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Lecture 23
Angular Momentum Operators
Lecture 23 1
Angular Momentum Eigenvalues
⇒ m2h̄2 ≤ α(j)
Lecture 23 2
Constraints on Values of m
Lecture 23 3
j Multiplets
⇒ j = n/2
j m
0 0
1/2 -1/2, 1/2
1 -1, 0, 1
3/2 -3/2, -1/2, 1/2, 3/2
· ·
· ·
· ·
For a given j, the operators Jˆx, Jˆy , Jˆz and Jˆ2 will be
represented by matrices of dimension 2j + 1.
Lecture 23 4
Some Operator Relations
p
⇒ C±(j, m) = h̄ j(j + 1) − m2 ∓ m
p
= h̄ (j ∓ m)(j ± m − 1)
ˆ
p
⇒ J±|jmi = h̄ (j ∓ m)(j ± m − 1) |j, m ± 1i
1 ˆ 1 ˆ
Jx = (J+ + Jˆ−)
ˆ ˆ
Jy = (J+ − Jˆ−)
2 2i
Lecture 23 5
Matrix Elements
h̄ hp
hjm |Jˆx|jmi =
0
(j − m)(j + m + 1) δm0,m+1
2
p i
+ (j + m)(j − m + 1) δm0,m−1
ih̄ hp
hjm0|Jˆy |jmi = − (j − m)(j + m + 1) δm0,m+1
2
p i
− (j + m)(j − m + 1) δm0,m−1
Lecture 23 6
Cases of j = 1/2 and j = 1
For j = 1 we have:
0 1 0 0 −i 0
h̄ h̄
Jx = √ 1 0 1 Jy = √ i 0 −i
2 0 1 0 2 0 i 0
1 0 0 1 0 0
2
Jz = h̄ 0 0 0 J2 = 2h̄ 0 1 0
0 0 −1 0 0 1
Lecture 23 7
Matrix Representation of Rotation
Transformation Operators
D(j)(θn̂) ≡ Û [R(θn̂)]
Lecture 23 8
Rotation Matrices for j = 1/2
!
cos(θ/2) −i sin(θ/2)
(1/2)
D (θî) =
−i sin(θ/2) cos(θ/2)
!
cos(θ/2) − sin(θ/2)
D(1/2)(θĵ) =
sin(θ/2) cos(θ/2)
−iθ/2
!
e 0
(1/2)
D (θk̂) =
0 eiθ/2
Lecture 23 9
Rotation Matrices for j = 1
2
D(1)(θî) = I − i (Jx/h̄) sin θ + (Jx/h̄) (cos θ−1)
√
(1 + cos θ) −i 2 sin θ (cos θ − 1)
1 √ √
D(1)(θî) = −i 2 sin θ 2 cos θ −i 2 sin θ
2 √
(cos θ − 1) −i 2 sin θ (1 + cos θ)
√
(1 + cos θ) − 2 sin θ (1 − cos θ)
1 √ √
D(1)(θĵ) = 2 sin θ 2 cos θ − 2 sin θ
2 √
(1 − cos θ) 2 sin θ (1 + cos θ)
−iθ
e 0 0
D(1)(θk̂) = 0 1 0
0 0 eiθ
Lecture 23 10
Spherically Symmetric Potential
p̂2
Ĥ = + V (r)
2m
[Ĥ, L̂i] = 0
Ĥ|E, l, mi = E|E, l, mi
Lecture 23 11
Orbital Angular Momentum Operators in
Spherical Coordinates
~ˆ = ~rˆ × p~ˆ
L
In position-basis we have:
ˆ
~
h~r|L|ψi ~ ψ(~r)
= −ih̄ ~r × ∇
~ = ∂ r̂ + 1 ∂ θ̂ + 1
∇
∂
φ̂
∂r r ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ
~ˆ ∂ 1 ∂
hr, θ, φ|L|ψi = −ih̄ φ̂ − θ̂ ψ(r, θ, φ)
∂θ sin θ ∂φ
~ˆ
hr, θ, φ|L̂x|ψi = hr, θ, φ|x̂ · L|ψi
~ˆ
hr, θ, φ|L̂y |ψi = hr, θ, φ|ŷ · L|ψi
~ˆ
hr, θ, φ|L̂z |ψi = hr, θ, φ|ẑ · L|ψi
Lecture 23 12
Orbital Angular Momentum Operators in
Spherical Coordinates (cont.)
~ = cos θ r̂ − sin θ θ̂
ẑ = ∇z
∂ ∂
hr, θ, φ|L̂x|ψi = −ih̄ − cot θ cos φ − sin φ ψ(r, θ, φ)
∂φ ∂θ
∂ ∂
hr, θ, φ|L̂y |ψi = −ih̄ − cot θ sin φ + cos φ ψ(r, θ, φ)
∂φ ∂θ
∂
hr, θ, φ|L̂z |ψi = −ih̄ ψ(r, θ, φ)
∂φ
b2 = L
L b 2x + L
b 2y + L
b 2z
2
1 ∂ ∂ 1 ∂
hr, θ, φ|L̂2|ψi = −h̄2 sin θ + 2 ∂φ2 ψ(r, θ, φ)
sin θ ∂θ ∂θ sin θ
Lecture 23 13
Orbital Angular Momentum Eigenstates
ψElm(r, θ, φ) = REl(r)Ylm(θ, φ)
Ylm(θ, φ) = Plm(θ)eimφ
Lecture 23 14