CARBON COMPOUND A.I,II B.II,III C.I, II, III D.

II, III,IV
1. The table below shows an information about
compound J. 10.Calculate how many isomers are there for a
hydrocarbon with the molecular formula C6H14.
Compound J
- can react with magnesium
A.4 B.5 C.6 D.7 Which of the following shows the
- can be prepared from methanol 11.What will occur when a mixture of propan-1-ol formula of the polymer produced
What is the molecular formula of compound J? and acidified potassium dichromate(VI) is heated when the monomer is polymerised.-A
A.HCOOH B.CH3COOH under reflux? A
C.CH3CH2COOH D.HCOOCH3 I An ester is produced
II Propan-1-ol is oxidised
2.Which of the following statements about the III Propanoic acid is produced
compound with the molecular formula C16H34 is true? IV A colourless solution is produced
A.It is soluble in water. A.I,II B .II, III C.I,II, III D I, II and IV B
B.It has the same chemical properties as decane.
C.It burns in excess oxygen to produce carbon 12.The equation below shows the structure for an
monoxide and water. organic compound.
D.It undergoes substitution reaction with potassium C
manganate(VII) solution.

3. The diagram shows the structural formula of a carbon

compound. D

Name the IUPAC name for the above organic

compound.
What is carbon compound? 18. The equation below shows the reaction between
A Hexane B Heptane
I It is a weak acid. alkene X and bromine to produce the organic compound
C 1-ethyl-3-methylbutane
II It is known as butanol. Y.
D 1-methyl-3-ethylpropane
III It is known as butanoic acid.
IV It can reacts with ethanol to form a sweet
13.The structure of a carbon compound is shown
smelling liquid.
below.
A.I,IV B.II ,III C.I, II,III D. I,III ,IV

4.The equation shown below represents the complete

combustion of ethane in air. At room temperature and
pressure, y mol of ethane requires 84 cm3 of oxygen for Which of the following statements about this carbon
complete combustion. Find the structural formula of X?-C
compound are true?
2C2H6 (g) + 7O2 4CO2 (g) + 6H2O A
I It is a polymer.
Find the value of y.(1 mol of gas occupies 24 dm 3 at II It is produced from ethene.
room temperature and pressure) III It is a saturated organic compound.
A.0.25 B.0.50 C.1.00 D.2.00 IV It burns in excess oxygen to produce carbon
dioxide and water.
5. 1.0 mol of alkane produces 4.0 moles of water, in a A.I, III B.II,IV C.I, II,III D.I, II, III, IV B
complete combustion. The alkane is
A.ethane B.butane C.propane D.methane 14.The structural formula of a compound is shown
in the below diagram.
6.. Which of the following statements about pentane
and octane are true? C
I.Octane has a higher density than pentane.
II.Octane has a higher boiling point that pentane.
III.Pentane and octane are liquids at room temperature.
IV.Pentane and octane react with hydrogen under Find the compound that has the same molecular
suitable conditions. formula as the compound shown above.
A.I,III B.I,IV C.I,II,III D. II,III,IV A.Pentene B.2-methylbutene D
C.2-methylpropane D.2, 2 - dimethylpropane
7.The equation shows the combustion of butene in
excess oxygen. 15.Which of the following homologous series are
C4H8 (g) + 6O2 →4CO2(g) +4H2O(l) correct?
Calculate the minimum volume of oxygen required for
General formula Homologous series
the complete combustion of 20 cm3 of butene? (1.0 mol
of any gas occupies 24 dm3 at room temperature and A CnH2n alkene
pressure) B CnH2n+4 alkane 19.The reaction between ethanoic acid and sodium
A.40 cm3 B.60 cm3 C.80 cm3 D.120 cm3 C CnH2n+2 OH alcohol carbonate produces
D CnH2n+2COOH carboxylic acid I.water II.carbon dioxide
8.The diagram shows the structural formula of a III.ethyl ethanoate IV.sodium ethanoate
compound. 16.Which of the following statements about the A.I ,III B.II,III C.I, II,III D.I, III and IV
reaction between 2-methylbut-2-ene and hydrogen
are true? 20..Hex-1-ene and hexane are colourless liquids. Q can
I.It is an addition reaction be used to distinguish hex-1-ene from hexane. Q is
II.Nickel is used to speed up the reaction A.lime water B.liquid bromine
The general formula for the compound is III.The product obtained is 2- methylbutane C.dilute sulphuric acid
A CnH2n+1 B CnH2n IV.The product obtained contains only single D.acidified potassium dichromate(VI)
C CnH2n+1OH D. CnH2n+1COOCmH2m+1 covalent bonds.
A.I,II B.II,IV C.I,II,III D.I,II,III, IV 21.The conversion of ethanol to ethene is shown in the
9..Which of the following chemicals cannot be used as chemical equation below.
a test to differentiate between 2- butene and butane? 17. The equations below shows the structural porcelain
I Hydrogen gas formula of a monomer. CH3CH2OH →CH2 = CH2 + H2O
II Hydrochloric acid heat
III Bromine in chloroform Name the process that occurs in the above conversion.
IV Potassium manganate(VII) solution A.Hydration B.Oxidation
1
C.Dehydration D.Substitution 30.Which reaction will produce the ionic compound B
CH3COO-Na+?
22. Petroleum is a mixture of hydrocarbon and a few A.CH2 = CH2 +NaOH B.CH3CH2OH +NaOH
sulphur compounds. Which of the following compounds C.CH3COOH + Na2CO3 D.HCOOCH3 + Na2CO3
are found in petroleum? C
I.C6 H6 II.CH3CH2OH 31.Which of the following statements about
III.CH3 CH2 Cl IV.CH3( CH )8 CH3 vulcanisation of natural rubber are not correct?
A.I B.I, IV C.III, IV D.I, II, III, and IV. I.Vulcanisation produces a rubber that is more
elastic D
23 Ethanol is produced when a mixture of ethene and II.Carbon atoms form cross-links between rubber
steam at 300 oC and 60 atm pressure is passed over molecules
catalyst P. III.Sulphur cross-links are formed between the
Catalyst P chains of rubber molecules
CH2 = CH2 + H2O → C2H5OH IV.The long rubber molecules are broken up to form 38..Which statement is correct of both methanol and
Catalyst P is small molecules. ethanol?
A.phosphoric acid B.aluminium oxide A.I,III B.II,IV C.I, III,IV D. II,III, IV A.They have different functional groups.
C.finely divided platinum B.All their chemical properties are different.
D.concentrated sulphuric acid. 32.The following compounds that can undergo C.All their physical properties are similar.
addition reaction is D.They can be represented by the same general
24.X is produced when ethanol completely burn in A.C2H6 B.C4H10 C. C5H10 D.C8H18 formula.
excess air. X is
I.water II.carbon dioxide 33.An alkane has the molecular formula, C20Hx. 39..Margarine is produced from vegetable oils by
III.carbon particles IV.carbon monoxide What is the value of x? process Y. Process Y is
A.I, II B.I,III C.I,IV D.II , III A.40 B.42 C.48 D.52 A.dehydration B.esterification
C.hydrogenation D.polymerisation
25. Which of the following properties are represented 34.Find the molecular formulae of isoprene and the
by both but-1-ene and butane? repeating unit in natural rubber? 40.Compound P(C3H8O) reacts with acidified potassium
I Insoluble in water Isoprene Repeating unit dichromate(VI) to form Q(C3H6O2). Find P and Q?
II Exist as gases at room temperature A C4H6 C4H8 P Q
III React with steam to produce alcohol B C5H12 C5H8 A CH3CH2-O-CH3 CH3CH2COOH
IV Burn completely in air to form carbon dioxide B CH3CH2CH2OH CH3COOCH3
C C5H12 C5H10
and water. C CH3CH2-O-CH3 CH3COOOCH3
A.II,III B.I, II, IV C.II,III,IV D.I, II,III, IV D C5H10 C5H12 D CH3CH2CHOH CH3CH2COOH
26..The equation below shows the structure for 35..Pentyl ethanoate has a banana smell.Which of 41.The structural shown below is the structural formula
hydrocarbon. the following statements represents the property of of an organic compound.
pentyl ethanoate?
A.Soluble in water B.Conducts electricity
C.Has a low boiling point
D.Has a higher density than water

36.A liquid Y, with a fruity smell is produced when

Which of the following statements about the ethanol is refluxed with methanoic acid in the
hydrocarbon is true? presence of a few drops of concentrated sulphuric
A.It is an isomer of butane acid. The structural formula for Y is -B Name the IUPAC name for this compound.
B.It is an isomer of butene A
C.Its IUPAC name is 2- methylbut-2-ene A.Butan-1-ol B.2-methylpropan-1-ol
D.Its IUPAC name is 3 -methylbut-1-ene C.2-methylpropan-2-ol
D.1,1- dimethylethan-2-ol
27.The diagram shows the arrangement of apparatus
used for producing an alkene. B 42.Which of the following pairs of hydrocarbon, R and
S, are isomers?
R S
C I 2-methylpropane Pentane
II 2, 2- dimethylpropane Pentane
III 2-methylbutane Pent-1-ene
IV 2-methylbut- 1-ene Pent-2-ene
D A.I,II B.II,IV C.I, II,III D II, III and IV

Find the products produced in the above experiment. 43.In the preparation of an ester, concentrated sulphuric
A.Ethene and water acid is use. The reason to use is to
B.Ethene and carbon dioxide I.increase the amount of ester produced.
C.Propene and water 37.The diagram shows a section of the polymer II.increase the rate of esterification.
D.Propene and carbon dioxide obtained by addition polymerisation. III.increase the number of effective collisions.
IV.increase the energy of activation and esterification.
28. Which of the following acids contains in palm oil? A.I,II B.II ,III C.I, II,III D.I, III, IV
I.oleic acid II.stearic acid
III.linoleic acid IV.palmitic acid PAPER 2 CARBON COMPOUND
A.I,II B.III,IV C.I,II,III D I, II, III,IV. 1.
Which of the following diagram
29.Which of the following statements represent
hydrocarbon? represents the monomer for this
A.Hydrocarbon consists of carbon and oxygen only. polymer?-B
B.Hydrocarbon consists of hydrogen and oxygen only. A
C.Hydrocarbon consists of carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen only.
D.Hydrocarbon consists of carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen
and oxygen only.

(a)(i) What is compound A?- Ethanol

2
 [1 mark]
(ii) Name the process that are used to prepare compound
A in the laboratory.-(ii) Fermentation
[1 mark]
(b)(i) Draw the structural formula of compound X.
[1 mark]
(ii) Name the process I.- Oxidation
[1 mark]
(c)(i) Write the equation for the process II.
2CH3COO H + Mg → (CH3COO)2 Mg + H2
[1 mark]
(ii) If 0.012 g of magnesium reacts with excess
compound 'X', calculate the volume of hydrogen gas
produced at room temperature. [Relative atomic mass of
Mg = 24; 1 mole of gas occupied 24 dm 3 at room
temperature]- 12 cm3
[3 marks]
(d)(i) State the function of aluminium oxide in process
III.-As a drying agent
[1 mark]
(ii) Give the observation when two drops of bromine
water is added inton compund Z.-The brown colour of
bromine water will be decolourised
[1 mark]
2.
(a)Name the process II.- Vulcanisation
[1 mark]
(b)What are the chemicals needed in process I and
process II?
Process I = Methanoic acid
Process II = Sulphur
[2 marks]
(c)Name the monomer of latex and then draw it's
structural formula.-Isoprene
[2 marks]
(d)(i) Explain the reason why latex coagulate
automatically after some time.-Bacteria in the air
produce acid which neutralises the negatively
charged particles of latex and eventually results in
coagulation.
[1 mark]
(ii) Write the formula of chemical subtance that added to
prevent the moleculas of latex from coagulation.- NH3
[1 mark]
(e)(i) Discuss what would happen to the polymers of
rubber in process II.-In process II, sulphur atoms form
cross-links between adjacent chains of rubber
polymer.
[ mark]
(ii) Give two effects of process II on rubber.
- Vulcanised rubber is more heat resistant
- Vulcanised rubber is more elastic
[2 marks]
3.
(a)In process I, ethene undergoes hydration to
produce compound A.
(i) Write an equation for the reaction in process I.
C2H4 (g) + H2O (g) → C2H5OH (l)
[1 mark]
(ii) Process I occurs in the presence of a catalyst.
Name the catalyst.-phosphoric acid
[1 mark]
(iii) What is compound A?- Ethanol
[1 mark]
(b)Two products are produced when compound A is
reacted with ethene in process II. One of them is
compound B which is a gas at room temperature
with molar mass of 44 g mol-1.
(i) What is compound B?-(i) carbon dioxide
[1 mark]
(ii) Write the equation of process II.
(C2H5OH (l) + 302 (g) → 2CO2 (g) + 3H O (l)
[1 mark]
(c)Compound C is a component of vinegar.
(i) State the condition which cause compound A
change into compound C.-Acidified potassium
manganate(VII) solution is added to compound A.
After that, the mixure is heated under reflux.
[2 marks]
(ii) What is compound C?-Ethanoic acid
[1 mark]
(d)Compound A reacted with compound C to
produce compound D in process IV.
(i) Draw the structural formula of compound D.
[1 mark]
(ii) What is process IV?- Esterification
[1 mark]
4. Geraniol is used for making perfumes. It is the
constituent of rose oil. The diagram below shows the
structure of geraniol.
(a)State the meaning of 'functional group'.
A functional group is an atom or a group of atoms
that determines the characteristic reactions of an
organic compound.
[2 marks]
(b)Give two functional group present in geraniol.
The alkene group (double bond) and the alcohol
group (hydroxyl group,-OH).
[1 mark]
(c)Briefly explain and describe the reaction between
geraniol and the following (i) to (iv). Write an
equation for each reaction
(i) hydrogen-The double bond reacts with
hydrogen at 180 oC in the presence of nickel to
give a saturated compound.
[2 marks]
3
(ii) liquid bromine.-The double bond reacts with liquid
bromine at room temperature to give a saturated
compound.
[2 marks]
(iii) acidified potassium dichromate- The -CH2OH
group is oxidised to- COOH group, when geraniol is
heated with acidified K2Cr2O7 solution.
[2 marks]
(iv) potassium manganate (VII) solution.-When
acidified KMnO4 is added to geraniol at room
temperature, addition reaction occurs across the
double bond to give diols.
[2 marks]
(v) methanoic acid-The -CH2OH group reacts with
methanoic acid on heating to form methyl ester.
Concentrated sulphuric acid is used to catalyse the
esterfication reaction.
[2 marks]
5. L is an alkane which burns completely in excess
oxygen. L exists in a number of isomers.
(a)Briefly explain the meaning of alkane.
An alkene is saturated hydrocarbon with the general
formula CnH2n+2
[1 mark]
(b)The relative molecular mass of L is 72. Find the
molecular formula of L.
CnH2n+2 = 72 12n + 2n + 2 = 72 n=5
[2 marks]
(c)(i) Define the meaning of 'isomerism'.
Isomerism is the existence of two or more organic
compounds with the same molecular formula but
different structural formulae.
[1 mark]
(ii) Write the structural formulae for the isomers of L and
name them in accordance with the IUPAC system of
naming.
[2 marks]
(d)State the condition and write the chemical equation to
show how one of the isomers of L can be prepared from
an alkene.
Pentane can be prepared by passing a mixture of
pent-1-ene and hydrogen over nickel powder as a
catalyst at 180 - 200 oC.
CH3CH2CH2CH= CH2 + H2 →CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3
(pent-1-ene) (pentane)
[3 marks]
(e)L reacts with bromine in the presence of sunlight.
(i) Give the type of reaction that occurs.
Substitution reaction
[3 marks]
(ii) Predict that changes that can be observed in this
reaction mentioned above.-The brown colour of
bromine vapour disappears slowly.
[1 mark]
6. (a)State two similarities between oils and fats.
Both of the molecules of oils and fats consists of the
elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Oils and fats
are naturally occuring esters produced from the
reaction between glycerol and carboxylic acids with
long, straight chain carbon atoms.
[1 mark]
(b)State one difference between oils and fats in term of
(i) source-(Source : Fats are obtained from animals
and oils obtained from plants.
 [1 mark] (c)(i) Write the structural formula of F produced in is, it does not contain double bonds. But-2-ene is an
(ii) physical state-At room temperature, oils are conversion II. unsaturated hydrocarbon, and contains a double
liquids but fats are solids bond per molecule.
[1 mark] [2 marks]
The materials and conditions used in the industrial (d)(i) What is compound Q?
production of margarine, shows in the below diagram. (i) Compound P is 2, 3- dibromobutane
[2 marks]
(ii) State the reaction occuring in conversion II.
Esterrification
[1 mark]
(iii) Give two conditions that must be used to carry
out conversion II.- Boil the reaction mixture under
reflux. Add a small amount of concentrated [1 mark]
sulphuric acid which acts as a catalyst. (ii) Give the type of reaction involved in conversion I.
(c)(i) What is the process used to produce margarine in [1 mark] (ii) Addition reaction
the above diagram?-Hydrogenation (iv) Give a physical property (other than smell) of F. [1 mark]
[1 mark] (iv) G is insoluble water (e)But-2-ene reacts with reagent S to form C4H8(OH)2 in
(ii) Give one effect of this process on the vegetable oil. [1 mark] conversion II.
It converts liquid vegetable oils to solid fats. (d)(i) State the type of reaction occuring III. (i) Identified S in the above diagram.
[1 mark] (Dehydration S is acidified potassium manganate(VII)
(iii) Describe catalyst and what is the temperature range [1 mark] [1 mark]
used in this process.-Nickel or platinum catalyst at the (ii) What is the way to carry out a conversion III in a (ii) Write the structural formula of the molecule
temperature range of 180 - 200 oC. school laboratory?-Pass propan-1-ol vapour over C4H8(OH)2 in conversion II.
[2 marks] hot porcelain chips (or aluminium oxide)
(d)(i) Give two problems faced by the oil palm industry [2 marks]
in Malaysia.-Shortage of labourers in oil palm estates. 8. The conversions of but-2-ene to other
Stiff competition from other vegetable oils, such as substances is shown in the figure below. [1 mark]
soya bean oil. (f)Identify R in the above diagram.-R is butan-2-ol
[2 marks]
(ii) What is two methods can be suggested, to overcome
these problems?-Oil palm industry is labour
intensive.The solution is to mechanice the process
involved in the oil palm industry by using modern [1 mark]
machines. This will overcome the labour problem.
Another solution is to carry out research to find more 9.The figure below shows five structural formulae
and new uses of palm oil in order to ward off labelled, A, B, C, D and E.
competition from vegetable oils.
[2 marks]
7.The conversions of organic compounds from one
homologous series to another homologous series is
shown in the below diagram.

(a)Describe the meaning of 'unsaturated

hydrocarbon'.-It is an organic compound that
contains the elements carbon and hydrogen only.
An unsaturated hydrocarbon is a hydrocarbon
that contains one or more double bonds between
carbon atoms.
[2 marks]
(b)(i) The combustion of butane and but-2-ene
produces different amounts of soot. Determine the
(a)What is the meaning of 'homologous series'? hypothesis can be used to explain this observation.
A homologous series is a family of organic Soots are finely divided carbon particles. The
compounds that have the same functional group and more sooty the flame on combustion of a
can be represented by a general formula. hydrocarbon, the greater the percentage by mass
[1 mark] of carbon in the hydrocarbon molecule.
(b)(i) Draw the structural formula of propan-1-ol and [2 marks] (a)According to the IUPAC naming system, name the
compound E. (ii) Refer to your hypothesis, predict which compound labelled A and B.
hydrocarbon, butane or but-2-ene, will give out more A = 2-methyl butane , B = 2-methyl but-2-ene
soot on combustion. [2 marks]
But-2-ene has a higher percentage of carbon than (b)Name the homologous series to which compound C
butane. Thus, it burns with a more sooty flame. and D belong.-C = Alkene , D = Alkane
[1 mark]
(iii) Based on your prediction in (b)(ii), explain your [2 marks]
answer by calculation. (c)What is the general formula for the compound in the
(iii) The molecular formula but-2-ene is C4H8. homologous series in (b)?
Propanoic acid Relative molecular mass of butene C = Alkene = CnH2n, n = 1, 2, 3, 4, ...
= (4 X 12) + (8 X 1) = 56% of C in but-2-ene. D = Alkane = CnH2n+2, n = 1, 2, 3, 4, ...
[2 marks] = 48 /56 X100 = 85.7% [2 marks]
(ii) State the reaction occuring in conversion I.- The molecular formula of butane is C4H10. (d)Which compounds are in the same homologous series
Oxidation Relative molecular mass of butane as C?-B and E
[1 mark] = (4 X 12) + (10 X 1) = 58% of C in butane.
(iii) Suggest a reagent G suitable in conversion I. [2 marks]
= 48 / 58 X 100 = 82.8%
A mixture of potassium manganate(VII) and dilute [2 marks] (e)Between compound A and D, which has a higher
sulphuric acid. (c)(i) What is compound P? melting point? Give the reason.
[1 mark] (i) Poly (but -2-ene) D. This is because the intermolecular forces of
(iv) State another reagent which can be used as a [1 mark] attraction of D are reason that D is branched.
substitute for G.-A mixture of potassium (ii) Give three differences between compound P and [2 marks]
dichromate(VI) and dilute sulphuric acid. but-2-ene.-(ii) The relative molecular mass of
[1 mark] compound P has a higher boiling point than but- 10. The structural formulae of two organic compounds,
2-ene. Compound P is a saturated compound, that X and Y is shown in the diagram below.
4

(a) Give the similarities and differences between these
compounds in terms of their formulae.
Similarity : X and Y have the same molecular
formula.
Differences : X and Y have different structural
formulae
X is a carboxylix acid which contains the carboxyl
group as the functional group.
In contrast, Y is an ester which contains the
carboxylate group as the functional group.
[2 marks]
(b) Give the names of X and Y. What is the two physical
properties of X and compare them with Y?-X is
propanoic acid. Y is ethyl methanoate. X dissolves
readily in water while Y is insoluble in water. X has a
sour, vinegar smell. Y has a fragrant, fruit smell.
[4 marks]
(c)Explain how would you carried out an experiment to
show that compound Y is produced when an alcohol
reacts with an acid.
Preparation of compound X (HCOOCH2CH3)
Materials :
Methanoic acid (HCOOH), pure ethanol
(CH3CH2OH) and concentratedd sulphuric acid.
Apparatus :
Test tube, test tube holder, beaker, dropper and
Bunsen burner.
Procedure :
- About 2 cm3 of methanoic acid is poured into a test
tube.
- About 4 cm3 of pure ethanol is added to the
methanoic acid.
- Using a dropper, a few drops of concentrated
sulphuric acid are added to the mixture of methanoic
acid and ethanol.
- The mixture is shaken gently and boiled for a few
minutes
- The reaction mixture is then poured into a beaker
containing water.
Results
Tests on the organic compound Observation
(a) Colour Colourless
(b) Odour Sweet,fruity odour
(c) Solubity in water Insoluble in water
Conclusion
The ester, ethyl methanoate is prepared by heating
under reflux a mixture of methanoic acid, ethanol
and a small quantity of concentrated sulphuric acid.
HCOOH + CH3CH2OH → HCOOCH2CH3 + H2O
[6 marks]
(d)Describe a chemical test to distinguish between
compound X and compound Y.
2 cm3 of X is poured into a test tube. Sodium
carbonate solution is then added to X. The gas
evolved is passed into lime water. X reacts with
sodium carbonate to produce carbon dioxide gas
which turns lime water cloudly.
2CH3CH2COOH + Na2CO3 → 2CH3CH2COONa +
H2O + CO2
The experiment is repeated using Y. There is no gas
produced because Y has no reaction with sodium
carbonate solution.
[ 4 marks ]
(e)A compound R has the molecular formula and
chemical properties similar to that Y. Write the structural
formula of R and give one use of R.
R and Y have similar chemical properties. This means
that R is also an ester. The structural formula of R
is : HCOOCH2CH3.The ester, R is called methyl
ethanoate.Ester R is used as a solvent for organic
compounds.
[ 4 marks ]
11. (a)Discuss briefly two experiments to
differentiate hexane from hexene.
Experiment 1
1. 2 cm3 of liquid hexane is added into test tube
2. 3 drops of acidified potassium manganate(VII)
is added into the liquid hexane in the test tube
and then the mixure is shaken.
3. The changes in mixture are observed and
recorded.
4. Steps 1 to 3 are repeated by using liquid
hexene. (a)(i) Identify R, S and T and write the structural
Experiment 2 formulae.
1. 2 cm3 of liquid hexane is added into test tube R is propene.
2. 3 drops of bromine water is added into the The structural formula is shown in the diagram
liquid hexane and then the mixure is shaken. below.
3. The changes in mixture are observed and
recorded.
4. Steps 1 to 3 are repeated by using liquid
S is propane.
hexene.
The structural formula is shown in the diagram
below.
Substance Aciditied Bromine
potassium water T is propanoic acid.
manganate(IV) The structural formula is shown in the diagram
Hexane Purple colour Brown colour below.
remains remains
unchanged unchanged
Hexene Purple colour Brown colour
decolourises decolourises [3 marks]
[10 marks] (ii) Liquid bromine is added separately to hydrocarbons
(b)What is homologous series? State the R and S.
Record the observations in the
characteristic of homologous series.
A homologous series is a family of organic table below.
compound which has the same functional group Test Observation
and has same chemical properties. Liquid bromine +R Brown colour turns
Characteristics: colourless
Member in the same homologous series Liquid bromine + S Brown colour
- have same general formula remain unchanged.
- have similar chemical properties [2 marks]
- have physicalproperties that gradually change (iii) Describe why there is a difference in these
the series observation.
- can be prepared by using similiar methods Propene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon and contains
- differ from each other by a-CH2 group a carbon-carbon double bond. Propene can therefore
[5 marks] undergo addition reaction with bromine to form a
(c)Examples of homologous series: alkanes, colourless compound.
alkenes, alcohol, carboxylic acids and ester. State CH3CH=CH2 + Br 2 →CH3CHBrCH2Br
the functional group of each of the above (colourless) (brown) (colourless)
homologous series. Propane S is a saturated hydrocarbon. It cannot
undergo addition reaction with bromine.
[2 marks]
(b)Newly tapped latex will coagulate in a few days but
the addition of compound T to the latex will cause the
latex to coagulate immediately. Explain why there is a
difference in these observations.
Each rubber particle in the latex is negatively
charged. These negative charges prevent the latex
from coagulation. When T is added to the latex, the
hydrogen ions from T will neutralise the negative
charges on the rubber particles. As a result, the latex
coagulates immediately. When latex is exposed to the
air, hydrogen ions are produced slowly by action of
bacteria on the rubber particles. The negative charges
on the rubber particles are neutralised slowly. This
causes the latex to coagulate only after a few days.
[4 marks]
(c)Give two physical properties of vulcanised rubber
compared with unvulcainsed rubber. Describe the
[5 marks] differences in physical properties of vulcainsed and
unvulcanised rubber in terms of their structures.
12. A series of reactions involving some organic -Vulcanised rubber is stronger and more heat
compounds is shown in the diagram below. resistant than unvulcanised rubber.
- Vulcanised rubber contains sulphur cross-links
between long chains of rubber molecules.
5
- These cross-links of sulphur atoms reduce the
ability of rubber molecules to stretch and slide freely
across each other. Step 1 : Fermentation
-Thus,vulcanised rubber are harder and stronger yeast
than unvulcanised rubber. C6H12O6 (aq) → 2C2H5OH (aq)
- The addition of sulphur to the polymer chains of +2CO2(g)
rubber molecules increases the relative molecular fermentation
mass of vulcanised rubber. Ethanol is produced by the fermentation of [6 marks]
-The larger the relative molecular mass, the higher glucose. (c)Explain the difference in the sootness for both the
the melting point. members from alkane and alkene by giving examples
- Therefore, unvulcanised rubber is less sticky in hot with the same number or carbon atoms.
conditions because it is more resistant to heat and Number of carbon, n = 5
does not melt easily. Pentene, C5H10 burns with flame and produce more
[8 marks] soot than pentane, C5H12 as the percentage of carbon
13 (a) (i) Discuss an experiment that can be conducted in the molecule of pentene is higher than that of
in the laboratory to produce vulcanised rubber. pentane.
Some latex are poured into the surface of a glass plate % of carbon by mass in pentene
to obtain a layer of thin latex. In order for the latex to = mass of carbon X 100%
coagulate, leave the glass plate for 1 - 2 days.The Relative molecular mass
2000 cm3 of concentrated glucose is put into a
plate of rubber formed is removed from the glass = 12 X 5 X 100% = 60 X 100%= 85.71%
conical flask.
plate. ( 12 X 5 ) + 10 (1) 70
About 5 g of yeast paste is added into the glucose
The piece of rubber is soaked into disulphur % of carbon by mass in pentane
solution and the mixture is stirred with a glass
dichloride solution in methylbenzene for 5 minutes. =12 X 5 X100% = 60 X 100%= 83.33%
rod.
Finally, the piece of rubber is removed from the ( 12 X 5 ) + 12 (1) 72
The set-up of apparatus and the reaction is kept
solution and dried in the air. [6 marks]
aside for one week.
[5 marks] 15.The relative molecular mass of an organic
The reaction is then filtered to get rid of yeast.
(ii) What are the differences between vulcanised and compound, S, is 88. Its composition by mass is : carbon,
The filtered is transferred to a round bottomed
unvulcanised rubber? 54.5 % ; hydrogen, 9.1 % ; oxygen, 34.4 %.
flask.
Fractional distillation is carried out and ethanol (a)Determine the molecular formula for S.
with 95% impurity is distilled over at 78 oC. C H O
Natural rubber Vulcanised rubber Step 2 : Oxidation
The number of The number of double bonds CH3CH2OH (l) + 2[0] → CH3COOH (aq) + H2O % of element 54.5 9.1 36.4
double bonds is more decreases (l) Number of mol 54.5= 9.1= 36.4=
The melting point is The melting point is higher When a mixture of ethanol, potassium 4.5 9.1 2.3
lower dichromate(IV) and dilute sulphuric acid is 12 1 16
Less elastic Very elastic heated under refulx, ethanoic acid is produced. Mol ratio 4.5= 2 9.1= 4 2.3=1
Less strong and Stronger and harder Ethanol is oxidised to ethanoic acid
softer 2.3 2.3 2.3
Pour heat resistance More heat resistance The empirical formula of S is C2H4O
Easily oxidised More resistant nC2H4O = 88
[6 marks] (24 + 4 + 16 ) n = 88
(b)Give four uses of natural rubber. n=2
insulations for cables and electrical appliances, The molecular formula of S = C4H8O2
gloves, mixtures of latex cement , rubberised bitumen [4 marks]
for tarring roads and friction enhances, e.g. shoe soles (b)Compound S can be prepared from the reaction
[4 marks] between carboxylic acid, T and an alcohol,U. The
(c)Discuss the process of coagulation of latex. relative molecular masses of T and U are 60 and 46
-Latex is coagulated by adding methanoic acid or respectively. Determine the molecular formulae of
ethanoic acid. compound T and U and write the structural formulae of
-The negative charges on the surface of the T.
membrane particles of the latex will be neutralised by The molecular formula of S = C4H8O2
the H+ ions from the acid. The product from the above reaction is then CnH2n+1 COOH = 60
-The particles become neutral and come closer and transferred to a distillation flask. Ethonic acid 12n + 2n + 1 + (12 +32 + 1)
collide with one another. and water are distilled over to form dilute 14n = 14
- The rubber polymers released when the membrane ethanoic acid when the solution in distillation n=1
opened up by the collisions. flask is heated. Molecular formula of T = CH3COOH
- The rubber polymers combine and form lumps of [8 marks] The molecular formula of U
rubber. (b)Define isomerism. An organic compound with the CnH2n+1 OH = 46
-The latex is said to coagulate when the lumps of molecular formulaC4H10O can be used to prepare 12n + 2n + 1 + 16 + 1 = 46
rubber precipitate. butnoic acid.Name the organic compounds and 14 n = 28
[5 marks] determine the homologous series its belong to. Draw n=2
14.(a) Describe the steps that you can take to prepare and name all isomers. Molecular formula of U = C2H5OH
a sample of ethanoic acid from glucose. In your Isomers are compounds with similiar molecular Structural formula for T is:
description, includes the chemical equation for all the formulae but with different structural formulae.
chemical reactions that occurs. Name : Butanol
There are two steps involved in the preparation of Homologous series : alcohol
ethonoic acid from glucose. Isomers: [4 marks]
(c)(i) Ethene can be prepared from U. Describe one
experiment for the preparation of ethene from U.
Preparation of ethene from ethanol
Materials : Ethanol, glass wool and porous pot chips

6
Apparatus : Boiling tube, rubber stopper fitted with a
delivery tube, test tube, beaker, dropper, retort stand
and clamp and Bunsen bunner.
Procedure:
1 About 5 cm3 of ethanol is poured into the boiling
tube. A piece of glass wool is inserted to soak up the
ethanol.
2 Some porcelain chips are placed in the middle of
the test tube and heated strongly.
3 The glass wool soaked with ethanoal is then heated
from time to time
4 When the ethanoal vapour passes over the hot
porcelain chips, dehydration occurs and ethene is
produced.
CH3CH2OH → CH2 = CH2 + H2O
[ 3 marks ]
(ii) Describe one industrial process in which ethene can
be converted to U.
(ii) In the chemical industry, ethanol is prepared by
the hydration of ethene. When a mixture of ethene
and steam is passed over phosphoric(V) acid as a
catalyst at 300 oC and 60 atm pressure, ethanol is
produced.
C2H4 +H2O → C2H5OH
[3 marks]
(d)What will happen when natural rubber burn in air
and oxidised by ozone? Explain your answer.
(i) Natural rubber is a polymer containing the
elements carbon and hydrogen only.
When natural rubber is burnt in excess air or oxygen,
carbon dioxide and water are produced. Because the
percentage by mass of carbon in the rubber molecule
is high, the combustion of rubber produces very sooty
flames.
(ii) The natural rubber polymer chains maintains
many double bonds. Thus, natural rubber can be
oxidisied easily by ozone in the air. The oxidation
process causes the long polymer chains to decompose
and form much shorter chains. Consequently, the
rubber becomes brittle and tends to crack on
prolonged exposure to ozone.
[6 marks]
16 (a) State the characteristics of fat and oil.
Fat and oil compounds do not have taste, colour and
smell in their pure form.
Fat is in the solid form while oil is in liquid form at
room temperature.
Fat and oil are lighter than water.
Fat and oil are insoluble in water.
They dissolve sparingly in alcohol while dissolve
completely in ether.
Fats found in animal while oils found in plants and
animal.
[6 marks]
(b)Unsaturated fat has a lower melting point than
saturated fat. Explain this statement.
Unsaturated fat has double bonds.
This prevents its molecules from packing closely.
The attraction forces between molecules of
unsaturated fat is weaker than molecules of saturated
fat.
Therefore, the melting point of unsaturated fat is
lower than the saturated fat.
[4 marks]
(c)Briefly describe the synthesis of margarine in
Malaysia.
Palm oil is the source of raw material that are used to
synthesis margarine.At first, the palm oil is heated
until the temperature of about 200 oC. Nickel powder
is added as a catalyst. Under pressure of 2 - 5
atmosphere, hydrogen gas is then passed. Saturated
oil is produced from the hydrogenation process.
Milk is emulsified with saturated oil. Some flavour
are then added.
The mixture is spinned to produce a white product.
Vitamin, salt, artificial flavouring and colouring are
added.
The hardness of margarine can be controlled because
the hydrogenation process is controllable.
[10 marks]
17.(a) Explain the steps you would take to prepare
a sample of ethanoic acid from glucose. Write the
chemical equations for all the chemical reactions
that occur.
The reaction scheme for the preparation of
ethanoic acid from glucose is shown below :
Fermentation oxidation
Glucose → Ethanol → Ethanoic
acid
Step 1 step 2
Step 1 : Conversion of glucose to ethanol by
fermentation
Ethanol is produced by the fermentation of
glucose.
yeast
C6H12O6 (aq) → 2C2H5OH (aq) +
2CO2(g)
fermentation
200cm3 of concentrated glucose solution is
prepared and put into conical flask. About 5 g of
yeast paste is added to the glucose solution and
the mixture is stirred with a glass rod. The
apparatus is kept aside for about one week. The
following diagram shows the arrangement of
apparatus required to carry out the fermentation
process.
The reaction mixture is then filtered to remove
the yeast. The filtrate is transferred to a round
bottomed flask and fractional distillation is
carried out. Ethanol of 95% impurity is distilled
over at about 78 oC.
Step 2 : The conversion of ethanol to ethanoic
acid
Ethanoic acid is prepared by heating under
reflux a mixture of ethanol, potassium
dichromate(VI) solution and dilute sulphuric
acid.
In this reaction, ethanol is oxidised to ethanoic
acid.
CH3CH2OH(I) + 2[O] →CH3 COOH (aq) + H2O.
The reaction mixture is then transferred to a
distallation flask. When the solution in the
distillation flask is heated, ethanoic acid and
water are distilled over to form dilute ethanoic
acid.
[8 marks]
(b)The labels of four reagent bottles have dropped
off. However, the bottles were known to contains the
organic liquids with the following molecular
formulae :
CH3CH2CH = CHCH2CH3; CH3CH2CH2OH;
CH3(CH2)CH3 ; CH3CH2COOH
Explain how you would carry out a sequence of
chemical test to identify each of these liquids. State
the chemical equations for all reactions that occur.
(b) Step 1
7
2 cm3 of the organic liquid is taken from each bottle
and put inot separate test tubes. 2 cm3 of sodium
carbonate solution is then added to each organic
liquid in the test tube. The organic liquid that
produces gas bubbles has the molecular formula,
CH3CH2OH.
2CH3CH2COOH(aq) + NaCO3(aq)
→2CH3CH2COON(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2 (g)
Step 2
To the two remaining organic liquid add potassium
dichromate(VI) solution acidified with dilute
sulphuric acid. Then heat the mixture. The organic
acid that changes potassium dichromate(VI) from
orange to green has the molecular formula
CH3CH2CH2OH.
CH3CH2OH(I) + 2[O] →CH3CH2 COOH (aq) + H2O.
The organic liquid with the molecular formula
CH3(CH2)CH3 is the saturated hydrocarbon(alkane)
that does not react with Na2CO3(aq), Br2(aq) and
acidified K2C2O7.
Step 3
Repeat the experiment using a few drops of liquid
bromine instead if sodium carbonate solution. The
organic liquid that decolourises liquid bromine is
CH3CH2CH = CHCH2CH3
[6 marks]
(c)Identify the organic compounds X, Y, and Z from the
following information and give reasons for your choice.
Give the chemical equations for all the reactions that
occur.
(i) The compound X (H2CO2) reacts with ethanol in the
presence of a little concentrated sulphuric acid to
produce an organic compound with a fruity smell.
X reacts with an alcohol to produce an ester with a
fruity smell. X is a caboxylic acid. Since X contains
only one carbon atom per molecule, X is a methanoic
acid, HCOOH.
HCOOH + C2H5OH → HCOOH2H5 + H2O
[2 marks ]
(ii) The compound Y has the molecular formula CXHY.
One mol of Y reacts with potassium manganate(VII) to
form an organic compound with the formula C2H6O2.
(ii) Y is a unsaturated hydrocarbon because it reacts
with acidified KMnO4. Since the organic product
contains two carbon atoms, this imples that Y is
ethene, C2H4.
[2 marks ]
(ii) The compound Z contains the elements carbon ,
hydrogen and oxygen. One mol of Z reats with one mol
of NaOH. In one titration, 25 cm3 of solution Z
(concentration 2.96 gdm-3) requires 12.5 cm3 of 0.08
mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution for complete
neutralisation.
Since Z undergoes neutralisation reaction with
sodium hydroxide, Z must be a carboxylic. Let
concentration of Z = M mol dm-3
Cn H2n+1COOH +NaOH → ZNOONa +H2O
M X 25 =1 M = 0.04
0.08 X 12.5
Thus, concentration of Z is 0.04 mol dm-3.
Relative molecular mass of Z = 2.96= 74
0.04
Cn H2n+1COOH = 74
14n = 28
n=2
The formula for Z is C2H5COOH. Z is propanoic acid.
[2 marks]
PAPER3
1.A student carried out two experiments by using suitable
quantities of reagents and the correct technique to
determine the homologous series to which three
belong. Table below
substances P, Q and R
shows an experimental results for the
experiment.
Reagent/ Bromine in Powdered
Substance trichloromethane magnesium
carbonate
P Brown colour No visible change
decolourises
 Q No visible change No visible change 3 A few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid are (e)Predict what can be observed when a piece of sodium
R No visible change Gas evolved turns added to the mixture of methanol and butanoic is mixed together with the product obtained at the end of
lime water cloudly acid. this experiment.
(a)The substances P and Q, are hydrocarbon. Describe 4 The mixture is boiled for a few minutes. Sodium dissolve and colourless gas produced. A 'pop'
what is meant by 'hydrocarbon'. 5 The reaction mixture is then poured into a sound is heard when the colourless gas is tested with a
Hydrocarbon is an organic compound that contains beaker containing water and the odour of the lighting wooden splint.
the elements carbon and hydrogen only. ester produced is recorded. [2 marks]
[1 mark] 6 Steps 1 to 5 are repeated using ethanol and (f)Give two uses of the product produced in this
(b)Classify the organic compounds P, Q and R in the butanoic acid, instead of methanol and butanoic experiment.
appropriate homologous series. acid.
- As food flavouring. For example, vinegar contain
(i) Alkane : P Alkene : Q Carboxylic (e) Tabulation of data 5% of ethanoic acid.
acid : R Ion Oxidation number - Converted into esters for use as solvents.
[2 marks]
(c)Give two observations when powdered magnesium SO42- +6 [2 marks]
carbonate is added to substance R. CuCl43- +1 (g)Complete the following table
Effervescence occurs or bubbles of gas given off. ClO- +1
Powdered magnesium carbonate dissolves. NO3- +5
whereby the experiment is repeated
[2 marks]
(d)State an inference can be made with regard to the
by using the following alcohol.
functional group present in substance P. 3. Diagram below shows the set-up for reaction Alcohol Name of Molecular
The molecule of P contains double bond between between ethanol and adicific potassium product formula of the
carbon and atoms. dichromate(IV) solution. product
[1 mark] propan-1-o1 propanoic C2H5COOH
(e) (i) Give one reagent that can be used as a substitute acid
for bromine in trichloromethane in the experiment. butan-1-o1 Butanoic C3H7COOH
Potassium manganate(VII) solution acidified with acid
dilute sulphuric acid. [5 marks]
[1 mark]
(ii) Predict the observations when this reagent is added 4.The set-up of the apparatus shown in figure below is
to P, Q and R. used to investigate the effect of increasing number of
P : Purple colour is decolourised carbon atoms per molecule in alkene on the mass of
Q : No colour changes water produced during combustion.
R : No colour changes
[1 mark]
(f)Substance R is a straight chain molecule and contains
five carbon atoms per molecule. Write the IUPAC name
and structural formula of R.

(a)Write the two observation in the experiment.

[2 marks] The orange colour of potassium dichromate(IV)
2.From the experiment, esters can be solution turns green. Sour smell is noted.
[2 marks]
synthesised from carboxylic acids and (b)In the above diagram, label the flow of water.
alcohols. Synthetic esters are used for
food flavourings. The esters and their
scents is shown in the table below.
Scent Ester Carboxylic acid
Banana Pentyl ethanoate Ethanoic acid
Orange Octyl ethanoate Ethanoic acid Plan the above laboratory experiment. Your plan should
include:
Apple Methyl butanoate Ethanoic acid
Pineapple Ethyl butanoate Ethanoic acid (a) Problem statement ,(b) The three variable ,(c)
Material and apparatus
A teacher asked you to plan a laboratory experiment to
prepare two different types of esters using different (d) Procedure ,(e) Tabulation of data
alcohols but the same carboxylic acid. The two esters [17 marks]
must be chosen from the list given in table above. 30) (a)Problem statement:
Your planning should contains the following: How does the number of carbon of carbon atoms in
(a) Aim of experiment , (b) Statement ,(c) List of [1 mark] the alkene molecule affect the mass of water produced
materials and apparatus (c) (i) What is the function of potassium during combustion?
(d) Procedure , (e) Tabulation of data dichromate(VI) solution in the above experiment? (b)Manipulated variable: Types of alkenes
[17 marks] Responding variables: Mass of water
(i) As the oxidising agent
a)Aim of experiment Controlled variables: Mass of copper(II) oxide and
[1 mark]
To prepare methyl butanoate and ethyl butanoate the number of moles of alkene
using the following pairs of reagent (ii) Name the chemical that can replace the (c)Material:Nonadecene, octadecene, copper(II)
( a ) methanol and butanoic acid and (b) ethanol and potassium dichromate(VI) solution in the above oxide, lime water, water and ice
butanoic acid. experiment. Apparatus:Boiling tube, test tube, delivery tubes,
(b) Hypothesis- Different alcohols will react with the Potassium manganate(VIII) rubber stoppers, retort stand and clamp, beaker
same carboxylic acid to produce esters of different [1 mark] (d) Procedure:
colour. (d) (i) Construct an equation for this experiment. 1. 2.5 g of octadecene is mixed together with 5
(c)Materials- Methanol, ethanol, butanoic acid and spatulas of dry copper(II) oxide powder.
k Cr O H  2. The mixture is placed in a boiling tube.
concentrated sulphuric acid.
(d) Procedure
(i) C2H5OH + 2[0]
  
2 2 7
3. A test tube with side arm is weighed and then its
1 About 2 cm3 of butanoic acid is poured into a test CH3COOH + H2O mass is recorded. The test tube is then dipped in ice-
tube. [1 mark] cold water.
2 About 4 cm3 of pure methanol is added to butanoic (ii) Name the product in this reaction. 4. A delivery tube is fitted to tube and then dipped
acid. (ii) ethanol acid into lime water.
[1 mark]
8
5. The mixture is heated strongly until the black [17 marks]
copper(II) oxide turns brown. Procedure:
34) (a) Problem statement:
6. The test tube containing water is weighed and then 1.By using a measuring cylinder, measure 200 cm3 of
Do different alcohols have different heat of
its mass is recorded. distilled water and then pour into a copper container.
combustions?
7. Steps 1 - 6 are repeated by using 2.6 g of 2. After a few minutes, measure the initial
(b) Hypothesis:
nonadecene. temperature, T of the distilled water.
Different alcohols have different of combustion.
(e)Tabulation of data: 3.Fill a spirit lamp with methanol. Weigh it with its
(c) Materials:Methanol (CH3OH), ethanol
Alkene Octadecene Nonadecene cover using an electronic balance, m1.
(C2H5OH), propanol (C3H7OH), butanol
Mass of 4.Without wire gauze, place the copper container with
(C4H9OH)
empty test distilled water on the tripod.
Apparatus:Measuring cylinder, copper container,
tube (g) 5.Using a wooden block, adjust the position of spirit
spirit lamp, wooden blocks, thermometer, tripod
Mass of test lamp so that the flame of the spirit lamp is as near as
stand, wind sheild
tube with possible to bottom of the copper container.
(d)
water (g) 6.Light the wick of the spirit lamp. The heat releases
during the combustion of methanol is directly
Mass of water
transferred to the copper container to heat the water
(g)
in it.
7.Use a wind sheild to protect the flame.
8.Stir the water in the copper constantly using the
thermometer.
9.Put out the flame and record the ighesttemperature
34. You are required to design an experiment to
reachd when the rise in the temperature is 30 oC or
compare the heat of combustion for
more.
methanol, ethanol, propanol and butanol.
10.Immediately, weigh the spirits lamp with its cover
Your description of th experiment and the remaining methanol, n1.
should include the following items: 11.Steps 1 to 10 are repeated by replacing methanol
(a) Problem statement with ethanol, propanol and butanol.
(b) Hypothesis (e) Tabulation of data:
(c) Materials and apparatus
(d) Procedure
(e) Tabulation of data
Alcohols Initial mass of Final mass of spirit Mass of Initial temperature of Highest Rise temperature
spirit lamp with lamp with alcohol alcohol water temperature of of water (oC)
alcohol (g) (g) burned (oC) water (oC)
(g)
Methanol m1 n1 m1 - n1 T1 T2 T2 - T1
Ethanol m2 n2 m2 - n2 T3 T4 T4 - T3
Propanol m3 n3 m3 - n3 T5 T6 T6 - T5
Butanol m4 n4 m4 - n4 T7 T8 T8 - T7