Definitions

1. Pretensioning - Any method of prestressing concrete members in which the reinforcement is

tensioned before the concrete is placed.
2. Posttensioning - Any method of prestressing concrete members in which the reinforcement is
tensioned after the concrete is placed.
3. Full prestressing - Degree of prestress applied to concrete in which no tension is permitted in
the concrete under the working loads.
4. Partial prestressing - Degree of prestress applied to concrete in which some tension is permitted
in the concrete under the working loads.
5. Linear prestressing - prestressing in all other members is termed linear.
6. Circular prestressing - refers to prestressing in round members like tanks and pipes
7. Transfer - The transferring of prestress to the concrete. For pretensioned Members, transfer
take, place at the release of prestress from the bulkheads: for posttensioned members it takes
place after the completion of the tensioning process.
8. Bonded - Reinforcement bonded throughout its length to the surrounding concrete.
9. Unbonded reinforcement - Reinforcement not bonded throughout its length to the surrounding
concrete.
10. Anchored - Reinforcement anchored at its ends by means of mechanical devices capable of
trans-mitting the tensioning force to the concrete.
11. Non-end-anchored reinforcement - Reinforcement not anchored at its ends by means of
mechanical devices capable of trans-mitting the tensioning force to the concrete.
12. Prestressed reinforcement - Reinforcement in prestressed -concrete members, which are
elongated (not elongated) with respect to the surrounding concrete.
13. Nonprestressed reinforcement - Reinforcement in prestressed -concrete members, which are
not elongated with respect to the surrounding concrete.
14. Tendons - Another name for prestressed reinforcement, whether wires, bars. or strands.
15. Cables - A group of tendons, or the c.gs. of all the tendons.
16. Concordant and nonconcordant cables - Cables or c.gs. lines which produce a C-line or line of
pressure coincident (noncoincident) with the c.g,s. line itself.
17. Nonconcordant cables - Cables or c.gs. lines which produce a C-line or line of pressure
noncoincident with the c.g,s. line itself
18. Linear transformation - Moving the position of a c.g.s. line over the interior supports of a
continuous beam without changing the intrinsic shape of the line within each individual span.
19. GIRDER LOAD - The weight of the beam or girder itself plug whatever weight is on it at the time
of transfer.
20. WORKING LOAD OR SERVICE LOAD - The normally maximum total load which the structure is
specified or expected to carry.
21. CRACKING LOAD - The total load required to initiate cracks in a prestressed-concrete member.
22. ULTIMATE LOAD - The total load which a member or structure can carry up to total rupture.
23. Load factor - Constant used to increase working or service load to the ultimate load required in
strength design. Table 1.2 gives some of the values.
24. Creep - Time-dependent inelastic deformation of concrete or steel resulting solely from the
presence of stress and a function thereof.
25. Shrinkage of concrete - Contraction of concrete due to drying and chemical changes, dependent
on time but not directly dependent on stresses induced by external loading.
26. Relaxation - Time-dependent inelastic deformation of steel resulting from sustained stress and a
function thereof.
Symbols

1. A = cross sectional area in general

2. Ac = net cross-sectional area of concrete; or area of precast portion.
3. Ag = gross cross-sectional area of concrete
4. At = gross cross-sectional area of concrete, including steel transformed by ration.
5. C = center of compressive force, center of pressure, or center of thrust; or carryover moment, in
moment distribution.
6. C’ = C at ultimate load.
7. Cc = coefficient of creep=δt/δi
8. c = distance from c.g.c. to extreme fiber.
9. Cb,Ct=C for bottom (top) fibers: cb1,ct1,cb2,ct2 for compressive portion at transfer or under
working load, respectively; cb',c1' for composite sections.
10. c.g.s.=center of gravity of steel area
11. c.g.c.= center of gravity (centroid) of concrete section;
12. c.g.c.'= for composite section.
13. e=eccentricity in general.
14. e1e2,eb,et=various eccentricities as defined locally in text.
15. F= total effective prestress after deducting losses.
16. Fo= average prestress in steel for a given length.
17. F1, F2- total prestress at points I and 2, respectively.
18. Fi =total initial prestress before transfer.
19. F0=total prestress, just after transfer.
20. FEM=fixed•end moment, in moment distribution.
21. f=unit stress in general
22. f1,f2=unit stresses at stages or points I and 2, respectively.
23. fr=modulus of rupture of concrete.
24. fo=average unit stress in steel for a given length.
25. fc =unit stress in concrete.
26. f’c= ultimate unit stress in concrete, generally at 28 days old.
27. f’ci=ultimate unit stress in concrete, at time of transfer.
28. fi =initial unit prestress in steel before transfer.
29. F0 =.unit prestress in steel, just after transfer.
30. fe = effective unit prestress in steel after deducting losses.
31. Δfs =change in fs
32. ft,fb= fiber stress at top (bottom) fibers.
33. f’t,f’b= tensile fiber stress at top (bottom) fibers.
34. f’’c=principal compressive stress.
35. ft"=principal tensile stress.
36. k=coefficient for depth of compressive area kd in a beam section; or as defined locally.
37. k’ = k at ultimate load.
38. k1 =ratio of average stress in ultimate compression area of beam to f’c
39. kt,kb= kern distances from c.g.c. for top (bottom)
40. Mu=moment at factored load.
41. Mn, M'. ultimate moment capacity ≥Mu/ɸ.
42. MA, MB= moment at point A(B).
43. MC= moment acting on composite section.
44. Mci=cracking moment.
45. ML=moment due to total live load only.
46. MG=moment due to girder load, including any load on the beam or girder at time of transfer.
47. MP=moment on precast portion of composite section.
48. MS=moment due to superimposed load.
49. MT=moment due to total load.
50. M1, M2 = primary (resulting) moments in a continuous beam
51. m=load factor or factor of safety.
52. n=modular ratio Es/Ec.