Philippine Society of Mechanical Engineers

State of Kuwait Chapter

Affiliation No. 103

ME SPLBE Review 2018

Subject: Analytic Geometry 04-13-2018
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Analytic geometry deals with geometric problems using
coordinates system thereby converting it into algebraic
problems.

Rene Descartes (1596-1650), Founder of analytic geometry by

introducing coordinates system in 1637.

Distance between two points:

d = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2

Slope of a line:
𝑦2 −𝑦1 𝑦2 −𝑦1
tan Ɵ = since slope, m = tan Ɵ =
𝑥2 −𝑥1 𝑥2 −𝑥1
For parallel lines, m1 = m2
For perpendicular lines, m2 = -(1/m1)

Angle between two lines:

𝑚2 −𝑚1
tan Ɵ = where: m2 and m1 are slope of 2 and 1 line respectively.
1+𝑚2 𝑚1

Distance between a point and a line:

𝐴𝑥1 +𝐵𝑦1 +𝐶
d =
±√𝐴2 +𝐵2

Distance between two parallel lines:

𝐶1 +𝐶2
d =
±√𝐴2 +𝐵2

Division of line segment:

Let r1 and r2 be the corresponding ratio of its length to the total distance between two
points.
(𝑥1 𝑟2 )+(𝑥2 𝑟1 ) (𝑦1 𝑟2 )+(𝑦2 𝑟1 )
x = y =
𝑟1 +𝑟2 𝑟1 +𝑟2

If the point P(x,y) is at the midpoint of

P1 and P2 then

𝑥2 +𝑥1 𝑦2 +𝑦1
x = and y =
2 2

𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥1
A = ½ |𝑦 𝑦2 𝑦3 𝑦1 |
1

A = ½ [(x1y2 + x2y3 + x3y1)-(y1x2 + y2x3 + y3x1)]

Equation of the lines:

1. General Equation: Ax + By + C = 0
2. Point-slope Form: y-y1 = m(x-x1)
3. Slope-intercept Form: y = mx+b
𝑦2 −𝑦1
4. Two-Point Form: y-y1 = (x-x1)
𝑥2 −𝑥1
𝑥 𝑦
5. Intercept Form: + = 1
𝑎 𝑏

1
CONIC SECTIONS
General Equation of a Conic Section:
Ax2 + Bxy + Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0

CIRCLES
Is a locus of a point that which moves so the it is equidistance from the fixed point
called center.

1. General Equation: x2 + y2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
If D & E = 0, center is at the origin (0,0). If Either D or E, of both D & E ≠ 0,
the center is at (h,k).

2. Standard Equation: x2 + y2 = r2 ----- if C(0,0)

(x-h)2 + (y-k)2 = r2 ----- if C(h,k)

When the equation given is general equation rather than standard equation, the center
(h,k)of the circle and its radius (r) can be determine by converting the general equation
to the standard equation using the process known as completing the square.

General equation: Ax2 + Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0

Center (h,k) Radius (r)
−𝐷 −𝐸 𝐷2 +𝐸 2 −4𝐴𝐹
h = k = r = √
2𝐴 2𝐴 4𝐴2

PARABOLA
Is a locus of a point which moves so that it is always
equidistant to a fixed point called focus and to a
fixed straight line called directrix.

General equations:
Ax2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 Axis parallel to the y-axis:

Cx2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 Axis parallel to the x-axis:

Vertex at origin (0,0)

A. Axis along x-axis: B. Axis along y-axis:
Opens to the right Opens to the left Opens up Opens down
y2 = 4ax y2 = -4ax x2 = 4ay x2 = -4ay

Vertex at (h,k)
A. Axis parallel to the x-axis B. Axis parallel to the x-axis
Opens to the right Opens to the left Opens upward Opens downward
(y-k)2 = 4a(x-h) (y-k)2 = -4a(x-h) (x-h)2 = 4a(y-k) (x-h)2 = -4a(y-k)

Eccentricity: The ratio of the distance of the focus to the distance to the directrix.
e = f/d since f = d, e = 1
Latus rectum: A line that passes through the focus of the perpendicular to the axis of
the conic.
LR = 4a

ELLIPSE
Is a locus of the point which moves so that the sum of
its distance to the fixed points(foci) is constant and
is equal to the length of the major axis (2a).
General Equation:
Ax2 + Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0

Standard Equations:
Center at (0,0)origin

2
𝑥2 𝑦2
+ = 1 Major axis is horizontal
𝑎2 𝑏2
𝑥2 𝑦2
+ = 1 Major axis is vertical
𝑏2 𝑎2

Center at (h,k)
(𝑥−ℎ)2 (𝑦−𝑘)2
+ = 1 Major axis is horizontal
𝑎2 𝑏2

(𝑥−ℎ)2 (𝑦−𝑘)2
+ = 1 Major axis is vertical
𝑏2 𝑎2

Eccentricity: (e<1.0) e = c/a or e = a/D

2𝑏 2
Length of Latus Rectum: LR =
𝑎
Where: a = semi-major axis b = semi-minor axis

HYPERBOLA
Is a locus of a point which moves so that the difference of
the distances to the fixed points (foci) is constant and is
equal to the length of the transverse axis(2a).

General Equation:
Ax2 – Cy2 +Dx + Ey + F = 0

Standard equation:
@ C(0,0)
Transverse axis horizontal: Transverse axis vertical:

𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑦2 𝑥2
− = 1 − = 1
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑎2 𝑏2

@ C(h,k)
Transverse axis horizontal: Transverse axis vertical:

(𝑥−ℎ)2 (𝑦−𝑘)2 (𝑦−𝑘)2 (𝑥−ℎ)2

− = 1 − = 1
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑎2 𝑏2

Eccentricity: (e>1.0) e = c/a or e = a/D

2𝑏 2
Length of Latus Rectum: LR =
𝑎
Where: a = semi-major axis b = semi-minor axis

POLAR COORDINATES
Refers to the coordinates of a point in a system of
coordinates where the position of the point is
determined by the length of the ray segment (the radius
vector) from a fixed origin (the pole) and the angle
(the polar angle) the ray (the vector) mixed with the
fixed line (polar axis).

Polar angle is sometimes called the vectoral angle,

the argument, the amplitude, or the azimuth of a point

Relationship between polar coordinates and rectangular coordinates:

x = r cos Ɵ y = r sin Ɵ r = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 Ɵ = arctan(y/x)

1. Find the distance between A(4,-3) and B(-2,5).

A. 11 C. 10
B. 9 D. 8

2. If the distance between points (3,y) and (8,7) is 13, then y is equal to.
A. 5 or -5 C. 19
3
B. 5 or 19 D. -5 or 19

3. If the slope of the line connecting the origin and point P is 3/4, find the abscissa
of P if its ordinate is 6.
A. 2 C. 7
B. 6 D. 8

4. Find the inclination of the line passing through (-5,3) and (10,7).
A. 14.73° C. 14.83°
B. 14.93° D. 14.63°

5. Find the angle between the lines 3x + 2y = 6 and x + y = 6.

A. 12°20’ C. 14°25’
B. 11°18’ D. 13°06’

6. Find the distance between the given lines 4x – 3y = 12 and 4x – 3y = -8.

A. 3 C. 5
B. 4 D. 6

7. Determine the coordinates of the point which is three-fifths of the way from the point
(2,-5) to the point (-3,5).
A. (-1,1) C. (-1,-2)
B. (-2,-1) D. (1,-1)

8. in a Cartesian coordinates, the vertices of the triangle are define by the following
points: (-2,0),(4,0) and (3,3). What is the area?
A. 8 sq. units C. 10 sq. units
B. 9 sq. units D. 11 sq. units

9. Given three vertices of a triangle whose coordinates are A(1,1), B(3,-3) and (5,-3).
Find the area of the triangle.
A. 3 C. 5
B. 4 D. 6

10. What is the equation of the line passing through (-2,6) with x-intercept half the y-
intercept?
A. x – y = 6 C. 3x – y + 2 = 0
B. 2x + 2y + 2 = 0 D. 2x + y -2 = 0

11. The equation of the line through (-3,-5) parallel to 7x + 2y – 4 = 0 is

A. 7x + 2y + 31 = 0 C. 7x + 2y – 4 = 0
B. 7x – 2y – 4 = 0 D. 2x + 7y + 30 = 0

12. What are the coordinates of the center of the circle x2 + y2 – 2x -4y – 31 = 0?
A. (-1,-1) C. (1,2)
B. (-2,-2) D. (2,1)

13. The shortest distance from A (3,8) to the circle x2 + y2 + 4x -6y = 12 is equal to?
A. 2.1 C. 2.5
B. 2.3 D. 2.7

14. The focus of the parabola y2 = 16x is at.

A. (4,0) C. (3,0)
B. (0,4) D. (0,3)

15. Find the equation of the directrix of the parabola y2 = 16x.

A. x = 2 C. x = 4
B. x = -2 D. x = -4

16. Given the equation of a parabola 3x + 2y2 – 4y +7 = 0. Locate its vertex.

A. (5/3,1) C. (-5/3,-1)
4
B. (5/3,-1) D. (-5/3,1)

17. What is the length of the latus rectum of the curve x2 = 20y?
A. √20 C. 5
B. 20 D. √5

18. What is the area enclosed by the curve 9x2 + 25y2 – 225 = 0?
A. 47.1 C. 63.8
B. 50.2 D. 72.3

19. The length of the major and minor axes of an ellipse are 10 m and 8 m,
respectively. Find the distance between the foci.
A. 3 C. 5
B. 4 D. 6

𝑥2 𝑦2
20. The length of the latus rectum for the ellipse + = 1 is equal to
64 16
A. 2 C. 4
B. 3 D. 5

𝑥2 𝑦2
21. The semi-transverse axis of the hyperbola − = 1 is
9 4
A. 2 C. 4
B. 3 D. 5

22. Find the eccentricity of the curve 9x2 – 4y2 – 36x +8y = 4
A. 1.80 C. 1.86
B. 1.92 D. 1.76

23. What is the length of the latus rectum of 4x2 +9y2 + 8x – 32 = 0

A. 2.5 C. 2.3
B. 2.7 D. 2.9

24. Find the polar equation of the circle, if its center is at (4,0) and the radius 4
A. r – 8cosƟ = 0 C. r – 12cosƟ = 0
B. r – 6cosƟ = 0 D. r – 4cosƟ = 0

25. Find the polar equation of the circle of radius 3 units and the center at (3,0).

A. r = 3 cosƟ C. r = 6 cosƟ

B. r = 3 cosƟ D. r = 9 cosƟ