Submitted by

Dhirendra singh
Roll no-1271940903
ME-3rd year

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1-Rocket principle
2-rocket propellant
3- type of rocket propellant
● solid propellant rocket
● liquid propellant rocket
●gas propellant rocket
● hybrid propellent rocket
3- Rocket fuel selection

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Rocket Principles
High pressure/temperature/velocity exhaust gases
provided through combustion and expansion through
nozzle of suitable fuel and oxidiser mixture.

A rocket carries both the fuel and oxidiser onboard

the vehicle whereas an air-breather engine takes in
its oxygen supply from the atmosphere.
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How Rocket Engines Operate
Rocket propulsion is based on Sir
Isaac Newton’s three laws of
motion. The third law is the
heart of rocketry because the
action of the rocket engine
produces the forward motion of
the rocket.
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Types of Rocket
Engines
Solid Propellant
• In a solid propellant rocket system the fuel and oxidizer are
mixed together from the start.
• The rocket case is the combustion chamber and holds the
propellants. There are no valves, pumps, or sensors.
Additives, if needed to increase temperature or to control
burning, are simply mixed with propellant grains.
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 SOLID ROCKETS AND NOZZLE
FLOW
 Special issue with solid propellants that use powdered metals as a fuel
additive

 Adding aluminum to formation of solid propellant increases gas

temperature, but incurs performance penalties related to solid particles that
are generated
 Aluminum burns with oxygen to form Al2O3 particles
 Particles are initially liquid and solidify during expansion process
 Also tend to agglomerate to become large particles
 Large particles do not accelerate as quickly as the gas surrounding them
 These particles may constitute as much as 10-25% of total mass
 Need to consider this in nozzle design, which must account for two-phase
flow

 Simplified models exist for analysis of performance:

 Results indicate that large particle sizes are a detriment
 However, for small particles, there is an optimum amount of Al to add
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Liquid propellant
rocket
 Liquid Propellant Classifications
• Monopropellants
 Contains its oxidizer and fuel in one solution.
 May be a single chemical compound.

 The compounds are stable at ordinary temperatures and

pressures, but break down when heated and pressurized, or
when the breaking down process is started by a catalyst.
 Monopropellant rockets are simple since they need only
one propellant tank and associated equipment.
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Types of hybrid Rocket Engines
Hybrid Propellant
• Hybrid propellants combine in a single rocket
engine many of the advantages of both liquid and
solid propellant rockets.
• Flexibility gives the hybrid rocket its biggest
operational advantage. It can be throttled from zero
to full thrust and can be stopped and started in
flight.
Solid Fuel, Liquid Oxidizer Example

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ROCKET FUEL SELECTION GUIDE
 Desirable Physical Properties
 Low freezing point
 High specific gravity (dense propellant)
 Stability (with time)
 Heat transfer properties
 Pumping properties (low vapor pressure, low viscosity)
 Small variation in physical characteristics with temperature
 Ignition, combustion, and flame properties

 Performance of Propellants
 Economic Factors
 Physical Hazards (Explosion, Fire, Spills)
 Health Hazzards
 Corrosion

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