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THE BASIC OF MATHEMATICAL MODELLING The process of formulating an abstract model in terms of
& mathematical language to describe the complex behaviour of
FLUID MECHANICS a real system.
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Modelling in Engineering Example: Flow in a pipe
Basically, the study of physical phenomena involves two steps:
The laminar flow of a viscous fluid through a pipe of radius r = a
and length L is under a constant pressure gradient
1. All the variables that affect the
phenomena are identified, reasonable ∇p = ∆P/L = (Po − Pi )/L,
assumptions and approximations are made,
and the interdependence of those variables is where Po and Pi (< Po ) are the pressures at the outlet and the
studied. The relevant physical laws and inlet, repectively.
principles are invoked, and the problem is
formulated mathematically. The equation The drag force is balanced by pressure change, and this leads to
itself is very instructive as it shows the degree
∆P 1 d dv (r )
of dependence of some variables on others, =η r ,
and the relative importance of various terms. L r dr dr
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Solutions:
1. What is v (r ) if
1. The velocity is
I the velocity must be finite at r = 0, and
∆p 2
v = 0 at r = a? a − r2 .
I v (r ) = −
4ηL
2. What is the total flow rate, Q given that 2. The flow rate is
π∆P 4
Z a Q=− a .
Q= 2πrv (r ) dr ? 8ηL
0
The flow rate is proportional to the pressure gradient and inversely
3. What happen to Q if you double the radius of the pipe? proportional to the viscosity.
3. Double the radius of the pipe, the flow rate will increase to 16
times.
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Modelling in Engineering To summarise...
Real-world Simplification
Model
problem
However...
many problems encountered in practice can be solved without
resorting to differential equations and the complications associated Verification Analysis
with them.
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Step 2: Schematic diagram Step 3: Assumptions & Approximations
I Indicate any energy and mass interactions with the I Justify the questionable assumptions.
surroundings.
I Listing the given information on the sketch helps one to see I Assume reasonable values for missing quantities that are
entire problem at once. necessary.
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Step 6: Calculations Step 7: Reasoning, Verification & Discussion
I Check to make sure that the results obtained are reasonable and
intuitive and verify the validity of the questionable assumptions.
I Substitute the known quantities into the simplified relations I Repeat the calculations that resulted in unreasonable values.
and perform the calculations to determine the unknowns.
I Point out the significance of the results and discuss their
implications.
I Pay particular attention to the units and unit cancellations,
and remember that a dimensional quantity without a unit is I State the conclusions that can be drawn from the results and any
meaningless. recommendations that can be made from them.
I Emphasize the limitations under which the results are applicable
I Also, do not give a false implication of high precision by and caution against any possible misunderstandings and using the
copying all the digits from the screen of the calculator - round results in situations where the underlying assumptions do not apply.
the results to an appropriate number of significant digits. I Keep in mind that the analysis and solutions you present to others,
is a form of communication. Therefore neatness, organization,
completeness and visual appearance are of utmost importance for
maximum effectiveness.
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Mechanics The oldest physical science that deals with both Hydrodynamics
stationary and moving bodies under the influence of A study of the motion of fluids that are practically incompressible
forces. (such as liquids especially water and gases at low speed).
Examples: The flows of liquid in pipes and open channels
Statics A branch of mechanics that deals with bodies at
(hydraulics).
rest.
Dynamics A branch of mechanics that deals with bodies in Gas dynamics
motion. A flow of fluid that undergo significant density changes.
Examples: The flow of gases through nozzle at high speed.
Fluid mechanics Aerodynamics
A science that deals with the behaviour of fluids A flow of gases (especially air) over bodies.
Examples: Aircraft, rockets and automobiles at high or low speed.
I at rest (fluid statics)
I in motion (fluid dynamics) Meteorology, Oceanography, Hydrology
Naturally occurring flows.
and the interaction of fluids with solids or other fluids at the
Example: Lava flow.
boundaries.
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What is Fluid? Fluid vs. Solid
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Shear Stress Areas of Application
I Astrophysics/galactic dynamics
The supporting walls of a fluid eliminate shear stress, and thus a I Meteorology & oceanography
fluid at rest is at a state of zero shear stress.
I Environmental fluid dynamics
When the walls are removed or a liquid container is tilted, a shear
develops and the liquid splashes or moves to attain a horizontal I Aeronautics
free surface. I Industrial fluid dynamics
I Biological fluid dynamics
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Internal vs. External Flow Incompressible vs. Compressible Flow
Incompressible flow: Density remain nearly constant throughout
the flow. Liquid flows are typically incompressible.
Internal flow: Bounded flow. Compressible flow: Vice versa of incompressible flow. Gas flows are
Dominated by the influence of often compressible, especially for high speeds.
viscosity throughout the flow field.
Mach number, Ma = V /c, where V I Ma < 0.3 (Incompressible)
I Ma < 1 (Subsonic)
is the flow velocity and c is the speed
External flow: Unbounded flow. of sound, is a good indicator of I Ma = 1 (Transonic/Sonic)
Viscous effects are limited to whether or not compressibility effects
I Ma > 1 (Supersonic)
boundary layer and wake. I Ma 1 (Hypersonic)
are important.
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Transitional flow: A flow that contains both Forced flow: A fluid is forced to flow by external means such as a
laminar and turbulent regions. pump or a fan.
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Steady vs. Unsteady Flow 1,2 and 3-Dimensional Flows
A flow field is best characterized by the velocity distribution.
Thus, a flow is said to be 1, 2 or 3-dimensional if the flow velocity
Steady flow: Flow does not change at any varies in 1, 2 or 3 primary dimensions, respectively.
point with time. The transient terms are zero Navier-Stokes equations are 3D vector equations. Velocity vectors:
(∂V/∂t = ∂p/∂t = 0). V(x, y , z, t) = hVx (x, y , z, t), Vy (x, y , z, t), Vz (x, y , z, t)i.
Lower dimensional flows reduce the complexity of analytical and
numerical solutions.!
Unsteady flow: Opposite of steady flow. Change in the coordinate system (cylindrical, spherical, etc.) may
May appear steady if ’time-averaged’. facilitate the reduction of order. Example: For fully developed
I Transient flow: Usually describes a pipe flow, velocity V (r ) is a function of radius r and pressure p(z)
starting or developing flow. is a function of distance z along the pipe.
I Periodic flow: Flow which oscillates
about a mean.
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The No-slip Condition The No-slip Condition
A fluid layer adjacent to a moving surface has the same velocity as
The layer that sticks to the surface slows
the surface.
the adjacent fluid layer because of
viscous forces between the fluid layers, A fluid flowing over a
which slows the next layer, and so on. stationary surface comes
Therefore, the no-slip condition is to a complete stop at the
responsible for the development of the surface because of the
velocity profile. no-slip condition.
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The No-temperature-jump Condition
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