IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS, VOL. 54, NO.

1, JANUARY 2018 2000206

Effect of Silicon Content on Iron Loss and Magnetic Domain

Structure of Grain-Oriented Electrical Steel Sheet
S. Takajo ( ) , T. Hiratani ( ), T. Okubo ( ), and Y. Oda ( )
Steel Research Laboratory, JFE Steel Corporation, Kurashiki, Okayama 712-8511, Japan

Increasing the silicon content in non-grain-oriented (NO) electrical steel sheets is known to decrease iron loss by changing electrical
resistivity and magnetostriction behavior. However, few studies on the effect of high silicon contents in grain-oriented (GO) electrical
steel have been reported. One of the major differences in the iron loss of GO and NO is that excess eddy current loss, which has a
strong relationship with the magnetic domain structure, is more dominant in total iron loss in GO. In this paper, high silicon GO
was prepared by the CVD siliconizing method, which has the advantage that the silicon content can be changed without changing
the crystal grain size and crystallographic texture of the specimen. It was found that iron loss was reduced as the silicon content
was increased, and 6.5 mass% silicon steel showed about half the hysteresis loss of conventional 3 mass% silicon steel, but the eddy
current loss in 6.5 mass% silicon steel was equivalent to or slightly larger than that in 3 mass% silicon steel. Magnetic domain
observation and calculations suggested that this difference was a result of coarsening of the magnetic domains in the high silicon
steel.
Index Terms— 6.5% silicon steel, grain-oriented (GO) electrical steel, iron loss, magnetic domain structure.

I. I NTRODUCTION

T HE effect of the silicon content in non-grain-

oriented (NO) electrical steel has been extensively inves-
tigated since its manufacturing method was established [1], [2],
and NO containing 6.5 mass% silicon has been found to show
excellent magnetic properties such as small magnetostriction
and large magnetic permeability [3]. However, only very
limited research has been reported on grain-oriented (GO)
electrical steel sheets with high silicon contents [4]–[7]. In loss
investigations, iron loss is commonly divided into hysteresis
loss, classical eddy current loss, and excess eddy current loss,
as first successfully formulated by Bertotti [8]. The ratio of
excess eddy current loss to total iron loss is large in GO,
and this is related to the magnetic domain structure. Recently,
the magnetic domain structure of GO has been controlled by Fig. 1. CVD siliconizing apparatus.
several techniques such as groove forming, scratching, and
laser scribing the steel surface to improve excess eddy current
loss [9], [10]. Interestingly enough, Honma [11] suggested that in the 6.5 mass% silicon steel, based on observation of the
the magnetic domain structure would not be refined by laser magnetic domain structure and calculations.
irradiation of the surface of 6.5 mass% silicon steel, which
is one technique used to induce strain in steel, but it could
be refined by grooving the surface. However, the 3 mass% II. E XPERIMENTAL M ETHOD
and 6.5 mass% silicon steels used in those experiments GO containing 5 and 6.5 mass% silicon were manufactured
would have mutually different crystal grain sizes or crys- by a chemical displacement reaction between the silicon steel
tallographic textures because their rolling deformation and sheet (substrate) and the reaction gas SiCl4 in an inert gas
annealing processes are assumed to be different. atmosphere at 1473 K. The substrate was 3 mass% silicon
In this paper, we investigate the effect of the silicon content steel. The insulating coating and forsterite layer were removed
on iron loss and the magnetic domain structure of GO by by using an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide and an
changing the silicon content from 3 to 5 and 6.5 mass% aqueous solution of hydrogen fluoride, respectively. The steel
by the CVD siliconizing method [1], and discuss the effect had a Goss-oriented crystallographic texture, and the deviation
of the magnetic domain structure on iron loss, especially angle between the (110) plane and surface was about 2°. Both
surfaces of the specimen were chemically polished to obtain a
Manuscript received October 28, 2016; revised December 23, 2016 and
May 29, 2017; accepted September 15, 2017. Date of publication October 24, sample material with the thickness of 0.15 mm. The specimen
2017; date of current version December 20, 2017. Corresponding author: width and length were 30 and 320 mm, respectively. The
S. Takajo (e-mail: s-takajo@jfe-steel.co.jp). rolling direction corresponded to the longitudinal direction.
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available
online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. Fig. 1 shows the CVD siliconizing apparatus. A silicon
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TMAG.2017.2759103 enriched layer in the specimen surface was formed by the
0018-9464 © 2017 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
2000206 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS, VOL. 54, NO. 1, JANUARY 2018

following reaction in a mixed SiCl4 and Ar atmosphere:

SiCl4 + 5Fe = Fe3 Si + 2FeCl2 . (1)
The total amount of silicon in the specimen was controlled
by changing the reaction time at 1473 K. The siliconized
specimen was annealed again at 1373 K for 3 h in an Ar
atmosphere to obtain a homogeneous silicon distribution in
the sheet thickness direction. The specimen was then cooled
in the furnace at a rate of 50 °C/h or less to around room
temperature. Fig. 2. Schematic of magnetic domains near grooves.
Iron loss was measured by the single sheet test method
under sinusoidal magnetizations of 0.5, 1.0, or 1.5 T maximum
successive grooves (7 mm), and the grain size in the
induction and 50, 400, or 1000 Hz frequency. Hysteresis loss
rolling direction (20 mm), respectively.
was measured at 0.01 Hz, and eddy current loss was calculated
2) The Laplace equation (3) was solved under the boundary
by subtracting the obtained hysteresis loss from total iron loss.
conditions. When calculating the magnetic scalar potential
The magnetostriction wave during magnetic excitation was
near the steel surface, the Laplace equation was solved
measured under sinusoidal magnetization of 1.0 T maximum
with boundary conditions (4) and (5), where ϕ out and ϕ in
induction and 50 Hz frequency with a laser Doppler vibrom-
are the magnetic scalar potential outside and inside the
eter, and the peak-to-peak values and 0-to-peak values of the
steel, respectively. Here, the surface position is set to
magnetostriction waves were characterized as λp−p and λ0−p ,
be “z = t/2,” ρ is magnetic pole generated on the
respectively.
surface, μ0 is the vacuum permeability and μ∗ is the
The surface magnetic domain was observed by using a
magnetic permeability inside the steel in the direction
Domain Viewer manufactured by Dr. Brockhaus Messtechnik
parallel to the surface, which is expressed as (6). Thus,
GmbH and Co., KG mounted on the specimen. The magnetic
the magnetic scalar potentials were calculated and that
particle in the viewer was moved by the stray field of the
inside the steel was expressed as (7). When solving the
specimen, and the pattern of the particle reflected the surface
Laplace equation near the groove surfaces, μ+ ∗ and μ∗−
domain structure of the specimen. Before the magnetic domain
for the two kinds of groove walls in (8) were used for the
observation, the specimens were demagnetized to the rolling
magnetic permeability inside the steel
direction with a decreasing ac field at 50 Hz.
In some of the steels, one surface was scratched by using
ϕ = 0 (3)
a ball-point pen or grooved by localized electrolytic etching
ϕz=t
out
/2+0 = ϕz=t
in
/2−0 (4)
perpendicular to the rolling direction. The pen pressure was  
about 100 MPa, which was estimated by using pressure- ∂ϕ out 
 ∗  ∂ϕ in 
μ0 − μ μ = ρz=t /2
∂z z=t /2+0 ∂z z=t /2−0
0
sensitive paper. The grooves were 30 μm in depth and 150 μm
in width. The interval of the scratches and grooves was 7 mm (5)
in the rolling direction. I 2
μ∗ = 1 + s
(6)
2μ0 K 1
III. C ALCULATION M ETHOD
4Is d sin β
In this paper, the width of the 180° domain was calculated ϕm
in
=
μ0 π 2
analytically. The total magnetic energy ε of the steel was ∞
 sin(nπ/2) cos(nπ x/2) sinh(−nπ z/d)
composed of magnetostatic energy εm and wall energy εw as ×
expressed in (2). The magnetostatic energy generated at the sinh(nπt/2d) + μ∗ cosh(nπt/2d)
n=1
sidewall of the grooves was described as εmg [12], and that at (7)
the surface of the steel [13] as εms Is2 cos2 (χ) sin2 (β ± κ)
μ∗± = 1 + . (8)
ε = εm + εw = εmg+ + εmg− + εms + εw . (2) 2μ0 K 1
The energy derived from surface supplementary domains, 3) The magnetostatic energy was calculated by using (9).
such as lancets, is not considered here. The calculation proce- For the magnetostatic energy at the material surface,
dure is as follows. (10) was obtained. For the groove surfaces of one sidewall
1) The material was modeled as expressed in Fig. 2, where and the other sidewall, (11) and (12) were obtained,
the constants Is , d, h, α, β, κ, χ, t, w, l, and l g respectively [12]
denote the saturation magnetization, the width of the 180° 
1
magnetic domain, the groove depth (20 μm), the tilt angle εm = ρsurface ϕsurface dv/v (9)
of [100] from the rolling direction (3.0°), the tilt angle 2
∞
of [100] from the surface of the steel (1.9°), the tilt 8I 2 d sin2 β  1
εms = s 3 · ∗
· lg
angle of the groove wall (60°), the tilt angle of the π μ0 n {1+μ coth (nπt/2d)}
3
n=1
groove (0°), the sheet thickness (0.15 mm), the inclination (odd)

angle of the domain wall (30.8°), the spacing between (10)

TAKAJO et al.: EFFECT OF SILICON CONTENT ON IRON LOSS AND MAGNETIC DOMAIN STRUCTURE
Fig. 3. Effect of silicon content on iron loss.
∞  ∞
4Is2 cos2 (χ) cos2 (β − κ)h 2  1
εmg− = · dx
π 3 μ0 (1 + μ∗− ) n2 0
n=1
(odd)
sin2 x lg
× 
x2 x2 + {nπh cos (χ)/2d cos (β
∞  ∞
4Is2 cos2 (χ) cos2 (β + κ)h 2  1
εmg+ = · dx
π 3 μ0 (1 + μ∗+ ) n2 0
n=1
(odd)
sin2 x
× 
x 2 x 2 +{nπh cos(χ)/2d cos(β + κ)}2
The wall energy was calculated by using (13). Here,
ω is the inclination angle of the 180° magnetic domain wall
to the normal to material surface [14]. K 1 , Ak , and a denote
the magnetic crystalline anisotropy constant, the exchange
stiffness constant and the lattice constant, respectively, and
depend on the silicon content [15] as well as Is
εw = γ tl/d · l g / cos(ω)
 at high frequencies, suggesting that the iron loss in the high
γ = 2.76 Ak K 1
Ak = 4.32 × 10−21 /a.
The domain width d was determined so as to minimize the
total magnetic energy (2).
IV. R ESULTS AND D ISCUSSION
The iron loss depending on the silicon content is shown
in Fig. 3. The average of data for five samples is plotted,
together with bars showing the range between the maximum
and minimum. When silicon was added to the 3 mass%
silicon steel, iron loss gradually decreased in the range up
to 5.0 mass%, but decreased sharply between 5.0 mass%
and 6.5 mass%. The hysteresis loss and eddy current loss
measured at different frequencies are shown in Fig. 4. With
the addition of silicon up to 6.5 mass%, the hysteresis loss
decreased drastically to almost half of that at 3 mass%, but
the eddy current loss measured at 50 Hz increased slightly.
The eddy current was decomposed into classical eddy current
loss and excess eddy current loss. The classical eddy current
2
loss Pcl was calculated by Pcl = π 2 Bm2 f t 2 /6ρσ , where
Bm , f , ρ, and σ are the maximum value of the flux density
2000206
Fig. 4. Effect of silicon content on hysteresis loss and eddy current loss.
·
− κ)}2 l
(11)
Fig. 5. Magnetostriction of 3 mass% and 6.5 mass% silicon steel.
during excitation, excitation frequency, electrical resistivity,
lg
· . and density, respectively. At the frequency of 50 Hz, it was
l found that the classical eddy current loss was decreased but
(12) excess eddy current loss was increased more by adding silicon.
At the higher frequencies, eddy current loss became more
dominant in total iron loss, and the ratio of classical eddy
current loss over total eddy current loss became larger. The
total eddy current loss at 400 Hz or 1000 Hz of the 6.5 mass%
silicon steel was lower than that of the 3 mass% silicon steel
due to the large decrease in classical eddy current loss by
adding silicon, but excess eddy current loss was increased by
(13) adding silicon and was still dominant in total iron loss, even
(14)
silicon steel was mainly derived from the magnetic domain
(15) structure. The increase of excess eddy current loss by silicon
addition was not observed in the previous study [4], possibly
due to the sample thickness.
Magnetostriction is shown in Fig. 5. The λ0−p or λp−p
showed drastic decreases when silicon was added up
to 6.5 mass%, and the 6.5 mass% GO showed nearly zero
magnetostriction. Because magnetostriction is considered to
induce hysteresis loss [16], the near-zero magnetostriction
would have contributed to the low total iron loss of the
6.5 mass% GO.
The iron loss of one sheet of 3 mass% GO and siliconized
6.5 mass% GO are shown in Table I. The data at higher
excitation frequencies and of 6.5 mass% NO with the thickness
of 0.15 mm manufactured by the same CVD process are
also shown for the reference. Under every magnetic excitation
condition except 0.5 T/400 Hz, the iron loss of GO was
reduced by adding silicon up to 6.5 mass%. Compared with
6.5 mass% NO, the 6.5 mass% GO showed much larger
eddy current loss. This is because of the small magnetic
domains in the 6.5 mass% NO whose average crystal grain
size was 0.26 mm. However, in the low frequency and high
2000206
TABLE I
I RON L OSS OF 3 mass% AND 6.5 mass% S ILICON S TEELS
Fig. 6. Effect of silicon content on the reduction of iron loss after domain
refinement. Total iron loss (top) and eddy current loss (bottom).
Bm measurement range where hysteresis loss was dominant
over eddy current loss, the 6.5 mass% GO showed lower total
iron loss than the 6.5 mass% NO, although this superior loss
was only obtained in the rolling direction.
The effect of the silicon content on the reduction in iron loss
at 1.0 T/50 Hz by domain refinement by scratching or grooving
is shown in Fig. 6. Both domain refinement techniques resulted
in a reduction of more than 0.05 W/kg in the eddy current
loss of the 3 mass% silicon steel. With the scratching method,
the reduction in iron loss decreased as the silicon content
increased and reached almost zero at around 6.5 mass%.
On the other hand, when the surface grooving method was
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS, VOL. 54, NO. 1, JANUARY 2018
Fig. 7. Magnetic domain structures before and after grooving.
applied, the reduction in iron loss was about 0.05 W/kg and
was nearly constant with silicon contents in the range between
3 and 6.5 mass% silicon. The loss reductions at the higher
excitation frequencies, 400 and 1000 Hz, were also measured
but did not show obvious difference between scratching and
grooving because of the large data variability.
The magnetic domain structures before and after grooving
and scratching are shown in Figs. 7 and 8, respectively. As the
previous study suggested, a larger domain width was observed
in the 6.5 mass% silicon steel than that in the 3 mass% silicon
steel. The wedge-shaped domains observed frequently in the
180° domain of the 3 mass% silicon steel are hardly seen in the
6.5 mass% silicon steel, but new domain walls inclined by 45°
with respect to 180° domain walls have appeared, as shown by
the red circle in Figs. 7 and 8. The width of the 180° domain
was not uniform in the 6.5 mass% silicon steel.
Distinctive traits of scratches or grooves were observed
in the magnetic domain pattern, but were relatively
unclear or partly unformed in the 6.5 mass% scratched steel.
The trait of a scratch in the magnetic domain structure
is considered to be a magnetic domain magnetized in the
transverse direction (transverse magnetic domain), which is
stabilized by the residual stress induced by scratching the
steel surface. Given that the residual stress distribution in the
6.5 mass% scratched steel studied here is almost identical
to that in the previous study [17], it was predicted that this
TAKAJO et al.: EFFECT OF SILICON CONTENT ON IRON LOSS AND MAGNETIC DOMAIN STRUCTURE
Fig. 8. Magnetic domain structures before and after scratching.
trait would occur if the magnetostriction contrast λ100 was
positive. In the 6.5 mass% silicon steel, λ100 is close to zero
but is positive, so a slight trait would be observed. Once
a transverse magnetic domain is formed, the width of the
180° domains becomes smaller; otherwise, the magnetostatic
energy would increase due to free magnetic poles near the
transverse magnetic domains, which would block the flow of
the magnetic field in the rolling direction.
The domain width in the 3 mass% silicon steel decreased
after each of the domain refinement schemes of groov-
ing or scratching was applied. The domain width in the
6.5 mass% silicon steel also showed domain refinement after
grooving, but displayed less change after scratching. Grooving
would produce a magnetic pole on the groove wall and would
refine the domain, while the transverse magnetic domain in the
6.5 mass% scratched steel would be too small for magnetic
poles to form, resulting in a little domain refinement effect.
The widths of the measured and calculated 180° mag-
netic domains are shown in Fig. 9. As in previous studies,
the calculated domain width was smaller than the measured
width, so the width was normalized by the domain width
of the 3 mass% silicon steel without grooving. Both the
experimental and calculated data showed the increase of the
domain width as the silicon content increased, and the domain
width suddenly became much larger in the high silicon region
before grooving. From the calculation, this coarse domain
2000206
Fig. 9. Effect of silicon content on the magnetic domain width. The relative
values against 3 mass% silicon steel before grooving.
Fig. 10. Effect of silicon content on the average inclination angle of magnetic
moment.
was considered to be due to the smaller K 1 value. Because
the higher silicon steel has a smaller magnetic crystalline
anisotropy constant K 1 [15], a larger μ∗ effect [14] occurred
and the magnetostatic energy at the surface of the steel εms
became smaller according to (6) and (10). To investigate the
μ∗ effect more quantitatively, the average inclination angle
of the magnetic moment θ from the surface of the steel was
roughly estimated from (13). Here, it was considered that the
diamagnetic field Hd which was derived from the magnetic
potential in (7) decreased the magnetic pole density on the
steel surface from Is sin β to Is sin θ . Fig. 10 shows the effect
of the silicon content on the estimated average inclination
angle of the magnetic moment. The inclination angle was
found to be reduced by an increase of the Si content. Owing
to the small inclination angle, the 6.5 mass% silicon steel
had lower magnetostatic energy, which resulted in the larger
magnetic domain width. According to Pry and Bean [18], eddy
current loss is proportional to the domain width. The reason
why the eddy current loss was not decreased by adding silicon
up to 6.5 mass% in spite of the resistivity enhancement was
possibly because of the expansion of the domain width

Is (sin β − sin θ) = μ0 μ∗ Hd dv/v
   
4μ0 μ∗ d/2 t /2 ∂ϕ in
= dzd x − . (16)
dt 0 0 ∂z
The observed magnetic domain structures in the vicinity
of the groove are shown in Fig. 11. In the 3 mass% sili-
con steel, several spike-shaped domains were observed near
the scratching line, but no such domains were observed in
the 6.5 mass% silicon steel, possibly because of the large
μ∗ effect.
2000206
Fig. 11. Magnetic domain structures in vicinity of groove.
Fig. 12. Tensile stress dependence of iron loss of grooved steel.
Commercial GO is given a tensile coating to achieve a
further reduction of iron loss. Therefore, to simulate the
coating effect, we applied uniaxial tensile stress to the grooved
steel in the rolling direction and measured the resulting iron
loss. Fig. 12 shows the tensile stress dependence of the iron
loss of the grooved steel. It was found that the 3 mass% silicon
steel showed a large decrease in iron loss after stressing, but
the decrease in the 6.5 mass% silicon steel was very slight.
This tensile stress is considered to decrease the amount of
lancets in steel, and thus would reduce the excess eddy current
loss generated by their creation and annihilation. However,
the 6.5 mass% silicon steel contained so few lancets that only
a very small iron loss improvement would be obtained.
V. C ONCLUSION
This paper confirmed that iron loss in GO electrical steel
without a coating was decreased under most of the magnetic
excitation conditions by increasing the addition of silicon from
3 mass% up to 6.5 mass%. Iron loss at 1.0 T/50 Hz and at a
silicon content of about 6.5 mass% showed a much lower value
than that before siliconizing. This was the result of a large
improvement of hysteresis loss. On the other hand, the eddy
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS, VOL. 54, NO. 1, JANUARY 2018
current loss in the 6.5 mass% silicon steel was slightly larger
than that in the 3 mass% silicon steel. The magnetic domain
structure was observed by using magnetic colloids, and the
domain width was found to be increased in the 6.5 mass%
silicon steel. This tendency was confirmed by calculations,
and was mainly affected by a decrease in the magnetic crys-
talline anisotropy constant. The effect of domain refinement by
grooving or scratching was also investigated. In the 6.5 mass%
silicon steel, iron loss at 1.0 T/50 Hz was reduced 0.05 W/kg
by grooving, but the effect of scratching on iron loss was
smaller. As tensile coatings are applied to commercial GO,
the effect of tensile stress was also investigated. The iron
loss of the 3 mass% silicon steel was drastically decreased by
applying uniaxial tensile stress, but only a very slight decrease
was observed in the 6.5 mass% silicon steel.
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