International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 33 (2006) 508 – 517

www.elsevier.com/locate/ichmt

Turbulence forced convection heat transfer over double forward

facing step flow☆
I·lker Yılmaz a,⁎, Hakan F. Öztop b
a
Erciyes University, Civil Aviation School, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
b
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Firat University, TR-23119, Elazig, Turkey
Available online 9 February 2006

Abstract

Turbulent forced heat transfer for double forward facing step flow was studied numerically. The bottom wall of the channel is
heated at uniform temperature and the flow temperature at the upstream is colder than the wall. Two adiabatic steps are located
together with different lengths and heights. The solutions are done using commercial code FLUENT which uses finite volume
method. The standard k − ε turbulence model is employed to obtain turbulence flow modeling for double forward step. Effects of
step heights, step lengths and Reynolds numbers on heat transfer and fluid flow are investigated as main parameters. Results
showed that the second step can be use as a control device for both heat transfer and fluid flow.
© 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Forced convection; Double forward facing step; Turbulence

1. Introduction

In engineering practice, most of the flow fields are generally in turbulent regime. However, in many of these, flow
separation and reattachment occurs depending on flow velocity and physical model. Forward and backward facing step
flow, which can be found in cooling of electronic devices, open channels, combustion chambers and building
aerodynamics, are good examples for this kind of separating flows. Forward facing step (FFS) is more complicated than
backward facing step in which only one separated flow region occurs behind the step. However, one or more separating
region can be found in FFS depending on the thickness of boundary layer and magnitude of flow velocity as indicated
in the literature [1].
Abu-Mulaweh et al. [2] made an experiment and theoretical analysis for laminar mixed convection flow over
horizontal FFS geometry. They used Laser–Doppler Velocimeter and cold wire anemometer for measurements. It is
found that the lengths of the recirculations regions upstream and downstream of the step are increased as Re number
and the step height increase. In another study by Abu-Mulaweh et al. [3], they studied the laminar natural convection
problem for vertical FFS both numerically and experimentally. Wilhelm et al. [4] performed a computational study to
show 2-D to 3-D transition in FFS flow at Re = 330. An experimental and numerical analysis was performed to

☆
Communicated by W.J. Minkowycz.
⁎ Corresponding author.
· Yılmaz).
E-mail address: iyilmaz@erciyes.edu.tr (I.

0735-1933/$ - see front matter © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2005.08.015
 · Yılmaz, H.F. Öztop / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 33 (2006) 508–517
I. 509

Nomenclature

a length of bottom wall until the step

b length of the first step
c length of the second step
Cp specific heat
H, L height and length of channel
h1 height of the first step
h2 height of the second step
k turbulent energy
C1ε, C2ε, C3ε, σk, σε model constants
Nu Nusselt number
p pressure
Re Reynolds number
T temperature
u, v velocities
x, y coordinates

Greek symbols
ρ density
ε dissipation rate of turbulent energy
μ dynamic viscosity
μk turbulent viscosity

investigate separation on FFS flow by Stüer [5]. He used hydrogen bubble visualization technique. He indicated that
the 2-D results but 3-D flow behavior starts beyond the critical Re number according to his experimental results. Abe
et al. [6] proposed the new turbulence model which is modified from the latest low-Re number k − ε model and then they
applied it for fluid flow and heat transfer in separating and reattaching flows. The effects of step heights are investigated
experimentally for vertical FFS by Abu-Mulaweh [7]. His measurements reveal that as the forward-facing step height
increases, the turbulence intensity of velocity and temperature fluctuations are increased. Addad et al. [8] made a
numerical analysis using commercial code for turbulent flow. They applied the LES model and investigated the both
backward and forward facing step in a channel flow. They included the acoustic source term in the equation and found
that the acoustic source term identification show its relation with the vortices in the free shear layer. In order to reduce
the flow resistance vortex which formed on the step should be controlled or suppressed, Ando and Shakouchi [9] tried
to control flow over FFS and abrupt contraction pipe geometry. They inserted a small obstacle before the step and then
they reduced the drag. Ito and Ravindran [10] applied the reduced order method to solve and control viscous

Fig. 1. Physical model.

510 · Yılmaz, H.F. Öztop / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 33 (2006) 508–517
I.

Table 1
Different cases for geometrical parameters
Cases H1 = h1 / H H2 = h 2 / H A=a/L B=b/L C=c/L
1 0.1 0.2 0.625 0.125 0.25
2 0.2 0.3 0.625 0.125 0.25
3 0.3 0.4 0.625 0.125 0.25
4 0.4 0.5 0.625 0.125 0.25
5 0.5 0.6 0.625 0.125 0.25
6 0.6 0.7 0.625 0.125 0.25
7 0.2 0.4 0.625 0.125 0.25
8 0.2 0.6 0.625 0.125 0.25
9 0.3 0.6 0.625 0.125 0.25
10 0.4 0.6 0.625 0.125 0.25
11 0.2 0.4 0.625 0.1875 0.1875
12 0.2 0.4 0.625 0.25 0.125
13 0.2 0.4 0.625 0.375 0
14 0.2 0.2 0.625 0.1875 0.1875
15 0.4 0.4 0.625 0.1875 0.1875
16 0.6 0.6 0.625 0.1875 0.1875
17 0.8 0.8 0.625 0.1875 0.1875

incompressible flow control for different geometries. They applied surface movement on a part of the solid wall of the
geometry, thus, drag reduced is obtained.
To the best of the authors' knowledge, the forced convection heat transfer in turbulent regime for double FFS flow
has not yet been investigated. The results are given as velocity and temperature distributions, heights and lengths'
effects on the double FFS.

2. Physical model

Turbulent heat transfer problem considered in this paper is schematically shown in Fig. 1. It is a channel with double
FFS. The top wall and steps are insulated, whereas the bottom wall has constant temperature which is hotter than the
inlet flow temperature. Two-dimensional, steady-state, incompressible turbulent flow is considered. The channel has
double FFS which their height is h1 and h2, respectively. Height and length of the channel are depicted by H and L,
respectively. Here, b and c show the length of steps, a is the length of bottom wall.

3. Mathematical formulation and numerical procedure

The conservation equations (continuity, momentum and energy equations) for steady flow, incompressible and
Newtonian fluid can be written as follows:
Au Av
þ ¼0 ð1Þ
Ax Ay
   2 
Au Au Ap A u A2 u
q u þv ¼− þl þ ð2Þ
Ax Ay Ax Ax2 Ay2

   2 
Av Av Ap A v A2 v
q u þv ¼− þl þ ð3Þ
Ax Ay Ay Ax2 Ay2
   2 
AT AT A T A2 T
q u þv ¼a þ ð4Þ
Ax Ay Ax2 Ay2

The Fluent software provides comprehensive modeling capabilities for a wide range of incompressible and
compressible, laminar and turbulent fluid flows [14]. Based on the grid-independent study, the grids of 280 × 40 were
 · Yılmaz, H.F. Öztop / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 33 (2006) 508–517
I. 511

employed for the numerical analysis in this paper. A uniform grid of 280 intervals in the horizontal direction and 40
intervals in the vertical direction was generated by Gambit pre-processor which was fine enough to produce a grid-
independent solution. Air was chosen as the simulation fluid. Simulations were run in a Pentium IV personal computer
and simulation times ranged from 2000 to 4200s depending on the studied case. Numerical convergence of the model

(a) 0.1 7852

1
0 . 16605 0. 15 94
0. 13948
0.1527 7
0. 08 0. 14613 0. 11956
0. 11292
0. 13284
0. 12620 0.086
7
62

8 6
10 3 9

97 0
0. 99 69 29

05 73
Height [m]

0. 06 00. 0

0. 0 . 0
0 . 0. 03985

3
99
0.086 35 31 4
0 .0 5

0. 006640.01
0. 07971 0.005 97
0. 04
0. 06642 57
26
0 .0
0 .04649
0. 03985
0. 02 0. 03321

0.00256
0.0199 3
0 .00664 0. 00597
0
0 0. 5 1 1.5
Length [m]
(b) 0. 1
1.34580
1.16636
1. 25 608
0. 08 1.16636
0
1.07664 972
0 .8 177
6
0.98692 0 .7 0.62804
0
486
Height [m]

0. 06 0. 4
0.80748 2
0. 5383
0.717 76
0.62804 88
58
0. 04 0 . 3 6 9 16
.53832 2
0.
2
0.44860 8 97
944

0 .0
0.17

0.35888
0. 02 0.26916

0.08972

0
0 0. 2 0. 4 0.6 0. 8 1 1. 2 1.4 1. 6
Length [m]

(c) 0.1
0027 4

0.02 095
0. 016 30

0. 00 27 4
0. 08 0.0 0 02 7
0
11
00
0.
0.00017
0. 0001 9

0
563
Height [m]

0. 06
0. 2069 20.0610.0002.0 19
0.00017

0.00016

0
4
27

0 .2
00

15
0.00019

0.

91
7
0.00027

002

0. 04
0.09493
0 .0

0 .0

0 0.0 61 00
90

0. 0 0 11
59

0. 02

0. 01 6 30
95

0 .002 74
20
0.0

0
0 0. 2 0.4 0.6 0. 8 1 1.2 1.4 1. 6
Length [m]

Fig. 2. a) Streamlines for Re = 10000, b) streamlines for Re = 80000, c) turbulent kinetic energy for Re = 10000, d) turbulent kinetic energy for
Re = 80000, e) pressure coefficients for Re = 10000, f) pressure coefficients for Re = 80000 for Case 7.
512 · Yılmaz, H.F. Öztop / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 33 (2006) 508–517
I.

(d) 0.1

04687
0.96324
0.7067 2

0.01629
0.04687
0.01629

515
0.08 0.00658
0. 00383

0.00
0.0162 9

0.00341

7
0.00658

60978.83546 .70672 0.0 46 8

83
0.00515

0.003
0.9 632 4
Height [m]

0.06

58 0.00 0.00341
4.

0.00383
90
99

3.
4

5.

92
1629 515
10 .7 98 9
21 7 951 6 8 3 6.872 70

89
0.01629

85
12.7 7.85408

13
.7 . 8

7
11.77959
11 9

2
0.04

0.706 0.04680706.0

32270
0.00341
857
3 .92

720.96324
0.0

6.87
0.00658

5.891
270

4.9099
3 83

6
0.00515
6 .8 7

54
00

83
0.
0.02

8. 4
0.01629
0.046 87 2
67
0 70
0 0.2 0. 4 0. 6 0. 8 1 1. 2 1.4 1.6
Length [m]

(e) 0.1

3.13
3.81

2.45 2.79
1.43
0. 76
5.93

1.09

0. 23
0.08

2.11

0.17
0.
3.47

23
5.51
5.72

5.65

4.83
4. 15

0.08
2
5.82
Height [m]

.29847 1.770.4
5.17

0.08
0.06

4.49

3. 8
-0.0.1
-0.26
13
-1
0.04

. 13
1. 773.47 3.81
5.93

5.65
2
5. 7

3.13

4.15
2. 11

0.02
5.72

5.65
5.82

5.82
6.18

0
0 0. 2 0. 4 0.6 0. 8 1 1.2 1. 4 1. 6
Length [m]

(f) 0.1
321.15

208.56
189.79
264.86
246.09
347.01

345.15

339.92

95.96
39.67
171.03

0.08
352.43

114.73
90
133.5
58.4230.
Height [m]

77.20
283.6239

152

0.06
302.

0 .26 -1
2
2 27.3
349.74

-911-16
.096

-185.52
22802987.5.3
.82
321.159.93247.013
264.8

0. 6.4.63
345.15
347.01

246
208.56

-241
96
.7692

0.04
33
15
5.

6
189.79
34

26 4.8
352.43

246.09
349. 74

4 9. 7

0.02 377
.4 5
4
358.68

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
Length [m]
Fig. 2 (continued).

was checked based on the numerical residuals of all computed variables. The standard k − ε turbulence model was used
for turbulence flow modeling [12]. Molecular viscosity are negligible. The turbulence kinetic energy, k, and the
dissipation rate, ε, are determined using the following transport equations, respectively,
  
A A l Ak
ðqkuÞ ¼ lþ t þ Gk −qe ð5Þ
Ax Ay rk Ay
 · Yılmaz, H.F. Öztop / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 33 (2006) 508–517
I. 513

(a) 0.1

0.08
Height [m]

0.06

0.04

50 29
5. 6.
75
0.02 29

.
298.00
294.25

296.75
1.75

309
299.25
303.29 303.00 304.25 310 50
311 75 306.75
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
Length [m]

(b) 0.080.1

0.06
0.08
293.95
0

294.25
3 .0

0.04
0.06 0.1
Height [m]

29

295.50
c 5
.9 0

3 .9
29
294

0.02
0.04 0.08 29
0 .86
293.0 5 295
294.25 6.7
295.50 29 6.8
1
298.00 29
29
4.25

300.50 301.75 299.24 299.25

304.25306.75
7 .7

0 0.06 309 25 308.00 3

0.02 4 .4
6

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6

29
. 114

Lenght
293.95294. [m] 295
95.7

90
1

. 86
2293
8.7

295.86
29

297.76 81
296.299.67 300.62
301.57
0 0.04 303.48 308.24 311 10 309 19 305.38
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
Length [m]

(c)
0.04
0.06 0.1
295..8
9

.9 5
294

3
29
0.02
0.04 0.08 293.00
0
295.5
296.8 .24

294.25 296.75
299
1

298.00 71
308

297.76

300.50 299.25303.00 305.50 306.75 309.25 301.75

303.29 3.
0 00.06
50 311 75 29
. 14

0.02
Height [m]

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6

6 3
.28 5 .8 4. 4

295

293.95 Lenght [m]

294.9 0
296.52797 29 2 9

295.86

6.81
305.38 297.76
298.71 299.67
306.33 307.29
0 0.04 309 19 311 10 310 14
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
Lenght [m]
29 5 .71
14
3
.
29

0.02
. 43
294
. 14

295.86
30 0

. 71
297.28 298.00 298
330057

300.86 296.57 299.43

304.43 303.00 305.86
0 303.71 307.29
308.71 5714 309.43
311310
..8

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6

Length [m]

Fig. 3. Isotherms for a) Case 1, b) Case 8, c) Case 10, d) Case 12, e) Case 13 at Re = 30000.
514 · Yılmaz, H.F. Öztop / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 33 (2006) 508–517
I.

(d) 0.1

0.08
Height [m]

0.06

.431
29 4 3. 7
29
0.04

.14
2 9 6.5 7 29 5 .8 6

295
0.02 1
2 934.7
29 .43

.4 3
295 .86

29 9
295 .14298.00
296 .57 297.2 8
302.29
303.00
305.14 298. 71 300.14
304.43311 57
0 312 29 310 14 307.29
310 86 308.71
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
Length [m]

(e) 0.1

0.08

71
293
Height [m]

0.06

0.04
3

4
.4

5 .1
71 29 5.8 62932.71
94

29

0.02
7
29 5. 14 6. 5
29
8.

294.43 297.2 8
29

29 3.7 1 298.00 299.43

300.14303.00 306.57
305.86 301.57302.29
309 43
0 310 14 311 57 310 86
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
Length [m]

Fig. 3 (continued).

  
A A lt Ae e e2
ðqeuÞ ¼ lþ þ C1e ðGk þ C3e Gb Þ−C2e q ð6Þ
Ax Ay re Ay k k

Equations were solved by finite volume method [13]. In these equations, Gk represents the generation of turbulence
kinetic energy due to the mean velocity gradients and the turbulent (or eddy) viscosity, μk is computed by combining k
and ε as follows:

k2 PPAυ
lt ¼ qCp ; Gk ¼ −q Vu ð7a:bÞ
e Ax

C1ε, C2ε, and C3ε are constants. σk and σε are the turbulent Pr numbers for k and ε, respectively. The model
constants 1.44, 1.92, 0.09, 1.0 and 1.3 for C1ε, C2ε, Cμ, σk, and σε, respectively. No-slip boundary conditions (BC)
accepted at the walls. The BC of the model equations; constant temperature and velocity of the fluid at the inlet
u = U, T = 293 K, at the bottom wall T = 313 K. Steps and top wall are adiabatic, constant pressure at outlet is
101 325 Pa.
 · Yılmaz, H.F. Öztop / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 33 (2006) 508–517
I. 515

4. Results and discussion

A numerical analysis was done for double FFS flow and heat transfer in turbulent regime. Numerical simulations have been
performed for the values Pr = 0.71 which correspond to air. Parameters for calculation are ratio of heights of first and second steps to
channel height, ratio of lengths of steps to length of the channel (as indicated in Table 1) and Re number. The length of the whole
channel is taken as 1.6 m and height is 0.1 m. All cases were tested for three different Re numbers. That is, 51 cases were taken for the
whole study.
Fig. 2 shows the flow visualizations for different Re numbers. Streamlines can be shown from Fig. 2a. Values of stream function
are increased when Fig. 2a and b are compared. More than one circulation is obtained on the contrary of backward facing step [7,14] as
indicated in the literature [1,2,5,6,11]. The flow field starts with a uniform velocity profile. It develops until first steps and impinges to
first step. And then, it jumps through the top of first step. But because of the small height ratio of the step, the flow near the top wall of
the channel does not take effect from the step and flow rate increases due to contraction. Turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) contours are
given in Fig. 2c and d, respectively. In the solid regions turbulent kinetic energy is given as zero. TKE jumps around the heated part of
the duct and then due to the double steps it leads to a complex variation. However, it reaches the maximum values at the vicinity of the
double steps where the turbulence is enhanced. Pressure coefficients can be seen from Fig. 2e–f. Pressure contours are vertical to bottom
and top walls of the duct until the steps which mean flow are hydrodynamically developed at that region. The values of pressure
coefficients are decreased in the horizontal direction of the channel. Higher pressure coefficients are obtained in the case of higher Re
number. Coefficients have smaller value at the second step than the first step and the variation of the coefficients are very complex
around the double steps because of the complexity of the flow at that region. Due to the steps, they are very complex especially on the
second steps. If we compare these figures with the figures of Re = 104, one can see that turbulent viscosity contours are pushed to the
horizontal walls of the boundaries. The pressure coefficients are increased with the increasing of Re number. The different length of
the steps is chosen to show the effect of length ratio (length of the step / length of whole duct) on flow and temperature characteristics.
Also, these parameters compared with the benchmark forward step geometry. Fig. 4 is given to illustrate the effects of aspect ratio for
different cases as Case 1, 8 and 10 at the fixed Re number (Re = 3 × 104). Fig. 4a shows the results for the smallest height ratio for the
present study. The height ratio affects the thermal boundary layer around the corners of the steps. In Fig. 4b and c, thickness of the
temperature layer is almost the same at that region but for the highest ratio, it is thinner in the corner of the first step than the second
one. It means that due to second step temperature stratify the fluid. Thus, it helps enhance the heat transfer. Cases 12 and 13 are tested
which have same Re number (Re = 3 × 104). As indicated in the pressure contours in Figs. 2e and 3e, flow develops until x = 0.5. Since
in both cases the steps are located at the x = 1 to get enough length to obtain hydrodynamically developed flow. But Fig. 4d is the
special case that the length of the second step is chosen as zero. Thus, it refers to contracting channel or partially open duct. In the case
of zero second step length, isotherm goes almost parallel to the first step. It can be said that second step can be used as a control device
for heat transfer. In the present study, local Nu number is given along the heated part of the duct for different cases. As expected, their

Case 1 Re=10000
(a) Case 1 Re=30000 (b)
Case 1 Re=80000
Case 2 Re=10000
2000 Case 2 Re=30000
Case 2 Re=80000 2000
Case 3 Re=10000 Case 8 Re=10000
Case 3 Re=30000 Case 8 Re=30000
1800 Case 3 Re=80000 1800 Case 8 Re=80000
Case 4 Re=10000 Case 9 Re=10000
Case 4 Re=30000 Case 9 Re=30000
1600 Case 4 Re=80000 1600 Case 9 Re=80000
Case 5 Re=10000 Case 10 Re=10000
Case 5 Re=30000 Case 10 Re=30000
1400 Case 5 Re=80000 1400 Case 10 Re=80000
Case 6 Re=10000
Case 6 Re=30000
1200 Case 6 Re=80000 1200
Nu

Nu

1000 1000

800 800

600 600

400 400

200 200

00 0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
length [m] length [m]

Fig. 4. Local Nusselt number along the heated wall for different cases and Reynolds number a) Cases for 1–6, b) Cases for 8–10.
516 · Yılmaz, H.F. Öztop / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 33 (2006) 508–517
I.

(a) (b)
2.5 Case 1 Re=10000 1 Case 2 Re=30000
Case 1 Re=30000 Case 7 Re=30000
Case 1 Re=80000 Case 11 Re=30000
Case 3 Re=10000 0.9 Case 12 Re=30000
Case 3 Re=30000 Case 14 Re=30000
Case 3 Re=80000
2 0.8

0.7
Heat Transfer [W]

Heat Transfer [W]

1.5 0.6

0.5

1 0.4

0.3

0.5 0.2

0.1

0 0
0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
Height [m] Height [m]

(c) 4.5
Case 4 Re=30000
Case 4 Re=80000
Case 6 Re=30000
4 Case 6 Re=80000
Case 15 Re=30000
Case 15 Re=80000
3.5 Case 16 Re=30000
Case 16 Re=80000
3
Heat Transfer [W]

2.5

1.5

0.5

0
0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
Height [m]

Fig. 5. Heat transfer for different cases a) Case 1 and Case 3, b) Cases 2, 7, 11, 12 and 14 at Re = 30000, c) Cases 4, 6, 15 and 16 for Re = 30000 and
80000.

values increase with the increasing of Re number for all cases as indicated in Fig. 5a. The variation of Nu number shows similar
behavior with the heated channel except near the steps. For the higher Re number, Nu number is increased with the increasing of step
height. Because if step height is increased, flow circulation increased and eddies enhanced the heat transfer. Similarly Fig. 5b shows
the variation of local Nu for some other cases. The highest Nu is found for Case 8 which there is big difference between heights of first
step and second. Heat transfer at the exit of the duct is given for different cases and Re number as indicated in Fig. 5a–c. As expected,
heat transfer is enhanced with the increasing of Re number for the same case. Thus, bell-shaped graphics are obtained for all cases.
When cases 1 and 3 are compared, higher heat transfer is obtained for the higher step height except near the boundary of the step for all
Re numbers. Fig. 5b compares the same cases from the heat transfer point of view with the benchmark FFS flow. The second step
enhances the heat transfer at the same Re number. Also, with the same aspect ratio (cases 7, 11 and 12) the length ratio of the step
makes very small effect as illustrated earlier in Figs. 4, 5. But their value is higher than that of small H2 ratio. Fig. 5c is given to
compare the effect of different cases and Re number. In this situation, the effect of height of the step is compared. The smallest heat
 · Yılmaz, H.F. Öztop / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 33 (2006) 508–517
I. 517

transfer is obtained for the smallest ratio of height and Re number. The highest heat transfer obtained by case 6 at Re = 80 000 which is
the highest step height ratio for the present study. The second step can be used as passive heat transfer element.

5. Conclusions

A numerical study was performed to obtain turbulent flow and heat transfer for double FFS with different aspect
ratios and Re number. The results reveal both turbulent intensity and heat transfer are increased with the increasing of
Re. The double step can be use as passive control element for fluid flow and heat transfer. From the calculated results,
different height and length ratio is effective on flow field. It is found that this ratio of the steps is a more effective
parameter than the length ratio of the step from the heat transfer point of view. Consequently, the study would give new
ideas to the design of fluid flow and heat transfer devices.

Acknowledgement

The authors thank the Erciyes University for FLUENT code.

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