Materials Engineering Laboratory

Heat Treatment of Steels in Different Mediums

Student Name: Khalid Alkorbi

Programme/course: DT022/3
Group: A
Date of Lab: 13/02/2018
Report due date: 27/02/2018
Lecturer: Dr Maura Kelleher
Table of Contents
Aim .............................................................................................................................................1
Background Information ............................................................................................................1
Experimental ..............................................................................................................................2
Materials ................................................................................................................................2
Machines ................................................................................................................................2
Methods .................................................................................................................................3
Results ........................................................................................................................................4
Table Data: .............................................................................................................................4
Calculations ............................................................................................................................5
Graphs ....................................................................................................................................6
Discussion.................................................................................................................................13
Conclusion ................................................................................................................................13
References ...............................................................................................................................14
Appendix ..................................................................................................................................15

Table 1 shows the hardness and dimensions of each cooling methods ..................................4
Table 2 shows the max force, extension and deflection each sample. .....................................4

Figure 1 shows Vickers hardness machine that was used to test the hardness .......................2
Figure 2 shows Lloyd machine that was used to break the sample ..........................................2
Figure 3 ......................................................................................................................................6
Figure 4 ......................................................................................................................................6
Figure 5 ......................................................................................................................................7
Figure 6 ......................................................................................................................................7
Figure 7 ......................................................................................................................................8
Figure 8 ......................................................................................................................................8
Figure 9 ......................................................................................................................................9
Figure 10 ....................................................................................................................................9
Figure 11 ..................................................................................................................................10
Figure 12 ..................................................................................................................................10
Figure 13 ..................................................................................................................................11
Figure 14 ..................................................................................................................................11
Figure 15 ..................................................................................................................................12
Figure 16 ..................................................................................................................................12

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Aim

 The first aim the of experiment was to test the hardness of Rs 681508 steel by using
Vickers hardness machine, and this steel had different cooling methods.
 The second aim was to use the tensile test machine by applying a force until it breaks
or bends.

Background Information
heat treating is a procedure applied to alternate certain behaviours of metals and alloys with a
view to make them more suitable for a particular type of software. In fashionable, heat
remedy is the time period for any system hired which adjusts the bodily properties of a steel
by means of either heating or cooling.
While properly accomplished, heat treating can substantially impact mechanical residences
together with power, hardness, ductility, longevity, and put on resistance. The huge wide
variety of provider requirements and number of alloys available make for a great kind of heat
treating operations.

The heat treatment of medium carbon steel can fundamentally change the mechanical
properties, for example, ductility, hardness, and strength of the material. heat treatment of
steel marginally influences different properties, for example, its capacity to direct heat and
power as well. An assortment of techniques exists for treating steel with warm. The carbon
and manganese content in medium carbon steel make extinguishing and hardening the most
widely recognized technique for warm treatment for this sort of steel. This procedure for the
most part includes over and again warming the steel to under 1,333°F (around 723°C) and
cooling it quickly by extinguishing it in a fluid, for example, oil, water or other cooling
methods that were used in the lab. The temperature and time of this procedure enables the
maker to absolutely control the last properties of the steel.

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Experimental
Materials
The material used in the experiment was Rs 681508, the dimensions of this material were 4
mm as width, 4 mm as height and 30 mm length. “Rs 681508 is made from medium carbon
steel (0.25-0.7 %)hardens when quenched – a quality that gives great control over
properties”. the heat-treated medium carbon steels provide tremendous load carrying ability.

Machines
1- Vickers hardness machines:
This machine was used to test the hardness of the specimen.

Figure 1 shows Vickers hardness machine that was used to test the hardness

2- Lloyds machine
This machine was used to apply force onto the specimen.

Figure 2 shows Lloyd machine that was used to break the sample

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Methods

1- the specimen was heated until it reaches a high temperature which was approximately
900 °C. When the material reaches the high temperature, a great heat intensity is
applied to the area that requires hardening. When the specimen begins to turn red, it is
time for the next step.

2- The specimen was then placed into different cooling methods to reduce the
temperature. At that point, the steel was very hard but has the chance to shatter easily.

3- after the specimen were cooled, they were wet sanded in grit sandpaper, the grit
sandpaper was used to remove the outer coating on the steel that was done in the
cooling method.

4- The specimen was placed into the Vickers hardness machine to test them three times
to get the average number.

5- Last step was to place the specimen into the Lloyd machine to do the tensile test.

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Results
Table Data:

The results were taken from the hardness test machine are listed below and also the
dimensions for each sample which id the same in each:

Table 1 shows the hardness and dimensions of each cooling methods

Cooling methods HV 1 HV 2 HV 3 HV / 3 L (mm) W (mm) h (mm)

As Received 271.6 263.4 263.4 266.13 30 4 4

Water 559.7 548.8 561.8 556.7 30 4 4

Saline 705 685 650 680 30 4 4

Air 191 180 178 183 30 4 4

Oil 243.4 244.5 241 243 30 4 4

Oven Cooled 157.6 131.7 132.7 140.6 30 4 4

Unknown 142.6 146.4 151.8 146.9 30 4 4

and this table has the results from the tensile testing of each of the samples:

Table 2 shows the max force, extension and deflection each sample.

Extension Deflection Stress

Cooling Methods Force (N)
(mm) (mm) (N/mm2)

As received 2483.5 3.9601 3.9662 155.21

Water 2113.5 1.1937 1.246 132.09
Saline 2813.1 1.2185 1.1711 175.81
Air 1886.1 4.0639 4.0096 117.88
Oil 3576.9 2.0073 1.9185 223.55
Oven cooled 1513.2 4.0085 4.0116 94.57
Unknown 1684.7 4.0628 4.0087 105.29

The force was found from the graph as max force which was applied in the samples and the
stress was calculated as dividing the force by the area of the samples.

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Calculations

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Graphs

As Received
Force (N) vs Deflection (mm)
3000

2500

2000
Force (N)

1500

1000

500

0
-0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
-500
Deflection (mm)

Force vs Deflection

Figure 3 shows force against deflection in As received

As Received
Stress (N/mm^2) vs Deflection (mm)
180
160
140
Stress (N/mm^2)

120
100
80
60
40
20
0
-0.5 -20 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
Deflection (mm)

Stress vs Deflection

Figure 4 shows stress against deflection in As received

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Water Quenched
Force (N) vs Deflection (mm)
2500

2000

1500
Force (N)

1000

500

0
-0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

-500
Deflection (mm)

Force vs Deflection

Figure 5 shows force against deflection in water quenched

Water Quenched
Stress (N/mm^2) vs Deflection (mm)
140

120

100
Stress (N/mm^2)

80

60

40

20

0
-0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
-20
Deflection (mm)

Stress vs Deflection

Figure 6 shows stress against deflection in water quenched

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Saline Cooled
Force (N) vs Deflection (mm)
3500
3000
2500
2000
Force (N)

1500
1000
500
0
-0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
-500
Deflection (mm)

Force vs Deflection

Figure 7 shows force against deflection in saline cooled

Saline Cooled
Stress (N/mm^2) vs Deflection (mm)
200
180
160
140
Stress (N/mm^2)

120
100
80
60
40
20
0
-0.5 -20 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Deflection (mm)

Stress vs Deflection

Figure 8 shows stress against deflection in saline cooled

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Air Cooled
Force (N) vs Deflection (mm)
2000

1500

1000
Force (N)

500

0
-0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5

-500
Deflection (mm)

Force vs Deflection

Figure 9 shows force against deflection in air cooled

Air Cooled
Stress (N/mm2) vs Deflection
140

120

100
Stress (N/mm2)

80

60

40

20

0
-0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
-20
Deflection (mm)

Stress vs Deflection

Figure 10 shows stress against deflection in air cooled

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Oil Cooled
Force (N) vs Deflection (mm)
4000
3500
3000
2500
Force (N)

2000
1500
1000
500
0
-0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
-500
Deflection (mm)

Force vs Deflection

Figure 11 shows force against deflection in oil cooled

Oil Cooled
Stress (N/mm^2) vs Deflection (mm)
250

200
Stress (N/mm^2)

150

100

50

0
-0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
-50
Deflection (mm)

Stress vs Deflection

Figure 12 shows stress against deflection in oil cooled

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Oven Cooled
Force (N) vs Deflection (mm)
1600

1400

1200

1000
Force (N)

800

600

400

200

0
-0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
-200
Deflection (mm)

Force vs Deflection

Figure 13 shows force against deflection in oven cooled

Oven Cooled
Stress (N/mm2) vs Deflection (mm)
100

80
Stress (N/mm2)

60

40

20

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
-20
Deflection (mm)

Stress vs Deflection

Figure 14 shows stress against deflection in oven cooled

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Unknown Cooling
Force (N) vs Deflection (mm)
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
Force (N)

800
600
400
200
0
-0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
-200
Deflection (mm)

Force vs Deflection

Figure 15 shows force against deflection in unknown cooling

Unknown Cooling
Stress (N/mm2) vs Deflection (mm)
120

100

80
Stress (N/mm2)

60

40

20

0
-0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
-20
Deflection (mm)

Stress vs Deflection

Figure 16 shows stress against deflection in unknown cooling

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Discussion

 Metals do not always possess the necessary characteristics required for form and
function in the industry. Heat treatment is just one way to change properties to more
desirable. In the heat treatment, the microstructure of the material is adjusted. The phase
shift result affects the mechanical properties such as strength, ductility, toughness,
hardness and corrosion resistance.
 The unknown specimen was compared to the all samples and as the results were shown
and clear that the unknown specimen was similar to oven cooled. The similarity was in
the values that were calculated and given and also the two graphs were shown likely
the same graph
 In the experiment were there some errors, the first error was in the tensile test because
it not gripping to the sample and it not a big issue because it is not always happening.
The second error could be the reading or the measurement and the last one could be
sanding the specimen, the readings and images that came from the Vickers hardness
machine could not be accurate as the specimen wasn’t sanded and clear enough

Conclusion
In conclusion, the purpose of this experiment is to see how the heat treatment was done to
focus on the changes and the effects that could be caused after the heating and the cooling
methods. The experiment was successfully done and achieved as the results showed above.

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References
1- Fastenal.com. (2018). Heat Treatment | Fastenal. [online] Available at:
https://www.fastenal.com/en/73/heat-treatment [Accessed 24 Feb. 2018].

2- Ismail, N., Khatif, N., Kecik, M. and Shaharudin, M. (2016). The effect of heat
treatment on the hardness and impact properties of medium carbon steel. IOP
Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, [online] 114, p.012108.
Available at: http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/114/1/012108/pdf
[Accessed 23 Feb. 2018].

3- Class notes. ( Heat Treatment).

4- CES Edu Pack. (2017). Medium Carbon steel. [Accessed 26 Feb. 2018].

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Appendix
1-  = F / A

 = 1684.7 / 16 = 105.29

2- Medium carbon steel in CES Edu pack 2017.

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