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Hyperuricemia
Overview
Hyperuricemia occurs
most often in patients with hematologic disorders, particularly leukemias, high-grade
lymphomas, and myeloproliferative diseases (polycythemia vera). It may occur
secondary to treatment of the malignancy. (Escalante, 2015)
Assessment
Escalante, E. 2015. CancerNetwork. Oncologic Emergencies and Paraneoplastic Syndromes. Retrieved from:
http://www.cancernetwork.com/cancer-management/oncologic-emergencies-and-paraneoplastic-syndromes/page/0/5
ONCOLOGIC EMERGENCIES
Pathophysiology
Uric acid in the blood is saturated at 6.4-6.8 mg/dL at ambient conditions, with
the upper limit of solubility placed at 7 mg/dL. Urate is freely filtered at the glomerulus,
reabsorbed, secreted, and then again reabsorbed in the proximal tubule. The recent
cloning of certain urate transporters will facilitate the understanding of specific
mechanisms by which urate is handled in the kidney and small intestines.
Urate secretion does appear to correlate with the serum urate concentration
because a small increase in the serum concentration results in a marked increase in urate
excretion.
Medical Management
Prophylactic measures
Class Summary
Class Summary
Prevent gouty arthritis attacks and nephropathy. Used to treat hyperuricemia secondary to
diuretics or antineoplastics. Prevent recurrent uric acid nephrolithiasis.
Allopurinol (Zyloprim)
Inhibits xanthine oxidase, the enzyme that synthesizes uric acid from hypoxanthine.
Reduces synthesis of uric acid without disrupting biosynthesis of vital purines.
Febuxostat (Uloric)
Xanthine oxidase inhibitor. Prevents uric acid production and lowers elevated serum uric
acid levels. Indicated for long-term management of hyperuricemia associated with gout.
Lesinurad (Zurampic)
Lesinurad is the first selective uric acid reabsorption inhibitor to be approved in the
United States. It acts by inhibiting the urate transporter, URAT1, which is responsible for
the majority of the renal reabsorption of uric acid. It also inhibits organic anion
transporter 4 (OAT4), a uric acid transporter associated with diuretic-induced
hyperuricemia. It is indicated in combination with a xanthine oxidase inhibitor for
hyperuricemia associated with gout in patients who have not achieved target serum uric
acid levels with a xanthine oxidase inhibitor alone.
Uricosuric Agents
Class Summary
Competitively inhibit reabsorption of uric acid in proximal renal tubule. This promotes
excretion of uric acid and lowers serum uric acid levels.
Probenecid (Benemid)
Used to treat and prevent hyperuricemia associated with gout and gouty arthritis.
Antigout Agents
Class Summary
Colchicine
Reduces formation of uric acid crystals in affected joint, thereby reducing amount of
acute inflammation and pain; also decreases uric acid levels in blood. Can be used in
combination with probenecid on long-term to prevent gout or can be used alone to treat
pain and inflammation of acute gout attacks. Discontinue when pain of gout attack begins
to subside, when maximum dose is reached, or when GI symptoms (eg, nausea, vomiting,
diarrhea) indicate cellular poisoning. Decreases leukocyte motility and phagocytosis in
inflammatory responses.
Glucocorticoids
Class Summary
Class Summary
Pegloticase (Krystexxa)
Rasburicase (Elitek)
Class Summary
Pleasant-tasting oral systemic alkalizer containing potassium citrate and citric acid in a
sugar-free base.
Each unit dose packet contains potassium citrate monohydrate 3300 mg and citric acid
monohydrate 1002 mg. Each unit dose packet, when reconstituted, supplies the same
amount of active ingredients as is contained in 15 mL (1 tablespoonful) Polycitra-K oral
solution and provides 30 mEq potassium ion and is equivalent to 30 mEq bicarbonate.
Diagnostic Tests
Laboratory Studies
Complete blood cell count (CBC): Values may be abnormal in patients with
hemolytic anemia, hematologic malignancies, or lead poisoning.
Electrolytes, BUN, and serum creatinine values: These are abnormal in patients
with acidosis or renal disease.
Liver function tests: These are part of the general workup for patients with a
possible malignancy or metabolic disorders; in addition, the results are useful as a
baseline if allopurinol is used for treatment
Serum glucose level: This may be abnormal in patients with diabetes or glycogen
storage diseases.
Calcium and phosphate levels: This measurement is needed for the workup of
hyperparathyroidism, sarcoidosis, myeloma, and renal disease.
If uric acid levels are found to be persistently elevated, an estimation of total uric acid
excretion may be needed. The estimation of uric acid excretion is recommended in young
males who are hyperuricemic, females who are premenopausal, people with a serum uric
acid value greater than 11 mg/dL, and patients with gout.
One protocol recommends obtaining two 24-hour urine collections for creatinine
clearance and uric acid excretion. The first collection is performed while patients are on
their usual diet and alcohol intake. At the end of the first 24-hour collection, serum
creatinine and urate levels are checked for an estimation of the creatinine clearance. The
patient then goes on a low-purine, alcohol-free diet for 6 days, with a repeat 24-hour
urine collection performed on the last day, followed by a serum creatinine and uric acid
evaluation.
Depending on the 24-hour urine uric acid levels before the purine-restricted diet and after
the purine-restricted diet, patients who are hyperuricemic can be categorized into the
following three groups:
High-purine intake - Prediet value greater than 6 mmol/d, postdiet value less than
4 mmol/d
Overproducers - Prediet value greater than 6 mmol/d, postdiet value greater than
4.5 mmol/d
Underexcretors - Prediet value less than 6 mmol/d, postdiet value less than 2
mmol/d
This test should be used to investigate the degree of underexcretion in patients with
hyperuricemia or gout in patients for whom the cause cannot be determined.
The reference intervals for patients on a low-purine diet and normal renal function are as
follows:
Males - 7-9.5%
Females - 10-14%
Children - 15-22%
Values less than the lower limits of the reference range indicate underexcretion. The
formula also circumvents any inaccuracy that may have occurred during urine collection.
If a 24-hour urine collection is not possible, measure the ratio of uric acid to
creatinine from a spot urine collection. A ratio greater than 0.8 indicates overproduction.
The ratio also helps differentiate acute uric acid nephropathy from the
hyperuricemia that occurs secondary to renal failure. The ratio is greater than 0.9 in acute
uric acid nephropathy and usually less than 0.7 in hyperuricemia secondary to renal
insufficiency.
Imaging Studies
In patients with gout, radiographs may reveal evidence of joint swelling and
subcortical cysts. In patients with hyperuricemia and renal disease, a renal sonogram is an
important tool for kidney evaluation. Images from this study also may reveal the presence
of uric acid stones.
Procedures
Nursing Diagnosis
Acute pain
Chronic pain
Activity intolerance
Nursing Management
Urge the client to drink 2 to 3 L of fluid daily and to report any decrease in
urine output.
Teach the client about dietary modifications to limit foods high in purine
(e.g. organ meats, anchovies, sardines, shellfish, chocolate, meat extracts).
Provide a bed cradle to keep bed linen off affected joints to help reduce
pain.
Colchicine may be prescribed for acute attack and used in small doses for
prevention.
Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea are toxic effects of colchicines and should
be reported to the health care provider.
(RNpedia, 2017)