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SOIL NAILING
DESIGN CONCEPT
Kursus Reka Bentuk Cerun
Chen Tian Hee
11st June 2012 (Monday)
2.30am - 4.30pm
Bilik Vitex, Tkt 18, Menara PJD
MICROPILE
DESIGN CONCEPT
Definition of Micropile
• BS EN 14199:2005 Execution of special geotechnical works -
Micropiles, a micropile is a small-diameter pile typically less
than 300 mm, drilled and grouted replacement pile that is
typically reinforced.
• Micropiles’ shaft diameter ranges from 50 to 300 mm, with
working loads in the range of 50 to 500 kN. (Tomlinson, 2008)
• A micropile is constructed by drilling a borehole, placing steel
reinforcement, and grouting the hole.
• Micropiles can withstand relatively significant axial loads and
moderate lateral loads.
• Micropiles are installed by methods that cause minimal
disturbance to adjacent structures, soil, and the environment.
• They can be installed where access is restrictive and in all soil
types and ground conditions.
Typical Detail of a Composite Reinforced Micropile
FHWA NHI-05-039
Typical Micropile Construction Sequence
FHWA NHI-05-039
Micropile may be used for
• Working under restricted access and/or headroom conditions;
• Foundations of new structures (particularly in very
heterogeneous soil or rock formations);
• Reinforcing or strengthening of existing structures to increase
the capacity to transfer load to depth with acceptable load
settlement characteristics, e.g. underpinning works;
• Reducing settlements and/or displacements;
• Forming a retaining wall;
• Reinforcing of soil to form a bearing and/or retaining structure;
• Improving slope stability;
• Securing against uplift.
MICROPILE
DESIGN CONCEPT
Micropile Classification System
Design Application Classification
FHWA-RD-96-016, –017, -018, and –019; 1997
• CASE 1 micropile elements, which are loaded directly and
where the micropile reinforcement resists the majority of
the applied load.
• CASE 2 micropile elements circumscribe and internally
reinforce the soil to theoretically make a reinforced soil
composite that resists applied loads. This is referred to as
a reticulated micropile network.
CASE 1 Applications
CASE 1 Applications
CASE 2 Applications
CASE 2 Applications
MICROPILE
DESIGN CONCEPT
Structural Design
Micropiles used for Structural Foundations
Design Steps for Micropiles used for Structural Foundations
FHWA NHI-05-039
1. Identify project requirements and evaluate micropile feasibility
2. Review available information and perform subsurface exploration and
laboratory testing program
3. Develop all loading combinations
4. Preliminary design of micropiles
• spacing
• length
• cross section
5. Evaluate allowable structural capacity of cased length
6. Evaluate allowable structural capacity of uncased length
7. Compare design loads to structural capacity from Steps 5 and 6 and modify
structural section, if necessary
8. Evaluate geotechnical capacity of micropile
• evaluate suitable ground stratum for bond zone
• select bond stress and calculate bond length required to resist design load
• evaluate micropile group capacity for compression and tension (i.e., uplift)
9. Estimate micropile group settlement
10. Design micropile to footing connection at pile cap
11. Develop load testing program
12. Prepare Drawings and Specifications
Design Steps for Micropiles used for Structural Foundations (continue)
Other Design Considerations
FHWA NHI-05-039
1. Corrosion Protection (Corrosion protection is a critical component
of all micropile designs)
2. Plunge Length
3. End Bearing Micropiles
4. Downdrag
5. Lateral Loads on Single Vertical Micropiles
6. Lateral Loads on Micropile Groups
7. Buckling
8. Seismic
Micropiles used for Structural Foundations
Preliminary Design of Micropiles
• Selection of Micropile Spacing
• In all cases, the center-to-center spacing between individual micropiles
should be at least 760 mm or 3 micropile diameters, whichever is greater.
• Selection of Micropile Length
• The total length of an individual micropile will be selected such that the
required geotechnical capacity is developed by skin friction (or side
resistance) between the grout and the ground over a suitable length in an
appropriate stratum.
• The total length will also be controlled by required penetration depths to
resist downdrag and uplift forces and to provide additional lateral
resistance where sources of lateral load need to be considered in the
design.
• Selection of Micropile Cross Section
• To carry required axial loads, it is not uncommon for up to one half of the
cross sectional area of the micropile to comprise steel casing and/or steel
reinforcing bar (s).
• The use of common casing sizes is preferred to avoid delays associated
with material availability.
Micropiles used for Structural Foundations
Dimensions and Yield Strength of Common Micropile Pipe Types
and Sizes
FHWA NHI-05-039
Micropiles used for Structural Foundations
Example Micropile Detail
Micropiles used for Structural Foundations (continue)
Structural Design of Micropile Cased Length
Micropiles used for Structural Foundations (continue)
Structural Design of Micropile Uncased Length
Micropiles used for Structural Foundations (continue)
Strain Compatibility between Grout, Casing, and Reinforcing Bar
• Strain compatibility under compression loads is considered for the steel components and grout by
limiting allowable compressive stresses to the minimum allowable for any individual component (i.e.,
steel casing, steel reinforcement, or grout).
• Therefore, the maximum yield stress of steel to be used in is the minimum of:
• yield stress of casing;
• yield stress of steel reinforcing bar; and
• maximum stress based on considerations of grout failure.
• Let say, “the maximum usable strain at the extreme concrete compression fiber is equal to 0.003”.
Therefore, if the grout is limited to a compression strain of 0.003, the steel components must also be
limited to this value. The stress in the steel at this strain level is equal to the Young’s modulus of
steel, E, multiplied by strain (i.e., 0.003).
• For a typical E for steel of 200,000 Mpa, the allowable steel yield stress is then 200,000 MPa ×
0.003 = 600MPa. Therefore, the maximum stress based on considerations of grout failure is
600MPa.
• For example, for a micropile with a casing yield strength of 241 MPa, a reinforcing bar yield strength
of 520 MPa, and a grout failure controlled maximum stress of 600 MPa, a value of 241 MPa would
be used for the term Fy-steel.
Micropiles used for Structural Foundations (continue)
Combined Axial Compression and Bending of Cased Length
Micropiles used for Structural Foundations (continue)
Combined Axial Compression and Bending of Cased Length
Micropiles used for Structural Foundations (continue)
Micropile Installed Through Voids in Karstic Terrain
Micropiles used for Structural Foundations (continue)
Micropile Installed Through Voids in Karstic Terrain
Micropiles used for Structural Foundations (continue)
Micropile Surrounded by Very Weak Soil
If the EsLIMIT value is less than the measured or assumed soil modulus, Es, then the
geotechnical and structural strength of the micropile will control the micropile capacity and
buckling does not need to be considered further. If the Es LIMIT value is greater than Es,
buckling should be evaluated further.
Micropiles used for Structural Foundations (continue)
FHWA NHI-05-039 Elastic Constants of Various Soils
Elastic Constants of Various Soils Based on Elastic Constants of Various Soils Based on
Soil Type SPT N Value
(modified after AASHTO, 2002) (modified after AASHTO, 2002)
Micropiles used for Structural Foundations (continue)
Limiting Lateral Modulus Values for Various Micropile
Materials (after Cadden and Gomez, 2002)
MICROPILE DESIGN
CONCEPT
Micropiles used for Structural Foundations
Geotechnical Design
Ultimate Bond Stress and Calculate
Bond Length
• Design concept similar to conventional pilling design.
• The maximum compression and tension loads applied at
the top of the micropile must be resisted through grout to
ground bond over a specific length of the micropile.
• This length is referred to as the bond zone or bond length.
• Due to the small pile diameter and the difficulty to clean
the base properly, any end-bearing contribution in
micropiles is generally neglected.
• Bond length can be formed in most soil and rock strata
with the major differences being in the grout to ground
bond strength that can be developed in a given ground
type.
Skin Friction & End Bearing Pile
Braja M. Das 2011
Ultimate Bond Stress and Calculate
Bond Length
αbond, Grout to Ground Ultimate Bond Strength
• There are many different methods adopted by Malaysia
engineers that can be generally divided into 2 categories.
• Empirical Method
• Semi Empirical Method
Empirical Method
Piles in fine-grained soils
δ= characteristic or average value of the angle of friction between pile and soil
Compression
Tension
Micropiles used for Soil Slope Stabilization (continue)
Single Vertical Micropile Model for Design Analyses
Micropiles used for Soil Slope Stabilization (continue)
Evaluation of Bending Moment Capacity of Single Vertical
Micropile
• The shear resistance of a micropile corresponds to the maximum
shear force that can be applied to the micropile that results in a
maximum bending moment within the micropile (at any location) to be
just equal to the ultimate bending moment of the micropile.
• To evaluate the shear resistance of a single micropile, the ultimate
bending moment (Mult) of the single micropile is checked.
• The ultimate bending moment of a single vertical micropile can be
conveniently evaluated using p-y curve or computer program.
• Since the bending moment capacity of a micropile (or any other
structural section) varies depending on the applied axial load, the
bending moment capacity of a single micropile is checked for two
limiting axial load conditions
1. axial load equal to zero, P = 0; and
2. axial load equal to the ultimate side resistance of the micropile, P = Pult
Micropiles used for Soil Slope Stabilization (continue)
Evaluation of Shear Capacity of Single Vertical
Micropile
• The maximum shear force that the micropile can carry
corresponds to that shear force applied at the elevation of
the slip surface that results in a calculated maximum
bending moment in the micropile that is equal to Mult.
• This maximum bending moment is affected by the
stiffness (i.e., p-y response) of the ground above and
below the potential slip surface and the flexural rigidity of
the micropile.
• The shear force capacity of a single vertical micropile is
determined by analysing separately the portion of the
micropile above the potential slip surface (termed the “up”
analysis) and the portion of the micropile below the
potential slip surface (termed the “down” analysis).
Micropiles used for Soil Slope Stabilization (continue)
Example Distribution of p-y Curves with Depth
Obtained from Laterally Loaded Pile Analysis
Micropiles used for Soil Slope Stabilization (continue)
Example Distribution of p-y Curves with Depth
Obtained from Laterally Loaded Pile Analysis
Up Analysis Down Analysis
Micropiles used for Soil Slope Stabilization (continue)
Criteria Need to be Satisfied When Comparing The Up
and Down Analyses
• The same value for axial load is used for both the up and
down analyses.
• The input shear force magnitude and direction applied at
the slip surface location is the same for the up and down
analyses.
• The input bending moment applied as a boundary
condition should be equal in magnitude and opposite in
sign for the up and down analyses.
• The calculated slope of the micropile head at the slip
surface should be the same for the up and down
analyses.
• The head of the micropile is modeled as free.
Micropiles used for Soil Slope Stabilization (continue)
Example of Calculated Bending Moment Diagrams for
Up and Down Analyses
Up Analysis Down Analysis
Micropiles used for Soil Slope
Stabilization (continue)
Comparing Bending Moment Diagrams
for Up and Down Analyses
Micropiles used for Soil Slope Stabilization (continue)
Shear Capacity of Battered Micropile Group
• The maximum lateral force (Hult) that an inclined (or
battered) single micropile can resist at the location of the
critical slip surface is evaluated in this step.
• The value for Hult which will be compared to the required
force to provide the target factor of safety, i.e., Hreq, is the
sum of the individual Hult values from each battered
micropile in the cross section.
Micropiles used for Soil Slope Stabilization (continue)
Shear Capacity of Battered Micropile Group (continue)
Forces Acting On Vertical Forces Acting On Inclined
Micropile Along The Slip Surface Micropile Along The Slip Surface
Micropiles used for Soil Slope Stabilization (continue)
Shear Capacity of Battered Micropile Group (continue)
• Because is a function of the inclination of
the micropile relative to the slip surface, it is necessary to
select a range of inclination angles for which the analyses
corresponding to P=0 is valid and for which the analyses
corresponding to P=Pult is valid.
• According to Poulos and Davis (1980), Pult may be
assumed to develop in a pile that is inclined at
approximately 30 degrees.
Micropiles used for Soil Slope Stabilization (continue)
Shear Capacity of Battered Micropile Group (continue)
τ bk πd hole Le f yk As ,nom
Td = ≤
γ τb γs
τ bond πd hole Le f y As
Td = ≤
FOSbond FOS structural
Pull Out Capacity/Design Nail Force of
Soil Nail (continue)
τ bond πd hole Le f y As
Td = ≤
FOSbond FOS structural