conjunctions (e.g. while, although):
pregnancy and' second, to improve the efficiency of prevention meįrsures.
lt'hįļe acknowlędging the difliculties in further negotiations, we expect liberalizatįon to
proceed smoothly.
ParalleĮįsm: PubĮįc lav consists of those fields of law which are primarily concerned with the state
itself. (Reduced) relative clauses: The radiological findings, (which are) summarised įn TabĮe 2, show...
PrivaĮe lay, is that part of the lāw which is primarily concerned with the rights and
dutįes of individuaļs. Participleclauses:Largedeletionscanoccur, Įeadingtoanumberofgenesbeing...

Hiehli ehtįng text structure

Advance organisers (subtitles and headings, outlines, highlighting devices and referring forward): The given-new orinciple
The article is divided intofne sections''first,I discuss...; second',Į revįew.... The third Given information tends to appear at the start of a sentence, in the topic position, whereas new
secĮion provides.'' wbiĮe theJourth' sectįon .... Thefrnll secįįon presents... information is placed towards the end of a sentence to give it more emphasis.
Įn terms of market share, lhę results show that... This study (= the topic) examines sfuden'ts' beĮiefs about Įeaming (= what you say about the
Wat hgs not yeį been sįudįed įs l herher... topic, new information)

As ll,ill be argued beĮoll.'.

Thįs įs dįscussed in further detaiĮ in ChapĮer Three.

Post organisers (recapitulation, referring back): ĮgĻļ: Analyse the beginning of Ehrlich (2007) for the devices end think about how they
contribuįe to coherence and cohesįon.
This chapter has provided a detailed historical analysis...
.As y,as observed Eįulich, Susan. 2007. Legal Discourses and the Cultural InteIligibility of Gendered Meanings.
earļįer.,,
JournaĮ oJ SocioĮinguistics, ||(4),452477 .

ļ The hodoutļ:as been compiled

on tbe bags of B)anpain' Kristin.2o12.Äcadeaic Wriring. A Resource1[or
RąsrsrchcĪs,11.]q. Kę(lt\ę, tļ\įlęĪ sļ\ tohįŠisĪ} įnd cohėĪenue {0Ī moĪe devices and dįcussion of their use.
]oumal oJ Sulolhlgltisttcs Į1 2oo7: 452477
./4'
Legal discourse and the cultural
intelligiblity of gendered meaningst
Susan Ehrlich
York Unlverslty, CanatĮa
Thls papeĪ conslders.the methodologlcal challengs that .post_modern'
approaches to gmder (cameron 2005) pose for the rleld oflāneuase anįl
gender._If rc asume that gendtr cannot be'rrd o[I the ldentttts oĪsģkers,
but mther įs a soclal prccess Ļ whtch lndlvtduali come to make įultural
sme, then_ how do InBflgate this procsi As Stokoe (2005) and
Stokoe and smlthson (2oo2) have argued. lt ts problematlc įlthln'such
framffirks to conduct r6earch that prHate8orļres lndlvtdua}s as rcmen
8nd men. sįnce lįįs ļndlvlduaĮs' consiįtuįioĮ as mmen or men that should be
the įsile under lnvestįgatlon. Indeed, for ButleĪ ( l 99o: l 45), to understand
'ldentlty_ 8s a Prnctįce. . . ļs to underst8nd cultumlly tntelligible subrects as
the resuļtļng efftrts of a rul bound dlsouĪse' (emphasls tn oagha|)' rh
su8g6ts th8trc 8ttend to culturalnorms of lnteļĮl8tbtllty (l.e. the,iule_įound
dįscourse'; and thelr effects. Followlng Blommāert (2005) and Woolard
{forthcomįn8). ln this paper I lnv6tl8ate a speech eveDt. a courtroom trļaļ
dealļng with sexual assauļt' ,here understandļngs of socįal ldentittm anįl
cate8orles (l.e. 'norms of intelllgibįlity') are not only evldent ln the local
talk of speakers and heargs. but also ln the reconįextualizatįons of thls
ļocal talk by po rful lnstltutļonal Īeprsentatįr {t.e. ļudges). Byex8mlnlng
such recontextualļzatįons o[ courtroom talk. gendr kįot .read off thā
ldmtltlesofļndtvļduals(l.e.courtr omparįlcįpa;ts)butmtherlnvestļ8ated
as
lt appears in thecuļtural sense_naklng fmmtrorks of.ludg*. Moreovr, gtven
that ,udg6 are the ulumate inter!,retere of the llngulstli repĪesentatļo;s of
courtr@m talk, thlspapėr alm dmonstratc some olthesŅlįl coroeouencg
8sso-clated wlth the p*formance of cultumlly intelllglble rind unlntĮlilgible
8endeĪed ldentltļes.
KEYW.ORDS: Gender, p8rtlcipation structure. conversation anaĶis'
legal discourse. pragmatlcs
INTRODUCTION
Theoretįcaļ debates over the nature of gender anįl įts socįal constructįon,
orįgin8tįng įn femļnist work ofthe 1 990s, have ļn recent years lnformed research
ln socįollnguistIcs generally. and language and gender studįes more specĮfĪcally.
Cameron (2005) has termed thįs shlft ln language and gender sfudįes, the
@Īhesuįhor2oO7
9600 cĒBln8įoį Rosd. on",u *n rfilff]"TTļļ'J'l3š,'ätäļ,į:l'lįĪį-ri'fr193i
ĪNTELLĪGĪBĪLrĪY oF GENDĒRED MEANļNGS 453
'post_modern' turn, and has įdentįfled a number oftheoretlcal tenets assocįated
wlth įt.2 In partlcuIar, 'post-nodern'femlnlst approachs to language anrl
gender. accordtng to cameron (2005), adopt a coĪlstĪuctįonlsf approach
meaĪlngs. arguįng that the categorles of sex and gendgr are not ,natural' but
to
are almys understood (l.e. acquįre theĮr rneahlngs) įn tetatįon to the kįnįls of
dlscourses about gender that clrculate ln a glven tįme and place. Adrlltlonally.
such approaches emphaštze the peį.forįnatlve aspect of gender (Butler'l990j,
that ls, the Įdēa that gentler Įs somethlng that lndtvlduaIį rįo _ tn part through
Ilnguįstlc cholces - as opposed to somethįng.that lndįylduals crc ār lrave (West
and zlmmerman 1987). Wįthln 'post-modern' approaches to language anįl
geniler, then' gender ls not a set ofpermanent tralts resldlng ln an įndįvlduaļ
but rather a property of behavįours and practtces that baįme symbollcally
assoclated wlth cultural constructs of femlnlntŅ and masculĮnlty From thls
perspectlve, accordlng to Bohan (7992: 39\,'gender... ls not an actual
fre*
standlng phenomenori that exlsts įnslde įndįvįduals. . .. Rather, ,,gender'1 ls an
agreement that rgldes ln socįal lnterchange: įt ls preclsely what we.Rgree
lt to bc.' Īndeed, as Gal (1995: l71) argues, categorįes ofįwomen's spech'
and'men's speech' 'along with bIoader ānes suchĮs/emtnhrc andmasuįlne'
(emphasls ln orlgtnsl) are not emplrįcal categorles but symbollcĮdeologlcal
ones.
And, as symbollc-ideologtcal constructs. they become cultural resources for the
enactm_ent of gender: lingulsttc practlces and other klnds of soclal pracflces,
culturally coded as femļnlne or mascullne. are continually drawn upon In the
'dolng' of gender, and accordĮng to Butler (199O: 49). ,congeal over tlme to
produce the appearance of substance, of a l natural" klnd of belng., Cultural
norms make certatn performances of8ender seem natural; įn ButIer,s words, they
seem to 'congeal over tlme.' Īhese same culfural norms render other gendeĪed
ldentltles ln8pproprlate oi unlntelllglble, and often subļect to soclal and physlcal
sanctlons.and pen8lties (e.g. ostraclsm, homophobla, gaybashĮng, the .fixlng'of
įritersqed lnfants).
The.'post_modern' vlew of gender, not surprlslnBly, has shļfted the focus of
research ln the fleld oflānguage and gender away from documenttng dlfferences
ln the language of women and men to lnvestįgatįng the way thāt linguįstic
resources contrlbute to the constĮtutįon of indįr'tduaļs as gendered' Because
we assume that gender does not reslde ln įndlvlduals, Stokoe (2005) and
Stokoe dnd Smtthson (2(}02). followlng Kulįck (1999), have Rrgued that lt ts
problematlc. wlthįn these neweĪ approaches, to pre-categorlze groups of people
as women and men and then įnvestlgate how women ,do femĮninlty' anil men ?o
masculinity.'Such pre-categorlzatįon means that analysts begin theĮr research
already knowįng the ldentįtles'whose very constltutlon ought tobe precįseļythe
įssue under Investtgation' (Kultck 1999: 6).] For Stokoe snd Smtthson (2OO2),
then, language and gender research that nssrmcs the exlstence of idenfltles
Whose emergence ls supposedly'the lssue under įnvestlgatlon,'confo nds 8 so_
calļed 'post_modern' approach Ī įth 8 gender duallsm approach. Thus. there
are difficult methodologlcal quesflons that ernerge from a ,post-modern,vlew of
OThcs(thor 2007
ļourĪā,compllatlonoBlackmllPtrbI hthgįļd.2oo7