Scatter Plots

Objective: Determine the correlation of

a scatter plot
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Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES
Scatter Plot

▪ A scatter plot is a graph of a collection of ordered

pairs (x,y).

▪ The graph looks like a bunch of dots, but some

of the graphs are a general shape or move in a
general direction.

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Positive Correlation

▪ If the x-coordinates and the

y-coordinates both increase,
then it is POSITIVE
CORRELATION.
▪ This means that both are
going up, and they are
related.

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 Positive Correlation

If you look at the age of a child and the child’s

find that as the child gets older, the child gets
taller. Because both are going up, it is positive
correlation.

Age 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Height 25 31 34 36 40 41 47 55

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Negative Correlation

▪ If the x-coordinates and the

y-coordinates have one
increasing and one
decreasing, then it is
NEGATIVE CORRELATION.
▪ This means that 1 is going up
and 1 is going down, making a
downhill graph. This means the
two are related as opposites.

Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES

Negative Correlation

▪ If you look at the age of your family’s car and its

value, you will find as the car gets older, the car
is worth less. This is negative correlation.

Age 1 2 3 4 5
of car

Valu $30,000 $27,00 $23,50 $18,70 $15,35

e 0 0 0 0
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No Correlation

▪ If there seems to be no
pattern, and the points
looked scattered, then
it is no correlation.

▪ This means the two

are not related.

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No Correlation

▪If you look at the size shoe

a baseball player wears,
and their batting average,
you will find that the shoe
size does not make the
player better or worse,
then are not related.

Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES

 Plot the data on the graph such that homework time
is on the y-axis and TV time is on the x-axis.

TV Homework 240
30 min. 180 min. 210
45 min. 150 min. 180

Homework
Time on 150
120 min. 90 min.
120
240 min. 30 min.
90
90 min. 120 min. 60
150 min. 120 min. 30
180 min. 90 min.
30 90 150 210
60 120 180 240
Time Watching TV
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 Describe the relationship between time spent on
homework and time spent watching TV.
Trend appears linear. 240
210
Trend is decreasing.
180

Homework
Time on 150
120
90
60
30

30 90 150 210
Negative correlation. 60 120 180 240
Time Watching TV
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Scatter Diagram Method

Scatter Diagram is a graph of

observed plotted points where each
points represents the values of X & Y
as a coordinate. It portrays the
relationship between these two
variables graphically.

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 A perfect positive
correlation
Weight
Weigh
t
of B
Weigh A linear
relationship
t
of A

Height
Heigh Heigh
t t
of A of B
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Karl Pearson's Coefficient
of
Correlation
Pearson’s ‘r’ is the most common correlation
coefficient.
Karl Pearson’s Coefficient of Correlation denoted by- ‘r’

The coefficient of correlation ‘r’ measure then degree of linear relationship

between two variables say x & y.

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 -1 ≤ r ≥ +1

Degree of Correlation is expressed by

value of Coefficient
Direction of change is Indicated by sign
( - ve) or ( + ve)

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When deviation taken from actual mean:
r(x, y)= Σxy /√ Σx² Σy²

When deviation taken from an assumed

mean:
r= N Σdxdy - Σdx Σdy

√N Σdx²-(Σdx)² √N Σdy²-(Σdy)²

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 Procedure for computing the
correlation coefficient
▪ Calculate the mean of the two series ‘x’ &’y’
▪ Calculate the deviations ‘x’ &’y’ in two series from their
respective mean.
▪ Square each deviation of ‘x’ &’y’ then obtain the sum
of the squared deviation i.e.∑x2 & .∑y2
▪ Multiply each deviation under x with each deviation
under y & obtain the product of ‘xy’.Then obtain the
sum of the product of x , y i.e. ∑xy
▪ Substitute the value in the formula.

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 Interpretation of Correlation
Coefficient (r)
▪ The value of correlation coefficient ‘r’ ranges from -1 to +1
▪ If r = +1, then the correlation between the two variables is said to be
perfect and positive
▪ If r = -1, then the correlation between the two variables is said to be
perfect and negative
▪ If r = 0, then there exists no correlation between the variables

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High Degree of positive
correlation
▪ Positive relationship

r = +.80

Weight

Heigh
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 Degree of correlation

▪ Moderate Positive Correlation

r=+
Sho 0.4
e
Size

Weigh
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 Degree of correlation

▪ Perfect Negative Correlation

r = -1.0
TV
watching
per
week

Exam
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 Degree of correlation

▪ Moderate Negative Correlation

r = -.80
TV
watching
per
week

Exam
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 Degree of correlation

▪ Weak negative Correlation

Shoe
Size r=-
0.2

Weigh
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 Degree of correlation
▪ No Correlation (horizontal line)

r=
IQ 0.0

Heigh
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 Degree of correlation (r)
r = +.80 r = +.60

r = +.40 r = +.20

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 2) Direction of the Relationship
▪ Positive relationship – Variables change in the same direction.
– As X is increasing, Y is increasing
– As X is decreasing, Y is decreasing Indicated by
► E.g., As height increases, so doessign; (+) or (-).
weight.
▪ Negative relationship – Variables change in opposite directions.
– As X is increasing, Y is decreasing
– As X is decreasing, Y is increasing
► E.g., As TV time increases, grades decrease

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Advantages of Scatter Diagram

▪Simple & Non Mathematical method

▪Not influenced by the size of
extreme item
▪First step in investing the
relationship between two variables

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Disadvantage of scatter diagram

Can not adopt the an exact degree

of correlation

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The Least Squares (Regression)
Line

A good line is one that minimizes

the sum of squared differences
between the points and the line.

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The Simple Linear Regression Line

Example
► A car dealer wants to find
the relationship between
the odometer reading and
the selling price of used
cars.
► A random sample of 100
cars is selected, and the
data recorded in a file
called odometer Independent Dependent
variable x variable y
► Find the regression line.
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Q3 Scatter Diagrams
The table shows The ages and arm spans of
seven students
Agein(years)
a school. 16 13 13 10 18 10 15 The table shows the ages and second-hand
values
Age of car (years) 2 1 4 7 10 9 8
Arm Span (inches) 62 57 59 57 64 55 61
of seven cars.
Value of car (£) 4200 4700 2800 1900 400 1100 2100

a. Draw a scatter graph of the results a. Draw a scatter graph of the results
b. Describe the type and strength of b. Describe the type and strength of
correlation correlation
c. Write a sentence
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explaining the c. Write a sentence explaining the © 2012 UPES
relationship relationship
 Worksheet
Scatter Diagrams
Q5 The table shows the daily rainfall and the number
Of sunbeds sold at a resort on the south coast

Amount of rainfall (mm) 0 1 2 5 6 9 11

Number of sunbeds sold 380 320 340 210 220 110 60

a. Draw a scatter graph of the results

b. Describe the type and strength of
correlation
c. Write a sentence
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explaining the © 2012 UPES
relationship
 p39

Q3 Scatter Diagrams
Q4
6 X
8 X
4000
6
6 X

6 X 3000

Value of car
X X
4
Arm Span

6 X X
2000
(inches)

2 X

(£)
X X
6
0 X X
1000
5 X
8

5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
6 Age of Car (years)
5 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
4 18 Age
(Years)
5
2

5
0

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 Scatter Diagrams
Q8 1200
1100 X
Q5 40
1000
0 X

35 X
X 900
0
Number of sun beds

30

Calorie
800 X
0 X
X

s
25
0 700
sold

20 X
0 X
X 600 X
15 X
0 X
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 500 X
10 11 Amount of rainfall X
0 (mm)
400

50
300 10 20 30 40
50 Fat
0 (g)
200

Jul 2012 100 © 2012 UPES