grani qavTaria

demokratia Zvel saberZneTSi

demokratia (demos _ xalxi, kratos _ Zala-ufleba), rogorc

marTva-gamgeobis sistema, Zvel saberZneTSi Camoyalibda. misi
dabadeba ioniis qalaqebSi moxda, magram klasikur formas balkane-
Tze (aTenSi) miaRwia.
berZnuli civilizaciis ayvavebis xanaSi aTenma da spartam gaba-
tonebuli mdgomareoba daikaves da arsebiTi roli Seasrules elin-
uri samyaros politikur, ekonomikur da kulturul cxovrebaSi.
unda aRiniSnos, rom demokratiis Camoyalibeba aTensa da spartaSi
gansxvavebuli formebiT warimarTa. berZeni avtorebi pirdapir werd-
nen, rom spartasa da aTenSi gansxvavebuli saxelmwifo wyobileba
arsebobda. mizezad asaxelebdnen demokratiuli nakadis sisustes
spartaSi. saistorio wyaroebis ganmartebiT, sparta uCveulo da
saidumloebiT moculi polisi iyo, romelic saukuneebis manZilze
rCeboda umniSvnelovanes politikur da samxedro Zalad, elinuri
samyaros bedis ganmsazRvrelad.
spartis Zlierebis mwvervals warmoadgenda gamarjveba pelopo-
nesis omSi, magram man saberZneTis saTaveSi dgoma ver SeZlo da dam-
arcxebul mxares (aTens) gauTanabrda. sruluflebiani spartelis
brZolisunarianoba bavSvobidanve iwrToboda, xolo zrdasruli
elinur samyarosa da mis sazRvrebs gareTac Seudarebel meomrad
1
iTvleboda.
did berZnul kolonizaciaSi sparta ar CarTula, misi interese-
bi peloponesis naxevarkunZuls ar gascdenia. igi Caiketa pelopon-
1
am realobis SesaniSnav dadasturebas warmoadgens saxelovani istorikosis qseno-
fontis informacia, romelSic aRwerilia sparseTis dinastiur omSi berZeni mo-
qiravneebis monawileobis faqti (Zv. w. 401 wels). berZen molaSqreTa rigebSi myofi
aTeneli qsenofonti xazgasmiT miuTiTebs, rom aqemenidebis taxtis pretendenti
kirosi gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT ekideboda lakedemoneli (sparta lakedemonis
qalaqi iyo) meomrebis daqiravebas (qsenofonti, anabasisi, I, I, 6).
114 grani qavTaria
esSi da CamoSorda saerTo berZnul ganviTarebas. amgvarma gandgomam
uaryofiTad imoqmeda spartis saSinao mdgomareobaze. amis gamo, ar
aris SemTxveviTi, rom elinuri samyaros warmatebani klasikur xa-
naSi politikis, ekonomikurisa da gansakuTrebiT kulturis sfer-
oSi, spartis monawileobis gareSe iqna miRweuli.
spartis saxelmwifo wyobilebis fuZemdeblad miCneulia nax-
evrad legendaruli kanonmdebeli likurgosi. werilobiT wyaroe-
bSi misi moRvaweoba bundovnad aris gadmocemuli, magram kanonebs
saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi cvlileba ar ganucdia. likurgosis dawe-
sebuli normebi cxovrebis yvela sferos moicavda da maTi odnavi
darRvevac samSoblos Ralats utoldeboda, samSoblos Ralati ki,
umkacresad isjeboda. spartis kanonebi sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis
ganviTarebis Semaferxebeli debulebebis siuxviT gamoirCeoda. mis
amRiarebels warTmeuli hqonda damoukidebeli moqmedebis unari,
rac iwvevda danarCeni elinuri polisebisagan izolirebas da su-
lieri sferos dakninebas. spartaSi uaryofili iyo adamianis har-
moniuli ganviTarebis principebi da saxelmwifos umTavres amocanas
spartelis fizikur Zlierebaze zrunva Seadgenda.
likurgosis kanonebiT dauSvebeli iyo, codnis gaRrmavebis
mizniT, mSobliuri qalaqis datoveba. spartisagan gansxvavebiT, ber-
Znuli polisebis moqalaqeebi wlebis ganmavlobaSi mogzaurobdnen
Soreul qveynebSi (egvipteSi, babilonSi da sxv.) da ecnobodnen
ucxoeTSi dagrovil miRwevebs mecnierebisa da xelovnebis sferoe-
bSi. am dainteresebam ganapiroba azrovnebis miuwvdomeli simaRle,
romelmac saberZneTi gadaaqcia Zveli samyaros sulieri kultu-
ris kanonmdeblad. elinuri saocrebis am did zeimSi spartas monaw-
ileoba ar miuRia. peloponesis naxevarkunZulze Caketili mtkiced
ganagrZobda Tavis yazarmul cxovrebas da moqalaqis daniSnulebad
mxolod brZolis velze Tavis gamoCena miaCnda. amis gamo, did berZen
moazrovneTa Soris (literatura, filosofia, xelovneba, istoria)
spartelis saxeli ar figurirebs.
spartis izolirebis mizezebs antikuri mwerloba iq arsebul
kanonebSi xedavda. plutarqe wers, `likurgosi nebas ar aZlevda
arc erT msurvels samSoblodan gamgzavrebuliyo da sxva qveynebSi
exetiala. igi SiSobda, spartidan wasulebs ar SemoetanaT ucxo
Cvevebi da ar miebaZaT sxvebis uweso cxovrebisa da nair-nairi sax-
elmwifo wyobilebisaTvis. spartaSi Camosul ucxoelebs aZevebda
qalaqidan... ucxo pirebTan erTad qalaqSi ucxo sityvebic Semo-
dis... axali sityvebi axal azrebs iwvevs: es ki Tavis mxriv did vnebas
ayenebs ers, mraval survils badebs da damkvidrebul saxelmwifo
demokratia Zvel saberZneTSi 115
wyobilebaSi iseT arev-darevas iwvevs, rogorsac Seuxmatkbilebeli
xmebi musikaSi. likurge fiqrobda, qalaqi cudi Cvevebisagan ufro
metad unda daecva, vidre Semotanili gadamdebi senisagan~ (plu-
tarqe, likurgosi, 27). likurgosis kanonmdebloba efuZneboda
TavisufalTa qonebriv gaTanabrebas, cxovrebis mkacri wesebis dan-
ergvas, simdidrisa da fufunebis sagnebis uaryofas. `likurgosma
moZravi qonebis gadanawilebac ganizraxa. mas surda am RonisZiebiT
Zirfesvianad moespo jer kidev arsebuli uTanasworoba moqalaqeTa
Soris. magram roca dainaxa, spartelebi winaaRmdegobis gauwevlad
pirad qonebaze Znelad Tu aiRebdnen xels, sxva gzas mimarTa da da-
faruli xerxebiT bolo mouRo TanamemamuleTa sixarbes. man jer
akrZala oqrosa da vercxlis fuli da xmarebaSi SemoiRo rkinis
fuli, romelic mcire RirebulebebTan erTad... mZime iyo... rkinis
fulis SemoRebiT likurgosma mravali saxis boroteba gandevna
lakedemoniidan~ (plutarqe, likurgosi, 9).
imave politikis gagrZelebas warmoadgenda brZola xelovnebis
winaaRmdeg. `likurgosma spartidan gaaZeva yovelgvari usargeblo
da uqmi xelovneba. Tumca romc ar gaeZevebina, xelovnebis didi
nawili Zvel fulTan erTad TavisTavad gaqreboda. sakuTari nawar-
mis gasaReba SeuZlebeli gaxdeboda... fufuneba, romelsac waerTva
is, rac mas sicocxlesa da Zalas aZlevda, TandaTanobiT TviTonve
daWkna. mdidrebi upiratesobiT veRar sargeblobdnen, maT qonebas
Zala daekarga. spartelebma SesaniSnavad daiwyes keTeba yoveldRiu-
rad saxmari iseTi aucilebeli sagnebisa, rogoricaa sawoli, skami,
magida. sparteli xelosnebi iZulebuli gaxdnen uqmi saqmeebisaTvis
Tavi daenebebinaT da TavianTi didostatoba aucilebeli sagnebis
damzadebaSi gamoeCinaT~ (likurgosi, 9).
spartis Tavisufali moqalaqeebis gaTanabrebis saukeTeso sa-
Sualebad likurgosma miiCnia sajaro sasadiloebi _ sisitiebi.
srulasakovani spartelebi valdebulni iyvnen Sekrebiliyvnen da
erTad esadilaT saerTo sasadiloSi. sakvebi (sakmaod ugemuri) ka-
noniT iyo dadgenili. akrZaluli iyo sakuTar ojaxSi kerZis mirT-
meva. vinc am wess daarRvevda, mkacrad kicxavdnen, rac spartelis
RirsebisaTvis Seuferebeli iyo. kanons emorCilebodnen mefeebic.
sisitiebis danergviT simdidrem dakarga mimzidveloba. plutarqe
wers, rom mdidarTa protests likurgosi TavganwirviT aRudga win
da sisitiebi, rogorc cxovrebis gansxvavebuli forma, dakanonda.
saerTo sasadiloSi TiToeul moqalaqes yovelTviurad unda mieta-
na gansaRvruli raodenobis sursaTi. farTod iyenebdnen Sewirulo-
basac: nadirobidan dabrunebul spartels, nanadirevis saukeTeso
116 grani qavTaria
nawili sisitiaSi unda mietana. visac sapatio mizezi hqonda, ufle-
ba eZleoda, saxlSi esadila.
likurgosis kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebda, rogorc werilo-
biT, ise dauwerel kanonebs, romelTac RvTisagan momdinared Tvli-
da. misi azriT, `yvelaze mniSvnelovansa da fasdebuls saxelmwifos
keTildReobisa da RirsebisaTvis fesvebi mtkiced unda hqondes
gadgmuli moqalaqeTa xasiaTsa da qcevaSi. nebisyofa... iZulebaze
ufro Zlieri borkilia. aseT nebisyofas ki adamianSi qmnis aRzrda,
romelsac am SemTxvevaSi namdvili kanonmdeblis Zala eniWeba~ (li-
kurgosi, 13).
meore retrad plutarqes dasaxelebuli aqvs brZola simdid-
risa da fufunebis winaaRmdeg. masSi gaidealebulia ubralo saxli,
Raribuli avejiT.
mesame retra `spartelebs ukrZalavda erTsa da imave mterze
xSirad laSqrobas, raTa es mteri Tavdacvas ar daCveoda da mamaci
2
mebrZoli ar gamxdariyo.~
likurgosi Tanmimdevrulad icavda gvarovnuli aristokrati-
is privilegiebs. hilotebsa da periekebze batonobis SenarCuneba
moiTxovda mudmiv saomar mzadyofnas. am ideas emsaxureboda spar-
tis Zlierebis safuZveli _ spartanuli skola da aRzrda. li-
kurgosi bavSvTa patriotuli suliskveTebiT aRzrdis winapirobad
miiCnevda ojaxisa da qorwinebis problemas. am kuTxiT sayuradRe-
boa is faqti, ron kanonmdebeli ar zRudavda qalebs da maTTvisac
moiTxovda mamakacebisaTvis aucilebel rTul fizikur varjiSebs,
radgan kanonmdeblis azriT, jansaRi qalebi jansaR STamomavlobas
miscemdnen spartas.
berZnul polisebSi (gansakuTrebiT aTenSi) farTod gavrcele-
bul harmoniuli ganaTlebis sistemas upirispirdeboda spartanuli
skola, romelSic mTavari yuradReba fizikur wvrTnas eqceoda. spar-
teli bavSvebi, 8 wlidan 18 wlamde, ojaxs mowyvetilebi gadiodnen
mkacr samxedro momzadebas. skolis ZiriTadi mizani iyo samSoblos
Rirseuli damcvelis aRzrda. momaval meomars bavSvobidanve unda
aeTvisebina iaraRis flobis sirTule. yoveldRiuri varjiSi amtan
da Zlier meomrad Camoyalibebas uwyobda xels. spartanul skolaSi
wera-kiTxvas elementarul doneze aswavlidnen, radgan es sfero meo-
2 plutarqes azriT, likurgosis anderZis daucvelobam sparta seriozul damar-
cxebamde miiyvana. igi wers, `amitom iyo, rom SemdgomSi metismetad kicxavdnen
mefe agesilaoss, romelmac beotiaSi xSiri laSqrobiT da TavdasxmebiT Tebelebi
spartelTa dari meomrebi gaxada. TebelebTan daWrili agesilaosi rom ixila, an-
talkidem uTxra: `kargi jildo ki miiRe Tebelebisagan, romelTac maSin aswavle
brZola, roca es arc undodaT da arc icodneno~ (plutarqe, likurgosi, 13).
demokratia Zvel saberZneTSi 117
rexarisxovnad iTvleboda. amis gamo, mcire ganaTlebis mqone spar-
telebi mokrZalebulad iyvnen naziarebni ZvelberZnuli kulturisa
da azrovnebis Seudarebel simaRleebs.
sisitiebSi sadiloba da mcirediT dakmayofileba, simdidrisa
da fufunebis sagnebis uaryofa, spartelTa Tanasworobis prin-
cipisa da sxva mravali SemzRudavi moTxovnis dacva, kanonmdebels
spartis Zlierebis sayrdenad miaCnda. rogorc plutarqe likurgo-
sisa da solonis kanonebis Sedarebisas aRniSnavda, likurgosma mi-
aRwia imas, rom moqalaqeTa Soris aravin yofiliyo arc mdidari da
arc Raribi. solonis kanonebiT ki uflebriv mdgomareobas gansaz-
Rvravda qonebrivi mdgomareoba. likurgosi icavda gvarovnuli
aristokratiis interesebs. solonis kanonmdebloba mimarTuli iyo
gvarovnuli aristokratiis winaaRmdeg.
likurgosis zrunvis obieqts warmoadgenda ojaxuri siwminde.
sayovelTao pativiscemiT sargeblobdnen kargi Svilebis aRmz-
rdelebi. mkacrad isjebodnen ucolo mamakacebi. isini miCneulni
iyvnen kanonierebis damrRvevebad da mraval damamcirebel qmede-
basTan erTad ekrZalebodaT apolonisadmi miZRvnil dResaswaulze
daswreba. likurgoss sakmaod ucnauri wesebis damkvidrebac hqonia
ganzraxuli, rac nebismieri sazogadoebisaTvis Znelad misaRebad
gamoiyureba. plutarqe erT-erT aseT faqtze amaxvilebs yuradRe-
bas: keTilSobil spartels Tu lamazi qali moewoneboda, SeeZlo
miemarTa misi qmrisaTvis eTxovebina coli, dabadebuli bavSvi dae-
tovebina TavisTvis, xolo qali daebrunebina qmrisTvis. an kidev,
asakovan kacs, romelsac hyavda axalgazrda coli, ufleba hqonda
micemuli colTan mieSva keTilSobili Wabuki, bavSvi ki Tavisad
mieCnia. Zneli saTqmelia, ramdenad eguebodnen spartelebi amgvar
uCveulo wesebs, magram faqtia, rom sparteli qalebi, eladis da-
narCeni polisebis qalebisagan gansxvavebiT, meti TavisuflebiT
sargeblobdnen.
likurgosis kanonmdeblobis kategoriuli moTxovna iyo arse-
buli mdgomareobis SenarCuneba. igi aidealebda cxovrebis patri-
arqalur normebs. brZolas ucxadebda gare samyarosTan savaWro da
kulturul urTierTobas. yovelive es gadaiqca spartis CamorCeni-
lobis mTavar faqtorad.
spartis saxelmwifos arseboba arademokratiuli mimarTulebiT
warimarTa. plutarqes sityvebiT, `likurgosma zomieri saxelmwifo
wyobileba daamyara, magram mere, roca misma momdevno moRvaweebma
dainaxes, oligarqia Tavs gavida, gayoyoCda da kidev ufro Zlieri
gaxda, aiRes da eforTa sagamgeblo SemoiRes~ (likurgosi, 7).
118 grani qavTaria
spartaSi gansakuTrebuli uflebebiT sargeblobdnen eforebi
(efori _ meTvalyure). saxalxo kreba yovelwliurad irCevda xuT
efors. eforati kolegialuri dawesebuleba iyo. erT-erTi efori,
efori-eponimi aZlevda wels Tavis saxels.
spartaSi arsebobda ori samefo gvari da ori mefe. mSvidobiano-
bis dros mefeebis Zalaufleba umniSvnelo iyo, magram funqciebi
ezrdebodaT omianobis SemTxvevaSi; Tumca umeTvalyureod arc br-
Zolis velze stovebdnen, maT saqmianobas ori efori akontroleb-
da. isini ganikiTxavdnen mefeebis mier daSvebul Secdomebs da Tu
aRmoCndeboda, rom darRveuli hqondaT kanoni, an cdilobdnen
uflebamosilebis gafarToebas, dasvamdnen sakiTxs maTi gaday-
enebis Sesaxeb da moxdeboda axal mefeTa arCeva imave gvaridan. am-
rigad, spartis mefeebi iyvnen eforTa kolegiisa da saxalxo krebis
gadawyvetilebaTa Semsruleblebi.
gvarovnuli wyobilebis gadmonaSTad iTvleba uxucesTa sabWo
_ gerusia. misi Semadgenloba gansazRvruli iyo 28 wevriT, emate-
boda ori mefe. sruli saxiT gerusia 30 wevrisagan Sedgeboda.
gerusia arCeviTi organo iyo. mis SemadgenlobaSi irCevdnen 60
wels gadacilebul gamorCeul spartelebs, romelnic Tavisufalni
iyvnen samxedro samsaxurisgan. gerusiaSi moxvedra damsaxurebis
seriozuli dadastureba iyo. arCeva xdeboda saxalxo krebaze da
gamarjvebuli mTeli sicocxle rCeboda kolegiis wevrad. gerusia
adgenda saxalxo krebis dRis wesrigs, mis funqciebSi Sedioda,
agreTve, mniSvnelovan sasamarTlo saqmeTa warmoeba (saxelmwifo
danaSauli, mefeebis winaaRmdeg aRZruli saqmeebi). droTa ganmav-
lobaSi, eforebis kolegiis gaZlierebam, gerusiis roli daaknina.
peloponesis omis dros, mTeli rigi sakiTxebi uxucesTa sabWos
monawileobis gareSe ganixileboda.
spartaSi funqcionirebda saxalxo kreba _ apela, romlis
uflebamosileba sakmaod SezRuduli iyo. qveynis politikur
cxovrebaze gavleniT igi aTenis saxalxo krebas ver Seedreboda. ar-
qaul xanaSi krebas iwvevdnen mefeebi, klasikuri periodidan misi
warmarTvis funqciebi gadavida eforebis xelSi. krebas iwvevdnen
TveSi erTxel (gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi SeiZleboda misi rig-
gareSe mowvevac). krebaze daswreba SeeZloT 30 wlis moqalaqeebs,
magram sxdomaze sityviT gamosvlis ufleba mxolod Tanamdebobis
pirebs hqondaT. rigiTi spartelebi, krebis muSaobaSi monawileobas
ar iRebdnen, maT mxolod xmis micema evalebodaT. spartis saxalxo
krebaze xmis micema xdeboda sityvis pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT _
yviriliT. gamarjvebulad iTvleboda is winadadeba an is pirovneba,
demokratia Zvel saberZneTSi 119
romelic Zlier yvirils daimsaxurebda. daeWvebis SemTxvevaSi Cat-
ardeboda xmis micemis Semowmeba _ yvirili ganmeorebiT.
likurgosis ideebis erTgulebam sparta mrude gziT waiyvana.
demokratiuli sawyisebis SezRudulobam spartelTa mTeli ener-
gia fizikur varjiSebs dauqvemdebara. qalaqi samxedro yazarmis
STabeWdilebas stovebda. peloponesis omSi mopovebulma gamarjve-
bam, saerToelinuri interesebi ver daakmayofila. konservatuli
ideologia saberZneTze hegemonobis SesanarCuneblad sakmarisi ar
aRmoCnda. TebesTan dapirispirebam wertili dausva antikuri av-
torebis mier spartis gaidealebul uZlevelobas.
spartaSi arsebuli reJimi miCneulia anomaliad, saerTo ber-
Znuli samyarosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli kanonzomierebidan gadaxrad.
dakanonebuli wesebis uryevma dacvam ganapiroba sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis gayinva da kulturuli ganviTarebis SeCereba.
berZnuli demokratia klasikuri formiT Camoyalibda aTenSi.
antikuri tradiciis Tanaxmad, legendaruli mefis kodrosis gar-
dacvalebis Semdeg (Zv. w. XI saukuneSi) Seiqmna xelisuflebis arCev-
iTi magistratura, romelic cnobilia arqontis saxelwodebiT. Zv.
w. VII saukunidan Tanamdeboba gadaiqca kolegialur dawesebulebad
da irCevdnen 9 arqonts erTi wlis vadiT. aRmasrulebel xelisu-
flebas saTaveSi edga arqonti eponimi, misi saxeli eZleoda wels.
arqonti basilevsi ganagebda kultis sakiTxebs. arqonti polemar-
qosi iTvleboda mxedarTmTavrad. danarCen eqvs arqonts ewodebo-
daT TesmoTetebi _ maT funqciebSi Sedioda sasamarTlo sakiTxebi.
arqontebi umaRles xelisuflebas flobdnen Zv. w. VI saukunis
bolomde. klisTenes reformebiT (Zv. w. 509 wels) realuri Zalau-
fleba gadavida strategosebis xelSi (arqontTa kolegia sapatio
gaxda).
mmarTvelobis demokratiuli sistemis damyareba umwvaves brZo-
lebSi mimdinareobda. gvarovnuli aristokratia Seupovrad gamodi-
oda Tavisi privilegiebis SesanarCuneblad. mis batonobas pirveli
seriozuli dartyma miayena poetma da reformatorma, Svid brZen-
Tagan erTerTma, solonma. Zv. w. 594 wels solonis gatarebulma
timokratiulma reformam safuZveli gamoacala aristokratiis
pretenziebs, daawesa qonebrivi cenzi.
reformis Tanaxmad, wliuri Semosavlebis mixedviT, aTenis sru-
luflebiani mosaxleoba daiyo oTx klasad. pirvel klasSi Se-
vidnen isini, romelTa wliuri Semosavali Seadgenda 500 medimns
(medimni _ wonis sawyao erTeuli), meoreSi _ samass, mesameSi _
orass, danarCenebs 200 medimnze dabali Semosavali hqondaT. qone-
120 grani qavTaria
brivi cenzi gaxda politikuri uflebebis ganmsazRvreli. pirveli
da meore klasis moqalaqeebs SeeZloT umaRlesi Tanamdebobis daka-
veba. mesame klasis moqalaqeebi sargeblobdnen pasiuri uflebebiT.
ar SeiZleboda maTi arqontad arCeva da areopagSi (uxucesTa sab-
WoSi) moxvedra. meoTxe klasi sargeblobda xmis uflebiT, magram
vercerT Tanamdebobas ver daikavebda.
qonebrivi cenzis dawesebam xelisuflebas CamoaSora evpatridebi
(gvarovnuli aristokratia). reformam gza gauxsna monaTmflobelu-
ri polisis ganviTarebis axal safexurs da saTave daudo demokrati-
uli institutebis Camoyalibebas. dawesebulma cenzma evpatridebi,
romelTa qonebrivi mdgomareoba sakmaod mokrZalebuli iyo, atikis
sruluflebiani mosaxleobis rigiT wevrebad gadaaqcia.
solonma Seqmna mmarTvelobis demokratiuli organoebi: oTx-
asTa sabWo _ bule, nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo _ helieia, gaaf-
arTova saxalxo krebis funqciebi, Seamcira areopagisa da arqontTa
kolegiis uflebamosileba.
demokratiul kanonTa Soris aRsaniSnavia savalo kabalis gau-
qmeba (sisaxTia (tvirTis moxsna). kabalisagan gaTavisuflebul mo-
qalaqes gza exsneboda xelosnobisa da vaWrobisaken. reformatori
iTvaliswinebda imas, rom atikis mwiri miwa ver uzrunvelyofda mis
mkvidrT da saWiro iyo damatebiTi saarsebo saSualebebi. aseTad
miiCnia xelosnoba da vaWroba. soloni xelosnobis waxalisebasac
aqcevda yuradRebas. am mizniT, gamosca kanoni, romlis ZaliTac Svi-
li ar iyo valdebuli erCina mama, Tu igi raime xelobas ar Seaswavl-
ida~ (plutarqe, soloni, 22). solonis demokratiuli gardaqmnebis
seria Seaferxa pisistrates tiraniam (560-527). pisistrate aTens
erTpirovnulad marTavda, Tumca kanonebi ucvlelad (umoqmedod)
datova. pisistrates tiraniam Seasusta demokratiuli nakadi, ma-
gram udidesi roli Seasrula aTenis ekonomikuri da kulturuli
cxovrebis aRmavlobaSi.
solonis kanonmdeblobis gaRrmavebas warmoadgenda klisTenes
reformebi (gatarda Zv. w. 509 wels), romelmac ganamtkica aTenis
demosis mdgomareoba. reformebiT gvarovnul aristokratias kidev
ufro Seumcirda uflebebi. gvarovnul gaerTianebebs mxolod
sakulto funqciebi SerCaT. didi mniSvneloba hqonda imasac, rom
oTxi gvarovnuli files nacvlad, atika dahyo aT teritoriul
filed. reformireba ganicada sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli
xelisuflebis TiTqmis yvela sferom. demokratiis dacvas emsax-
ureboda ostrakismosis daweseba, romlis mizansac Seadgenda tira-
niis saSiSroebis Tavidan acileba.
demokratia Zvel saberZneTSi 121
gatarebuli reformebiT demokratiam, rogorc relobam, sru-
lyofilebas miaRwia. aTenis amaRlebis paralelurad gamanadgure-
beli tragedia ganicades mcire aziis berZnulma polisebma. Zv. w. VI
saukunis dasawyisSi maTi damoukidebloba xelyo lidiis samefom,
xolo saukunis dasasruls aqemenidurma sparseTma ayvavebuli qa-
laqebi miwasTan gaaswora. gadarCenili mosaxleobis didma nawilma
kontinentur saberZneTs miaSura. aTenis mzardi ekonomika farTod
uRebda kars sparsTa monobis uRlisagan Tavdaxsnil Tvistomebs.
vaWar-xelosnebTan erTad aTens Seafares Tavi kulturisa da mec-
nierebis warmomadgenlebmac. rodesac aqemenidebis imperiam maxvi-
li egeosis zRvis kunZulebsa da balkaneTze mimarTa, demokrati-
uli aTeni mtkiced aRudga win sparsul agresias.
berZen-sparselTa naxevarsaukunovan omSi aTenma daamtkica Ta-
visi upiratesoba danarCen berZnul polisebze. igi saTaveSi Caud-
ga eladas da SeZlo mrisxane mtris mogerieba. gamarjvebam aTenis
avtoriteti ganuzomlad gazarda da demokratias saberZneTze ba-
tonobis pretenziac gauCnda. pirvelobis ambiciam gamoiwvia dapir-
ispireba spartasTan, rasac Sedegad mohyva peloponesis omi.
aTenis Zliereba ganamtkica atika-delosis sazRvao kavSirSi wa-
myvani rolis Sesrulebam. demokratiam aTenSi ganviTarebis mwver-
vals perikles epoqaSi miaRwia (Tumca perikles demokratiaze an-
tikuri avtorebi seriozulad kamaTobdnen).
Zv. w. V saukunis aTenSi qveynis beds Tavisufali moqalaqeebi ga-
nagebdnen. demokratiuli kanonmdebloba mxolod sruluflebian
moqalaqeebze vrceldeboda. privilegirebul moqalaqeTa katego-
riaSi atikis mosaxleobis mcire nawili Sedioda.
klasikuri periodis aTenSi, demokratiis umaRles organos war-
moadgenda saxalxo kreba _ eklesia. mis muSaobaSi monawileobis
ufleba hqondaT 30 wels gadacilebul sruluflebian moqalaqee-
bs. daswreba SeeZloT, magram xmis ufleba ar hqondaT moqalaqeo-
bamiRebul 20-dan 30 wlamde axalgazrdebsac.
saxalxo kreba ar iyo mTeli atikis mosaxleobis interesTa ga-
momxatveli. misi obieqti mxolod sruluflebiani moqalaqeebi iy-
vnen. kreba ar cnobda metekebs (aTenSi mudmivad mcxovreb ucxoelebs).
sruluflebiani moqalaqis uflebebiT ar sargeblobdnen, agreTve,
Sereuli qorwinebis Sedegad dabadebuli pirebi. aTenis moqalaqisa
da sxva berZnuli polisis moqalaqis daqorwineba ar iZleoda imis
garantias, rom STamomavloba aTenis moqalaqeobas miiRebda.
aTenis demokratiis kanonebiT, qalebi Tavisufal moqalaqeebad
iTvlebodnen, magram politikuri uflebebiT ar sargeblobdnen,
122 grani qavTaria
xmis ufleba ar hqondaT. aqedan gamomdinare, maTi Tavisufleba
arasrulyofili iyo.
saxalxo kreba monebis, rogorc arasrulfasovani adamianebis
3
sakiTxs saerTod ar ganixilavda.
saxalxo krebas iwvevdnen TveSi erTxel (saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi
dasaSvebi iyo riggareSe mowvevac). kreba imarTeboda Ria cis qveS. ami-
tom wvimis, Weqa-quxilis, miwisZvris, daRamebis SemTxvevaSi, xdeboda
misi gadadeba meore dRisTvis. krebis mudmivi damswreni da monawile-
ni iyvnen aTenisa da mimdebare sofelTa mkvidrni. mniSvnelovani
gadawyvetilebis misaRebad sakmarisi iyo 6 aTasi moqalaqis xma.
saxalxo kreba iyo, rogorc sakanonmdeblo, ise marTva-gamgeo-
bis umaRlesi instancia. krebaze wydeboda omisa da zavis sakiTxebi,
mtkicdeboda xelSekrulebebi, ganixileboda armiisa da flotis
mdgomareoba. saxalxo krebaze xdeboda moqalaqeobis miniWeba da
CamorTmeva, kreba ismenda angariSebs Tanamdebobis pirebisagan, mis kom-
petenciaSi Sedioda atika-delosis kavSirSi Semaval polisebTan urT-
ierTobis garkveva. aristoteles azriT, `saxalxo kreba aris yvelaze
mTavari xelmZRvaneli organo~ (aristotele, politika, VI, I).
saxalxo krebaze xdeboda kanonebis (nomos) da dadgenilebebis
(fsefizma) miReba. kreba iwyeboda winaswar Sedgenili dRis wesrigiT,
romelic ganxiluli hqonda xuTasTa sabWos (bules) da axlda misi
daskvna. Tu warmodgenili winadadebebi kamaTs ar iwvevda, maT uprob-
lemod iRebdnen. Tu sakiTxi bundovani iyo, iwyeboda dava, gawafuli
oratorebis Widili. saboloo Sedegs kenWisyra gadawyvetda.
saxalxo kreba didi sifrTxiliT ekideboda moqalaqeobis mini-
Webas. daeWvebis SemTxvevaSi maZieblis saqme gadaecemoda nafic
msajulTa sasamarTlos. sasamarTlo safuZvlianad Seiswavlida
aRniSnuli piris warmomavlobas da krebas warudgenda Sesabamis
daskvnas. mxolod amis Semdeg dadgeboda sakiTxi dRis wesrigSi.
moqalaqeobis maZiebels nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos winaSe unda
waredgina mSoblebisa da winaprebis, rogorc aTenis moqalaqeebis
damadasturebeli sabuTebi, romeli demidan iyvnen isini da sad mde-
bareobda maTi akldamebi. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi yuradReba eqceo-
da mowmeebis Cvenebebsac.
moqalaqeobis miniWebis garTulebuli procedura dakavSirebu-
li iyo perikles saxelTan, romlis iniciativiTac Zv. w. 451 wels
3
gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom atikis mosaxleoba Zv. w. V saukuneSi Seadgenda daax.
400 aTas mcxovrebs. aqedan sruluflebiani moqalaqis statusiT sargeblobda 40
aTasi. danarCenSi igulisxmebian qalebi, bavSvebi, monebi, metekebi. saxalxo kreba
am 40 aTasi kacis Tanasworuflebianobis damadasturebel saxelmwifo dawesebule-
bas warmoadgenda.
demokratia Zvel saberZneTSi 123
kanonSi Seitanes uamravi SemzRudavi barieri. ramdenime wlis Sem-
deg kanoni TviT perikles winaaRmdeg amoqmedda. rodesac misi vaJi
gaxda oci wlis, moqmedi kanonis ZaliT igi moqalaqeobas ver mi-
iRebda, radgan misi deda aspazia warmoSobiT mileteli iyo. imdro-
indeli aTenis yvelaze gavleniani politikosi perikle ramdenjerme
gamovida saxalxo krebaze, rom misi Svilis mimarT daeSvaT gamonak-
lisi da mieniWebinaT moqalaqeoba. saxalxo krebam xangrZlivi kama-
Tis Semdeg daakmayofila demokratiis beladis Txovna.
saxalxo krebaze moqalaqeobis problemas xSirad svamdnen
politikuri brZolebis dros. magaliTisaTvis SeiZleba dava-
saxeloT demosTenes da esqines dapirispireba, romelSic kargad
Cans imdroindel aTenSi makedonur da antimakedonur dajgufebaTa
Seurigebloba da am fonze nebismieri bundovani faqtis wina plan-
ze wamoweva. oratorma esqinem demosTenes winaaRmdeg wamoyenebul
braldebaTa Soris eWvis qveS daayena misi moqalaqeobis sinamdvile.
braldebis Tanaxmad demosTenes dedis bebia araaTeneli iyo. demo-
sTenem brwyinvale sityvaSi uaryo braldeba da daamtkica Tavisi
winapris aTeneloba. sainteresoa imis xazgasmac, rom bralmdebe-
li moiTxovda demosTenes, rogorc damnaSavis aTenidan gaZevebas.
demosTenem Tavisi sityva ise warmarTa, rom sxdomas mimarTuleba
Seucvala da krebaze esqines sakiTxic dadga. xmis micemis Sedegad
aRmoCnda, rom aTenelTa umravlesobam esqines gaZevebas dauWira
mxari. oratoric saxalxo krebis gadawyvetilebas daemorCila da
mTeli sicocxle gaZevebaSi gaatara.
saxalxo krebaze aTenis sruluflebian moqalaqes, romelic sx-
domas eswreboda, SeeZlo sakuTari azris gamoTqma. es wesi garantias
iZleoda gaesworebinaT kanonebSi daSvebuli uzustobani. yoveli
wlis dasawyisSi krebis Tavmjdomare (epistatesi), romelsac erTi
dRiT irCevdnen, sxdomis gaxsnisas dasvamda kiTxvas, xom ar Tvlid-
nen saWirod moqmed kanonebSi cvlilebebis Setanas. Catardeboda
xmis micema. Tu miiCnevdnen, rom cvlilebebi aucilebeli iyo, wina-
dadebis avtors xuTasTa sabWoSi unda Seetana axali kanonproeqti.
sabWo ganixilavda proeqts da ubrunebda saxalxo krebas. kanonis
saboloo damtkiceba xdeboda nafic msajulTa sasamarTloSi. am-
deni instanciis gavlis miuxedavad, kanoni mainc ar iyo dazRveu-
li gadacdomisagan an calkeul pirTa mxridan ganzrax daSvebuli
uzustobisagan. aseT SemTxvevaSi amoqmeddeboda kanonmdeblobis
dacvis araordinaluri meqanizmi _ grafe paranomon _ saCivari
ukanonobis winaaRmdeg.
grafe paranomonis aRmZvreli valdebuli iyo fici daedo, rom
124 grani qavTaria
ar gamoiyenebda miniWebul uflebamosilebas aTenis sazianod. am
proceduris Catarebis Semdeg warmoadgenda igi Tavis saCivars. war-
modgenil saCivars kreba gadascemda nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos.
sasamarTlo gamohyofda kanonmdeblebis (nomoTetebis) komisias,
romelsac evaleboda grafe paranomonis kanonTa mimarTebis dad-
gena. proeqtis avtors nomoTetTa winaSe unda daemtkicebina, rom
moqmedi kanoni an dadgenileba Seicavda Seusabamobas da aucilebe-
li iyo misi gasworeba. mopasuxed gamodioda is piri, romelmac Ta-
vis droze aRniSnuli kanoni warudgina saxalxo krebas. nomoTete-
bi mousmendnen orive mxares. saboloo sityva maT ekuTvnodaT. Tu
komisia miiCnevda, rom grafe paranomon aRZruli iyo samarTlianad,
misi avtori miecemoda pasuxismgeblobaSi da daekisreboda fula-
di jarima, mZime darRvevebis dros _ samSoblodan gaZevebac. ase-
Tive pasuxismgebloba ekisreboda grafe paranomonis Semtansac. Tu
daumtkicdeboda, rom igi cdilobda saxalxo krebisa da nomoTet-
Ta komisiis SecdomaSi Seyvanas da kanonebis araswor ganmartebas,
kanoni mTeli simkacriT amoqmeddeboda mis winaaRmdeg, gasamarTl-
deboda da jarima an gaZeveba ar acdeboda.
aTenis sruluflebiani moqalaqeoba niSnavda xelSeuxeblobis
garantias, magram gansazRvrul movaleobasac gulisxmobda, rom-
lis darRveva mkacrad isjeboda.
Zveli eladis politikuri azrovnebis udidesi miRweva _ aTenis
demokratia _ uzrunvelyofda Tavisufali moqalaqis uflebebs,
demokratiuli kanonmdeblobis arealSi moqceuli iyvnen mxolod
aTenis moqalaqeebi da igi odnavadac ar iTvaliswinebda atika-de-
losis kavSirSi Semavali polisebis moqalaqeTa uflebebs.
aTenis demokratiis umniSvnelovanes aRmasrulebel dawesebule-
bas warmoadgenda xuTasTa sabWo (bule). misi winamorbedi iyo sol-
onis mier Seqmnili oTxasTa sabWo. imis gamo, rom atika dayofili
iyo oTx gvarovnul filed, reformatorma TiToeuli filedan
masSi Seiyvana 100 wevri. solonma sabWo daupirispira gvarovnuli
aristokratiis dasayrdens-areopags. kanonmdebelma klisTenem (Zv.
w. 509 wels) oTxasTa sabWo Secvala xuTasTa sabWoTi. cvlileba
dakavSirebuli iyo axal teritoriul dayofasTan. klisTenem oTxi
files nacvlad atika dahyo aT filed. Sesabamisad TiToeuli file
warmomadgenlobiT organoSi irCevda ormocdaaT wevrs, ramac gana-
piroba bules Semadgenlobis gazrda xuTasamde.
xuTasTa sabWos _ bules wevrad irCevdnen 30 wlis asaks gadac-
ilebul sruluflebian moqalaqes, erTi wlis vadiT. erTi da imave
piris orjer arCeva ar SeiZleboda, ufro zustad, SeiZleboda, ma-
demokratia Zvel saberZneTSi 125
gram mas Semdeg, roca yvela moqalaqe gaivlida am safexurs, rac
warmoudgenlad gamoiyureboda.
bule idga saxalxo krebis gverdiT da warmoadgenda mis sa-
muSao organos. xuTasTa sabWos did mniSvnelobaze metyvelebs is
faqtic, rom aTenis saxalxo krebis gadawyvetileba iwyeboda si-
tyvebiT: `daadgina bulem da demosma~. xuTasTa sabWo farTo ufle-
bebiT sargeblobda. mis prerogativaSi Sedioda saxalxo krebaze
gansaxilveli sakiTxebis gansazRvra. sabWos daskvnis gareSe sax-
alxo krebaze sakiTxi ver gavidoda. bules winaswar ganuxilvelad
saxalxo krebas gadawyvetilebis gamotana ar SeeZlo, da, rac mTa-
varia, rogorc umaRlesi administraciuli dawesebuleba, valde-
buli iyo saxalxo krebis sxdomidan sxdomamde gaekontrolebina
da aResrulebina saxalxo krebis gadawyvetilebani. am kuTxiT igi
aRmasrulebeli organos funqcias asrulebda.
xuTasTa sabWos wevrs movaleobis Sesrulebis ufleba eZleo-
da mas Semdeg, rodesac wina mowvevis bules winaSe gaivlida mkacr
Semowmebas _ dokimasias. mas unda warmoedgina sruluflebiani
moqalaqis damadasturebeli cnoba da daesaxelebina sagvareulo
akldama. savaldebulo iyo imis dadgena, bules wevri ramdenad
keTilsindisierad ixdida gadasaxadebs da rogor ekideboda samx-
edro samsaxurs. xazgasmiT iyo miTiTebuli mSoblebisadmi pativ-
iscemis gamoxatvis garkveuli normebic. dauSvebeli iyo sasjel-
moxdili moqalaqis arCeva bules wevrad. im SemTxvevaSi Tu vinme
Seecdeboda komisiis SecdomaSi Seyvanas, maSinve amoiRebdnen siidan
da jarimas daakisrebdnen.
dokimasiis mizans Seadgenda bules wevris RirsebaTa dadgena,
ramdenad Seesabameboda misi monacemebi demokratiis moTxovnebs.
dokimasiis dros, sadavo sakiTxebis wamoWrisas kandidats SeeZlo
mowmeebis moxmoba.
xuTasTa sabWos wevrebi, vidre saqmianobas Seudgebodnen, fics
sdebdnen, rom kanonis sruli dacviT Seasrulebdnen dakisrebul
movaleobas. erTi wlis Semdeg isini waradgendnen angariSs da Tanam-
debobas stovebdnen.
bule xelSeuxeblobis garantias ar iZleoda. danaSaulis Cad-
enis SemTxvevaSi nebismier dros SeiZleboda misi wevris winaaRmdeg
saCivris aRZvra.
xuTasTa sabWo warmarTavda aTenis administraciul, samxedro-
sazRvao, savaWro, kulturul da sxv. cxovrebis, qveynis finanse-
bi mTlianad sabWos kompetenciaSi Sedioda. akontrolebda Semo-
savalsa da gasavals, awesebda gadasaxadebis moculobas, gaweuli
126 grani qavTaria
daxmarebis kanonzomierebas. bule awesrigebda urTierTobas gare
samyarosTan, iRebda elCebs da waradgenda saxalxo krebaze, ufle-
bamosili iyo gaeformebina xelSekrulebebi. bule ismenda diplo-
matiuri misiiT wargzavnil pirTa angariSebs. Tanamdebobis pirebi
valdebulni iyvnen sabWosTvis moexsenebinaT, ra keTdeboda qveya-
naSi da rogori gegmebi hqondaT. Tavis mxriv bule regularulad
abarebda angariSs saxalxo krebas (finansebTan da sxva sakiTxebTan
dakavSirebiT).
xuTasTa sabWo SedarebiT dabali instanciis sasamarTlo xelisu-
flebasac flobda, Tumca misi ganaCenis gasaCivreba SeiZleboda.
bule warmoadgenda aTenis kanonmdebelTa (soloni, klisTene)
did gamarjvebas. Tavidanve gamoikveTa misi mTavari daniSnuleba:
demokratiuli Rirebulebebis samsaxuri. xuTasTa sabWo, saxalxo
krebasTan erTad iyo is safuZveli, romelsac eyrdnoboda aTenis
demokratia.
demokratiis mniSvnelovan organos warmoadgenda aTenis nafic
msajulTa sasamarTlo _ helieia.
sasamarTlos reformac solonma gaatara. Tu misi kanonmde-
blobiT, nebismier Tanamdebobaze irCevdnen qonebrivi cenzis
gaTvaliswinebiT, helieias wevrobaze SezRudva ar arsebobda.
mosamarTleoba SeeZloT meoTxe kategoriis moqalaqeebsac (Tetebs).
mosamarTleTa raodenoba gansazRvruli iyo 5 aTasi kaciT (ematebo-
da aTasi saTadarigo mosamarTle. mTlianobaSi gamodioda 6 aTasi).
helieias wevroba misawvdomi iyo aTenis yvela Tavisufali moqalaq-
isaTvis, magram vidre airCevdnen, sxva Tanamdebobis pirebis msgavsad
utardebodaT mkacri Semowmeba. mas moeTxoveboda warmomavlobis
damadasturebeli cnoba, saxeldobr, rom iyo aTenis srulufle-
bian moqalaqeTa STamomavali. ar unda hqonoda gadauxdeli vali.
dauSvebeli iyo sasjelmoxdilis arCeva mosamarTled. Tu vinme Se-
ecdeboda daefara Tavisi warsuli, magram siyalbe gamJRavndeboda,
mis saqmes calke ganixilavdnen, sasjels ganuaxlebdnen da jarimas
daakisrebdnen.
mosamarTleebi fics debdnen, rom daicavdnen arsebul kanonebs,
iqnebodnen obieqturni da ar Caidendnen qveynis sawinaaRmdego
qmedebas. mosamarTleTa ficSi xazgasmuli iyo, rom moiqceodnen
keTilsindisierad, kanonis morCilni da mousyidvelni. danaSau-
lis Camden mosamarTleebs mkacrad sjidnen. mcire gadacdomisaTvis
adebdnen fulad jarimas. danaSaulis zrdasTan erTad izrdeboda
sasjelic: kanoni iTvaliswinebda moqalaqeobis uflebis CamorT-
mevas, samSoblodan gaZevebas da sikvdiliT dasjasac ki. aseTi sim-
demokratia Zvel saberZneTSi 127
kacre sakmaod formalurad gamoiyureba, radgan mosamarTleTa
saocrad didi ricxvi mosyidvasa da angarebas gamoricxavda. amis
garantias iZleoda is faqti, rom sasamarTlos mTeli Semadgenlo-
ba (5000 mosamarTle) dayofili iyo aT nawilad. TiToeul meaTeds
ewodeboda dikasteria. gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis sakiTxebs ori
(1000 mosamarTle) an sami (1500 mosamarTle) dikasteria arCevda.
mosamarTleTa ricxvis gazrda xdeboda maSin, roca braldebuli
iyo saxelmwifos umaRlesi Tanamdebobis piri (cnobilia, rom
samma dikasteriam gaarCia perikles winaaRmdeg aRZruli saCivari,
romelsac bralad edeboda Tanamdebobis borotad gamoyeneba. pro-
cesi perikles gamarjvebiT damTavrda. _ plutarqe, perikle, 32).
mosamarTleTa obiqeturobis garantias zrdida isic, rom sxdo-
mis dRes helieias aTive dikasteria cxaddeboda sasamarTlosTan,
tardeboda kenWisyra da romel dikasteriasac mouwevda, is darCe-
boda saqmis gasarCevad, danarCenebi Tavisufalni iyvnen. amrigad,
rogori simdidris mflobelic ar unda yofiliyo braldebuli da
misi naTesav-megobrebi, ramdenime aTasi kacis gafrTxileba praqti-
kulad SeuZlebeli iyo.
aseTi zRudeebis miuxedavad, helieias mravali kritikosi hyavda.
am mxriv aRsaniSnavia oratori lisiasi, romelmac sakuTar ojaxze
ganicada sasamarTlos usamarTlo ganaCeni. komediografi aristo-
fane mosamarTleebs meqrTameebs da borotebis msaxurebs uwodebda.
demokratiis stabilurobis periodSi aTenis nafic msajulTa
sasamarTlo kanonierebis sadarajoze idga, magram peloponesis
omiT gamowveulma krizisma is Zalmomreobis iaraRad aqcia da xSir-
ad iRebda ara samarTlebriv, aramed politikur gadawyvetilebebs.
mraval faqtTa Soris sakmarisia oris dasaxeleba: perikle umcro-
sis (didi perikles Svilis) da filosofos sokratesi.
peloponesis omis miwuruls (Zv. w. 405 wels) perikles, rogorc
strategoss, brali dasdes arginusis koncxTan gamarTuli brZolis
dros daRupul meomarTa dakrZalvis ritualis SeusruleblobaSi.
helieiam moqalaqeTa uSualo zemoqmedebiT gamoitana aSkarad us-
amarTlo ganaCeni da perikles da masTan erTad ramdenime strat-
egoss sikvdili miusaja. qsenofontis sityvebiT, sasamarTlo mo-
qmedebda ara WeSmaritebis, aramed boroti adamianebis survilis
dasakmayofileblad (qsenofonti, saberZneTis istoria, I, 7).
demokratiisadmi mtrulad ganwyobili sokrate helieiam ci-
lismwamebluri braldebiT, TiTqos igi uRmerTobas qadagebda,
gaasamarTla da dasaja.
sokrates sasamarTlo procesi vrclad aqvT aRwerili didi fi-
128 grani qavTaria
losofosis mowafeebs: platons (`sokrates apologia~, dialogi
`kritoni~) da qsenofonts (`mogonebebi sokrateze~, `sokrates
apologia~), romlebmac gamokveTilad aCvenes helieias ara samarT-
lebrivi, aramed politikuri mxare.
sokrate politikur saqmianobaSi ar monawileobda, magram mac-
rad akritikebda mmarTvelobis demokratiul formebs (demokrati-
aze uaryofiTi azrisani iyvnen momdevno filosofosebic, platoni
da aristotele). sokrates popularobas da mis gansxvavebul pozi-
cias aTenis demokratia ver urigdeboda da cru mowmeTa Cvenebebis
safuZvelze saCivari aRZra nafic msajulTa sasamarTloSi. bral-
debis Tanaxmad, filosofosi axalgazrdebs ryvnida uRmerTobis qa-
dagebiT. sasamarTlo procesze sokratem brwyinvaled daicva Tavi,
magram amas marTlmsajulebaze gavlena ar mouxdenia. helieias 500
wevridan filosofosis sikvdiliT dasjas xma misca 280-ma. poli-
tikuri angariSsworebis process mxari ar dauWira 220 naficma msa-
julma. gaimarjva umravlesobam. Zv. w. 399 wlis maisSi sokratem
aTenis nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos ganaCeni TviTon aRasrula:
cikutiT savse Tasi mSvidad dalia da amqveyniur cxovrebas daemS-
vidoba.
Zv. w. V saukunis bolosaTvis samarTlianobis simbolod miC-
neuli helieia usamarTlobis msaxur dawesebulebad gadaiqca.
misi Tavdapirveli saxis dakargvaze gadamwyveti gavlena moaxdina
peloponesis omiT gamowveulma politikuri azrovnebis krizisma.
sisxlianma aTwleulebma Seaviwroves demokratiuli nakadi da gza
gauxsnes bneli Zalebis aqtiurobas. politikurma da ekonomikurma
krizisma daaknina demokratiis amaRlebuli ideebi da saeWvo dema-
gogebis gavlenis qveS moaqcia.
klasikur periodSi demokratias pirovnebisa da saxelmwifos
urTierToba SesaniSnavad hqonda dalagebuli. aTenelma reforma-
torebma (solonma, klisTenem, mogvianebiT efialtem) gvarovnul
aristokratias gamoacales sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli
uflebamosilebani da gadasces Tanasworuflebianobis principze
dafuZnebul demokratiul formebs.
aTenis demokratiis seriozul naklad unda miviCnioT moqalaqe-
obis miniWebis garTulebuli moTxovnebi.
demokratia didmpyrobelurad eqceoda atika-delosis kav-
SirSi Semaval polisebs. nebayoflobiT gaerTianebas ganixilavda
qveSevrdomobad da protestis SemTxvevaSi mkacrad uswordeboda.
demokratiis uaryofiTi qmedebani gamokveTilad gamovlinda pelo-
ponesis omis dros, rodesac demagogebi xalxs araswori mimar-
demokratia Zvel saberZneTSi 129
TulebiT atarebdnen, ramac aTeni Zlierebis mwvervalidan dace-
mamde miiyvana.
demokratiuli principebis erTguleba xSirad irRveoda da
calkeuli politikosebi demagogiuri nakadis moWarbebiT, mrude
gzaze gadahyavdaT, magram iyvnen Rirseulebic, romlebmac didi
roli Seasrules aTenis istoriaSi. am mxriv gansakuTrebul simaR-
leze dgas perikle. demokratiis ayvavebasa da aTenis gaZlierebas
perikles damsaxurebad miiCneven. Tumca antikur avtorebTan sawi-
naaRmdego Sefasebebsac vxvdebiT: sityviT demokratiuli, saqmiT
erTi kacis mmarTveloba (plutarqe, perikle, 9; Tukidide, istoria,
II, 65). aseTi daxasiaTebis miuxedavad, perikle didi pasuxismge-
blobiT ekideboda saxelmwifos umaRles organoebTan urTierTo-
bas. amas adasturebs plutarqes cnoba. alkibiades biografiaSi igi
wers, alkibiadem erTxel periklesTan Sexvedra moindoma da misi
saxlis kars miadga. uTxres: perikles ar scalia, aTenelebisaTvis
warsadgen angariSze fiqrobso. gamobrunebisas alkibiades uTqvams:
`gana ar ajobebda, is moifiqros, rogor ar Caabaros angariSi aT-
enelebs?~ (plutarqe, alkibiade, 7).
oratorul xelovnebas Rrmad dauflebuli perikle momnusx-
vel STabeWdilebas tovebda msmenelebze. saxalxo kreba monacemebis
gamovlenis saukeTeso saSualebas aZlevda, rac mis popularobas
kidev ufro zrdida.
efialtes reformiT areopagma da arqontTa magistraturam da-
karga uflebebi. periklem arqontis Tanamdebobaze, romelic mainc
sapatiod iTvleboda, dauSva mesame kategoriis (Zevgitebis) arCeva,
rac qonebrivi cenzis gauqmebas niSnavda.
perikles iniciativiT helieias, xuTasTa sabWos wevrebs da
Tanamdebobis pirebs daeniSnaT xelfasi (anazRaureba iyo simbol-
uri). Rarib mosaxleobas eZleoda Teatralur sanaxaobebze dasas-
wrebi fuli _ Teorikoni.
atika-delosis sazRvao kavSiris xazinis aTenSi gadataniT mokav-
Sireebma forosze dakarges kontroli. samokavSireo Tanxas perikle
aTenis interesebs axmarda, romelTagan mTavari iyo grandiozuli
mSeneblobani (gvirgvins warmoadgenda aTenis akropolisi).
perikles epoqaSi (garkveuli gadaxrebis miuxedavad) kanonmde-
blobis yuradRebis centrSi idga sruluflebiani moqalaqis xel-
Seuxebloba. aristotelec demokratiuli saxelmwifos ZiriTad
principad Tavisuflebas acxadebda (politika, VI, I).
klasikuri periodis aTenis politikur azrovnebaSi Camoyali-
bda moqalaqis cneba, amave dros gansazRvruli iyo misi valdeb-
130 grani qavTaria
ulebebi. Zneli iyo moqalaqis uflebebis mopoveba, magram kanonebis
darRvevisaTvis advilad SeiZleboda misi dakargva.
aTenis demokratia emyareboda Tavisufal adamianTa mcire jgu-
fis Tanasworobis ideas, romlis ZiriTad amocanas Seadgenda misi
obieqtis upiratesobis dacva. demokratiis amRiarebeli fena sru-
lad sargeblobda misi privilegiebiT.
demokratiam gauxsna gza Tavisufal azrovnebasa da ganaTlebis
harmoniul sistemas. berZnuli kulturis ayvaveba arsebiTad de-
mokratiis damsaxureba iyo. aTenSi eswrafodnen aRiarebas nebismier
polisSi mcxovrebi elinebi. aTeni gaxda saerTo berZnuli kultu-
ris centri. aTenSi izeimes gamarjveba literaturis, filosofi-
is, xelovnebis, istoriis didma warmomadgenlebma, aqve Caeyara
safuZveli Teatralur sanaxaobebs. demokratiuli aTeni gaxda cno-
bili oratorebis saasparezo arena.
elinebma aRmosavlur civilizaciebSi dagrovebuli codna mec-
nierebad aqcies. es simaRle Seiqmna im didi aRmoCeniT, romelic
mmarTvelobis demokratiuli formebis saxeliTaa cnobili.