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Chap No. 14 D and F BLOCK ELEMENTS
1. Electronic configuration for D-shell; (n-1)d1-10 ns0,1,2,3
2. Binding energy increase upto VIB and then decreases.
3. Oxidation states; +3 is common at beginning and +2 at the end.
Catalytic properties;
4. Fe → Haber process → Ammonia synthesis
5. V2O5 → Contact process → H2SO4 synthesis
6. TiCl4 → polymerization of ethene to polythene
7. Ni, Pt and Pd → hydrogenation of unsaturated hydrocarbons.
8. Cu → oxidation of ethanol to acetaldehyde.
Magnetic behavior;
9. Weakly attracted → paramagnetic
10.Weakly repelled → diamagnetic
11.Paramagnetic → one or more unpaired electron
12.Diamagnetic → pared electrons
13.Ferromagnetic → five unpaired electrons like Fe+3 and Mn+2
Alloy Formation;
14.Gold → Cu = 20-25 %, Au=70-75 % → 18 carat
15.Brass → Cu = 60-80 %, Zn=20-40 %
16.Bronze → Cu =75-90 %, Sn=10-25 %
17.Steel → Fe=90-95 %, C=0.1-2 %
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Complex Ion
18.A pale blue precipitate of Cu (II) hydroxide forms when ammonia is
added to a solution of Cu (II) ions.
19.If we add more ammonia to four ammonia molecules and two water
molecules surrounds Cu+2 ion and deep blue solution of formula
[Cu(H2O2(NH3)4]+2 is formed.
Colours of Complexes
39.Sc3+ → Colourless
40.Ti3+→ Purple
41.Ti4+→ Colourless
42.Cr3+→ Blue
43.Mn2+→ Green
44.Fe3+→ Yellow
45.Co2+→ Blue
46.Ni2+→ Green
47.Cu2+→ Blue
48.Zn2+→ Colourless
→ 33-43-23-22-22 →p-bgy-bgb
Vanadium
49.Vanadium was discovered by mistaken by Andres Manuel del Rio in
1801.
50.Vanadium was rediscovered by Swedish chemist Nils Gabriel Sefstrom.
51.The word Vanadis means goddess of beauty and love in Scandinian
mythology.
Chromium
60.Atomic number 24
61.Corrosion resistant
62.Discovered by French chemist Louis Nicolas Vauquelin in1797.
63.Chromium forms a large number of coloured compounds.
64.21st in nature abundance among the elements in earth crust.
65.Atomic weight 51.996
66.Melting point 1907 degree C or 3465 0F.
67.Boiling point 2672 degree C or 4842 0F.
68.Specific gravity 7.2.
Chromium minerals
69.Chromite or chrome iron stone (FeO.Cr2O3).
70.Chrome ochre (Cr2O3)
71.Crocite (PbCr2O3)
Oxidation states
oxides CrO Cr2O3 CrO3
Oxidation state +2 +3 +6
Nature Basic Amphoteric Acidic
Manganese
91.Hite, silvery metallic element
92.Used in making alloys
93.First isolated by Swedish chemist John Gorrlieb Gahn in 1774.
94.Corrodes in moist air.
95.Dissolves in acids.
96.Melting point, 1245 degree C or 2271 0F.
97.Boiling point, 2061 degree C or 3742 0F.
98.Specific gravity of7.4.
99.Atomic weight, 54.968
Psilomelane
manganite
102. The word manganese come from Latin world ‘magnes’ meaning
magnet.
103. Manganese ranks about 12th in abundance among elements in
Earth’s crust.
119. The solution turns from dark purple to faint pink colour at
equivalence point.
MnO4- + C2O4-2+ → Mn+2 + CO2
120. No addition indicator is used in this titration because KMnO4 acts
itself as an indicator.
121. KMnO4 solution is used to find the concentration of Fe(II) ions in a
solution. The redox reaction is given below;
KMnO4 + Fe+2 → Mn+2 + Fe+3
Iron
122. Atomic number 26
123. Complexes are; [Fe(H2O)6]+2 and [Fe(H2O)6]+3
124. Iron (II) salts → pale green
125. Iron (III) salts → yellow or brown
126. Iron is used to catalyse the synthesis of ammonia through Haber’s
process.
Ores
127. Red haematite → Fe2O3
128. Brown haematite or limonite → 2F O2 O3 .H2 O
129. Magnetite → Fe3 O4
Varieties of iron
130. Malleable or Wrought iron → 0.1 – 0.25 %
131. Steel → 0.25-2 %
132. Cast or pig iron → 2-3 %
Iron ions in the reaction between persulphate ions and iodide ions
148. The reaction between persulphate ion and iodide ions in solution can
be catalyzed using either iron (II) or iron (III) ions.
149. S2O82- + 2Cl- →2SO4-2 + I2
150. For Iron(II);
S2O82- + 2FE2+ → 2SO4-2 + 2Fe+3
2Fe+3 + 2I- →2Fe+2 + I2
151. For Iron(III);
2Fe+3 + 2I- →2Fe+2 + I2
S2O82- + 2FE2+ → 2SO4-2 + 2Fe+3
152. Any hexaaqua complex ions undergo acid base reaction with water to
produce a solution of pH less than seven.
153. These are not redox reaction because during the reaction no change
in the oxidation state of central metal occurs.
154. In case if Iron (II) case
155. [Fe(H2O)6]+2 + H2O → [Fe(H2O)5(OH)]+1 + H3O
156. In case if Iron (III) case
157. [Fe(H2O)6]+3 + H2O → [Fe(H2O)5(OH)]+2 + H3O
158. Ferric gives more acidic solution than ferrous ions.(+3>+2)
159. In case of alkaline solution OH- solution ions remove H3O+ ions and
equilibrium shifts forward and more H+ are lost from the complex in
stages until a precipitate is formed.
160. [Fe(H2O)6]+3 + 3OH- →[Fe(H2O)3(OH)3]0 + 3H2O
161. In case of Fe (II) complex the reaction in alkaline solution does not
proceed because is energetically unfavorable.
Reaction of Hexaaqua iron (II) and hexaaqua iron (III) with ammonia
162. Ammonia can act both as a base and a ligand.
163. Here ammonia simply act as a base, removing H+ from the complex.
170. The hexa aquairon (III) ion is sufficiently acidic to react with the
weakly basic carbonate ion
171. If you add sodium carbonate solution to a solution of hexa aquairon
(III) ions, you get exactly the same precipitate as if you added sodium
hydroxide solution of ammonia solution.
172. 2[Fe(H2O)6]+3 + 3CO32- → [Fe(H2O)3(OH)3] +3CO2 + 3H2O
Copper
177. Brownish red
178. Atomic number 29
179. The word is copper is derived from Cyprus.
Ores
180. Malachite → CuCO3Cu(OH)2
181. Azurite → 2 CuCO3Cu(OH)2
182. Chalcocite → Cu2S
183. Copper pyrite → CuFeS2
Oxidation States
184. +1 → Diamagnetic → colourless → Cu2O, CuCl, CuBr
185. +2 → cupric compound → Coloured → CuO, CuF2, CuCl2, CuCO3,
CuSO4.
40. The first fullerenes was discovered in 1885 by Herold Kroto, James Heath,
Seam O’Brion, Robert Curl and Richard Smalley.
41. In 2010, fullerenes were also discovered in outer space.
42. Some fullerenes are:
• C20
• C60
• C70
• C76
• C84
→ Smallest is C20 but most common I sC60.
43. Benzene ring is present in aromatic compound.
44. Organic compound types are
Hydrocarbons
1. Alkane
2. Alkene
3. alkynes
Derivatives of hydrocarbons
1. Alkyl halide
2. Alcohol
3. Phenol
4. Ether
5. Ketones
6. Carboxylic acids
7. Aldehydes etc
45. An atom or group of atom that gives certain characteristics properties to an
organic compound is called a functional group.
46. Functional group is chemically active part of molecule.
47. A series of organic compounds that are differ by methylene group and have
same structural and chemical characteristics are called homologous series.
48. Alkane → CnH2n + 2
49. Cycloalkanes → CnH2n