Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
INTERNSHIP REPORT
SUBMITTED TO:
I/C MECHANICAL
SUBMITTED BY:
MAZ-ULLAH (UET PESHAWAR)
M.FARHAN BABAR (UET PESHAWAR)
SYED HASSAAN ALI (COLLEGE OF EME,NUST)
SYED MAAZ HASSAN (COLLEGE OF EME,NUST)
DANISH ASDAQUE (COLLEGE OF EME,NUST)
1
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all we would thank Allah Almighty for audacity and courage. We are
grateful to the field manager, his excellency Mr. Abdul Majeed for his technical and
moral support in Chanda oil field. We are greatly obliged to all the workers and staff of
all the departments especially of the mechanical department for their co-operation and
support.
2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER NO 1 ……………………………….
INTRODUCTION TO CHANDA OIL FIELD
CHAPTER NO 2 ………………………………
DEPARTMENT IN CHANDA OIL FIELD
CHAPTER NO 3 ………………………………
SEPARATOR SYSTEM OF CHANDA OIL FIELD
CHAPTR NO 4 ………………………………
DEHYDRATION SYSTEM OF CHANDA OIL FIELD
CHAPTER NO 5 ………………………………..
LPG RECOVERY UNIT OF CHANDA OIL FIELD
CHAPER NO 6 ………………………………
FACILITIES AT THE WELL AND SEPARATORS IMPORTANT PARAMETERS
CHAPTER NO 7 …………………………………..
VALVES INTRODUCTION AND TYPES
CHAPTER NO 8 ………………………………
FITTINGS
CHAPTER NO 9 ………………………………
PUMPS
CHAPTER NO 10 ……………………………..
AJAX COMPRESSORS
CHAPTER NO 11 ……………………………..
ENGINES
RECOMMENDATIONS
3
CHAPTER NO 1
INTRODUCTION
MAJOR PROCESSES
There are three major processes carried out in an Oil field.
1. Gas Processing
2. Crude processing
3. Water processing
GAS PROCESSING:
In gas processing following proceedings are made:
1. Separation
2. Dehydration
3. Dew Point Reduction
4. LPG Recovery
4
CRUDE PROCESSING:
In crude processing following actions are made:
1. Crude Stabilization
2. Crude Refining
WATER PROCESSING:
In crude processing following actions are made:
1. CPI (Corrugated Plate Interceptor)
2. TPI (Tilted Plate Interceptor)
3. OPV (Open Pond Evaporator)
5
CHAPTER NO 2
DEPARTMENTS IN CHANDA
Mechanical Department
Process Department
Instrument Department
Storage and Dispatch Department
Telemetry Department
Electrical Department
MECHANICAL DEPARTMENT
Mechanical department is the core of Chanda Oil Field as it is responsible for repair,
maintenance and troubleshooting of all the mechanical equipment installed which
includes:
Pumps
Compressors
Generators
Heat Exchangers
Storage Vessels
Separators
Storage Tanks
Hot Oil Furnace
Refrigeration Package
These equipments are the part and parcel of the Plant.
6
PROCESS DEPARTMENT
The Process Department of Chanda Oil Field is accountable for operation and
proper working of the Plant. Its basic purpose is to keep an eye on the smooth running of
the Plant all the time. Keeping a record of operating conditions of all the equipment is
also a duty of the Process Department.
INSTRUMENT DEPARTMENT
Instrument department is responsible for governing all the control equipments installed
like
Switches
Control valves
Panels
Flow meters
Pressure and temperature Gauges
7
Browsers can be loaded. Prior to loading dip of each chamber is checked and verified
from ARL calibration charts.
TELEMETRY DEPARTMENT
Telemetry is basically combination of Instrumentation and Communication. In oil
and gas fields it is very necessary to monitor the well parameters in real time so that in
case of emergency the situation can be controlled with out any complication.
For this purpose a sophisticated system of electronics gauges is installed at the
wells of Chanda oilfield. The following parameters of the well are monitored in
real time.
Well head pressure
Well head temperature
Flow line pressure
Flow line temperature
SSV Pressure
SSSV Pressure
The system can shut down the well in case of emergency and can also change the
flow line pressure with special commands. All the parameters mentioned above
are continuously monitored at the control rooms that are being displayed on the
computer screen.
Similarly the storage tanks of crude oil are also equipped with the electronics
instruments which monitor the following parameters of the tanks
Product level
TOV (Total Observed Volume)
Product temperature
Water level (m)
Water volume (bbls)
Observed density
GSV (General Standard Volume)
Total mass (tons)
In case of any emergency alarm system alerts the crew to control the situation.
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ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT
Electrical department is an essential element of Chanda Oil Field. They are mainly
accountable for:
Power Generation
Power Management
Lighting system
CCR
Wirings and Cables
Driving motors
Starting motors
Generators
9
CHAPTER NO 3
Chanda oilfield has 3 wells on production. The crude oil from the wells comes to
the separation system where there are two separation systems installed. One for Chanda 1
and Chanda deep and other for Chanda 2.
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body of water, the present invention would provide for the clean up of the oil slick by
separating it from the water.
Types of separator:
The separator may be 2-phase, 3-phase etc
V-101
CLIENT: OIL & GAS DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION (PAKISTAN)
PROJECT ENGINEERS: PETROSIN
MANUFACTURER: PETROSIN CORPORATION PTE (LTD)
Unite name Flash separator-ii Size(FT) ID 4′ 3.2″ Design Pressure 126 PSIG
Design code ASME SECT VIII Min Head THK 0.375″ Design 2480F
DIV 1 1992 INCL Temperature
1993 ADDENDA
Manufacturer 167-01-3001 Shell THK 0.5″ Min D-Metal 320F
S.No Temperature
Country of Origin Singapore Hydro test date ---- M.A.W.P at D.T 126 PSIG
P.O No OGDC/LPG/001 T/T 12′ 9.5″ Test Pressure 189PSIG
New
Equipment No V-101 Radiography FULL RT-2 Corr allow 0.125 inch
Head/Int
Project No P-167 Stress Relief NO Capacity 5752 ltrs
Inspection PETROSIN Erection Weight 6400 lbs ---------
Authority
V-102
CLIENT: OIL & GAS DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION (PAKISTAN)
11
iii Pressure
Design code ASME SECT VIII Min Head 0.375″ Design 3200F
DIV 1 1992 ED INCL
1993 ADDENDA THK Temperature
Manufacturer 167-03-3001 Shell THK 0.375″ Min D-Metal 320F
S.No Temperature
Country of Singapore Hydro test 18051995 M.A.W.P at 75 PSIG
Origin date D.T
P.O No OGDC/LPG/001 T/T 3900 Test Pressure 112.5
New PSIG
Equipment No V-102 Radiography FULL Corr allow 0.125
Head/Int inch
Project No P-167 Stress Relief NO Capacity 5750 ltrs
V-109
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Year Built 1994 Shell THK 0.625″
V112
V-115
13
V-116-A
Certified by Heavy Mechanical Complex Pvt Ltd Texila Pakistan
Description 39.1/4″*15′-0″ 3 Phase Separator
Maximum working pressure 1440psi at 1300F
Minimum design metal temperature 100F at 1440psi
Design oil flow rate 3000 BBLs
Design gas flow rate 5-26 MMSCFD
Design water flow rate 50-400 BBLs
L.P.O No. IBA/A/10078
Manufacturer serial No. 70308-2
YEAR BUILT 2004
V-116-B
All the other data is same only serial No is changed.
Serial No. 70308-4
V-117
V-201
14
DIV 1 1992-ED- No Temperature
INCL-1993
ADDENDA
Manufacturer 167-13-3001 Pipe Cap size 20″*S Min Design 320F
S.No (SHELL) Metal Temp
Country Singapore Pipe Cap 0.5″ M.A.W.P at 180 PSIG
Origin THK D Temp
P-O No OGDC/LPG/001 Metal A 254 Test Press 270 PSIG
WPB New
Project No P-167 Shell THK 0.5″ Corr allow 0.125
Head/INT inch
Inspection Petrosin Stress Relief NO Erection 1550 lbs
Authority Weight
Metal A 106 B Radiography Spot RT2 Capacity 450 ltrs
V-500
15
Authority Weight
Metal A 516 70 Radiography FULL Capacity 8550 ltrs
CHAPTER NO 4
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CHAPTER NO 5
In order to extract the LPG from the crude oil at Chanda Oil Field an LPG
recovery unit is being installed and the work is in progress nowadays. The crude oil from
the well comes to the HP separator from where gas and oil is separated the crude goes to
the crude stabilizers and gas goes to the dehydration unit. Then the gas stream from the
crude stabilization unit goes to the compressors. From the compressors, one stream of gas
goes to the LPG recovery unit and other to the chilling unit. From the chilling unit the
light stream goes to the sale gas whereas the heavier stream (containing heavier
hydrocarbons) goes to the de-ethanizer column. Here ethane is removed. Then it goes to
the LPG recovery unit. After LPG unit the LPG goes to the LPG bullets for cooling and
storage. A propane regeneration unit is also attached with the LPG bullets. The LPG
bullets are four in number. They have the following stipulation Design pressure of
172psig. Design temperature is 320F 1490F. They have a capacity of 34899FT3
INTRODUCTION
LPG is an economical clean and environment friendly fuel. It is the most
popular domestic fuel in area where supply of natural gas is not available.
Government of Pakistan encouraged LPG as an alternative fuel, to project the
environment and to conserve the fuel wood resources. Number of LPG
companies has increased from 29 to 36 and LPG production has grown more
than 350,000 Metric Tons.
In this production of LPG, OGDCL holds the major shares of its
production. In this line up of LPG producing fields, Chanda Oil Field is merging
as a leading LPG producing field after Dakhni Oil Field established in 2004, near
Kohat. The credit of finding reservoirs of Oil and Gas in this area goes to
OGDCL.
PRODUCTION DATA
Chanda oil Field has started its production since July 1994. The crude
produced by the three wells is collected in Chanda Plant. Here oil and Gas are
17
separated. The oil is stored in the four crude storage tanks and the gas is
dehydrated by a Dehydration Plant installed here.
The gas produced from the wells at Chanda, is a high BTU gas. Handsome
amount of Butane is present in it. Therefore it has been decided to install an LPG
Recovery Plant. The LPG Recovery Plant installed at Chanda oil Field has been
relocated from Fimkassar. The plant can recover approximately 56 tons of LPG in
a single day. Also 04 Bullets have been installed to store the LPG.The initial
analysis shows that approximately 20 tons of LPG can be recovered in a single
day from the production of three wells.
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PFD of LPG Plant
INSTALLATION
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CHAPTER NO 6
CLASS:
Class is used to describe the pressure rating of the piping system. For example Class 150,
300, or API 3000, API 5000. This relates to the maximum allowable design pressure that
a flange of certain dimensions and made of a certain material can be used with in a piping
system.
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE:
The pressure difference between the upstream and downstream ports of a valve.
DOWNSTREAM:
The process stream after it has passed through the valves.
END CONNECTION:
The part of the valve that joins to the piping system.
ERROSION:
Material weight loss inside a piping system caused by the process flow.
HYDROSTATIC TEST:
A test using water under pressure to detect any leaks through the body,
sealing joint or closure elements.
LINE BLIND:
A pipeline shut off device, whereby a flat disc is forced between two
flanges.
PIPING SCHEDULE:
A method of noting the wall thickness of a pipe for example Sch 40, Sch
80, Sch 160. The larger the number the thicker the wall thickness of the pipe at a
given nominal diameter.
RADIOGRAPHY:
A method of examination that uses X-Rays to produce an internal image
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of a test piece.
RAISED FACE FLANGE:
A flange face that has a raised section on the mating surface. This allows
greater loading to be applied to the gasket and creates a more efficient seal than a
flat face flange.
RING TYPE JOINT:
A flanged end connection with a circular groove on the metal face, where
a softer ring metal is placed before mating up to a similar flange face and bolting up.
Ring type joint connections are used on higher pressure piping system,
ASME 900 lb and above.
SEAL WELD:
The fillet type weld required for socket weld fittings to prevent leakage.
SEAT:
A circular ring into which the closure element of a globe valve enters.
TUBING:
Small bore piping used to supply air or hydraulic fluid to an actuator.
VENT:
An opening in a piping system that can be exposed to the atmosphere and
allows fluid to be released.
21
CHAPTER NO 7
VALVES INTRODUCTION AND TYPES
22
Globe Valve size 6 x 6 Class 600
BALL VALVE:
In ball valve, the mechanism to control the flow is a ball which has a hole
in it. The ball rotates along its axis to open or close. This valve is usually used in
low pressure lines. It has got quick opening and good shut off.
e.g.
Ball valve size 3 x 3 Class 600
Ball valve size 2 x 2 Class 600
Ball valve size 2” Class 600
Ball valve size 2x1/2” RF Class 300
Ball valve size 4” RF Class 150
NON RETURN VALVE:
A valve that allows the flow of a process fluid in only one direction. It will
not allow any flow reversal.e.g.
Non Return valve size 4” Class 1500
WATER CHECK VALVE:
This is a NRV type valve. This is like a flag and a plate fitted in it which
remains parallel to the flow as well as the required pressure of the fluid remains
on line. At the moment, the pressure drops the plate moves and becomes
perpendicular to the flow under the action of the spring and return flow is
checked at the same moment
BUTTERFLY VALVE:
Butterfly valve is a partially open partially close valve usually installed on
fire hydrants. Closing mechanism is a plate which opens or closes the valve with
the help of handle. A sprocket is attached with the handle.
BYPASS VALVE:
A valve smaller in diameter and is fitted in parallel to a larger valve.
SAFETY VALVE
A pressure relief valve that is designed to reduce over pressurization in a gas or stream
service.
23
PRESSURE SAFETY VALVE
A self operating valve used to reduce any excess pressure in a system. The valve opens if
the internal pressure exceeds that holding the closing element onto the seat.
ACTUATOR VALVE
Actuator valve or shut down valve is a pressure relief valve with it various names are
pneumatically operated valves and are operated (close or open) against a setting pressure.
NEEDLE VALVE
Needle valve is a smaller size valve. A needle is used to close or open mechanism which
sets in seat to close the flow and vice versa. Needle valves are installed at line having
pressure ranges from 3000 to 10000 psi.
SOLENOID VALVE
Solenoid valve is electrically operated and used in instrumentation. Such valves are often
deployed as pilot a valve that is, fitted to actuators that in turn control larger valves.
STRAINER
Its basics function is to remove impurities at suction. SSSV (Sub Surface Safety Valve):
It operates within a pressure range of 3300-7500 psi. If the pressure is out of the
mentioned range, a pressure plate closes the valve. It is installed a few hundred meters
below the surface as a supplementary safety feature.
SSV (Surface Safety Valve):
A SSV valve is located at the ground level. Both manual and automatic operations are
permitted. At preset, the valve is manually operated. It is the primary safety measure for
the well.
CHRISTMAS TREE:
It is a combination of safety valves and chokes.
CONTROL VALVES: A valve that regulates the flow or pressure of a fluid. Control
valves normally responds to signals generated by independent devices such flow meters
or temperature gauges. Control valves are normally fitted with actuators and positioners.
Features:
Proportioning Trim permits straight line increase in flow.
Adjustable Hand wheel calibrated in sixty fourths of an inch.
Available in Wide Range of bodies and trim.
24
Pressure Rating threaded 5000 psi; socket weld 3600 psi; butt
weld 5000 psi; flanged 5000 psi (maximum).
Teflon Packing for positive seal and minimum maintenance.
Construction affords simple, easy inspection or replacement.
Secure in any position to resist vibration.
Corrosive Service optional 316,410 or duplex stainless steel
bodies.
Control valves are
Pressure control valve:
Flow control valve:
Flow Control valve size 4 1/16” Class 5000
Level control valve:
Level Control Valve Size 0.50” Class 600
CHOKE
A valve usually used in well control operations to reduce the pressure of a
fluid from high pressure in the closed well bore to atmospheric pressure. It may
be adjusted (opened or closed) to closely control the pressure drop. Adjustable
choke valves are constructed to resist wear while high velocity, solids laden
fluids are flowing by the restricting or sealing elements.
GASKETS
A flange gasket is a type of gasket made to fit between two sections of
pipe that are flared to provide higher surface area.Flange gaskets come in a
variety of sizes and are categorized by their inside diameter and their outside
diameter.There are many standards in gasket for flanges of pipes.
The gaskets for flanges can be divided in major 3 different categories:
Sheet gaskets
Ring gaskets
Spiral wound gaskets
DESCRIPTION SCHEDULE RATING MATERIAL
Gasket 6” RTJ 600 #
Gasket 4” RTJ 600 #
25
Gasket 3” RTJ 600 #
Gasket 2” RTJ 600 #
FLANGES
A flange can also be a plate or ring to form a rim at the end of a pipe when
fastened to the pipe (for example, a closet flange). A blind flange is a plate for
covering or closing the end of a pipe. A flange joint is a connection of pipes,
where the connecting pieces have flanges by which the parts are bolted together.
ASME/ANSI PIPE FLANGES:
Pipe flanges that are made to standards called out by ASME/ANSI B16.5
or ASME/ANSI B16.47 are typically made from forged materials and have
machined surfaces. They are typically in .Pressure Classes. such as 150#, 300#,
600#, 900# 1500#; however, ASME B16.47 still recognizes the 75# or .Class 75.
flange for certain low pressure and low temperature applications. These
.Pressure Classes. have both pressure and temperature ratings for specific
materials. The flanges are made to standardized dimensions and are
typically of
followin styles:
Flat face
Raised face
Ring joint
FLANGE DIMENSION:
Flanges are used on equipment for the nozzles and in piping systems. The
flanges are bolted together with a gasket in between to prevent leakage.
26
CHAPTER NO 8
FITTINGS
27
CHAPTER NO 9
PUMPS
Definition: A pump is a device that raises or transfers fluids. Pumps are selected
for processes not only to raise and transfer fluids, but also to meet some other criteria.
This other criteria may be constant flow rate or constant pressure.
The pumps are used for pressurizing the gas condensate to a high pressure of
250psi from a low pressure of 50psi. The pumps use the gas in condensate form which in
coming from the condenser.
PUMP DESCRIPTION
The shaft seal of WUC pump is subjected to the discharges pressure of the pump.
The can and the suction side of the discharge head are designed for maximum suction
pressure. Liquid is flowing through the suction connection of the discharge head and
through the CAN to the impellers. The last stage impeller is discharging the liquid
through the column pipe, following the shafts, to the discharge connection. The thrust is
balanced by back wearing ring and balancing holes. The sense of rotation of the pump is
CCW looking from the coupling to the shaft end of the pup, rotating left.
28
MAINTENANCE
• Inspection
If the pump is working correctly, it is not recommended to dismantle the pump
completely and run a complete reliability check. However, if the wear is exceeding 0.4
mm in diameter, an overhaul is recommended.
TYPES OF PUMPS
There are two major types of fluid transfer pumps
1) Positive Displacement Pumps
2) Non Positive Displacement Pumps
1) POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS:
Positive displacement pumps are a major type of pumps. Positive displacement
pumps operate by forcing a fixed volume of fluid from the inlet pressure section of the
pump into the discharge zone of the pump. These pumps generally tend to be larger than
equal capacity dynamic pumps. Positive displacement pumps frequently are used in
hydraulic systems at pressures ranging up to 5000 psi.
2) NON POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS (Dynamic Pumps):
Dynamic pumps are one category of pumps under which there are several
classes, two of which are: centrifugal and axial. These pumps operate by
developing a high liquid velocity and converting the velocity to pressure in a
diffusing flow passage. Dynamic pumps usually have lower efficiencies than
positive displacement pumps, but also have lower maintenance requirements.
Dynamic pumps are also able to operate at fairly high speeds and high fluid flow
rates.
CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS:
A centrifugal Pump is a hydraulic machine consisting of a set of rotating vanes
enclosed within casing, to impart energy to a fluid through Centrifugal force. Centrifugal
pumps are a practical choice for fairly constant, large flows of over 100 gpm at moderate
29
pressures and low fluid viscosities. The first step in selecting a centrifugal pump is to
determine application requirements: quantity of flow, pressure rise (or change in head) in
ft of fluid, and other conditions such as high fluid viscosity or temperature.
A centrifugal pump consists of an impeller and an intake at its center. These are
arranged so that when the impeller rotates, liquid is discharged by centrifugal force into a
casing surrounding the impeller. The casing is there in order to gradually decrease the
velocity of the fluid which leaves the impeller at a high velocity. This velocity is
converted to pressure which is needed to discharge the fluid. Some of the advantages of
centrifugal pumps are, smooth flow through the pump and uniform pressure in the
discharge pipe, low cost, and an operating speed that allows for direct connection to
steam turbines and electric motors. The centrifugal pump accounts for not less then 80%
of the worlds pump production because it is more suitable for handling large capacities
of liquids than the positive displacement pump.
30
IMPELLER:
DEFINITION:
The impeller is the main rotating part of the pump that
provide the centrifugal acceleration to the fluid.The impellor is classified on the
basis of following parameters.
1. Types of flows:-
Following are the types of the flows
Radial flow
Axial flow
Mixed flow
2. Based on suction:-
Single suction: In single suction the liquid inlet is on one side.
Double suction: In double suction the liquid inlet to the impeller symmetrically from
both
sides.
3. Based on mechanical construction
Closed: Shrouds or sidewall enclosing the vanes.
Open: No shrouds or wall to enclose the vanes.
Semi open or vortex type:
SHAFT:
The basic purpose of a centrifugal pump shaft is to transmit the torques
encountered when started during operation while supporting the impeller and other
rotating parts.
Linear shafts are elongated, rod shaped devices that provide linear or rotary
motion for power transmission applications. They are used as axles, pistons, and rollers in
heavy machinery. Some linear shafts have axial and radial holes for mounting to support
structures. Most linear shafts are made of aluminum, alloy steel, carbon steel, stainless
steel, composite materials, or plastics. Alloy steel is harder than carbon steel and provides
superior durability. Stainless steel is well suited for applications in which corrosion
resistance is an important consideration. Aluminum linear shafts provide good electrical
31
and thermal conductivity, high reflectivity, and resistance to oxidation. Composite
materials are often made of carbon fibers bonded together by resins. They are not as
strong as metal shafts, but are lightweight and help reduce energy requirements.
MECHANICAL SEAL
A mechanical seal is a device which helps join systems or mechanisms together
by preventing leakage (e.g., in a plumbing system), containing pressure, or excluding
contamination. Controlling of the pumped fluid desire to exit
through the stuffing box, the area where rotary positive
displacement pumps and centrifugal pumps require the pump
shaft enters the pump fluid end. When operating the pumped
fluid within the stuffing box sees a pressure higher than the
surrounding atmospheric pressure, and on static lift
applications; during the priming cycle, the stuffing
32
CHAPTER NO 10
AJAX COMPRESSORS
A compressor is a mechanical device which is used to compress the incoming
fluid to a high set pressure. The compression of the gas is carried out in three phases i.e.
Low pressure compression (5 -50PSI)
Medium pressure compression (50 – 225 psi)
High pressure compression (225 – 850 psi)
The compressors used here are AJAX compressors which are used to
compress the incoming gas in liquid form from 5 psi to 850 psi. Two DPC
600(HP & MP) and one DPC 140(LP) compressors are used. All the three
compressors are engine driven. The engine comes as an integral part of the
compressor.
OPERATING CONDITIONS
33
HIGH PRESSURE AND MEDIUM PRESSURE COMPRESSOR
SPECIFICATIONS:
The general specifications of the AJAX DPC600 compressor are given below
Basic Specifications
Compressor Cylinders
Lubrication
34
Air Intake System
35
CHAPTER NO 11
ENGINES
Engine is a mechanical device to convert heat energy into mechanical energy.
1. Diesel engine:
It is also called as compression ignition engine. In this process heat addition take
place at constant pressure. This is effective in large vehicles such as trucks, diesel
locomotives
2. Petrol engine:
It is also called as spark ignition engine. In this process heat addition takes place
at constant volume.
3. Gas engine:
Jet engines take a large volume of hot gas from a combustion process (typically a
gas turbine, but rocket forms of jet propulsion often use solid or liquid propellants)
and feed it through a nozzle which accelerates the jet to high speed. As the jet
accelerates through the nozzle, this creates thrust and in turn does useful work.
Operations
36
Two stroke cycle
Common components
1. Ignition system
2. Spark plug
3. Compression rings
4. Combustion chambers
5. Timing belts and valves
6. Fuel systems
7. Oxidiser-Air inlet system
8. Valves
9. Piston engine valves
10. Control valves
11. Cooling and lubrication systems
37
RECOMMENDATIONS
More emphasis should be there for the safety of workers,there should be provision
of personal protection kit which inclues safety helmets,safety boots,ear muffs and
gas masks.
Ear muphs should be use at noisy places especially in compressor side in the plant
38