Equilibrium

General  established only in case of closed system

characteristics  no change in the concentrations of either of the reactants or products
of equilibrium  rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal (Dynamic)
 In a physical process, value of one of its parameters remains
constant at a given temperature. For example for equilibrium
2 H2O(l) → H2O(g) ,
the pressure becomes constant

Law of At a given temperature, the product of concentrations of the reaction

Chemical products raised to the respective stoichiometric coefficient in the balanced
Equilibrium chemical equation divided by the product of concentrations of the reactants
raised to their individual stoichiometric coefficients has a constant value
homogeneous Equilibrium reactions in which all reactants and products are in same phase
equilibrium
heterogeneous Equilibrium reactions in which all reactants and products are in
equilibrium different phases
Relation Kp=Kc (RT) ∆n
between kp and Δn=(number of moles of gaseous products) - (number of moles of gaseous
Kc reactants)
Derivation is
important
Equilibrium
constant
For a reaction
aA + bB → cC + dD
 value of K tells the extent to which a reaction
proceeds in forward or reverse reaction

 the concentration of reactants

and products have attained their equilibrium state
 has a definite value for every reaction at a particular
temperature
 Kc for the reverse reaction is the inverse of kc‘ for the reaction in the
forward direction
 Catalyst has no effect on K
Predicting the
direction of the
Reaction

Le Chatelier’s Change in any of the factors that determine the equilibrium conditions of a
principle system will cause the system to change in such a manner so as to reduce or
to counteract the effect of the change
Effect of
Concentration
Change

Effect of
Pressure Change

Effect of
Temperature

Effect of Addition of an inert gas at constant volume has no effect on equilibrium

Addition of an
Inert Gas
Ionic Equilibrium established between unionized molecules and ions in solution
Equilibrium of weak electrolytes.
Arrhenius Acids are substances that dissociates in water to give hydrogen ions H+ (aq)
theory and bases are substances that produce hydroxyl ions OH– (aq).
Brönsted-Lowry Acid is a substance that is capable of donating a hydrogen ion H+ and bases
theory are substances capable of accepting a hydrogen ion, H+ .
If Brönsted acid is a strong acid then its conjugate base is a weak base and
vice versa.
Lewis An acid is a species which accepts electron pair and base which donates an
acids/bases electron pair
Electron deficient species like AlCl3, Co 3+ , Mg 2+, etc. can act as Lewis
acids while species like H2O, NH3, etc. which can donate a pair of electrons,
can act as Lewis bases.
Conjugate acid The acid-base pair that differs only by one proton
base pair.
Self ionization Unique ability of water to react with itself to produce a hydronium ion and a
or autoprotolysis hydroxyl ion
of water
Ionic product of H 2O(l) + H 2O(l) → OH - (aq) +H3 O + (aq)
water

pH of a solution The negative logarithm to the base 10 of the activity of hydrogen ion i.e. pH
= – log [H+ ]
pK w = pH + pOH = 14

Dissociation
constant or
ionization
constant ( Ka )
of a weak acid
(HX) in water
Relation
between Ka and
Kb

Common ion If to an ionic equilibrium, a salt containing a common ion is added, the
Effect: equilibrium shifts in the backward direction. The shift in equilibrium
position caused by the addition or presence of an ion involved in the
equilibrium reaction is known as common ion effect
Hydrolysis of Interaction of anion or cation of the salt with water
Salts
 Solutions of salts of weak acid & weak base can be acidic , basic or
neutral

Buffer solution Resists a change in pH caused by dilution or the addition of limited amounts
of acid or base
Solubility a measure of amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given amount of
solvent at a specific temperature
Solubility Product of concentration of the ions in a saturated solution with each
product concentration term raised to power equal to number of ions produced on
dissociation of one mole of substance.

Precipitation will occur only when ionic product exceeds the solubility
product