‘Contents lists available at ScienceDirect, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews ELSEVIER rome emer neceente eran eee A review of solar-powered water pumping systems ® Mansur Aliyu’, Ghassan Hassan”, Syed A. Said", Muhammad U. Siddiqui‘, Ali T. Alawami, Ibrahim M, Elamin® Mecha ener Depron: King Fah Urey of Perea and Moa 31251 Dhan, Sau a ™ Ceo esac Exel Reel erg ig Fahd Uns of Plan nd Moral, 31261 Dhl, Sai “algo gern Unbnity of Dana 3145) Dena, Sah Arba “Buea Ener Depron, King Fab Une of acim and Mal, 31261 Dlr Sand Arab ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Prove water pmping een Diesehpowered pumps are widely employed In farming and gratlandUrigaion. However, theze ean be pro fe expectancy. These and recent concerns forthe environment astciated with the diesel engines call for 4 viable lternative source of power for ingatlonal water pumping. Renewable energy sources have gained alot of tention asa replacement for fs (ls ora a supplement in hybrid systems. Solarpowered (photvelai) ‘een deployed in many remote regions for various applications, ranging from rural electrification and eam ‘munity water supplies to Lrigation and livestock water supplies. Although photovltae (PV) systems generally Ihave a hgh avertment cot (thas many features which make Iratractve av an altemative source of power for find maintenance cont. This manureipt presents a detailed inlensve review of solar-powered water pumping Systems 2 epored inte lteratre to serve a a quch reference to researchers and engines who are working for inerested fn the subject 1. Introduction Water isa necessity for surviving. It is needed for drinking and domestic uses, and it is required for large-scale irrigation, con- struction, and power production, Water plays a significant role in the development of any country. The quality of life in eny country areatly depends upon the quantity and quality of available water resources in that country. It is estimated that an average of five liters of fresh water is required per person per day for daily survival 1]. Although a large amount of high-quality water is present in the world, often itis not available a locations where it can be readily used, This raises the need to pump high-quality water from its souree to the locations where it is in demand, For this purpose, ‘water pumps have been in use for decades. The majority of the commercially available water pumps run on leceicity or Diesel ol. Conventionally, electricity mostly generated by burning fossil fuels has been supplied from the national gids. This presented a problem for supplying water to remote areas which cannot be connected directly to a national grid station |2). Also, with the realization of the negative impacts of burning fossil fuele on the Eno odders rushed (SA Sab. nape /diorg/10,3016/.crr 2018 02010 environment, researchers became more focused on developing stand: slone water pumping systems that could be powered by renewable sources of energy. Several renewable sources of energy can be used for water pumping. However, solar photovoltaic (PV) turned out to be the suitable one. While being clean and naturally available, solar en- ergy has been proved to have a ditect relationship between its availability and water demand (3). The solar intensity is high in many locations where the electric grid does not reach and there is 2 high need for water. Photovoltaic panels use solar energy to directly generate elec tricity which could be used to power the electricity-operated water pumps. For the past several years, researchers have been focusing fon the development of efficient solar-powered water pumping sy¢ tems [4]. These aysteme have been proven reliable even in severe weather conditions such as snowfall (2), and the recent search re ‘vealed that the largest PV aystem installed in the world is Tengger Desert Solar Park in China with 1500 MW installed capacity. Many aspects of solar-powered water pumping systems have been in- vestigated, such a8 it overall efficiency, the efficiency of its Tae45101/© 28 Leer id Al igh reveredMe Algae Power Colleston Water Reservior Power Apelicaons Conditioning Pump Hes individual components, its economic viability, and its size optimi- zation. In economic terms, the problem associated with the use of {fossil fuel such as availablity, transportation cost, price, and effect ‘on the environment while the reduction in PV panel prices due to advaneement in the PV technology; adds on inereasing the feasi- Dility of using solar-powered water pumping systems [5]. Control, Iaintenance, and data acquisition have yet been other aspects of research, Carbon sequestration in teems of decrease in the COs ‘emission, due to the use of such systems, have also been under in- vestigation recently. Hence, this paper conducts a critical intensive review of the published research on the solar-powered water Pumping systems. 2. Research advances in solar-powered water pumping systems ‘With increasing awareness about the emerging energy crisis in the ‘world, solar-powered water pumping systems (SPWPS) have been a real ocus of interest of researchers for decades, There are various possible designs for developing SPWPS. However, the most common is the one that involves PV panels [6]. Fig. | shows a schematic diagram of a ‘generalized SPWPS. Itis composed of a power collection system, power ‘conditioning unit, water pump, and a water reservoir. The power col- lection system mosty involves the PV panels that collect solar energy ‘and converts it to electrical energy. Tae generated electricity is nor- mally DC while most of the water pumps available on the market re ‘quire an AC electrical input. Therefor, there i a need to conlion the generated power from the power collection system so that it can povter ‘ip the water pump. A water pump is installed in the water source. It pumps the water ffom the source to a water reservoir located at a higher elevation from the ground level. The elevation difference from the water pump tothe inlet of the water reservoir is known as the pump ‘head. This pump head is an important parameter in designing the pumping system. Recently a lot of research has been focused on increasing the overall, efficiency of SPWPS. In this regard, all the basic components of SPWPS Ihave been studied independently to develop a system with increased ‘overall efficiency. The research advances, in this field, have been fo ceased on solar collection system, water pump, pump head, control systems, and data acquisition system, and the maintenance of these ‘components and systems. Reneable a Sustainable ergy Reviews 87 2018) 8178 2.1, Solar cllection system ‘The solar collection system plays a vital role in the performance of ‘he SPWPS [7). Several aspects of solae collection system have been stadied in the literature that has a direct effect on the overall efticiency ofthe SPWPS. These aspects involve the effect of PV configuration, use of racking and concentrating collectors, and water spraying of the PV panels. Also, performance degradation due to shadows and prolonged tasage of PV panels have been studied 2.1L. Bifect of photovoltaic configuration The performance of solar PV powered water pumping systems strongly depends upon the configuration of PV array. Photovoltaic configuration refers tothe series-parallel arrangement of PV modules in the collector array. Several PV modules can be connected in series wheress several serie modules can be connected in parallel to achieve ‘he desired current and voltage from the array. In ths regard, Boutelhig tal, [8] used outdoor measured data to analyze the performance of solar photovoltaic water pumping systems at Ghardaia, Algeria, for varying PV panel configurations. They reported an optimum PV panel configuration of 2 2 module: for a 300-W water pump and 2% 1 ‘modules for a 130-W water pump with an efficiency of 12.5% and 1286, respectively, Benghanem et al. (9) stud various PV configurations co ‘optimize the performance of solar-powered helical pump that delivered 22m? of water per day. Their experimental results indicated an op- ‘imum configuration of 8 x3 modules and 6 4 modiles, Hamidat etal. [10] developed a computer algorithm to evaluate the performance of solar PV pumping system for varying PV configurations. The results of their analysis indicated the bes-suited configurations of 7 % 2 modules and 7 x 4 modules for operating a 750-W water pump in stalled in Algeria with an efciency of PV system ranging from 30-35%, 21.2. Bifect of wracking and concentrating collectors ‘Tracking and concentrating collector systems ean enhance the energy efficleney of the PV panels. Caton [| studied various eases of singleaxis and double-axis tracking while comparing them with fixed collectors, The authors reported that vertical axis tracking resulted in the best performance among various single axis tracking ‘They also reported 2 17.6% increase in solar collection due to double axis tracking on an hourly basis, It was also reported that there is an insignificant improvement in the performance between seasonal and monthly tracking systems. While the tracking systems Increase the solar collection and thus the efficiency of the system, they also increase the cost due tothe addition of a complex tracking system, Thus, iis imperative to justify the increase in performance against the cost of adding a tracking system, Campana et al. (12) studied the economic aspect of introducing 2 dual-axis tracking system for solar-powered water pumping system, The authors re pported that, although the tracking system could increase the per formance, yet the fixed collector system still proves to be more cost: effective, On the contrary, Bione et al. [13] reported that solar tracking systems are more cost effective with a cost reduction of 19% when compared to fixed collector system. However, they also reported thatthe most cost effective method is the utilization of V- trough concentrators that could reduce the cost by 48%. A similar result was also reported for the use of optial concentrators which reported a cost reduction of more than 50% when compared to fixed collectors (14), 2.1.3. Bifec of waer spray Tt is known that the eell temperature significantly affects theMe Algae performance of PV collectors. Higher solar insolation leads to high, collector temperature, which results in a decrease in the energy ‘conversion performance of PV collector system, Mabjoubi et al. 15] developed an analytical model to estimate the cell temperature {for varying solar insolation and ambient temperature. The authors reported that, at an average ambient temperature of 25°C, the in- dividual PV cells could reach a temperature of as high as 45°C Kordzadeh (15) reported a solution that involves covering the PY array with a thin film of water to reduce the operating cell tem- perature. They reported a decrease in cell emperature of approxi- mately 30°C due tothe use of water film resulting in more than 60% increase in the output water flow rate at the low nominal operating power of the array. However, they also reported that at high nominal operating power, the water film is not effective. On the ‘other hand, Abdolzadeh and Ameri [17] suggested intermittent spray of water rather than using thin water film for reducing the PV ‘ell temperatures. The results oftheir analysis indicated an increase in the output water flow rate ranging between 15% and 30% for varying pump heads 2.1.4, Performance degradation ‘Several other factors have also been studied inthe literacure that negatively affects the performance of a solar PV system. A prom nent factor among these is the effect of shading. Mohammedi et al. 18] measured the productivity of various array configurations under partial shading in Bejaia, Algeria. They reported a maximum ‘of 35% drop in the efficiency of an array configuration with two panels shaded in each row. The results of theie measurement in- dicated that several partially shaded panels resulted in a higher ‘drop in efficiency than a single completely shaded row. Another Inctor reported in the literature, that negatively affects the perfor- ‘mance of PV panels is the degradation due to the prolonged op- ‘eration of PV system. In this regard, Kaunmuang et al. (19) assessed the performance of PV pumping systems in Thailand after a decade fof operation. They reported that around 45% of the PV pumping systems failed in prolonged operation, However, for most of the failed units, the failure was attributed towards blockage of pumps and pipes rather than the operation failure of PV panels. Another study was carried out by Chandel et al. [20] on the effect of PV ‘module output power degradation on the performance of solar ‘water pumping system, The study involved indoor and outdoor tests for monocrystalline silicon PV under 28 years of exposure to the ‘environment. They reported a PV power output degradation of about 1.4% per year, Table I shows the PV configueations and factors affecting the performance of SPWPS. 2.2. Water pumps An efficient water pump remarkably contributes to the overall performance the pumping system. Water pumps have been reported in the literature can be broadly categorized based on the type of ‘energy input as electriety-operated and heat-operated water pumps. 2.2.1, Blecricty operated water pumps ‘Water pumps that require an electrical input to operate are known as electicity-operated wacer pumps. Most of the commer cially available water pumps lie in this category. Such pumps pre- sent a natural feasibility for the solar PV powered water pumping as the output of PV panels can be more easily used as input to the pumps via a DC/AC converter (21. The advantages of DC over AC ump inelude portability and energy efficient while AC has a longer Reneable a Sustainable ergy Reviews 87 2018) 8178 lifespan, high speed, and power. Although the performance of commercially available electricity-operated water pumps is well known, some researchers studied the work of electicity-powered ‘water pumps. Belgacem [22] evaluated the performance of sub. ‘mersible centrifugal pumps for solar powered water pumping, They reported a subsystem efficiency ranging from 20% to 20% for the water pumps installed at four different sites in Tunisia Instead of using commercially available water pumps, Wade and Short (25) optimized the design ofa linear actuator to be used as @ water pump system. They presented a design that utilized the cur rent from the PV panel to flow through capper winding thus indu- cing a magnetie fax inthe metallic core made up of iron causing it to move upward fig. 2. The upward motion of the iron core pro- dduced the pumping action for water in @ piston cylinder arrange- ‘ment Fig. 5, They reported an acceptable agreement between the optimized results and the experimental data. The results of their analysis indicated an efficiency of 7.8% with supply current of 6A to the actuator. 2.2.2. Heat operated water pumps Water pumps that require heat input to operate are known as heat-operated pumps. Commercially, heat operated pumps are not available and the technology is stil in the phase of development [25]. Hest-operated pumps do not present the feasibility of in- tegrating with the solar PV panels. Rather, these pumps ate con. nected to solar thermal collection systems. Most of the research reported in this feld is in the phase of theoretical simulation and laboratory setting experiments. In this regard, Dace and Akbarzadeh [25] proposed a new thermodynamic power cycle for operating a solar thermal powered water pump. They suggested the condensa- Udon and evaporation of a working uld within a piston cylinder to produce suction and delivery of water through the pump respec tively. The results of their theoretical simulation indicated a pump eliciency of 9% when operated with a temperature difference of 60°C between the condensation and evaporation processes. They also analyzed the possibility of coupling their developed pump design with the solar pond. Another theoretical simulation study ‘was reported by Prasad et al, (25. They suggested the desorption and absorption of hydrogen for expansion and contraction thereby producing delivery and suction of water through the pump, re spectively, The results of their theoretical simulation indicated @ pump efficiency ranging from 15% to 35% when operated at a temperature ranging from SO to 90°C at a pump head ranging from 20 t0 100m, ‘An experimental study on heat operated water pumps were re. ported by Spindler etal, [27]. They developed a prototype of the Solar thermal powered water pump that operated on organic Ran- kine cycle with R113 used as the working uid. The pump was operated by the expansion of working fluid in the turbine that re ceived the working fluid after boiling and superheating via solar thermal energy. They reported system efficiencies in the range of 6-99, Roonprasang et al. [28] reported the use of a solar water pump in solar water heater system. The pump was operated by steam generated by solar energy. 2.3. Pump head ‘The pumps head has @ significant effect on the overall efficiency, of the SPWPS. In this regard, Benghanem et al. (29) studied the effects of varying pump head on the overall performance of the pumping system. They tested pump heads ranging {rom 50 to 80m ‘The results of the analysis indicated that increasing pump headReneable a Sustainable ergy Reviews 87 2018) 8178 M Aleta (once) dane sens pa et ow * paponed onpea he wou th HNMR yapeag SHEL or} Te Rp sese ov ow sowmssy perma » oo x fey a ou ys ne pa ‘om eee-s0t wer wea ” 79M $9 BEA 3M OE Je NEDO sme mms se - cod pias pu emnemnees ane RNS xn onan ay pnd hea6 9 (e240) de err 3a pond ee ores a fox Sopoulgex sel pease uhxse ae xse YOUNG pes UA vando oes) Moet» 98 sea) soot nay osti- ort a ex pared rong a wonder “ug epg (e) Te ANSON a meeds sane suepranayos Ae aa mbjmpan fpms—__venmeL/ns enw umaojnd syns Sued poe Soppea oy pon eats jeM Alyse Direction of travel ‘when coil energised {N Copper winding A ig. 2. agra showing actuator with coi ete sree (2) decreases the overall efficiency of the system. Similar results were reported by Odeh etal. 30), they reported that doubling the pump head causes a 61.5% drop in the overall efficiency of the pumping system. Hamidat et al. [10] obtained similar results after in- vestigating the performance of solar PV powered water pumping system against varying water heads under the Sahara climate, They ‘reported that such water pumps are economically more suitable for low pump heads. The drop in effcieney at higher pump heads ean ‘make the overall system economically unfeasible, The pump spe- cifications and heads for same locations are shown in Vs5le 2 24, Control systems ‘An important parameter that considerably affects the I perfor- mance of the water pumping system is the effective and efficient ‘design of its control system. Campana etal. [31) proposed a control system (Fig. 4) that oversized PV water pumping. The control system interacts between water supply and demand to supply the ‘exact amount of water required. It manages water supply keeping into account the water and groundwater response. It results in en- ‘ergy optimization and water saving. Another control system was ‘proposed by Sallem et al. |32) which used fuzzy management al gorithm to control the connection period between PY panels, bat tery, and water pump. The authors reported an increase in more than Sh of water pumping due to the utilization of such control system, Reneable a Sustainable ergy Reviews 87 2018) 8178 Rising Main > Direction of Motion ig. 8. Diagram showing pnp, wit he gs dow ad vate apesatin 25 25. Data aquisition system Data Acquisition System is yet another important parameter in the operation of SPWPS. In tis regards, Mabjoubi etal (33) developed aReneable a Sustainable ergy Reviews 87 2018) 8178 Me Algae wosse nen oF (ce o0t eonegpads dngM Aleta Reneable a Sustainable ergy Reviews 87 2018) 8178 Fig. 4. the eategy of he anal ste [ ‘data acquisition system that can measure and analyze the operational data gathered from the pumping system. Different techniques of data ‘ansmission such as radio, general packet radio service, and satelite were used, The data acquisition eystem was tested in Tunisia and the data was analyzed and shared through the internet. Similarly, Ben- _hanem and Had) Arab [3] developed a desig of universal date ac. ‘quisition system for Algeria that can be easly accessed through a central server, 26. Maintenance Proper maintenance ensures equipment durability and long life “Thus, maintenance is also important inthe operation of SPWPS. In this regard, Benbelkacem etal. (95] proposed the utlization of an aug- ‘mented reality technology for maintenance of large solar photovola powered water pumping stations. The authors developed a tracking ‘method that locates the maintenance staf atthe workplace and thea virally overlay the objects. They reported an increased flexibility, reduction ofrsks of accidents and time saving due tothe use of theit proposed method. 3. System sizing prediction “The system sizing of SPWPS is based on a number of element, sued a the PV array configuration, storage tank capacity, and lifecycle cost ‘analysis. In fact, © poor sizing of the storage tank and/or PV array ‘configuration would affect the system reliability and develop a defi- ciency in daily water demand. 42.1, Models for solar powered water pumping systems prediction 3.1.1. Sizing based on water ouput ‘As solar irradiation varies along the year so as water production, ‘will uctuate as well. Iris necessary to develop models that predict the system (SPWPS) performance. Badesew [36] developed a tran. sient model for the year-round operation of a solar photovoltaic Powered water pumping system equipped with both water storage and electric storage. The developed model was studied for a water pumping system at Bucharest, Romania. The transient model in- cluded PV cell model coupled with PV array model, an electric battery model, water storage tank model and a meteorological data ‘model. The author reported thatthe pumped water storage is higher Inthe winter season compared tothe summer season, Another study ‘using TRNSYS was carried out by Odeh et al. (30) to predict the SPWPS performance. The study results suggested that, rather than Dasing the design of SPWPS on instantaneous insolation, itis only essential to bare it on average daily, monthly or yearly insolation value since the water storage will compensate the instantaneous deviations. Martire et al. [27] developed a prediction model for estimating output parameters ofa solar photovoltaic powered water pumping system with continuous tracking. The authors developed a polynomial form of correlations based on experimental data to predict the flow ourput and efficiency of water pumps. The authors predicted the performance of a PV water pumping system installed at Djidjan, Malia with a variation of less than 7% between the measured and predicted data. Jafar (38) developed a methodology for estimating the water flow rate output from PV pumping system powered by solar energy. His model estimated the water flow rate output as a function of solar input and pumping head. The author simulated the results of the developed model and reported that the variation between the estimated output and measured values were Tess than 8%. Ould-Amrouche et al (29) presented a model for the ‘motor-pumps subsystems characterization «0 as to accurately pre diet output water flow of PV pumping installations. The model di rectly expressed the output water flaw (Q) as a function of imput ower (P) for various total heads. They reported that PV pumping systems presented lowest annual cost as compared to diesel-ueled installations.M Aleta Reneable a Sustainable ergy Reviews 87 2018) 8178 Tunisia Mali Nigeria ope Sudan Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Jordan Kivvait 7 Tran a" India 2 Greece B x “4 usa 15 Brasit 16 Indonesia v Australia 1s ii lg 5, Regios wih alle solar wate pumping seme (SPS), 3.1.2 Sizing based on PV punping sytem components design Solar water pumping systems size depends on the system com: ponent such as PV solar system, pumping system, and storage system. The pumping system's performance can be predicted through system components design. Many models have been de- veloped for sizing PV pumping systems prediction. Ebaid etal. [40] designed a standalone PV system to operate the submersible pump for 25 years operation period. Both Peak Sun Hours and Worst ‘Month Analysis Methods were considered ia the design, Based on the design, 62% of the PV array was adequate to produce con- tinuous water flow rate of 288m°/h, The usual sizing procedure involves designing every component individually and measuring the effect on the overall integrated system performance. Hamidat and Benyoucef |i] studied the performance of PV pumping system designed to supply drinkable water to the dis persed and remote villages in the northern and southern part of Algeria. The procedures of their adopted methodology were based fon PV array peak power, tank capacity, total head, and water ‘consumption profile. The authors reported that PV pumping system performance strongly depends on PV array peak power and total head. Some multiobjective models are used in the sizing of the pumping system not only for predicting the water production but ‘also for optimal sizing prediction. Mathematical simulation and computational algorithm were the most common design methods. Olcan |42| developed an analytical mode! to determine the capacity and size of PV pumping system components. A computational al- gorithm used to design the proposed model regarding the cost in dicators and reliability. The model was able to forecast the op- ‘imum values of water supply when it was tested for trees irrigation field in Turkey. Also, a new hybrid mathematical simulation model was presented by Glasnovie and Margeta [3]. The authors took Into consideration all relevant elements of the system as well as their characteristics which include: boreholes, crops, irrigation method, PV water pumping system, local climate, and soil for the optimization of PV irrigation pumping systems. The obtained best nominal electric power using the model for the PV generator was comparatively leser than when other models are used. During the design of the solar based system, itis necessary to consider seasonal variation which influences solar radiation amount. Using this consideration, Yesilata and Firatogle [114] ex amined the differences in the output power of a PV pumping system 8 result of variation in solar radiation coreelations so asta enable precise system sizing. Out of the three recognized correlations Considered, Liu and Jordan’ correlation was found to be the most sultable for the site design. Moreover, the designed model can es timate water discharge based on different time period such as an- nally, monthly and hourly.Me Algae Start 0 Literature study it Case study SWPS in Pangeang if Field Survey it Analysis of water resource and renewable energy potentials U Power system planning U ‘System construction through Student Community Services 2012 ir Evaluation and sustainability planning if Finish ig. 6 The How ear af he geecl paced 5). ‘Amer and Younes (45) used a simple algorithm to estimate the long- term solar pumping system performance regardless of battery storage system. The input algorithm used monthly average insolation only ‘Though the method reduces the computational effort which might have arisen if the houtly averoge were to be used. The predicted values differed from measured ones by about 5% 3.2 Sizing prediction based an cost analysis ‘The economic analysis is pertinent with system size optimization to provide the affordable price of power produced. The life eyele cost (LCG) is the most common economical approach used for system size Prediction ‘The possibility of applying solar energy to supply water tothe iso lated or rural areas from deep wells influenced by the installation cost. The difficulties associated withthe installation of the grid systems (0 such areas were studied by Ramos and Ramos [46]. The study indicates that the investment and water corte decline with an increase ined _missble lack of water or los of load and autonomy, Anis and Nour [47] investigated the switched mode PV pumping system design to establish the best design that leads to minimum cost. It was noticed that the basic Reneable a Sustainable ergy Reviews 87 2018) 8178 ‘parameters that influence the cost of the system were battery storage size, PV array size, and water tank size, and it was indicated that minimizing the PV array size determines the optimum cost. Life eycle cost optimization was condueted to achieve minimum cost in order co meet specific water requirement. Loss of Power Supply Probability (LPSP) is a new method used for water pumping system cost optimization prediction. Using LPSP ‘method, Bouzidi [48) utilized the volumetric ratio of water deficit to the required water to size and optimize the photovoltaic array and storage vessel of a solar photovoltaic powered water pumping system. The authors conducted a case seudy for a solar powered ‘pumping system installed at Saharan region, Advar in Algeria with 3 water requirement of 60 m3 per day and a pump head of 45m. The results of the simelations indicated that large size of PV array is required to meet certain water requirement with small storage vessel. The authors reported that, for minimum cost, the optimized size ofthe storage vessel should be ina range of 50-75% of the daily water requirement. Also, LPSP concept was used to utilize the probability of insufficient water supply to size and optimize the photovoltaic array and storage vessel of a solar photovoltaic pow. ered water pumping system [49]. The authors carried out the life cycle costing for # 400 W solar water pumping system installed at Ghaedaia, Algeria, to economically optimize it, The results in- dicated that with large storage vessels, the comparatively small size of PV array needs to meet certain water requirement 4. Installed solar-powered water pumping systems Fig. S shows installations of SPWPS throughout the world, Solar-powered water pumping systems have been becoming in creasingly essential in isolated, remote and nonelectified populated areas, where cither the grid accessibility is hard to maintain or rela Lively high cost to implement [50]. Examples of installed SPWPS in @ diferent region of the world as shown in Fig. S are discussed in the following sections. 4.1, The Middle Bast and Africa Solar power may be a particularly viable alternative to fossil fuels due to the high level of the sunshine in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) regions. Remoteness from the electrical transmission national grid and poor road connections are among the driving reasons for rural energy development (51). Omer (52) studied the potential of using solar energy to power small scale water pumping systems in rural areas of Sudan. He suggested that developing of solar water pumping systems must be invested on, encouraged and implemented on a fll sale, Mokeddem etal. (53) investigated the performance of a simple, directly coupled de PV powered water pumping system for a period of 4 months, The system included a centrifugal pump, de moter, and 15 kWp PV srray. They reported that the efficiency of the motor-pump was around 30%. Yahya and Sambo (54) designed and installed a solar water pumping system to replace an existing electrical powered system in Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Nigeria. The system was installed and satisfactory resulls were obtained, For 800 W/m? solar radiation and 34 ‘Cambient temperature, 9 pumping rate of 2.6m"/ hh was achieved. Some of the SPWPS development was conducted in the Middle ast by the performance investigation of several underground water pumping stations, designed and constructed a photovoltaic pumping system. Hrayshat and Al-Soud [55) investigated the pos sibility of sing solar pumping system in 10 sites installed atMe Algae different locations in Jordan, The sites were divided into three sroups based on the amount of output water and forthe same water head (around 20 m). Four sites produced 62% of the overall water amount. Three sites were classified as promising with 299% water ‘output, The rest were considered to be poor with only 99% water ‘output. For Jordan, the pumping factor ranged from 39 to 50.5 was "used, which ease the photovoltaic generator design procedure and caleulations (56), Ghoneim [57} developed a computer program to simulate the performance of a PV water pumping (PVWP) system under the eli matic conditions of Kuwait. The components considered in the mulation program were a centrifugal pump, a DC motor and PV array accompanied with extreme power point tracker. The eco- nomic feasibility of the system was evaluated using life-cycle cost method, It was observed that; water head is an important parameter to be considered in economic feasibility evaluation of PVWP system. The proposed PVWP system was les expensive compared to the orthodox fuel (diesel) system, and the variations in tilt angle up toa latitude of = 20° had a significant effect on the performance of the system, 42, Burope and Wester Hemisphere ‘lxctuating oil prices motivated the countries in the west ta develop, PV pumping systems so as to ascertain the utilization of PV pumping systems (0 sais both potable water and irigation requirements i remote areas [53]. Kaldells etal. (59) reported that PV pumping sy5- tems substantially contributed to the fulfillment of water consumption requitements of remote arear and at the same time provided an ex- Vironmeatally friendly solution. The euthors also investigated the ability of PV pumping systems to produce addtional electricity to meet loads other than pumping water through an optimal sizing approach 60]. The authors reported that an electricity can be produced in ad dition to 400 L/h of water being pumped by a 610 Wp of PV pumping ‘configuration In Sonora, Northwest Mexico, the prices of PV module reduced by 80% while the diesel price increased dramatically to 250% over the last ‘decade 5]. The solar pumping has the lower eost (lon term) compared with diesel pumps (5). Reea etal (51) conducted a feasibility study on the installation of standalone direct PV pumping system for irigating the greenhouses in Mediterranean, Two different operations considered for the analysis were irrigating with; only one sector and multiple sectors of irrigation. The components of the PV pumping system were mathematically modeled and a computer program was developed for simulating the performance ofthe irigaton system. The results showed ‘thatthe optimal operation of the system can be achieved vith only one sector and becomes more profitable when there are four or more sectors per hectare Reneable a Sustainable ergy Reviews 87 2018) 8178 PV aye (6) 43, The Asian ‘The development in PV water pumping systems leads to economy development in rural areas [50]. The general trend of solar water pumping system development in Eastern Asia was to provide «mall sectors with fresh water and to predict the future dissemination levels °62). In India, it was reported that such SPWPS were suitable to isigate small application and minor drinking water demand where conventional energy sources are unavailable or ex Pensive (63), Akker and Lamba (64) diseussed the installation of 1000 small SPWPS at different regions in Punjab, India. The project ‘was funded by the Indian Renewable Fnergy Development Agency for 10 years with 2.5% interest rate. One hundred and seventy-five PV pumping systems were installed in five regions within three months. All system equipment were made in India. Twenty-four PV ‘modiles were enough to drive (wo HP centrifugal pump to pump 140,000 L of water/day. 98% of the pumping systems were working wilh high performance after one year of their operation. Setlawan et al. (65) reported on a solar water pumping system ar water supply source for a small village in Indonesia, The system was de signed and installed to lift water from a 218.34 m’ head. The fow chart of the overall procedure is shown in Fig. 6. The PV panels ‘were used to power two submersible pumps providing continues water flow rate of 0.91 per second, Studies on the economic feasibility of PV water pumping sys ems are reported inthe literature. Business models were developed for both farmland and grassland conservation. Zhanga and Yan (65) studied the present and enhanced business models that focus on the applications of PV in China, their availabilty, limitations, and ac cessibility. Their economical values were addressed and four dif ferent scenarios on PV systems were compared. It was argued that the scenario in which the solar water pumping system integrated ‘with the interface, which combined solar energy generation im: plementations, agricultural products, environmental co-benefits etc. as shown in Fig. 7 gave a possible innovation business model for the considered PV systems. 5. Solar-hybrid water pumping system ‘The term “hybrid” in the power industry implies a system with multiple energy sources. In water pumping system these multiple energy sources may include solar, wind, electricity and fossil fuel ‘The hybrid system has the advantage of improving the reliability of the system since there is more than one energy source to eomple- ment one another (57-59). The viability of hybrid systems has been investigated by several researchers on the basis of economics, simplicity ete (70), Viek and Neal (71) analyzed the performance of a water pumping system powered by a hybrid wind turbine (900 W)M Aleta Reneable a Sustainable ergy Reviews 87 2018) 8178 ‘ate Te ei ‘ep ome Ti es — me a oe, Sens St nm Tomas ih senate Sms = =e ees = poo Seta cies ea nin a Bites cca Ste on mony sce svt oan ‘amc fhe com eos Shas nore Seat oe oan eA ‘sive Cae at cae ae carp a i msc tee eet a sei vs a an oe eee sao oe oon oa iA Sn dian Cone, SO et on cone xe cores he st oe het ‘opin SVN Sse Sos oe Ce ae oe Po ite oak ea a ee a Y individual eseme ats pum head of 75m Ramsar and Roe 72 y Prope «hybrid tar pur win powered water pumping em Forfa oe aor compared te co of sande By trate pumying ten withthe gromneced ster pompng Spwen bch wih ne withost water tine. Te sea a he g analysis indicated that a grid-connected hybrid solar and wind 9 Samal eae. Tey ro repre that ccna ant alae R GZ —_Symumieheer shan gi conected ye alone ithe water pomp @ 8 iSmore than 31.6km away Irom electri grid connection o = Purohit [73] developed a framework to evaluate the financial Es o status of four renewable energy technologies which were biogas, Z 2 ——_prodeergardven tus el egie mp, wind pm, hd Shenae pp operate ter lpg em te S$ ——_Fason Donel pomp persed y Sp wee he mim cor Neate for wat pumping igaton we the PY powered a pumps were relatively expensive compared with electric or diesel x Fig 8 Desig and modeling methodology (1 ‘and solar Photovoltaic arrays (320W, 480W, and 640W). They ‘compared the performance of the hybrid system against the in- dividual (wind turbine and solar photovoltaic) system at Bushland, ‘Texas. The results of the analysis indicated a peak pump efficiency ‘of 47%, 51%, and 85% when using a hybrid system with 320W, 480 W, and 640 W solar PV arrays respectively. They also reported a 28% inerease in water pumping for the hybrid system compared to ‘pumps. The producer gas drove dual fuel engine pumps improved the systems financially especially at higher capacity utilization factor (CUE) when related to the windmill and PV pumps. The re ‘sults indicated thatthe windmill pump unit cost of water delivered depends on the design characteristics (rated wind speeds, cut-in, and cut-out) and wind resource atthe site. Kumar and Kandpal [747 developed a framework to utilize windmill pumps, solar photo. ‘voltaic pumps, win fuel engine gas producer pumps and twin fuel biogas built engine pumps for water pumping irrigation in India ‘These pumping systems were affected by wind speed, incoming solar radiation, and availability of ground water. Based on the echnical specification, cost and income of farmers, solar photo: voltaic pumps were the optimum choice to he established in India followed by windmill pumps. Hammad [75) conducted cost com: ‘parisons for different types of water pumping systems, These sys tems were the PV generation system, diesel generation system,Me Algae electrical wind pumping system, and mechanical wind pamping system. The author reported that the PV generation system was the ‘most economical one at ow capacities. Also, his result revealed that the electrical wind pumping system was higher cost than diesel system while the mechanical and photovoltaic pumping systems were the lowest cost ones. Cloutier and Rowley (76] developed a techno-economic analysis to ‘evaluate the performance of solar water pumping systems with respect to fossil fuel platforms and wind pumping systems forthe central part of| Nigeria, IL was reported tha both solar and wine pumping systems were ‘capable of satisving the water demand between 10m'/day to 30m'/ ‘day. In terms of cost, the solar pumping averal cost had the lowes cost ‘compared to other pumping options. Campana et al. (77) compared both the economic and technical feasibility of using wind power water ‘pumping (WPWP) systems and PVWP systems for fsraland irrigation land grassland restoration. The study reported that out ofthe to sy5- tems, PUWP systems exhibited superior performance in terms ofa set of| ‘rtera. Saravana eta. (78) proposed the possibilty of utilizing wind ‘energy to operate the irigation pumping system at Tamil Nadu, Inia, The proposed system is composed of a water pump powered by an off sid fixed speed wind turbine. I is reported that the proposed system ‘would eliminate the need for an inverter and en energy storage system thus increasing the efficiency oftheir system and that Pudukottal and ‘Trichy locations have the highest capacity factor of 2.467 while their ‘energy density is 0.12 Kordab (79) evaluated the performance of solar water pumping systems based on the electric supply source such as Diesel genera- tion sets, PV systems and Extension of the national eleetee ged in & rural area of Economie and Social Commission for Western Asia member countries. Cost analysis was carried out for the three op- Lions ia terms of kilowatt hour cost It was observed that PV systems will be competent with other choices if their overall cost were less than 5SUS / Wp. Kordab [78] used the volume multiplied by the depth factor to compare between options and concluded that PV systems with 7SUS/ Wp were suitable for volume depth of ap- proximately 2000 m*, Stoppato et al. (80) utilized Particle Swarm ‘Theory to optimize the supply of water and clecriity to avillagein [Nigeria and to improve the efficiency of a solar photovoltaic pow- ‘ered water pumping system, The water pumping system was com- posed of solar collection, water pump, electricity storage and water storage; all integrated with a diesel internal combustion system. ‘The results of the analysis indicated that utlization of renewable ‘energy with the diesel internal combustion engines reduced the ‘consumption of diesel oll by 49, They also reported & requirement of 16 times larger solar collection system for a stand-alone water pumping system compared to the one integrated with internal ‘combustion engine. Odeh et al. (81) compared the economic fea- sibility of diesel and photovoltaic water pumping «ystems for the system sizes ranging {rom 2.8 kWp to 15 kWp. The study indicated that PV pumping systems shoved better economic feasibility than diesel pumping systems for the range of equivalent hydravlic en ergy capacities considered. ‘Senol (82) examined the performance and economic feasibility of ‘water pumping systems powered by solar PV, in Turkey. It was ob- served that the PV solar pumping system was more suitable forthe long run than diesel pumping system. Fedrizz etal (83) studied the costs of sasoline pumping system and solar photovoltaie pumping system used to irrigate semi-arid region in Brazil. The cost comparison was based 07 different variables such as the water pumping level, equipment prices, andl discount rates, The study results indicated thatthe cost of water supply from the solar system was less compared tothe cost of gasoline Reneable a Sustainable ergy Reviews 87 2018) 8178 ‘pumping system, 6. Applications of solar-powered water pumping systems Utilization of solar energy in pumping water found several ap- plications in the recent years. Most of these applications are not only contributing to the environmental restoration but also play a significant role in socio-economic growth. Part ofthese applications i prominent in the areas of grassland restoretion, electricity gen: eration, desalination, mining application, drinking water, and do- mestic uses. Table 3 summarized the regions and applications of SP wes. 6.1, Grassland restoration Susteinability of grassland, conservation of farmland, and re- storation of degraded grassland are some important strategies through which ecological and desertification prablem and food se curity of any nation could be addressed [3]. To achieve the above, irrigation systems need co be put in place. Campana et al. (77) compared both the economic and technical suitability of using PV ‘water pumping systems and wind power water pumping systems for the purpose of irrigation in order to conserve the farmland and grassland in isolated areas of China. The model used for system sizing was based on the amount of water required for icrigation, solar irradiation, and wind speed. Based on cost, it was concluded ta be the best costeffective resolution for irrigation, Olsson etal [85] suggested a novel model that integrates and analyzes various co-benefite of grassland restoration and carbon sequestration. The authors indieated that employing PVWP systems is mote reliable than either diesel or grid connected pumping systems in restoring the degraded grasslance by planting alfalfa may not only increase the food security but also mitigate the climate change by seques- trating huge amount of CO,- Campana et al. (86) conducted a re search through which appropriate grassland areas were technically Identified both in northeast and southwest of China for the im- plementation of PVWP systems. The paper reported that grassland locations supported by PVWP system displayed great potential in improving the forage production to meet local demand. Gao etal [87] evaluated the performance and the feasibility of PVWP system for irigation purpose at a large scale in the southern part of China. ‘They reported that groundwater resources are adequate and pro: duce enough water to meet the grassland demand of the area under consideration, The authors further revealed that PVWP systems demonstrated a good ecological and economic performance in the concerned area as compared to using diesel engines for irrigation. Campana et al [12) developed a dynamic model for PVWP design (ig. 8) to address the inconsistent in solar irradiation and water requirement as per season. The paper reported that AC pump with fixed PV array system signified the best costeffective way for water pumping. Lépez- Lépez-Luque et sl. (88) addressed the problem of seasonal need of crops in a renewable energy-driven system of ir rigation by proposing an optimal standalone PVWP system for ir rigation which dicectly supplies water to the olive orchards without using a reservoir. The paper reported that their approach indicated 1 reduetion in both the system investment costs and the amount of water use for inrigation, Reca et al. (61) conducted a feasibility study on the installation of standalone direct PV pumping system for irrigating the greenhouses in Mediterranean by considering different operations (ie, sectors). The authors reported that the optimal operation of the system can be achieved with only oneMe Algae sector and hecomes mote profitable when there are four or more sectors per hectare ‘Since the major constraint to the application and performance of PY ‘water pumping system is water resources, the groundwater sustain ability needs tobe considered as one ofthe major factors when applying PVWP system for irrigation purposes. Yu etal. (39) studied the reg latory factors in water resources which include slope, precipitation, and water quality 0 a: to examine the feasibility of wlizing PV pumping systems for irigation purposes. They reported that with due ‘consideration for both the groundwater sustainability and the economic benefit of irrigation with PVWP, areas with 300-400 mm annual pre- ipitation are most appropriate for che irrigation pumping system Zhang etal. (90) developed 2 model to study the limitations of water resources basically groundwater level in the well and the evape- Uwanspiration on a PV water pumping system in Inner Mongolia, northwest of China. Their model gave a very good prediction but, duc to the sol stickines, the recharge rate is smaller than the pumping rate hich leaves the system oversized. For the groundwater sstainabl the recovery rate should be larger than the pumping rate, therefor both the recharge race and soil characteristics should be considered in PV water pumping system optimization Considering the economical implication of an excessive power ‘output usually obtained from PV water pumping system, Campana el. ‘| proposed an optimization method by considering both the income from selling the erop and vter supplied effect onthe crop produced in addition to grotndwater resources availability and cos of investment of| the PVWP system, They reported thatthe application of such approach to an exiting system revealed 18.8% decrease in the capital cost of the 6.2. Hlectrcity generation Additional benefits of the PVWP include electricity. generation. Kaldellis et al. (60) investigated the opportunities surrounding the ability of PVWP system to meet additional electricity load other than pumping water slone through an optimal sizing approach, The article reported that additional electricity of maximum of 2kWh/day can be produced in addition to 400 1/h of water being supplied by a 610 Wp of PVWP configuration. Manftida and Secchi [92] employed solar power to pump seawater by adding and storing potential energy in it which ‘could be used to produce electricity, The analysis of system perfor- mance under varying speeds, pump sizes, PV field, and storage capacity ‘The authors reported that at constant pump speed with 2 7000m" storage capacity, at max 42.8% of the energy generated by 600 kWp PY panels could be stored. Wheress at variable pump speed with a 9000 m" storage capacity, at max 48.6% of the energy generated by PV panels could be stored. They reported energy cost of 0.25-0.44 Euro/kWh and 0.23-0.45 Furo/kWh for constant and variable pump speeds respec- tively 6.3. Drinking water and domestic uses Photovoltaic water pumping plays significant role in supplying posable water; especially to some areas where electricity supply from atonal gods very limited. Munir etal. (25) evaluated the perfor ‘mance of PVWP system designed and installed to supply potable water toa residential buling over duration of one year. The system sup- pled water to a reservoir with a capacity of 130m". Itis reported that, ther than December in which fatre requirement of water consump. Won is maintained, an excess amount of water was being pumped dlsing the rest of the years. PUWP also found quite @ number of Reneable a Sustainable ergy Reviews 87 2018) 8178 applications for other domestic uses, Roonprasang etal, 28] developed a solar water heater system (SWHS) which used solar water pump that ‘was powered by steam generated from flat plate collectors in place of the electrical pump. Its reported that that 12-58 L/d (depending on discharge head and solar intensity) of water was found to be circulating within the SWHS. ALbrehim et sl. (94) proposed » methodology {rough which PV-SDIIW system configuration may be optimized, The authors reported that with the proposed methodology, the optimum system was found to be superior to the conventionsl SDHW systems which operate under various contol strategies, Also, they reported that for each hour of pump operation, at least 3Wh was saved from PV- SDHW system over a conventional SDHW system, 6.4, Desalination Another application of SPWPS is found in the area of desalination [Aajlan and Smiai [95] designed a PYWP system and water desalination system plant which was referred to as reverse osmosis unit (ROU). The paper reported an excellent performance ofthe PVWP system dve to its reliability and satistactory performance of the ROU. 6.5. Mining application Solar-powered water pumping systems also found application in mining industries. Paredes-Sénchez etal. [95] utlized PVsyst software to design an automated 60 kW solar photovoltaic powered water pump ‘equipped with battery storage to be installed ata slate mine in Galicia, Spain, The authors reported thatthe designed solar powered pumping system costs 1310 Euros and would enlarge the area ofthe mining and auxiliary basins by 7% to avoid overflow of water 7. Carbon sequestration due to solar-powered water pumping systems Tt can be said affirmatively that from an ecological viewpoint, @ photovoltae system is far cleaner compared with any generator that ‘uses fossil fuels such as diesel and gasoline. Using solar resources to replace fossil fue! (diesel) in powering water pumps will reduce the emission of greenhouse gas which may emanate from the consumption of fori fuels. Also, the utilization of solar resources in water pumping system will inetesse the farmland or grassland output thereby, in creasing the carbon sink. Researchers have shown that SPWPS is a method of realizing climate change mitigation and water conservation Denefits. Yang et al. (97) determined the direct and indirect carbon dioxide emissions of a solar photovoltaic powered water pumping system by performing an economic life cycle analysis, authors con ducted a ease study for Inner Mongols, China, for a photovoltaic system of 3.4 kWp with an expected lifetime of 20 years. The results of their analysis indicated « total emission of 20060 kg of CO, where 48.5% of emission is contributed by photovoltaic panels out of which 80% is due to the construction phase of these panels. The paper re Ported that, for their eae study, the total eduction in carbon dioxide emission due to photovoltaic water pumping is approximately 129 Mg (COs ha". Ramos and Ramos (72) reported a reduction of 1030 Min (CO, emission when a hybrid solar, wind and hydro water pumping system was used. Olean |42) developed an analytical model to de termine the eapscty and siaing of PV pumping system components. The model was tested for tees irrigation fields (carbon sink) in Turkey and it was able to forecas the optimum values of water supply and optimal Ull angles needed forthe carbon sink. Ould-Amrovche et al. (39) also reported that 4.2¢ of CO, will be avoided every year by using 1000 PVM Alcea systems on the bass of KW pumps 8 Conclusions ‘This review paper presents the outcomes of the latest published, literature on solar-powered water pumping systems. The paper covers research advances, sizing components and applications of such systems. ‘Moreover, the paper discusses the contribution of the use of solar- Powered water pumping system in reducing the emission of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere 1k has been observed that almost all the installed solar-powered ‘water pumping systems suction heads do not exceed 200m. Such ‘pumps are installed in more than 18 countries around the world. One- third of these countries are in Africa, ‘The reported literature on solar-powered water pumping system indicated that such systems are more economical at low pumping co pacities compared to diese and wind-powered water pumping systems and that solar-powered water pumping systems will compete with other ‘powering systems if their overall cst is less than S$/Wp. The use of solar-powered water pumping systems contributes 0 clean environ ‘ment by reducing the carbon emission (no use of fossil fuel) and by ‘nereasing carbon sink due to en increase in grassland. This review paper serves as a quick reference to researchers, en- sgineers and others who have interest on the technical and economic Feasibility of solas-powered water purnping systems. ‘Acknowledgment ‘The authors would like to acknowledge the support of King [Abdulaziz City for Seience and Technology through NSTIP project (13- 1ENE1727-04) and King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, (KFUPM) in conducting this study. References IB) Get PH. AWRA M. Baie water eg Renee Sin Energy Rev 200613092487 Hip edo ory ola) et ea Un’, Barat Solar potas water amping opposites ane Chalenges Ree Susan nergy Rev 200412 1627. ip so 10 Fever R. Cot A, Slr wate pumping advances and compare economic EnegyProcedia 2014S7A4bIc8 hg: cece. org 0 ole eipee014 10 Noga CE, Bein J Medeiathost RK, De Sota SNM, Dus Neves JOM eran of onnttlie sd plyaline mr ech ns naterpapg Bowe A. Hugjad A, Bade Y. 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Shame ag 3A der pi ting pert mtr pig syn Sip SOONG Nip cto s ele Yella stp 2. ec falar ait cote on yen ing PY Poopng cas Reew tet Sibaatisbeat hp ence ey onto ‘er hoe MA. nage may dhe pal water peg an: motel eet ny ne May 200972099108. [Ramer JS, Ramos HM, Solar powered pumpe te supply water for rural or isolated ter ace yey San Bev WOOSTER nso ser ‘es Whours MA. Opti de of petra powered pug ye Dos Nw ing td of V ate panpng yes, Sain aeey ‘Teal ena stele hp ra. ap Tos bloc soisono8 Beil rnb, Ata op sg of roa pap sm ht ng wang LSP cone Salty O98 HN es ‘Periasamy P, Jain NK, Singh IP. A review on development of photovoltaic water Damping pam, Ree Sta gy Rar 30154091638 edo iSitnonesno Bowl Hada, bina Aneto phtreic punpig tem Soc 4 Midoun A ae a jt Revere oy Sp et npg nn Mg SH "pth ule A Ds sd alan or photic owed water Damping em x Usman bady Unease enemy Inder Ranen Egy 20GB 0089. cong OTUs ea tomas sen hip deeiegt eonostane {Bonin A Dug ptnaton of toa powered note pumping es Sta nme nag sour iwpad ns cen ey em Bears AYO. 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