Você está na página 1de 21

WORKSHEET FOR THE PUTNAM COMPETITION

-REAL ANALYSIS-

INSTRUCTOR: CEZAR LUPU

Problem 1. Let 0 < x1 < 1 and xn+1 = xn (1 − xn ), n = 1, 2, 3, . . .. Show that

lim nxn = 1.
n→∞

Putnam B3, 1966

Question? Problem E 3034 from the American Mathematical Monthly, 1986


asks us to prove the following:

n(1 − nxn )
lim = 1.
n→∞ log n

Problem 2. (i) Let (xn )n≥1 be a sequence such that x1 ∈ (0, 1) and

xn+1 = xn (1 − x2n ), n ≥ 1.
Evaluate √
lim nxn .
n→∞

American Mathematical Monthly, 1967

(ii) Let (xn )n≥1 be a sequence such that x1 = x > 1 and



xn+1 = xn + xn − 1, n ≥ 1.
Evaluate
4an − n2
lim .
n→∞ n log n

Romanian National contest, 2002

1 1
Problem 3. Consider the harmonic sequence (Hn )n≥1 , Hn = 1 + = ... + ,
2 n
n ≥ 1. Show that the sequence xn = {Hn } diverges. Here {x} is the fractional part
of the real number x.
1
2 INSTRUCTOR: CEZAR LUPU

Problem 4. Let (an )n≥1 be a decreasing sequence of positive reals such that

X
an converges. Show that lim nan = 0.
n→∞
n=1

Olivier’s lemma

Problem 5. Evaluate the following limits:


(i)
n !n
1 + n1
lim
n→∞ e

Vojtech Jarnik Cat. I, 1998

(ii)
n
!(e1999/n −1)
Y k
lim .
n→∞
k=1
k+n

Vojtech Jarnik Cat. I, 1999



Problem 6. Define the sequence x1 , x2 , . . . inductively by x1 = 5 and xn+1 =
x2n − 2 for each n ≥ 1.
Compute
x 1 x 2 . . . xn
lim .
n→∞ xn+1

International Mathematical Competition Problem 3, 2010

Remark. Solve problem 10259 from the American Mathematical Monthly 1992,
which has the following statement:

Question. Let (rn )n≥0 be a sequence defined by r0 = 3 and rn+1 = rn2 − 2.


Evaluate
v
un−1
n
u Y
lim 2t rk .
n→∞
k=0

Problem 7. Suppose that a0 = 1 and that an+1 = an + e−an , n = 0, 1, 2, . . ..


Does the sequence (an − log n)n≥1 have finite limit?

Putnam B4, 2012


WORKSHEET FOR THE PUTNAM COMPETITION -REAL ANALYSIS- 3

Remark 1. At the RNMO (Romanian National mathematical olympiad) in 1986,


the students were asked to show that
xn
lim = 1.
n→∞ log n

Problem 8. Let k be an integer greater than 1. Suppose that a0 > 0, and define
the sequence (an )n≥0 ,

1
an+1 = an + √
k a
, n ≥ 0.
n
Evaluate

ak+1
n
lim .
n→∞ nk

Putnam B6, 2006

Remark. The case k = 2 was given at the Romanian National Mathematical


Olympiad (District level) in 2004. Try to solve this particular case first! It gives
some insight how to approach the general case.

Problem 9. Does there exist a sequence (an )n≥1 of positive reals such that the

X n
Y
series an converges, and ak ≤ nn for all n ≥ 1?
n=1 k=1

American Mathematical Monthly (Problem 11748), 2014

Remark. At the Balkan Mathematical Olympiad, 2008 the following ”easier”


problem was given:

Probem 90 . Does there exist a sequence (an )n≥1 of positive reals such that the
n
X n
X
series ak ≤ 2008, and ak ≤ n2 for all n ≥ 1?
k=1 k=1

Problem 10. Let (an )n≥1 be a sequence of positive reals such that the series

X n
P∞ n+1
n=1 a n converges. Show that the series a n converges also.
n=1

Putnam B4, 1988

Problem 11. Let Let (an )n≥1 be a decreasing sequence of positive reals. Let
sn = a1 + a2 + . . . + an and
4 INSTRUCTOR: CEZAR LUPU

1 1
bn = − , n ≥ 1.
an+1 an

Prove that if (sn )n≥1 is convergent, then (bn )n≥1 is unbounded.

Mathematical Reflections (Problem U249), 2006

Problem 12. Let (xn )n≥2 ) be a sequence of real numbers such that x2 > 0 and

n
xn+1 = −1 + 1 + nxn , n ≥ 2.
Show that:

(i) lim xn = 0;
n→∞
xn+1
(ii) lim = 1 and lim nxn = 0.
n→∞ xn n→∞

RNMO 1991, Vojtech Jarnik (Cat. I) 2005

Problem 13. Let (an )n≥1 be a sequence of positive reals. Show that
 
1 + an+1
lim sup n − 1 ≥ 1,
n→∞ an
and
 n
a1 + an+1
lim sup ≥ e.
n→∞ an

Putnam A4, 1963


n
X
Problem 14. Let an be a sequence such that xn = a2k converges, while
k=1
n
X
yn = ak is unbounded. Show that the sequence (bn )n≥1 , bn = {yn }, n ≥ 1 di-
k=1
verges. Here {x} is the fractional part of the real number x.

Romanian National Mathematical Olympiad, 1998



X 1
Problem 15. Show that if the series is convergent, where p1 , p2 , . . . , pn
p
n=1 n
are positive real numbers, then the series

X n2
· pn
n=1
(p1 + p2 + . . . + pn )2
WORKSHEET FOR THE PUTNAM COMPETITION -REAL ANALYSIS- 5

is also convergent.

Putnam B3, 1966

Problem 16. Determine, with proof, whether the series



X 1
n=1
n1.8+sin n
converges or diverges.

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Math Contest, 2005

Problem 17. [Carleman’s inequality] Let a1 , a2 , . . . , an be a sequence of nonneg-


ative real numbers. Prove that

∞ ∞
X √ X
n
a1 a2 . . . an ≤ e an .
n=1 n=1

Problem 18. [Hardy’s inequality] Let a1 , a2 , . . . , an be a sequence of nonnegative


real numbers and p > 1. Prove that

∞  p  ∞
p X
X a1 + a2 + . . . + an p
≤ apn .
n=1
n p−1 n=1

Problem 19. Let f : [0, ∞) → R be a function satisfying

f (x)ef (x) = x, x ≥ 0.
Prove that:

(a) f is monotone;
(b) limx→∞ f (x) = ∞.
f (x)
(c) tends to 1 as x → ∞.
log x
Problem 20. Let f : (0, ∞) → R be a function satisfying

f (x)
lim = a, k 6= 1.
x→∞ xk
and

f (x + 1) − f (x)
lim = b ∈ R.
x→∞ xk−1
Prove that b = ka.
RNMO, 1985
6 INSTRUCTOR: CEZAR LUPU

Problem 21. Let f : (0, 1) → R be a function satisfying limx→0+ f (x) = 0


and such that there exists 0 < λ < 1 with lim+ (f (x) − f (λx))/x = 0. Prove that
x→0
f (x)
lim+ = 0.
x→0 x
Problem 22. Let f : (a, b) → R be a function such that limx→x0 f (x) exists for
any x0 ∈ [a, b]. Prove that f is bounded if and only for all x0 ∈ [a, b], limx→x0 f (x)
is finite.
Problem 23. Let a, b ∈ 0, 21 and f : R → R is a continuous function such that


f (f (x)) = af (x) + bx,


for all x. Prove that f (0) = 0 and and find all such functions.
RNMO 1983 and Putnam 1991
Problem 24. Prove that there is no continuous function f : R → R such that

f (x) ∈ Q ⇒ f (x + 1) ∈ R − Q.
RNMO, 1979
Problem 25. Let f : R → R be a continuous function such that
 
1
f (x) ≤ f x + ,
n

for every real x and positive integer n. Show that f is nondecreasing.


Problem 26. Find all functions f : (0, ∞) → (0, ∞) subject to the conditions:

(i) f (f (f (x))) + 2x = f (3x) for all x > 0.


(ii) lim (f (x) − x) = 0.
x→∞

RNMO SHL 2003


Problem 27. Let f (x) be a continuous function such that f (2x2 − 1) = 2xf (x)
for all x. Show that f (x) = 0 for −1 ≤ x ≤ 1.

Putnam B4, 2000


Problem 28. Find all functions f : R → R such that for any a < b, f ([a, b]) is
an interval of length b − a.

IMC Problem 2(Day 2), 2006


∞      
X 1 1 1
Problem 29. Calculate ln 1 + ln 1 + ln 1 + .
n=1
n 2n 2n + 1
WORKSHEET FOR THE PUTNAM COMPETITION -REAL ANALYSIS- 7

IMC Problem 3(Day 2), 2011

Problem 30. Prove that if f : [0, 1] → [0, 1] is a continuous function then the
sequence of iterates xn+1 = f (xn ) converges if and only if lim (xn+1 − xn ) = 0.
n→∞

IMC Problem 1(Day 2), 1996


n
X
Problem 31. Let f (x) = ak sin kx, with a1 , a2 , . . . , an real numbers and
k=1
n ≥ 1. Prove that if f (x) ≤ | sin x|, for all x ∈ R, then

X n
kak ≤ 1.



k=1
Putnam A1, 1967

Problem 32. Let f : [a, b] → R be a function, continuous on [a, b] and twice


differentiable on (a, b). If f (a) = f (b) and f 0 (a) = f 0 (b), prove that for every real
number λ, the equation

f 00 (x) − λ(f 0 (x))2 = 0


has at least one zero in the interval (a, b).

Problem 33. Let f be a real function with continuous third derivative such that
f (x), f 0 (x), f 00 (x), f 000 (x) are positive for all x. Suppose that f 000 (x) ≤ f (x) for all x.
Show that f 0 (x) < 2f (x) for all x.

Putnam B4, 1999

Problem 34. Let α > 1 be a real number, and let (un )n≥1 be a sequence of pos-
un − un+1
itive numbers such that limn→∞ un = 0 and lim α
exists and is nonzero.
n→∞ un
Prove that ∞
P
n=1 un converges if and only if α < 2.

American Mathematical Monthly, 2012

Problem 35. Prove that, for any two bounded functions g1 , g2 : R → [1, ∞),
there exist functions h1 , h2 : R → R such that for every x ∈ R,

sup(g1 (s)x g2 (s)) = max(xh1 (t) + h2 (t)).


s∈R t∈R
Putnam B5, 2012

Problem 36. Is there a strictly increasing function f : R → R such that

f 0 (x) = f (f (x)),
for all reals x?
Putnam 2010
8 INSTRUCTOR: CEZAR LUPU

Problem 37. Does there exist a continuously differentiable function f : R → R


satisfying f (x) > 0 and

f 0 (x) = f (f (x)),
for all reals x?
IMC, 2001

Problem 38. Let f and g be (real-valued) functions defined on an open interval


containing 0, with g nonzero and continuous at 0. If f g and f /g are differentiable
at 0, must f be differentiable at 0?

Putnam B3, 2011

Problem 39. Find all differentiable functions f : R → R such that

f (x + n) − f (x)
f 0 (x) =
n
for all real numbers x and all positive integers n.
Putnam A2, 2010

Problem 40. Let f be a real function on the real line with continuous third
derivative. Prove that there exists a point a such that

f (a) · f 0 (a) · f 00 (a) · f 000 (a) ≥ 0.


Putnam A3, 1998

Problem 41. Find the set of all real numbers k with the following property: For
any positive, differentiable function f that satisfies f 0 (x) > f (x) for all x, there is
some number N such that f (x) > ekx for all x > N.
Putnam B3, 1994

Problem 42. Let f : (1, ∞) → R be a differentiable function such that


x2 − (f (x))2
f 0 (x) = for all x > 1.
x2 (f (x))2 + 1


Prove that lim f (x) = ∞.


x→∞
Putnam B5, 2009

Problem 43. Let f : (0, ∞) → R be a twice continuously differentiable such


that

|f 00 (x) + 2xf 0 (x) + (x2 + 1)f (x)| ≤ 1,


for all x.
Prove that limx→+∞ f (x) = 0

IMC Problem 5(Day 1), 2005


WORKSHEET FOR THE PUTNAM COMPETITION -REAL ANALYSIS- 9

Problem 44. Define f : R → R by


(
x if x ≤ e
f (x) =
xf (ln x) if x > e

X 1
Does converge?
n=1
f (n)
Putnam A4, 2008

Problem 45. Find all sequences a0 , a1 , . . . , an of real numbers such that an 6= 0,


for which the following statement is true:
If f : R → R is an n times differentiable function and x0 < x1 < . . . < xn are real
numbers such that f (x0 ) = f (x1 ) = . . . = f (xn ) = 0 then there is h ∈ (x0 , xn ) for
which
a0 f (h) + a1 f 0 (h) + . . . + an f (n) (h) = 0.

IMC Problem 6(Day 1), 2006

Problem 46. Let f : R → R be a continuously differentiable function that


satisfies f 0 (t) > f (f (t)) for all t ∈ R. Prove that f (f (f (t))) ≤ 0 for all t ≥ 0.

IMC Problem 4(Day 1), 2012

Problem 47. Let f : (0, ∞) → R be a differentiable function. Assume that

f 0 (x)
 
lim f (x) + = 0.
x→∞ x
Prove that lim f (x) = 0.
x→∞

Vojtech Jarnik Competition, 2014

Problem 48. Let f be twice continuously differentiable function on (0, ∞) such


that lim+ f 0 (x) = −∞ and lim+ f 00 (x) = +∞. Show that
x→0 x→0

f (x)
lim+ = 0.
x→0 f 0 (x)
IMC Problem 3(Day 1), 1995

Problem 49. Determine all Riemann integrable functions f : R → R such that


Z x+1/n Z x
1
f (t)dt = f (t)dt + f (x),
0 0 n
for all reals x and all positive integers n.

RNMO SHL, 2006


10 INSTRUCTOR: CEZAR LUPU
Z 1
Problem 50. For each continuous function f : [0, 1] → R , let I(f ) = x2 f (x)dx
Z 1 0
2
and J(f ) = xf (x)dx. Find the maximum value of I(f ) − J(f ) over all such
0
functions.

Putnam B5, 2006

Problem 51. Compute the following integrals:


Z 1
log(1 + x)
(i) dx.
0 x
Z 1
arctan x
(ii) dx.
0 x+1
Z 1
log(1 + x)
(iii) dx.
0 x2 + 1
Putnam A5, 2005
1
log(1 + x2 )
Z
(iv) dx.
0 x2 + 1
1
log(1 + x2 )
Z
(v) dx.
0 1+x
Z π/4
(vi) log(1 + tan x)dx.
0

Problem 52. Compute the following limits:


n
!1/n
1 Y 2
(i) lim 2 (n + k 2 ) .
n→∞ n
k=1
 Qn 1/n2
k=1 kk
(ii) lim Pn .
n→∞ n k=1 k
2n
1 Y 2
(iii) lim 4 (n + k 2 )1/n .
n→∞ n
k=1

Putnam B1, 1970


n  1/k
Y k
(iv) lim 1+ .
n→∞
k=1
n

Z 1Problem 53. Let f be a real-valuedZ continuous


1
function on [0, 1] such that
xk f (x)dx = 0, for 0 ≤ k ≤ n − 1 and xn f (x)dx = 1. Show that there exists
0 0
x0 ∈ [0, 1] such that |f (x0 )| ≥ 2n (n + 1).
WORKSHEET FOR THE PUTNAM COMPETITION -REAL ANALYSIS- 11

Putnam A6, 1972

Problem 54. Let f : [0, 1] → R be a differentiable function with continuous


derivative such that f (1) = 0. Show that
Z 1 Z 1 Z 1 2
2 0 2 2
4 x |f (x)| dx ≥ |f (x)| dx + f (x)dx .
0 0 0

College Mathematics Journal, 2012

Problem 55. Let f : [0, 1] → [0, 1) be a continuous function such that


Z 1 Z 1
n
f (x )dx ≤ f n (x)dx, n ≥ 1.
0 0
Show that f (x) = 0 for all x ∈ [0, 1].

Problem 56. Find all continuous functions f : R → [1, ∞) for which there exists
a ∈ R and k positive integer such that

f (x)f (2x) . . . f (nx) ≤ ank ,


for every real number x and positive integer n.

RNMO, 1999

Problem 57. Compute the integral


Z π
2
In = sinn xdx.
0
Use the answer to prove Wallis formula:
 2
1 2 · 4 · 6 . . . (2n)
lim = π.
n→∞ n 1 · 3 · 5 . . . (2n − 1)

Problem 58. Let f : [0, 1] → R+ be an integrable function. Compute the


following limits:
n   
Y 1 k
lim 1+ f ,
n→∞
k=1
n n
n    !
X 1 k
lim exp f −n .
n→∞
k=1
n n

Problem 59. Let f : [−1, 1] → R be a continuous function having finite deriva-


tive at 0, and Z h
I(h) = f (x) dx, h ∈ [0, 1].
−h
12 INSTRUCTOR: CEZAR LUPU

Prove that a) there exists M > 0 such that |I(h)−2f (0)h| ≤ M h2 , for any h ∈ [0, 1].
Pn √
b) the sequence (an )n≥1 , defined by an = k=1 k|I(1/k)|, is convergent if and only
if f (0) = 0.

RNMO, 2010

Problem 60. Prove that


Z 1  Z 1
xn

π
lim n −n 2n
dx = f (x) dx,
n→∞ 4 0 1+x 0

arctan x
where f (x) = x
if x ∈ (0, 1] and f (0) = 1.

RNMO, 2006

Problem 61. Let f : [0, 1] → R be a continuous function such that


Z 1
f (x)dx = 0.
0
Prove that there is c ∈ (0, 1) such that
Z c
xf (x)dx = 0.
0

RNMO, 2006

Problem 62. Let f : [−1, 1] → R be a continuous function. Show that:


Z 1
a) if f (sin(x + α)) dx = 0, for every α ∈ R, then f (x) = 0, ∀x ∈ [−1, 1].
0
Z 1
b) if f (sin(nx)) dx = 0, for every n ∈ Z, then f (x) = 0, ∀x ∈ [−1, 1].
0

RNMO, 2001

Problem 63. Let f : [0, ∞) → R be a periodic function, with period 1, integrable


on [0, 1]. For a strictly increasing and unbounded sequence (xn )n≥0 , x0 = 0, with
lim (xn+1 − xn ) = 0, we denote r(n) = max{k | xk ≤ n}.
n→∞
a) Show that:
r(n) Z 1
1X
lim (xk − xk+1 )f (xk ) = f (x) dx
n→∞ n 0
k=1
b) Show that:
r(n) Z 1
1 X f (log k)
lim = f (x) dx
n→∞ log n k 0
k=1
WORKSHEET FOR THE PUTNAM COMPETITION -REAL ANALYSIS- 13

RNMO, 2001

Problem 64. Let Z 1 f and g beZ two continuous, distinct functions from [0, 1] →
1
(0, +∞) such that f (x)dx = g(x)dx. Let (yn )n≥1 be a sequence defined by
0 0
Z 1 n+1
f (x)
yn = dx,
0 g n (x)
for all n ≥ 0.
Prove that (yn ) is an increasing and divergent sequence.

RNMO 2003

Problem 65. Let f, g : [a, b] → [0, ∞) be two continuous and non-decreasing


functions such that each x ∈ [a, b] we have
Z x p Z x p Z bp Z bp
f (t) dt ≤ g(t) dt and f (t) dt = g(t) dt.
a a a a

Prove that Z bp Z bp
1 + f (t) dt ≥ 1 + g(t) dt.
a a

IMC Problem 2 (Day 2), 2004

Problem 66. Let f : R → R be a continuous and bounded function such that


Z x+1 Z x
x f (t) dt = f (t) dt, for any x ∈ R.
x 0
Prove that f is a constant function.

RNMO, 2002

Problem 67. Let f : [0, 1] → R be an integrable function such that:


Z 1

0 < f (x) dx ≤ 1.
0

Show that there exists x1 6= x2 , x1 , x2 ∈ [0, 1], such that:


Z x2
f (x) dx = (x1 − x2 )2002
x1
.

RNMO, 2002
14 INSTRUCTOR: CEZAR LUPU

Problem 68. Let f : R → (0, ∞) be a continously differentiable function. Prove


that
Z 1 Z 1
Z 1 2
0
3 2

f (x)dx − f (0) f (x)dx ≤ max |f (x)|
f (x)dx .

0 0 [0,1] 0

IMC Problem 3(Day 1), 2005

Problem 69. Let f : [0, 1] → [0, ∞) be an integrable function. Show that


Z 1 Z 1 Z 1
2
f (x)dx f (x)dx ≤ f 3 (x)dx,
0 0 0
and
Z 1 Z 1 Z 1 Z 1
2
xf (x)dx x f (x)dx ≤ f (x)dx x3 f (x)dx.
0 0 0 0

Problem 70. Let f : [0, 1] → R be an integrable function such that


Z 1 Z 1
f (x)dx = xf (x)dx = 1.
0 0
Show that
Z 1
f 2 (x)dx ≥ 4.
0

RNMO 2004

Problem 71. Show that for any continuous function f : [0, 1] → R,


Z 1 Z 1 2 Z 1 Z 1
1 2
f (x)dx + 2 f (x)dx ≥3 f (x)dx xf (x)dx.
4 0 0 0 0

RNMO SHL, 2007

Problem 72. Let f : [0, 1] → R be an integrable function such that


Z 1 Z 1 Z 1
f (x)dx = xf (x)dx = x2 f (x)dx = 1.
0 0 0
Show that
Z 1
f 2 (x)dx ≥ 9.
0

Jozeph Wildt Competition, 2005


WORKSHEET FOR THE PUTNAM COMPETITION -REAL ANALYSIS- 15

Problem 73. Let f : [0, 1] → R be a differentiable function with continuous


derivative such that
Z 1 Z 1
f (x)dx = xf (x)dx = 1.
0 0
Show that
Z 1
(f 0 (x))2 dx ≥ 30.
0
RNMO SHL, 2005

Problem 74. Find


Z n
1 x log(1 + x/n)
lim dx.
n→∞ n 0 1+x

American Mathematical Monthly, 2006


Z 1
Problem 75. (a) Let f : [0, 1] → R be a continuous function such that f (x)dx =
0
0. Show that there exists c ∈ (0, 1) such that
Z c
f (c) = f (x)dx.
0
(b) Let f : [0, 1] → R be a continuous function such that f (1) = 0. Show that
there exists c ∈ (0, 1) such that
Z c
f (c) = f (x)dx.
0

Problem 76. (a) Let f ∈ C 1 ([0, 1]) such that f (0) = f (1) = 0. Show that
Z 1 Z 1 2
0 2
(f (x)) dx ≥ 12 f (x)dx .
0 0

(b) Let f ∈ C 1 ([0, 1]) such that f (1/2) = 0. Show that


Z 1 Z 1 2
0 2
(f (x)) dx ≥ 12 f (x)dx .
0 0

Elemente der Mathematik, 1983 & RNMO, 2008

R 1Problem 77. Suppose that f : [0, 1] → R has a continuous derivative and that
0
f (x) dx = 0. Prove that for every α ∈ (0, 1),
Z α
1
≤ max |f 0 (x)|


f (x) dx 8 0≤x≤1
0
16 INSTRUCTOR: CEZAR LUPU

Putnam B2, 2007


Z x
Problem 78. Let F0 = ln x. For n ≥ 0 and x > 0, let Fn+1 (x) = Fn (t) dt.
0
n!Fn (1)
Evaluate lim .
n→∞ ln n
Putnam B2, 2008

Problem 79. Let f : [0, ∞) → R be Z ∞a strictly decreasing continuous function


f (x) − f (x + 1)
such that limx→∞ f (x) = 0. Prove that dx diverges.
0 f (x)
Putnam A6, 2010

Problem 80. Prove that


Z 1 Z 1
dx dy
1 ≤ 1.
0 0 x
+ | log y| − 1

IMC Problem 5(Day 2), 2004

Problem 81. Let 0 < a < b and let f : [a, b] → R be a continuous function with
Z b
f (t)dt = 0. Show that
a
Z bZ b
f (x)f (y) log(x + y)dxdy ≤ 0.
a a
Vojtech Jarnik Competition, 2014

Problem 82. Let us define the sequence (an )n≥1 .


Z 1
3
an = log n − log(1t + 2t + . . . + nt )dt.
2 0
(i) Show that the sequence an is convergent and find its limit a.
3
(ii) Show that 0 < n(a − an ) < .
2
RNMO, 2008

Problem 83. Let f : R → R be a continuous and periodic function of period


T > 0. Show that:

1 x 1 T
Z Z
(i) lim f (t)dt = f (t)dt.
x→∞ x 0 T 0
Z b
(b − a) b
Z
(ii) lim f (nx)dx = f (t)dt.
n→∞ a T a
WORKSHEET FOR THE PUTNAM COMPETITION -REAL ANALYSIS- 17

(iii) Let f, g : R → R be continuous functions such that f (x + 1) = f (x) and


g(x + 1) = g(x) for all real numbers x. Prove that
Z 1 Z 1 Z 1
lim f (x)g(nx)dx = f (x)dx g(x)dx.
n→∞ 0 0 0
Putnam B3, 1967

Problem 84. Let a1 , a2 , . . . be real numbers. Suppose there is a constant A such


that for all n,
Z ∞ X n
!2
1
dx ≤ An.
−∞ i=1
1 + (x − ai )2

Prove there is a constant B > 0 such that for all n,


n
X
1 + (ai − aj )2 ≥ Bn3 .

i,j=1

Putnam B5, 2011

Problem 85. Let f (x) be a continuous real-valued function dened on the interval
[0, 1]. Show that
Z 1Z 1 Z 1
|f (x) + f (y)|dx dy ≥ |f (x)|dx
0 0 0
Putnam B6, 2003

Problem 86. Suppose that f (x, y) is a continuous real-valued function on the


unit square 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1. Show that
Z 1 Z 1 2 Z 1 Z 1 2
f (x, y)dx dy + f (x, y)dy dx
0 0 0 0
Z 1 Z 1 2 Z 1 Z 1
≤ f (x, y)dxdy + [f (x, y)]2 dxdy.
0 0 0 0
Putnam A6, 2004

Problem 87. Find all r > 0 such that when f : R2 → R is differentiable,


kgrad f (0, 0)k = 1, kgrad f (u) − grad f (v)k ≤ ku − vk, then the max of f on the
disk kuk ≤ r, is attained at exactly one point.

IMC Problem 5(Day 2), 2005

Problem 88. (i) [Hermite-Hadamard] Let f : [a, b] → R be a convex function.


Show that
  Z b
a+b f (a) + f (b)
(b − a)f ≤ f (x)dx ≤ (b − a) .
2 a 2
(ii) Show that
18 INSTRUCTOR: CEZAR LUPU

Z k+1
log k + log(k + 1)
f (x)dx ≥ , k ≥ 1,
k 2
and
Z k+1/2
log xdx ≤ log k, k ≥ 1.
k−1/2
(iii) Consider the sequence (an )n≥1 defined by
Z n
1
an = f (x)dx − log 2 − . . . − log(n − 1) − log n, n ≥ 1.
1 2
1 5
Show that an is increasing and 0 ≤ an ≤ log .
2 4
(iv) Prove that
r
4 √  e n √  e n
e n ≤ n! ≤ e n , n ≥ 1.
5 n n
(v) [Stirling] Show that
n!
lim √ = 1.
n→∞ nn en 2πn

Problem 89. Show that for any continuous function f : [−1, 1] → R we have
the following inequalities:

Z 1 Z 1 2 Z 1 2
2 1 3
f (x)dx ≥ f (x)dx + xf (x)dx
−1 2 −1 2 −1
Z 1 Z 1 2 Z 1 2
2 5 2 3
f (x)dx ≥ x f (x)dx + xf (x)dx .
−1 2 −1 2 −1

RNMO 1997, Gazeta Matematică-A series, 2009

Problem 90. (i) Let f : [0, 1] → R be a continuous function. Show that


Z 1
lim xn f (x)dx = 0.
n→∞ 0
(ii) Let f : [0, 1] → R be a continuous function. Show that
Z 1
lim n xn f (x)dx = f (1),
n→∞ 0
and
Z 1 Z 1
n n
lim n x f (x )dx = f (x)dx.
n→∞ 0 0
WORKSHEET FOR THE PUTNAM COMPETITION -REAL ANALYSIS- 19

(iii) Let f, g : [0, 1] → R be two continuous functions. Show that


R1 n
x f (x)dx f (1)
lim R01 = ,
n→∞ n
x g(x)dx g(1)
0
and
R1 R1
xn f (xn )dx f (x)dx
lim R0 = R01
.
n→∞ 1 xn g(xn )dx g(x)dx
0 0
(iv) Find a real number c and a positive number L for which
R π/2
rc 0 xr sin xdx
lim R π/2 = L.
r→∞ x r cos xdx
0
Putnam A3, 2011

Problem 91. Let (an )n∈N be the sequence defined by


n
1 X ak
a0 = 1, an+1 = .
n + 1 k=0 n − k + 2
Find the limit
n
X ak
lim .
n→∞
k=0
2k
IMC Problem 6(Day 2), 2003

Problem 92. For any continuous real-valued function f defined on the interval
[0, 1], let
Z 1 Z 1
µ(f ) = f (x)dx, Var(f ) = (f (x) − µ(x))2 dx,
0 0
and M (f ) = max |f (x)|.
0≤x≤1
Show that if f and g are continuous real-valued functions on the interval [0, 1],
then

Var(f g) ≤ 2 Var(f )M 2 (g) + 2 Var(g)M 2 (f ).

Putnam B4, 2013

Problem 93. Prove that for any real numbers a1 , a2 , . . . , an we have


n
!2
X ij X
ai aj ≥ ai .
1≤i,j≤n
i+j−1 i=1
20 INSTRUCTOR: CEZAR LUPU

American Mathematical Monthly, 1991

Problem 94. [Hardy] Let p > 1 and let Z ∞f : [0, ∞) → R be a differentiable


increasing function such that f (0) = 0 and (f 0 (x))p dx is finite. Show that
0
Z ∞  p Z ∞
−p p
p
x |f (x)| dx ≤ (f 0 (x))p dx.
0 p − 1 0

Problem 95. Let u1 , u2 , . . . , un ∈ C([0, 1]n ) be nonnegative and continuous


functions, and let uj do not depend on the j-th variable for j = 1, 2, . . . , n. Show
that
Z n
!n−1 n Z
Y Y
uj ≤ un−1
j .
[0,1]n j=1 j=1 [0,1]n

Vojtech Jarnik Competition, 1999

Problem 96. Let f : [0, 1] × [0, 1] → R be a continuous function. Find the limit
 2 Z 1 Z 1
(2n + 1)!
lim (xy(1 − x)(1 − y))n f (x, y)dxdy.
n→∞ (n!)2 0 0
Vojtech Jarnik Competition, 2005

Problem 97. [Zagier] Prove that for all a1 , a2 , . . . , an , b1 , b2 , . . . bn are nonnega-


tive, then the following inequality holds true:
! ! !
X X X
min(ai , aj ) min(bi , bj ) ≥ min(ai , bj ) .
1≤i,j≤n 1≤i,j≤n 1≤i,j≤n

American Mathematical Monthly

Problem 98. Let {D1 , D2 , . . . , Dn } be a set of disks in the Euclidian plane


and aij = S(Di ∩ Dj ) be the area of Di ∩ Dj . Prove that for any real numbers
x1 , x2 , . . . , xn , the following inequality holds true:
n X
X n
aij xi xj ≥ 0.
i=1 j=1
Vojtech Jarnik Competition, 2003

Problem 99. Let D{(x, y) ∈ R2 : x2 + y 2 ≤ 1} and u ∈ C ∞ (R2 ). Suppose that


u(x, y) = 0 for all (x, y) ∈ D. Show that
Z Z Z Z 2
82
|∇u(x, y| dA ≥ u(x, y)dA .
D π D
WORKSHEET FOR THE PUTNAM COMPETITION -REAL ANALYSIS- 21

Problem 100. Let u ∈ C 2 (D) and u = 0 on ∂D, where D is an open unit ball
in R3 . Prove that the following inequality
Z Z Z
2 2 1
|∇u| dV ≤  (∆u) dV + u2 dV,
D D 4 D

holds true for all  > 0.


Vojtech Jarnik Competition, 1997

Você também pode gostar