Black box with video recording and

location tracking for train

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
Submitted By:

Name Roll No
Name Roll No
Name Roll No
Name Roll No

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

College name
SUBMITTED TO: …………………………
Contents
Objective...................................................................................................6
Introduction..............................................................................................6
Block diagram...........................................................................................7
Working.....................................................................................................8
Literature survey.......................................................................................8
Software used...........................................................................................9
HARDWARE USED...................................................................................10
Atmega16 Microcontroller:.....................................................................11
Linear Power Supplies..........................................................................14
Linear Regulator Theory................................................................14
GPS SIM28 Module..............................................................................18
Bluetooth Module HC-05.....................................................................22
Overview..............................................................................................23
Specifications.......................................................................................24
Hardware Features............................................................................24
Software Features.............................................................................24
LM35 Temperature sensor...................................................................25
Application..............................................................................................26
Advantage...............................................................................................27
Disadvantage...........................................................................................27
Future scope...........................................................................................27
References..............................................................................................27
DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the project report entitled “Black box with
video recording and location tracking for train” submitted is our
original work and the report has not formed the basis for the award
of any degree, associate ship, fellowship or any other similar title.

Signature:
Name:
CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project report entitled “Black box with
video recording and location tracking for train” is the bona fide work
carried out by students of “College Name” during the year 2016 in
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of
B. Tech. The report has not formed the basis for the award
previously of any degree, diploma, associate ship, fellowship or any
other similar title.

Signature of the guide:

Date:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It gives me great pleasure to express my gratitude and heart full
thanks to all those who are helping me in complete this project.
I want to thank to “guide name”, who has always encouraged
and help me in making this project. In addition to this, I am grateful
to other faculties too who made me in right direction and gave me
their precious time and expert guidance whenever necessary
through which I could achieve this extent.
At last but not the least I am feeling glad to say about my
family whose wishes are always with me, without which it was not
possible for me to reach this extent.
I hope my work is praised and my efforts render fruitful result.

THANK YOU
Signature:
Name:
Objective

The objective of the project is to design and develop a Black box with
video recording and location tracking system for the train the system
black box will be more helpful to rescue the reason of train accident
than earlier.

Introduction

The system is very useful to rescue the reason the of the train
accident. The system is equipped will with many sensors. The
temperature sensor is attached to measure the temperature of the
engine; the speed sensor is used to measure the speed of the train.
The GPS stand for global positioning system is used to know the
location of the train .A camera is installed inside the train to record
the video, the recorded video will very helpful for hijack like
activities . The loco pilot has an android phone (black box) the
phone has an app running it will display all the data given by the
sensor and the video recording also. There is call recording feature
if pilot talks to any one will record in the phone. And all the phone
data like call recording, video recording, engine temperature, fuel
sensor data will be record in the black box of the train. We are using
an android phone as black box. The black box data is very useful to
rescue the reason of the train crash. The sensors data is use full for
the loco pilot so they can sure for the train maintenance. And help to
drive safer than earlier.
 Block diagram

GPS module sends the location of the train

Video camera To record the video inside the tra

Speed sensor measure the speed of train

Atmaga16
Microcontroller

Temperature
Sensor lm35

Bluetooth module
HC-05
Bluetooth module HC-
05

The loco pilot has android phone used as the black box
Working

 The speed sensor is used to measure the speed of the train.

 The lm35 is used as the temperature sensor.
 The video camera is used to record the video inside the
train.
 The GPS module is used to know the location of the train.
 The entire above sensor send all the data to the atmega16
microcontroller.
 Atmega16 is the heart of the circuit it will receive the data
from the sensor, take location of the train from GPS.
 And send all the data to the black box using Bluetooth link.
 The android phone is used as the black box it will record all
the data and save in the phone memory.
 The phone has an app running on it, loco Pilots will monitor
all the data given by sensors and video recording on the app.
 Also if pilot will call to any one the phone will record the
audio.

Literature survey

A flight recorder, commonly known as a black box, although it is

now orange-coloured, is an electronic recording device placed in an
aircraft for the purpose of facilitating the investigation of aviation
accidents and incidents.

The flight data recorder (FDR) is a device that preserves the recent
history of the flight through the recording of dozens of parameters
collected several times per second. The cockpit voice recorder
(CVR) preserves the recent history of the sounds in the cockpit
including the conversation of the pilots. The two recorders give an
accurate testimony, narrating the aircraft's flight history, to assist in
any later investigation.

The FDR and CVR may be combined in a single unit. The two
recorders are required by international regulation, overseen by the
International Civil Aviation Organization, to be capable of surviving
the conditions likely to be encountered in a severe aircraft accident.
For this reason, they are typically specified to withstand an impact of
3400 g and temperatures of over 1,000 °C (1,830 °F) as required by
EUROCAE ED-112. They have been required in commercial aircraft
in the US since 1967.

In this project we use the concept of flight to record data . so that to

make the travelling safer.

Software used

 Programming of microcontroller in C programming language.

 AVR studio is used for compiling the code.
 DIP trace for PCB designing
 Eclipse for android software.
Programming Languages Considered
  All the software developed for this project will be loaded into
the memory of the ATmega16 microcontroller.
 The language must be supported by the ATmega16 compiler
 The ATmega16 compiler supports C and Assembly
Reasons for Selection C Programming Language:
 Vast amount of online resources
 Ease of development
 Team members have experience of coding in C.

HARDWARE USED

 MICROCONTROLLER ATMEGA16
 POWER SUPPLY
 BLUETOOTH MODULE HC-05
 SPEED SENSOR
 GPS MODULE
 TEMPERATURE SENSOR
 VIDEO CAMERA
  ANDROID PHONE

Atmega16 Microcontroller:

Features
High-performance, Low-power AVR® 8-bit Microcontroller
Advanced RISC Architecture
131 Powerful Instructions Most Single-clock Cycle Execution
32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers
Fully Static Operation
Up to 16 MIPS Throughput at 16 MHz
On-chip 2-cycle Multiplier
Nonvolatile Program and Data Memories
16K Bytes of In-System Self-Programmable Flash
Endurance: 10,000 Write/Erase Cycles
Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits
In-System Programming by On-chip Boot Program
True Read-While-Write Operation
512 Bytes EEPROM
Endurance: 100,000 Write/Erase Cycles
1K Byte Internal SRAM
Programming Lock for Software Security
JTAG (IEEE std. 1149.1 Compliant) Interface
Boundary-scan Capabilities According to the JTAG Standard
Extensive On-chip Debug Support
Programming of Flash, EEPROM, Fuses, and Lock Bits through the
JTAG Interface
Peripheral Features
Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Prescalers and Compare
Modes
One 16-bit Timer/Counter with Separate Prescaler, Compare Mode,
and Capture
Mode
Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator
Four PWM Channels
8-channel, 10-bit ADC
8 Single-ended Channels
7 Differential Channels in TQFP Package Only
2 Differential Channels with Programmable Gain at 1x, 10x, or 200x
Byte-oriented Two-wire Serial Interface
Programmable Serial USART
Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface
Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On-chip Oscillator
On-chip Analog Comparator
Special Microcontroller Features
Power-on Reset and Programmable Brown-out Detection
Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator
External and Internal Interrupt Sources
Six Sleep Modes: Idle, ADC Noise Reduction, Power-save, Power-
down, Standby and Extended Standby
I/O and Packages
32 Programmable I/O Lines
40-pin PDIP, 44-lead TQFP, and 44-pad MLF
Operating Voltages
2.7 - 5.5V for ATmega16L
4.5 - 5.5V for ATmega16
Speed Grades
0 - 8 MHz for ATmega16L
0 - 16 MHz for ATmega16
Power Consumption @ 1 MHz, 3V, and 25°C for ATmega16L
Active: 1.1 mA
Idle Mode: 0.35 mA
Power-down Mode: < 1 μA

Linear Power Supplies

In the last installment of the Power Supply Tutorial, we found that

the most basic power supply was of a simple unregulated design. We
also found that for all but the least demanding applications, the
unregulated design is not able to maintain the output voltage close
enough to the prescribed set point as the line voltage and load
current changes. Thus, regulation methods have been developed to
maintain the output voltage or current at a constant set point. The
first type of regulated design was the linear regulator power supply.

The term “linear power supply” is typically thought of as a type of

AC/DC system, providing a regulated output. The linear regulator is
actually the part of the linear regulator power supply that performs
the regulation.

Linear Regulator Theory

Linear regulators employ a pass element serving as a variable

resistor which forms a voltage divider with the load.

The pass element functioning as a variable resistor can be

semiconductor devices such as a bipolar junction transistor (BJT),
power metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET),
insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT), or an electron tube such as
a triode, tetrad, or pentode. Electron tubes would be used in highly
specialized applications where there are no semiconductor devices
suitable.

Power Output Capability

A linear regulator can be designed to regulate power outputs as
small as a watt or less. Linear regulators used alone in this fashion
are performing DC/DC conversion. Linear power supplies can be
designed to provide AC/DC conversion up to tens of kilowatts or
even more. In this case the linear regulator is coupled with
additional circuitry providing rectification and filtering.

Noise and Ripple

Perhaps the most significant merit of linear power supplies is the

cleanliness of the output voltage and the relative lack of
electromagnetic emissions. The typical peak to peak output voltage
ripple for a linear supply might be 1000x or 60dB less than the
output DC level. So for a 5V output supply the typical peak to peak
ripple voltage might be 5mV. A switching supply typically sees about
a 100x or 40dB reduction. It is possible with careful design to
achieve a 10,000x or 80dB reduction in a linear regulated power
supply.

Transient Response

The response of linear power supplies to line and load transients are
better their switching counterparts because the linear supply does
not have a switching frequency to limit the bandwidth. In linear
supplies, the regulation bandwidth is typically limited by parasitic
device elements.

Weight and Size

The weight and size of the linear power supply is the major
disadvantage. AC/DC conversion is done at low frequencies and
therefore the transformer must be large to keep the core from
saturating. This factor, along with efficiency to be discussed next, is
the main reason why linear power supplies have limited use today.
For example, a 500W linear power supply might weigh about 50
pounds and occupy a desktop. Whereas a 500W switching supply
might weight less than 10 pounds and sits on a small part of the
desktop.

Efficiency

Linear regulators are typically thought of a being extremely

inefficient – but that is not always the case and they can sometimes
be more efficient that a switching power supply!

On a first order basis, the efficiency of a linear regulator is very

simple to determine. The efficiency is simply the output voltage
divided by the input voltage. If determined effort is made to keep the
difference between the pass element input voltage and the output
voltage as small as possible, the efficiency can be very good. This
type of linear regulator is called a “low-dropout regulator”. For other
cases where the operating point is not conducive to maintaining a
low dropout, the linear regulator efficiency can suffer greatly.

As an example, if the input voltage in the figure above is 13.6 volts,

and the regulator maintains an output voltage of 12 volts, for a
voltage drop of 1.6 volts, the efficiency of the linear regulator is
12V/13.6V = 88.2%. The efficiency in this case is very good by most
standards.

As another example, if the input voltage is 5 volts and the output

voltage is 3.3 volts, for a voltage drop of 1.7 volts, the efficiency is
3.3V/5V = 66%. The efficiency in this case is not very good by most
standards.

As a last example, if the input voltage is 5 volts and the output

voltage is 1.8 volts, for a pass element voltage drop of 3.2 volts, the
efficiency is 1.8V/5V = 36%. This efficiency in this case is very poor.

Summary

In this article we found that linear power supplies excel in producing

outputs with very low noise and ripple, low electromagnetic
emissions, and have excellent transient response. However, they are
by nature large and heavy when compared to switching power
supplies. Linear power supplies would be the type of choice when
outputs with low ripple and noise content are of paramount
concern, and where larger size and substantially greater weight can
be tolerated.
GPS SIM28 Module
SI

MCom presents a high performance and reliable assisted GPS

module-SIM28. This is a standalone L1 frequency GPS module in a
SMT type and it is designed with the high sensitivity navigation
engine, which allows you to achieve the industry’s highest levels of
sensitivity, accuracy, and Time-to-First-Fix (TTFF) with lowest
power consumption.

Mechanical data

•Dimensions: 16*12.2*2.4mm

•Weight: 1g

Features
•Support EASYTM self-generated orbit prediction

•Support EPOTM orbit prediction

•Support AGPS

•Support SBAS ranging (WAAS, EGNOS, GAGAN,

MSAS)

•Support DGPS (RTCM)

Interfaces

•Serial interfaces:

UART, SPI / I2C

•Digital I/O:

EINT0 input

GPIO

Pulse-pre-second (PPS)

•Protocols

NMEA

PMTK

Support product

•SIM28 EVB KIT with USB V2.0 full speed interface

Performance data

•Receiver type

22 tracking/66 acquisition channel GPS receiver

SIM28_Hardware Design_V1.02

Introduction
This document describes the hardware interface of the SIMCOM
module SIM28 which can be used as a standalone or A-GPS Assisted
Global Positioning System receiver. As a wide range of applications
can be integrated in SIM28, all functional components of SIM28 are
described in great detail.

SIM28 Overview

SIM28 is a stand-alone or A-GPS receiver. With built-in LNA, SIM28

can relax antenna requirement and don’t need for external LNA.
SIM28 can track as low as -165dBm signal even without network
assistance. The SIM28 has excellent low power consumption
characteristic (acquisition 24mA, tracking 19mA). SIM28 supports
various location and navigation applications, including autonomous
GPS, SBAS ranging (WAAS, EGNOS, GAGAN, MSAS), DGPS (RTCM),
and A-GPS.

Key Features

With a tiny configuration of 16 x 12.2 x 2.4 mm package, SIM28 can

meet almost all the space requirements in your applications.The
module provides complete signal processing from antenna input to
host port in either NMEA messages. The module requires 2.9V~3.6V
power supply. The host port is configurable to UART. Host data and
I/O signal levels are 2.85V CMOS compatible.
2.1
SIM28 Functional Diagram
The following figure shows a functional diagram of the SIM28 and
illustrates the mainly functional parts:

The GPS chip

SAW filter
The antenna interface
The communication interface
The control signals

Functional Diagram:
Bluetooth Module HC-05

Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data

over short distances (using short-wavelength UHF radio waves in
the ISM band from 2.4 to 2.485 GHz[4]) from fixed and mobile
devices, and building personal area networks (PANs). Invented by
telecom vendor Ericsson in 1994,[5] it was originally conceived as a
wireless alternative to RS-232 data cables. It can connect several
devices, overcoming problems of synchronization.
Bluetooth is managed by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG),
which has more than 25,000 member companies in the areas of
telecommunication, computing, networking, and consumer
electronics.[6] The IEEE standardized Bluetooth as IEEE 802.15.1, but
no longer maintains the standard. The Bluetooth SIG oversees
development of the specification, manages the qualification
program, and protects the trademarks.[7] A manufacturer must make
a device meet Bluetooth SIG standards to market it as a Bluetooth
device.[8] A network of patents applies to the technology, which are
licensed to individual qualifying devices.
Overview

HC-05 module is an easy to use Bluetooth SPP (Serial Port Protocol)

module, designed for transparent wireless serial connection setup.

Serial port Bluetooth module is fully qualified Bluetooth V2.0+EDR

(Enhanced Data Rate) 3Mbps Modulation with complete 2.4GHz
radio transceiver and baseband. It uses CSR Bluecore 04-External
single chip Bluetooth system with CMOS technology and with
AFH(Adaptive Frequency Hopping Feature). It has the footprint as
small as 12.7mmx27mm. Hope it will simplify your overall
design/development cycle.

Specifications
Hardware Features

 Typical -80dBm sensitivity

  Up to +4dBm RF transmit power

 Low Power 1.8V Operation ,1.8 to 3.6V I/O

 PIO control

 UART interface with programmable baud rate

 With integrated antenna

 With edge connector

Software Features

 Default Baud rate: 38400, Data bits:8, Stop bit:1,Parity: No

parity, Data control: has.

Supported baud rate: 9600,19200,38400,

57600,115200,230400,and 460800.

 Given a rising pulse in PIO0, device will be disconnected.

 Status instruction port PIO1: low-disconnected, high-

connected;

 PIO10 and PIO11 can be connected to red and blue led

separately. When master and slave are paired, red and blue led
blinks 1time/2s in interval, while disconnected only blue led
blinks 2times/s.

 Auto-connect to the last device on power as default.

 Permit pairing device to connect as default.

  Auto-pairing PINCODE:”0000” as default

 Auto-reconnect in 30 min when disconnected as a result of

beyond the range of connection.

LM35 Temperature sensor

Description:
The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature
sensors, whose output voltage is linearly proportional to the Celsius
(Centigrade) temperature. The LM35 thus has an advantage over
linear temperature sensors calibrated in ˚ Kelvin, as the user is not
required to subtract a large constant voltage from its output to
obtain convenient Centigrade scaling. The LM35 does not require
any external calibration or trimming to provide typical accuracies of
±1⁄4˚C at room temperature and ±3⁄4˚C over a full −55 to +150˚C
temperature range. Low cost is assured by trimming and calibration
at the wafer level. The LM35’s low output impedance, linear output,
and precise inherent calibration make interfacing to readout or
control circuitry especially easy. It can be used with single power
supplies, or with plus and minus supplies. As it draws only 60 µA
from its supply, it has very low self-heating, less than 0.1˚C in still air.
The LM35 is rated to operate over a −55˚ to +150˚C temperature
range, while the LM35C is rated for a −40˚ to +110˚C range (−10˚
with improved accuracy). The LM35 series is available packaged in
hermetic TO-46 transistor packages, while the LM35C, LM35CA, and
LM35D are also available in the plastic TO-92 transistor package.
The LM35D is also available in an 8-lead surface mount small outline
package and a plastic TO-220 package.

Features
 Calibrated directly in ˚ Celsius (Centigrade)
 Linear + 10.0 mV/˚C scale factor
 0.5˚C accuracy guarantee able (at +25˚C) n Rated for full −55˚ to
+150˚C range
 Suitable for remote applications
 Low cost due to wafer-level trimming
 Operates from 4 to 30 volts
 Less than 60 µA current drain n Low self-heating, 0.08˚C in still
air
 Nonlinearity only ±1⁄4˚C typical
 Low impedance output, 0.1 Ω for 1 mA load

Application

The system has many applications like.

airplane, luxury bus, many engineering projects
Army, nervy etc.
Advantage

The system is very use full for the rescue of the train crash .
It is easy to implement and reliable method.
It makes the driving train safer than earlier for the loco pilot.
It enhances the security of the train.

Disadvantage

The electronic system has limitation the component may be fail due
internal or expected problems.
The SMD component of the system sensitive to EDS.

Future scope

Can be modified and used for security and maintenance monitoring

system for the plane.

References

1. "What is Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11x)? A Webopedia Definition".

Webopedia.com.
2. "Authorization of Spread Spectrum Systems Under Parts 15 and
90 of the FCC Rules and Regulations". Federal Communications
Commission of the USA. June 18, 1985. Archived from the
original(txt) on September 28, 2007. Retrieved 2007-08-31.
3. Ross Greenwood (November 3, 2014). "So just what’s the big
idea anyway?". News.com.au.
4. Phil Mercer (August 11, 2012). "Wi-fi, dual-flush loos and eight
more Australian inventions". BBC News.
5. "WATCH: 5G WiFi Will Help Integrate Wireless Networking Into
Everyday Lives". huffingtonpost.com. Retrieved 11 June 2017.
6. "European Inventor Award: High-speed wireless networking".
www.epo.org. Retrieved 11 June 2017.
7. EP 0599632
8. Sygall, David (December 7, 2009). "How Australia's top
scientist earned millions from Wi-Fi". The Sydney Morning
Herald.
9. "Wi-Fi Alliance: Organization". Official industry association
Web site. Retrieved August 23, 2011.
10. IEEE-SA – IEEE 802.11 and Amendments Patent Letters of
Assurance
11. Moses, Asher (June 1, 2010). "CSIRO to reap 'lazy billion' from
world's biggest tech companies". The Age. Melbourne.
Retrieved 8 June 2010.
12. "World changing Aussie inventions – Australian Geographic".
Australian Geographic.
13. "How the Aussie government "invented WiFi" and sued its way
to $430 million". ArsTechnica.
14. "Australia's Biggest Patent Troll Goes After AT&T, Verizon and
T-Mobile". CBS News.
15. "Australian scientists cash in on Wi-Fi invention". The Sydney
Morning Herald.
16. "CSIRO wins legal battle over wi-fi patent". ABC News.
17. Sibthorpe, Clare (4 August 2016). "CSIRO Wi-Fi invention to
feature in upcoming exhibition at National Museum of
Australia". The Canberra Times. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
18. "Statement of Use, s/n 75799629, US Patent and Trademark
Office Trademark Status and Document Retrieval". August 23,
2005. Retrieved 2014-09-21. first used the Certification Mark
… as early as August 1999
19. "WiFi isn't short for "Wireless Fidelity"". BoingBoing.net. 2005-
11-08. Retrieved 2012-12-21.
20. "Wireless Fidelity' Debunked". Wi-Fi Planet. 2007-04-27.
Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved
2007-08-31.
21. Doctorow, Cory (November 8, 2005). "WiFi isn't short for
"Wireless Fidelity"". Boing Boing. Retrieved May 26, 2017.
22. "Securing Wi-Fi Wireless Networks with Today’s
Technologies"(PDF). Wi-Fi Alliance. February 6, 2003.
Retrieved June 25, 2015.
23. "WPA Deployment Guidelines for Public Access Wi-Fi
Networks"(PDF). Wi-Fi Alliance. 2004-10-28. Archived from
the original(PDF) on March 6, 2007. Retrieved 2009-11-30.
24. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/pogue-what-wifi-
stands-for-other-wireless-questions-answered/