Explaining CORBA

October 1998
by Melody Brake

http://holly.colostate.edu/~mabrake

mailto: mabrake@holly.colostate.edu

Colorado State University

Fort Collins, Colorado

Acronyms

Introduction

What is CORBA?

What is an ORB?

CORBA is a standard for ORBs.

Object Management Group, www.omg.org/news/begin.htm

Why is CORBA important in a

networked environment? Acronyms

How does CORBA work? Application Programming

Interface
API -
First, ORB basics. Common Gateway Interface
CGI -
Common Object Request
CORBA -
CORBA Architecture. Broker Architecture
COM -
Common Object Model
COM,
CORBA Overall Architecture. Component Object Model
again -
Distributed COM
DCOM -
Why is CORBA better than Dynamic Invocation
DII -
COM? Interface
DSI -
Dynamic Skeleton Interface
GIOP -
COM Background. General Inter-ORB Protocol
HTTP -
HyperText Transport
IDL
COM Versus CORBA. Protocol
IIOP -
Interface Definition
OLE -
Conclusion Language
OMG -
Internet Inter-ORB Protocol
ORB -
Footnotes Object Linking and
WWW -
Embedding
References Object Management Group
 Object Request Brokers
World Wide Web To top of
page

Introduction
The web is evolving. The Web began as a unidirectional medium for publishing static
electronic documents. In 1995 the Web became an interactive medium using HTTP/CGI
(HyperText Transport Protocol/Common Gateway Interface). The exponential growth of
the Web, the popularity of PC's, and technological advances of high-speed network
access pushed the Web to the next generation, the use of distributed objects in 1996. The
HTTP/CGI technology cannot meet the new needs for long because a client object cannot
directly invoke a server object. Highly interactive conversations between components
require a scalable mediator. Two distributed object models have emerged; the Common
Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) and the Component Object Model
(COM). In June, 1997, Netscape began shipping CORBA/Java ORB with Communicator.
And the Web was dubbed the "Object Web."

The following figure illustrates this evolution of the Web.

Figure 1.

BYTE Magazine - October 1997 / Features / CORBA, Java, and the Object Web, http://www.byte.com/art/9710/sec6/art3.htm To top of
page

What is CORBA?
To explain CORBA, we must first explain ORBs.
What is an ORB?

For objects to be used across a network, a client/server relationship must be established.

The middleware that makes this happen is called the Object Request Broker (ORB). It is
the ORB's job to:

• intercept a call from the client

• find the correct object
• pass it the parameters
• invoke its method
• return the results to the client

Because the ORB can make this transaction happen between applications on different
machines in heterogeneous distributed environments, this process seems transparent to
the client. ORBs provide the flexibility of communication between different operating
systems, environments, and languages. They allow existing components to be used by
developers far and wide.

CORBA is a standard for ORBs

Of course, for this process to work well, a standard is required. A consortium of 700+
companies formed the Object Management Group (OMG) to create just such a standard.
They introduced this standard as the Common Object Request Broker Architecture
(CORBA) in 1991. According to the OMG, "CORBA allows applications to
communicate with one another no matter where they are located or who has designed
them." This standard also defined the Interface Definition Language (IDL) and the
1

Application Programming Interface (API) that makes client/server object interactions

work in a specific implementation of an ORB. To top of page

Why is CORBA important in a networked

environment?
CORBA offers many benefits to a networked environment.

1. Object reuse - CORBA allows wide-spread use of existing components.

2. Flexibility - CORBA allows developers to choose, for each component of their system,
the:

• operating system
• execution environment
• programming language
3. Processing speed - By directly invoking methods on a server, a client can pass
parameters using precompiled stubs or can generate them dynamically using CORBA's
invocation services.

4. Scalable server-to-server infrastructure - The CORBA ORB communicates with

pools of server business objects, dispatching requests to the first available object. This
provides a load balancing function for the incoming client requests. To top of page

How does CORBA work?

The ORB communication functions are central to how CORBA works, so let's look at
how the ORB works before we get to the details of CORBA.

First, ORB basics.

The ORB manages all communication between components. Notice the levels of
architecture in Figure 2.

Figure 2, "Distributed Object Computing with CORBA," http://www.cs.wustl.edu/~schmidt/corba-overview.html

The OMG ORB model can be divided into two main parts:

1. Application oriented components

o Application Interfaces
o Domain Interfaces
o Common Facilities
2. System oriented components
 o Object Request Broker
o Object Services

Regardless of the type of client application, domain, or facilities, the ORB can translate
the request to the appropriate object services. To top of page

CORBA Architecture

The pivotal component of CORBA is the ORB which is responsible for the
communication of requests, passing requests from the client to the correct object. The
details of the CORBA architecture are shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3.

"Distributed Object Computing with CORBA," http://www.cs.wustl.edu/~schmidt/corba-overview.html

The parts of this figure can be explained as follows. As described by the OMG, "The
Client is the entity that wishes to perform an operation on the object and the Object
Implementation is the code and data that actually implements the object."2 The Client
requests services through the IDL Stub or (dynamically) through the Dynamic Invocation
Interface (DII). A General Inter-ORB Protocol (GIOP) is defined to support
interoperability of different ORB products. A specification of the GIOP on TCP/IP
connection is defined as the Internet Inter-ORB Protocol (IIOP). With the help of the
Object Adapter, the ORB Core then passes the request through an IDL Skeleton or
(dynamically) through the Dynamic Skeleton Interface (DSI) to the Object. The service is
encapsulated by the object. The Interface Repository provides at runtime, both: persistent
objects with IDL information, and help in identifying the interface and operations of
objects. The Implementation Repository stores the information that ORBs use to locate
and activate implementations of objects. To top of page

CORBA Overall Architecture

The overall architecture of CORBA is divided into three layers as illustrated in Figure 4.

Figure 4.

"DCOM and CORBA Side by Side, Step by Step, and Layer by Layer," http://www.bell-labs.com/~emerald/dcom_corba/Paper.html

In the top layer (Basic Programming Architecture) a client may request an object and
invoke its methods. The server responds by creating an object instance and making it
available to the client. The middle layer (Remoting Architecture) makes it seem as if the
client and server are in the same address space. Sending data across different address
spaces requires a standard format for packing and unpacking the transmission.
Marshaling is the term used when a method call's parameters are packed at a client's
space or when return values are packed at a server's space. Unmarshaling is the
unpacking of the standard format to a data presentation appropriate for the address space
of the receiving process. The ORB serves as the object bus. The Object Adaptor connects
the Object to the ORB. The Libraries on the client-side and server-side are linked at
compile time. The bottom layer (Wire Protocol Architecture) is where the wire protocol
is specified for the support of a client and a server on different machines.

The basic architectures of CORBA and COM are similar. But they are different in many
ways. To top of page

Why is CORBA better than COM?

CORBA and COM both strive to accomplish communication between clients and servers,
but they do it in different ways and for different reasons.

COM Background

Microsoft created Object Linking and Embedding (OLE) technology in 1990 so

Windows would have cut-and-paste capabilities. OLE2 permitted embedding of one
document type inside another. This version was renamed the Common Object Model
(COM). The following version included a set of code libraries to provide the same
interfaces, plus it enabled communication between components on both networked
machines and single platforms. This was called Distributed COM (DCOM). Due to
Microsoft's Internet focus in 1995 it was renamed again to ActiveX, but is now
commonly referred to as COM, this time an acronym for the Component Object Model.

COM Versus CORBA

Although CORBA and COM both allow applications to communicate in order to use
objects, they do not accomplish this task equally well. The following comparison looks at
the usability of COM and CORBA across the Object Web.

Comparison COM CORBA

• One constant vision since
1989
• Architecture and individual
• Lack of overall specifications are vendor
architecture neutral
• Multiple retargeting and • Direction and definition are
Architecture, redefining in order to public processes, including
Definition, promote Microsoft a broad cross-industry
Specification products consensus
• Specifications are available
• Opposed to public to everyone
specifications
• Free rights to implement
software using the
specifications
Cross-Platform • Implementations work on • Implementations support
Support Microsoft operating multiple platforms,
systems including Microsoft.

• According to Microsoft
representatives, where
specification and
Microsoft
implementations differ,
 Microsoft considers its
own implementation to be
definitive.3
• C++
• Designed from the
beginning to be language-
• Support for other
neutral to accommodate a
Cross-Language programming languages
wide range of languages
Support is a problem. DCOM
including:C, C++, Ada,
requires passing C-style
Smalltalk, COBOL, Java,
memory pointers between
Visual Basic, FORTRAN
applications.
• Continuously changed
• Specifications published in
specifications and code
1991
• Key documents are
• Broad industry consensus
Maturity and available in draft form
and support
Deployment only
• Seven year use around the
• Available to end-users in
world
the last couple years
• Based on native machine
code, requiring a separate • Java mobile code easily
Support for WWW version of every object deals with cross-platform
control for every browser support
platform
• Java applets are insulated
from direct contact with the
host system by running on a
Security - All
virtual machine. This
distributed
provides a "sandbox"
communication
around the applet that
involves risk
• Compiled for C++ enforces security
without any security restrictions.
Confidentiality
restrictions • Confidentiality system
(using encryption)
• No confidentiality • Authentification system
Authentification
• No authentification • Non-repudiation system
(confirmation
ensures that users cannot
messages came from
deny their commitments
objects entitled to
later, accommodating
issue them)
international legal
requirements for security
auditing
Scalability • Not designed for large- • Designed for Internet-scale
 scale networks
• Uses reference counts that
require programmers to
applications from the
manipulate them by hand
beginning.
• No reference counts
• Uses keep alive messages
necessary
(pinging) every two
minutes. After six
• No keep alive messages
minutes of no response,
necessary
the connection between
client and server is
severed.

To sum up this comparison, COM was never designed for Internet-scale inter-object
communication. It is merely an adaptation of an architecture originally designed for a
single machine with non-distributed tasks. It falls short in efficiently handling the Object
Web. Microsoft has tried to scale its architecture to the enterprise and internet to promote
the use of Microsoft products.

Conversely, CORBA was primarily designed to support interoperability across network

boundaries. The OMG has worked toward creating standards for object component
software for the good of all who use these objects. By successfully creating
interoperability of disparate systems, CORBA is helping the evolution of the Object Web.
To top of page

Conclusion
This next generation Web must be able to handle Internet, intranet, and extranet
interactions. Business-to-business and consumer-to-business transactions are pushing the
use of distributed objects. The Web is evolving into the role of a full-blown client/server
medium of distributed computing. CORBA creates a distributed objects infrastructure
which makes activating and accessing remote objects transparent. CORBA offers a
flexibility and adaptability that give it a promising future.

Footnotes
1
CORBA for Beginners, http://www.omg.org/news/begin.htm
2
CORBA Overview, Object Management Group, 1995,
http://www.infosys.tuwien.ac.at/Research/Corba/OMG/arch2.htm#446864
3
Comparing ActiveX and CORBA/IIOP, http://www.omg.org/news/activex.htm To top of
page

References

A Brief Tutorial on CORBA, http://www.cs.indiana.edu/hyplan/kksiazek/tuto.html

BYTE Magazine - October 1997 / Features / CORBA, Java, and the Object Web,
http://www.byte.com/art/9710/sec6/art3.htm

Comparing ActiveX and CORBA/IIOP, http://www.omg.org/news/activex.htm

CORBA for Beginners, http://www.omg.org/news/begin.htm

CORBA Overview, Object Management Group, 1995,

http://www.infosys.tuwien.ac.at/Research/Corba/OMG/arch2.htm#446864

CORBA Research Overview, http://www.cs.wustl.edu/~schmidt/corba-research-

overview.html

The Corporate Use of Object Technology,

http://www.cutter.com/itgroup/reports/corpuse.htm

DCOM and CORBA Side by Side, Step by Step, and Layer by Layer, http://www.bell-
labs.com/~emerald/dcom_corba/Paper.html

Distributed Object Computing with CORBA,

http://www.cs.wustl.edu/~schmidt/corba.html

Microsoft Finally Consents to Marriage of Software Models,

http://www.omg.org/news/glea.htm

OMG's Press Releases 1998, http://www.omg.org/news/pr98/9_9.htm

Overview of CORBA, http://www.cs.wustl.edu/~schmidt/corba-overview.html To top of

page

Last Update 10/9/98

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Previous: INTRODUCTION
Next: THE CORBA ARCHITECTURE Up: INTEGRATING CONTROL SYSTEMS
TO Previous: INTEGRATING CONTROL SYSTEMS TO

INTRODUCTION
A considerable number of high-level beam dynamics (BD) applications have been
developed for the operation and monitoring of the SLS accelerator facilities. Fig. 1
captures typical components required by BD applications. Their number and demand on
computer resources motivated, in part, a desire for a distributed computing environment.
To this end, the Common Object Request Broker (CORBA), an emerging standard for
Distributed Object Computing (DOC), has been employed. Its use at the SLS has allowed
to realize the potential benefits of distributed computing, and to simultaneously exploit
features inherent to CORBA such as the interoperability between objects of different race
(language) and creed (platform).

Figure 1: DOC components serving BD applications

Complex tasks, such as the modeling of the SLS accelerators, can thus be handled by
dedicated computers, and developed into reusable components that can be accessed
through remote method invocations. Persevering with the notion of DOC and developing
the entire suite of BD components as CORBA objects, further elevates the level at which
applications are designed and implemented. Platforms hosting high-level software
applications are no longer limited to the libraries and extensions available to the host
operating system as the introduction of a CORBA middleware layer serves to extend the
developers chosen programming language. BD application developers are, henceforth,
able to focus on the specifics of the application at hand, such as determining user-friendly
Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs), rather than struggle with the intricate internals of
numerous Application Program Interfaces (APIs) and low-level communication
protocols.

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TO Previous: INTEGRATING CONTROL SYSTEMS TO
Michael Boege
2003-11-23

THE CORBA ARCHITECTURE

The most fundamental component of CORBA is the Object Request Broker (ORB)
whose task is to facilitate communication between objects. Given an Interoperable Object
Reference (IOR), the ORB is able to locate target objects and transmit data to and from
remote method invocations. The interface to a CORBA object is specified using the
CORBA Interface Definition Language (IDL). An IDL compiler translates the IDL
definition into an application programming language, such as C++, Java or Tcl/Tk,
generating IDL stubs and skeletons that respectively provide the framework for client-
side and server-side proxy code. Compilation of applications incorporating IDL stubs
provides a strongly-typed Static Invocation Interface (SII). Conversely, the Dynamic
Invocation Interface (DII) and the Dynamic Skeleton Interface (DSI) allows objects to be
created without prior knowledge of the IDL interface. Requests and responses between
objects are delivered in a standard format defined by the Internet Inter-ORB Protocol
(IIOP). Requests are marshaled in a platform independent format, by the client stub (or in
the DII), and unmarshaled on the server-side into a platform specific format by the IDL
skeleton (or in the DSI) and the object adapter, which serves as a mediator between an
object's implementation, the servant, and its ORB, thereby decoupling user code from
ORB processing. The Portable Object Adapter (POA) provides CORBA objects with a
common set of methods for accessing ORB functions, ranging from user authentication to
object activation and object persistence. It's most basic task, however, is to create object
references and to dispatch ORB requests aimed at target objects to their respective
servants. The characteristics of the POA are defined at creation time by a set of POA
policies. A server can host any number of POAs, each with its own set of policies to
govern the processing of requests. Among the more advanced features of the POA is the
servant manager which assumes the role of reactivating server objects (servants) as they
are required. It also provides a mechanism to save and restore an object's state. This,
coupled with the use of the Implementation Repository (IMR), that handles the
automated start and restart of servers, realizes object persistency. Requests for server
reactivation can, alternatively, be delegated to a single default servant which provides
implementations for many objects, thereby increasing the scalability for CORBA servers.
 Figure 2: The CORBA client-server architecture
Fig. 2 shows the components of the CORBA architectural model. The ORB core is
implemented as a runtime library linked into client-server applications.
Subsections

• Client and Server Perspectives

• Exploiting the POA
• The Event Service

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Previous: INTRODUCTION
Michael Boege
2003-11-23

Next: Exploiting the POA Up: THE CORBA ARCHITECTURE Previous: THE
CORBA ARCHITECTURE

Client and Server Perspectives

Despite the plethora of new terms and concepts introduced, CORBA, nevertheless,
remains true to the DOC objective of providing developers with familiar object-oriented
techniques with which to program distributed applications. Indeed, from the client
perspective, once an IOR is obtained (typically from a Naming Service which maps
names to object references) a remote method invocation essentially takes on the
appearance of a local function call: object- operation(arguments); whilst the
communication details of client-server programming are essentially hidden from the
client, a more intimate involvement with the ORB is required when developing servers.
In particular appropriate POA policies need to be chosen to configure object adapters that
best fulfill the requirements of the server.
Michael Boege
2003-11-23
Next: The Event Service Up: THE CORBA ARCHITECTURE Previous: Client and
Server Perspectives

Exploiting the POA

Transient and persistent objects are two categories of objects that relate to the lifespan
policies of the POA. A transient object is short-lived with a lifetime that is bounded by
the POA in which it was created. A persistent object, on the other hand, is long-lived with
a lifetime that is unbounded. It can consequently outlive the very server process wherein
it was created. This has several advantages. A server may be shutdown whenever it is not
needed to save resources. Server updates can be implemented transparently by restarting
the server. In developing a DOC environment, the command to start a server may be
replaced with a remote shell invocation and the next server instance run remotely,
without the client being aware. Persistent objects also maintain their identify after a
server crash. Whilst the POA supports and implements persistent objects, it does not
handle the administrative aspects of server activations. This is managed by the IMR
which stores an activation record for each server process; it is consulted automatically
whenever a (re-)launch of a server is mandated. Thus, by virtue of the capabilities of the
POA, and the activation techniques of the IMR, BD applications are never starved of the
servers they require.

Next: The Event Service Up: THE CORBA ARCHITECTURE Previous: Client and
Server Perspectives
Michael Boege
2003-11-23

Next: THE SLS CORBA SERVERS Up: THE CORBA ARCHITECTURE Previous:
Exploiting the POA

The Event Service

A reactive, event-based, form of programming is also supported by the CORBA Event
Service which provides services for the creation and management of CORBA event
channels. These may be used by CORBA supplier/consumer clients to propagate events
asynchronously on a push or pull basis. Event channels are created and registered with
the CORBA Naming Service allowing clients to obtain object references in the usual
manner. Communication is anonymous in that the supplier does not require knowledge of
the receiving consumers. The CORBA Event Service has been usefully employed in the
monitoring of hardware devices and in the distribution of recalibrated data to client
consumers.
Michael Boege
2003-11-23
Next: A COMPLEX CORBA APPLICATION Up: INTEGRATING CONTROL
SYSTEMS TO Previous: The Event Service

THE SLS CORBA SERVERS

Server objects, typically of persistent type, have been developed using the CORBA 2.3
compliant product MICO [1]. The services which these objects provide are briefly
reported here (for a more details see [2] and [3]):
Accelerator Model: A dedicated host (`` Model Server'' in Fig. 3) runs the servers
(``TRACY Servers'') that perform the modeling of transfer-lines, booster and storage
ring. Procedures utilize selected routines from the TRACY accelerator physics
library [4], enabling clients to employ accelerator optimization methods online.
Device Controls: The CDEV C++ class controls library provides the API to the EPICS-
based accelerator device control system. The ``CDEV Server'' running on the host ``
CORBA Server'' supplies functionality for both synchronous and asynchronous
interactions with the control system. Monitored devices and recalibrated data are
propagated to clients through CORBA event channels. Recently an interface to the EZCA
C controls library (``EZCA Server'') has been added for increased performance.
Database Access: A database server provides access to Oracle instances through the
Oracle Template Library (OTL) and the Oracle Call Interface (OCI). Methods executing
SQL statements that perform database retrieval and modification operations have been
provided.
Logging Facility: A CORBA message server has been developed using the the UNIX
syslog logging facility. Run-time messages are sent to the logger with various priority
levels, the threshold for which can be adjusted dynamically for any given servant.

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SYSTEMS TO Previous: The Event Service
Michael Boege
2003-11-23

Next: The Slow Orbit Feedback Up: INTEGRATING CONTROL SYSTEMS TO

Previous: THE SLS CORBA SERVERS

A COMPLEX CORBA APPLICATION

One of the most complex CORBA applications at the SLS is the implementation of a
slow and the system integration of a fast global orbit feedback system. The system is
based on 72 Beam Position Monitors (BPMs) and 72 correctors in the horizontal and
vertical plane distributed around the storage ring. The corrector/BPM response matrix is
``inverted'' using SVD in case of a non quadratic response matrix taking into account all
eigenvalues. The realization of the global orbit feedback has been carried out in two
steps. A Slow Orbit Feedback (SOFB) with relaxed requirements ( 3 Hz correction
rate) is in operation since August 2001 [5]. The experience gained with the various
subsystems served as a basis for the implementation of a Fast Orbit Feedback (FOFB)
(4 KHz orbit sampling rate) which is presently under commissioning [6].
Subsections

• The Slow Orbit Feedback (SOFB)

• The Fast Orbit Feedback (FOFB)

Michael Boege
2003-11-23

Next: The Fast Orbit Feedback Up: A COMPLEX CORBA APPLICATION Previous:
A COMPLEX CORBA APPLICATION

The Slow Orbit Feedback (SOFB)

Since the beginning of SLS operation global orbit corrections have been successfully
applied manually by the operators with the help of the Tcl/Tk CORBA GUI ``oco Client''.
Due to the inherent modularity of the CORBA environment, thoroughly tested underlying
CORBA components like the ``TRACY Server'' and the ``CDEV Server'' could be
combined to implement the SOFB. In this case the operator is ``replaced'' by a C++
CORBA client (``Feedback Client'') which initiates an orbit correction at a given rate (see
Fig. 3).
 Figure: Schematic View of the SOFB: the ``Feedback Client'' on the `` Model Server''
level replaces the operator driven GUI ``oco Client'' on the `` Console'' level. It gets BPM
data from the ``BPM Server'', asks the ``TRACY Server'' for the model predicted
corrector pattern and applies the correction through the ``CDEV Server''.
For the SOFB the digital BPM system [7] is operated in an injection triggered mode
which provides ``stroboscopic'' position readings averaged over 2 ms at a rate of 3 Hz
with a resolution 0.3 m. A ``BPM Server'' monitors, collects and sends the BPM
data to the ``Feedback Client'' with 2 Hz. A low pass filter is applied to several successive
BPM data sets. The data are then sent to the ``TRACY Server'' which predicts a corrector
pattern to restore the ``Golden Orbit'' which is defined by the orbit centered in the
quadrupoles. Additionally, local bumps at the location of the insertion devices are taken
into account in order to steer the photon beam according to the demands of the
experiments. Finally, the proposed correction is applied by toggling between the
horizontal and the vertical plane resulting in a SOFB correction rate of 0.4 Hz.

Next: The Fast Orbit Feedback Up: A COMPLEX CORBA APPLICATION Previous:
A COMPLEX CORBA APPLICATION
Michael Boege
2003-11-23

Next: CONCLUSION Up: A COMPLEX CORBA APPLICATION Previous: The Slow

Orbit Feedback

The Fast Orbit Feedback (FOFB)

In the SLS storage ring a properly chosen BPM/corrector layout leads to an ``inverted''
response matrix where only the diagonal and their adjacent coefficients have non zero
values. Thus, corrector settings are only determined by position readings from nearby
BPMs [8]. This feature allows to run the FOFB decentralized, integrated in the 12 BPM
stations of the storage ring where each of the stations handles 6 BPMs and correctors.
The BPM data are transmitted over fiber optic links between adjacent stations. In order to
provide well defined starting conditions for the FOFB the SOFB corrects the orbit to
5 m rms. The FOFB gets initialized and started through the SOFB which downloads
the ``Golden Orbit'', 6 6 sub-matrices of the ``inverted'' 72 72 response matrix, 1 6
sub-matrices of the ``inverted'' 72 1 off-energy response matrix and the FOFB loop PID
parameters to the BPM stations (see Fig. 3). The SOFB continues to run in a ``watchdog''
like passive mode without touching any corrector other than the RF frequency. But it
keeps monitoring BPM and corrector values. Whenever a BPM is switched off, declared
faulty or a corrector is close to saturation the FOFB is stopped and restarted with adapted
settings. The off-energy content of the horizontal orbit is taken into account by the FOFB
but corrected by the SOFB.

Next: CONCLUSION Up: A COMPLEX CORBA APPLICATION Previous: The Slow

Orbit Feedback
Michael Boege
2003-11-23