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-REAL ANALYSIS-
lim nxn = 1.
n→∞
n(1 − nxn )
lim = 1.
n→∞ log n
Problem 2. (i) Let (xn )n≥1 be a sequence such that x1 ∈ (0, 1) and
xn+1 = xn (1 − x2n ), n ≥ 1.
Evaluate √
lim nxn .
n→∞
1 1
Problem 3. Consider the harmonic sequence (Hn )n≥1 , Hn = 1 + = ... + ,
2 n
n ≥ 1. Show that the sequence xn = {Hn } diverges. Here {x} is the fractional part
of the real number x.
1
2 INSTRUCTOR: CEZAR LUPU
Problem 4. Let (an )n≥1 be a decreasing sequence of positive reals such that
∞
X
an converges. Show that lim nan = 0.
n→∞
n=1
Olivier’s lemma
(ii)
n
!(e1999/n −1)
Y k
lim .
n→∞
k=1
k+n
Remark. Solve problem 10259 from the American Mathematical Monthly 1992,
which has the following statement:
Problem 8. Let k be an integer greater than 1. Suppose that a0 > 0, and define
the sequence (an )n≥0 ,
1
an+1 = an + √
k a
, n ≥ 0.
n
Evaluate
ak+1
n
lim .
n→∞ nk
Problem 9. Does there exist a sequence (an )n≥1 of positive reals such that the
∞
X n
Y
series an converges, and ak ≤ nn for all n ≥ 1?
n=1 k=1
Probem 90 . Does there exist a sequence (an )n≥1 of positive reals such that the
n
X n
X
series ak ≤ 2008, and ak ≤ n2 for all n ≥ 1?
k=1 k=1
Problem 10. Let (an )n≥1 be a sequence of positive reals such that the series
∞
X n
P∞ n+1
n=1 a n converges. Show that the series a n converges also.
n=1
Problem 11. Let Let (an )n≥1 be a decreasing sequence of positive reals. Let
sn = a1 + a2 + . . . + an and
4 INSTRUCTOR: CEZAR LUPU
1 1
bn = − , n ≥ 1.
an+1 an
Problem 12. Let (xn )n≥2 ) be a sequence of real numbers such that x2 > 0 and
√
n
xn+1 = −1 + 1 + nxn , n ≥ 2.
Show that:
(i) lim xn = 0;
n→∞
xn+1
(ii) lim = 1 and lim nxn = 0.
n→∞ xn n→∞
Problem 13. Let (an )n≥1 be a sequence of positive reals. Show that
1 + an+1
lim sup n − 1 ≥ 1,
n→∞ an
and
n
a1 + an+1
lim sup ≥ e.
n→∞ an
is also convergent.
∞ ∞
X √ X
n
a1 a2 . . . an ≤ e an .
n=1 n=1
∞ p ∞
p X
X a1 + a2 + . . . + an p
≤ apn .
n=1
n p−1 n=1
f (x)ef (x) = x, x ≥ 0.
Prove that:
(a) f is monotone;
(b) limx→∞ f (x) = ∞.
f (x)
(c) tends to 1 as x → ∞.
log x
Problem 20. Let f : (0, ∞) → R be a function satisfying
f (x)
lim = a, k 6= 1.
x→∞ xk
and
f (x + 1) − f (x)
lim = b ∈ R.
x→∞ xk−1
Prove that b = ka.
RNMO, 1985
6 INSTRUCTOR: CEZAR LUPU
f (x) ∈ Q ⇒ f (x + 1) ∈ R − Q.
RNMO, 1979
Problem 25. Let f : R → R be a continuous function such that
1
f (x) ≤ f x + ,
n
Problem 30. Prove that if f : [0, 1] → [0, 1] is a continuous function then the
sequence of iterates xn+1 = f (xn ) converges if and only if lim (xn+1 − xn ) = 0.
n→∞
Problem 33. Let f be a real function with continuous third derivative such that
f (x), f 0 (x), f 00 (x), f 000 (x) are positive for all x. Suppose that f 000 (x) ≤ f (x) for all x.
Show that f 0 (x) < 2f (x) for all x.
Problem 34. Let α > 1 be a real number, and let (un )n≥1 be a sequence of pos-
un − un+1
itive numbers such that limn→∞ un = 0 and lim α
exists and is nonzero.
n→∞ un
Prove that ∞
P
n=1 un converges if and only if α < 2.
Problem 35. Prove that, for any two bounded functions g1 , g2 : R → [1, ∞),
there exist functions h1 , h2 : R → R such that for every x ∈ R,
f 0 (x) = f (f (x)),
for all reals x?
Putnam 2010
8 INSTRUCTOR: CEZAR LUPU
f 0 (x) = f (f (x)),
for all reals x?
IMC, 2001
f (x + n) − f (x)
f 0 (x) =
n
for all real numbers x and all positive integers n.
Putnam A2, 2010
Problem 40. Let f be a real function on the real line with continuous third
derivative. Prove that there exists a point a such that
Problem 41. Find the set of all real numbers k with the following property: For
any positive, differentiable function f that satisfies f 0 (x) > f (x) for all x, there is
some number N such that f (x) > ekx for all x > N.
Putnam B3, 1994
f 0 (x)
lim f (x) + = 0.
x→∞ x
Prove that lim f (x) = 0.
x→∞
f (x)
lim+ = 0.
x→0 f 0 (x)
IMC Problem 3(Day 1), 1995
Problem 56. Find all continuous functions f : R → [1, ∞) for which there exists
a ∈ R and k positive integer such that
RNMO, 1999
Prove that a) there exists M > 0 such that |I(h)−2f (0)h| ≤ M h2 , for any h ∈ [0, 1].
Pn √
b) the sequence (an )n≥1 , defined by an = k=1 k|I(1/k)|, is convergent if and only
if f (0) = 0.
RNMO, 2010
arctan x
where f (x) = x
if x ∈ (0, 1] and f (0) = 1.
RNMO, 2006
RNMO, 2006
RNMO, 2001
RNMO, 2001
Problem 64. Let Z 1 f and g beZ two continuous, distinct functions from [0, 1] →
1
(0, +∞) such that f (x)dx = g(x)dx. Let (yn )n≥1 be a sequence defined by
0 0
Z 1 n+1
f (x)
yn = dx,
0 g n (x)
for all n ≥ 0.
Prove that (yn ) is an increasing and divergent sequence.
RNMO 2003
Prove that Z bp Z bp
1 + f (t) dt ≥ 1 + g(t) dt.
a a
RNMO, 2002
RNMO, 2002
14 INSTRUCTOR: CEZAR LUPU
RNMO 2004
Problem 76. (a) Let f ∈ C 1 ([0, 1]) such that f (0) = f (1) = 0. Show that
Z 1 Z 1 2
0 2
(f (x)) dx ≥ 12 f (x)dx .
0 0
R 1Problem 77. Suppose that f : [0, 1] → R has a continuous derivative and that
0
f (x) dx = 0. Prove that for every α ∈ (0, 1),
Z α
1
≤ max |f 0 (x)|
f (x) dx 8 0≤x≤1
0
16 INSTRUCTOR: CEZAR LUPU
Problem 81. Let 0 < a < b and let f : [a, b] → R be a continuous function with
Z b
f (t)dt = 0. Show that
a
Z bZ b
f (x)f (y) log(x + y)dxdy ≤ 0.
a a
Vojtech Jarnik Competition, 2014
1 x 1 T
Z Z
(i) lim f (t)dt = f (t)dt.
x→∞ x 0 T 0
Z b
(b − a) b
Z
(ii) lim f (nx)dx = f (t)dt.
n→∞ a T a
WORKSHEET FOR THE PUTNAM COMPETITION -REAL ANALYSIS- 17
Problem 85. Let f (x) be a continuous real-valued function dened on the interval
[0, 1]. Show that
Z 1Z 1 Z 1
|f (x) + f (y)|dx dy ≥ |f (x)|dx
0 0 0
Putnam B6, 2003
Z k+1
log k + log(k + 1)
f (x)dx ≥ , k ≥ 1,
k 2
and
Z k+1/2
log xdx ≤ log k, k ≥ 1.
k−1/2
(iii) Consider the sequence (an )n≥1 defined by
Z n
1
an = f (x)dx − log 2 − . . . − log(n − 1) − log n, n ≥ 1.
1 2
1 5
Show that an is increasing and 0 ≤ an ≤ log .
2 4
(iv) Prove that
r
4 √ e n √ e n
e n ≤ n! ≤ e n , n ≥ 1.
5 n n
(v) [Stirling] Show that
n!
lim √ = 1.
n→∞ nn en 2πn
Problem 89. Show that for any continuous function f : [−1, 1] → R we have
the following inequalities:
Z 1 Z 1 2 Z 1 2
2 1 3
f (x)dx ≥ f (x)dx + xf (x)dx
−1 2 −1 2 −1
Z 1 Z 1 2 Z 1 2
2 5 2 3
f (x)dx ≥ x f (x)dx + xf (x)dx .
−1 2 −1 2 −1
Problem 92. For any continuous real-valued function f defined on the interval
[0, 1], let
Z 1 Z 1
µ(f ) = f (x)dx, Var(f ) = (f (x) − µ(x))2 dx,
0 0
and M (f ) = max |f (x)|.
0≤x≤1
Show that if f and g are continuous real-valued functions on the interval [0, 1],
then
Problem 96. Let f : [0, 1] × [0, 1] → R be a continuous function. Find the limit
2 Z 1 Z 1
(2n + 1)!
lim (xy(1 − x)(1 − y))n f (x, y)dxdy.
n→∞ (n!)2 0 0
Vojtech Jarnik Competition, 2005
Problem 100. Let u ∈ C 2 (D) and u = 0 on ∂D, where D is an open unit ball
in R3 . Prove that the following inequality
Z Z Z
2 2 1
|∇u| dV ≤ (∆u) dV + u2 dV,
D D 4 D