Research

Methodology
Design and Process

By
SHAYA’A OTHMAN

Centre for Graduate Studies

INSANIAH University College, Kedah Malaysia
Presented by
Shayaa Othman
Centre for Graduate Studies
 Types of Research
2.1 Pure and Applied Research
2.2 Qualitative and Quantitative Research
2.3 Research Process
2.3 Research Proposal
2.6 Ethics in Research
OVERVIEW OF DISCUSSION : RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Process – Formulating of Research Question [s]

Research Process – Research Proposal
Research Process – RESEARCH DESIGN
Research Design – Design Strategy
Research Design - Qualitative & Quantitative Research
Research Design - Data Collection Design
Research Design – Sampling Design
Research Design – Pilot Testing
Research - Research Hypotheses
Research - Characteristics of Sound Research
 PURE RESEARCH
APPLIED RESEARCH Study and research on
Study & research that seeks
pure science that is meant
to solve practical problems.
to increase our scientific
Applied research is used to
knowledge base. This
find solutions to everyday
type of research is often
problems, cure illness, and
purely theoretical with
develop innovative
the intent of increasing
technologies.
our understanding of
certain phenomena or
Applie

re
PRO
d behavior but does not

Pu
seek to solve or treat

CESS
DEFINATION these problems.

ETHICAL ISSUES
RESEARCH 1. Participants
•Truthful
•Right to Privacy
ETHICS
P ES •Right to be informed
•Protection
tative
TY 2. Researcher
Qua li
ta tive + Quantit •Purpose of Research is Research
Quanti Qualitative
ative
•Objectivity
•Misrepresentation of Research
Mix Quantitative •Confidentiality
& Qualitative Qualitative Quantitativ •Dissemination of Faulty
Research Research e Research Conclusion
 1. PROCESS OF FOURMULATING
RESEARCH QUESTION [S]
[Proses Menggubal Soalan Penyelidikan]
2. RESEARCH PROPOSAL PROCESS
Process Cadangan Penyelidikan
 3. RESEARCH DESIGN
[Reka Bentuk Penyelidikan ]
 Design Strategy
[ Type, Purpose, Time - Dimension, Scope, Environment ]
1. Types of Research

2. Purpose of Study
[a] Descriptive Studies : Research is
concerned with finding out who, what, where, when, or
how many.
[b] Causal Studies: Research is concerned with
learning why –that is, how one variable produces
changes in another – it causal.. Explaining relationships
among variables
3 Time Dimension ;
[a] Cross-sectional Studies : Study carried out once and represent snap-shot of one
point at a time.
[b] Longitudinal Studies: Study repeated over an extended period
4. Scope :
[a] Statistical Studies: Designed for breath rather than depth. Hypotheses tested
quantitatively. Inferences and Generalization of population. From samples.
[b] Case Studies : Hypotheses tested qualitatively. May provide major challenges to
theory & for new hypothesis
5. Research Environment ; Field Conditions or laboratory conditions or simulation
Qualitative
Research
 COMPARING QUALITATIVE & QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

Qualitative RESEARCH Quantitative

Research ASPECT Research
Discover Ideas, with General Test Hypotheses or Specific
Research Objects COMMON PURPOSE Research Questions

Observe and Interpret Measure and Test

APPROACH

Unstructured. Free Form DATA COLLECTION Structured Response

APPROACH Categories Provided

Research is intimately RESEARCHER Researcher uninvolved

involved. Results are
subjective
Small samples –Often in
Natural setting
INDEPENDENCE Observer. Results are
Objective
Large samples to Produce
Generalizable Results
SAMPLES [Results that Apply to Other
Situations]
 Data Collection Design
[Reka Bentuk Pengumpulan Data ]
 Sampling Design
Quantitative Research
[Reka Bentuk Sampel – Penyelidikan Kuantitatif ]
 COMPARISION OF PROBABILITY SAMPLING DESIGN

SAMPLING DESIGN DESCRIPTION ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Simple Random Each population element Easy to implement with Requires a listing of
has equal chance of being automatic dialing population elements.
selected into the sample. [random digit dialing] More time to implement.
Sample drawn using and with computer voice Use larger sample sizes.
random number response system. Produces larger errors.
table/generator Expansive

Systematic Selects an element of the Simple to design. Easier Periodicity within the
population at a beginning to use than Simple population may skew the
with a random start and Random. sample and result.
following the sample Easy to determine If the population list has
fraction selects every kth sampling distribution of a monotonic trend, a
items mean or proportion. Less biased estimate will
expansive than simple result based on the start
random point.

Stratified Divides population into Researcher controls Increased error will result
sub-populations or strata sample size in strata. if subgroups are selected
and uses simple random Increased statistical at different rates.
on each strata. Results efficiency. Expansive.
may be weighted and Provides data to Especially expansive if
combined represent and analyze strata on the population
subgroups. has to be created.
Enables use of different
methods in strata.

Continued next page

COMPARISION OF PROBABILITY SAMPLING DESIGN
[Continuation from previous page]

SAMPLING DESIGN DESCRIPTION ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Custer Population is divided Provides an unbiased Often lower statistical

into internally estimate of population efficiency [more errors
heterogeneous sub- parameter if properly due to sub group being
groups. Some are done. homogenous rather
randomly selected for Economically more than heterogeneous.
further study efficient than simple
random.
Lowest cost per
sample, especially with
geographic clusters.
Easy to do without
population lists
Double [ Sequential Process includes May reduce costs if Increased costs if
or Multiphase] collecting data from a first stage results in indiscriminately used.
sample using a enough data to stratify
previously defined or cluster the
technique; based on population
the information
found, selecting for
sub samples for
further study.
 PILOT TESTING

PILOT TESTING

• It is meant to detect weakness in design

and instrumentation.
• If the survey is big than a complete pilot
testing may be carried out to detect
weakness at all levels – design &
instrumentation, suitability of sampling
design, and also the adequacy of data for
statistical analysis.
• A pilot testing may be carried out restricted
to data collection activities only.
• The cost of the Research study, as well as
its time frame, may be estimated from the
pilot study.
• It helps to refine the Research Hypotheses
HYPOTHESES TESTING

Formulate Preliminary
Hypotheses

Preliminary
Analysis Planning

Refine Hypotheses

Data Visualization

Hypotheses Testing
Characteristics of Sound
Research
[Ciri-ciri Penyelidikan Yang Baik ]