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Drilling Equipment refers to the components and ingredients that are used for the
purpose of Drilling oil. The task of the geologists is to locate a Drilling resource such
as the right kind of rock, entrapment or reservoir rock.
Drilling Equipment takes into account a variety of equipment. The major parts of the
Equipment for Drilling are the following: crown and crown block situated at the apex of
the rig, traveling block, draw works, sand pipe, engine, fuel or water tanks, swivel,
rotary hose, turn table, pipe rack, conductor pipe, bore hole, bit, drill pipe, mud pit and
mud pump. Drilling parts take into consideration all of the above components. Drilling
parts need to be moved to the locations in trucks which are specially provided for the
purpose. The drill job is done with the help of a rig that is leveled over the main boring
hole.
The Drilling of oil with the help of oil Equipment that is a process involves a number of
steps. Some of them are:
The Drilling bit is placed in the hole along with the collar and Drilling pipe
The turn table and the Kelly are attached for Drilling with the Equipment
Regardless of type, drill bits must satisfy two primary design goals: maximize the rate
of penetration (ROP) of the formation and provide a long service life. Additionally, if the
bit fails or wears out, it must be replaced by removing the perhaps several miles of the
drill pipe to which it is attached. During this time, known as a “trip”, the depth of the
hole is not advanced, but much of the operating costs are still incurred. For this
reason, the effectiveness of a bit is often measured as drilling cost per foot of hole
drilled, where a lower number indicates a higher performing bit. Note that the cost of
the bit itself often is a rather small part of the overall drilling cost.
The ability of a bit design to satisfy the two primary goals is constrained by a number
of factors, most importantly the wellbore diameter. Other constraints are dictated by its
intended use: formation type (hardness, plasticity, abrasiveness) to be drilled,
operating environment at depth (temperature, pressure, corrosiveness), the
capabilities of the equipment used in the operation (rotating speed, available weight on
bit, pump horsepower) and the angle of the wellbore (vertical, directional, horizontal).
Modern drill bit designs try to balance these constraints to achieve the primary goals.
The oil Equipment helps circulate the mud through the pipe and out of the bit for
floating the rock cuttings outside the hole New sections or joints in Drilling are
added in the pipes as the hole gets deeper
The pipe is removed or tripped out along with the other Equipment like the bit
and the collar once the preset depth is attained anywhere from several hundred
to a couple of thousand feet
Equipment when used in the right manner must depend on the selection of the site
and this is something that is generally based on geological evidence and it indicates
the possible accumulation of petroleum gas
The Seismic, makes the shock waves travel to the heart of the earth and these are
reflected back to the surface by the different layers of rocks. The reflections travel at
varying speed depending on the density or category of layers of rock through which
they pass. The shock waves are reflected and picked up by the audio sensitive
vibration detectors or microphones: in the land, the Drilling parts consist of
seismometers, while those on the water are done by the Drilling hydrophones.
Seismologists interpret the readings for signs of gas or petroleum traps and oil.
Equipment can perform the task of oil exploration and can only be somewhat
successful, about 10 per cent.
Equipment that is used for Drilling is also known as oilfield parts that can perform
seismic surveys as well as shock waves that are created with the help of the following
gears:
Compressed air guns that shoot pulses or columns of air into the water for
explorations over the water.
An air gun is used for marine reflection and refraction surveys. It consists of one or
more pneumatic chambers that are pressurized with compressed air at pressures from
14 to 21 MPa (2,000 to 3,000 psi). Air guns are submerged below the water surface,
and towed behind a ship. When an air gun is fired, a solenoid is triggered, which
releases air into a fire chamber which in turn causes a piston to move, thereby
allowing the air to escape the main chamber and producing a pulse
of acoustic energy.[5] Air gun arrays may consist of up to 48 individual air guns with
different size chambers, fired in concert, the aim being to create the optimum initial
shock wave followed by the minimum reverberation of the air bubble(s).
Air guns are made from the highest grades of corrosion resistant stainless steel. Large
chambers (i.e., greater than 1.15 L or 70 cu in) tend to give low frequency signals, and
the small chambers (less than 70 cubic inches) give higher frequency signals.
The thumper trucks are used for Drilling by slamming heavy palates into the ground
for exploration over the land
More advanced Thumpers use a technology called "Accelerated Weight Drop" (AWD),
where a high pressure gas (min 6.9 MPa (1,000 psi)) is used to accelerate a heavy
weight Hammer (5,000 kg) to hit a base plate coupled to the ground from a distance of
2 to 3 m. Several thumps are stacked to enhance signal to noise ratio. AWD allows
both more energy and more control of the source than gravitational weight-drop,
providing better depth penetration, control of signal frequency content
Explosives that are inserted into the ground by Drilling for exploration over the land
or taking it over board for exploration over water and detonated
Explosives, such as dynamite, can be used as crude but effective sources of seismic
energy. For instance, hexanitrostilbene was the main explosive fill in
the thumpermortar round canisters used as part of the Apollo Lunar Active Seismic
Experiments.[4] Generally, the explosive charges are placed between 6 and 76 metres
(20 and 250 ft) below ground, in a hole that is drilled with dedicated drilling equipment
for this purpose. This type of seismic drilling is often referred to as "Shot Hole Drilling".
A common drill rig used for "Shot Hole Drilling" is the ARDCO C-1000 drill mounted on
an ARDCO K 4X4 buggy. These drill rigs often use water or air to assist the drilling
EQUIPOS DE EXCAVACIÓN
La capacidad de un diseño de bit para satisfacer los dos objetivos principales está
limitado por una serie de factores, lo más importante el diámetro del pozo. Otras
limitaciones son dictadas por su uso previsto: Tipo de formación (dureza,
plasticidad, abrasividad) a perforar, el entorno operativo en profundidad
(temperatura, presión, corrosión), las capacidades de los equipos utilizados en la
operación (velocidad, peso disponible giratoria en bit, la potencia de la bomba) y el
ángulo de la pared del pozo (vertical, direccional, horizontal). Los diseños
modernos broca tratan de equilibrar estas limitaciones para alcanzar los objetivos
primarios.
Localización
Equipo cuando se utiliza de la forma correcta debe depender de la selección del sitio y
esto es algo que generalmente se basa en la evidencia geológica e indica la posible
acumulación de gas de petróleo.
La sismica hace que las ondas de choque viajan al corazón de la tierra y estos se
reflejan de nuevo a la superficie por las diferentes capas de rocas. Las reflexiones
viajan a una velocidad que varía dependiendo de la densidad o la categoría de capas
de roca por las que pasan. Las ondas de choque se reflejan y recogidos por los
detectores de vibración sensibles de audio o micrófonos: en la tierra, las partes de
perforación consisten en sismómetros, mientras que en el agua son realizados por los
hidrófonos perforación. Los sismólogos interpretan las lecturas de signos de trampas
de gas o de petróleo y aceite. El equipo puede desempeñar la función de exploración
de petróleo y sólo puede ser algo de éxito, alrededor del 10 por ciento.
Se compone de uno o más neumáticos cámaras que están presurizados con aire
comprimido a presiones de 14 a 21 MPa (2.000 a 3.000 psi). Las pistolas de aire se
sumergen por debajo de la superficie del agua, y remolcados detrás de un
barco. Cuando se dispara una pistola de aire, un solenoide se activa, lo que libera el
aire en una cámara de fuego que a su vez hace que un pistón se mueva, lo que
permite que el aire escape de la cámara principal y la producción de un pulso
de acústica energía. matrices escopeta de aire comprimido pueden constar de hasta
48 pistolas de aire individuales con diferentes cámaras de tamaño, dispararon en
concierto, con el objetivo de crear la onda de choque inicial óptima seguido por la
reverberación mínimo de la burbuja (s) de aire.
Las pistolas de aire se hacen de los más altos grados de acero inoxidable resistente a
la corrosión. cámaras de gran tamaño (es decir, superior a 1,15 L o 70 pulgadas
cúbicas) tienden a dar señales de baja frecuencia, y las cámaras pequeñas (menos
de 70 pulgadas cúbicas) dan señales de frecuencia más alta.
Golpeadores más avanzados utilizan una tecnología denominada " Accelerated Peso
gota " (AWD), donde se utiliza un gas a alta presión (mínimo 6,9 MPa (1.000 psi))
para acelerar un martillo de peso pesado (5.000 kg) para golpear una placa base
acoplada a la suelo a una distancia de 2 a 3 m. Varios golpes se apilan para mejorar
la relación señal a ruido. AWD permite tanto más energía y un mayor control de la
fuente de gravitacional peso-drop, proporcionando una mejor penetración de
profundidad, el control de contenido de frecuencia de la señal.
Los explosivos que se insertan en el suelo para realizar exploración sobre la tierra
o de tomarlo por la borda para la exploración sobre el agua y detonarlo
Explosivos , como dinamita , se pueden utilizar como fuentes de crudo pero eficaces
de energía sísmica. Por ejemplo, hexanitroestilbeno fue el principal relleno explosivo
en los golpeador de mortero botes usados como parte de los experimentos de
actividad sísmica del Apolo . [4] En general, las cargas explosivas se colocan entre 6 y
76 metros (20 y 250 pies) por debajo del suelo, en un agujero que se perforó con
equipos de perforación dedicado para este propósito. Este tipo de perforación sísmica
se refiere a menudo como "Shot agujero de perforación". Un equipo de perforación
común usado para "Shot perforación del agujero" es el taladro Ardco C-1000 montado
en un cochecito Ardco K 4X4. Estos equipos de perforación a menudo usan el agua o
el aire para ayudar a la perforación
http://www.flowtechenergy.com/oilfield-equipment/drilling-equipment/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismic_source#Explosives
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drill_bit_(well)