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Signals involved in the development of the nervous system. Formation of the neural plate and neural tube
• Neural development is controlled by soluble signals
from the mesoderm, target-derived growth factors,
Neural Plate
and adhesion molecules
• Notochord
- grows forward from the anterior end of the
primitive streak (Hensen’s node)
• Neural Groove
- lateral edges of
Neural Crest
neural plate thicken - cell columns
Neural Plate more rapidly than - derived from the
the center, begin to junction of skin
- formed from
roll toward the
induction of the ectoderm &
midline neuroectoderm
ectoderm overlying
the notochord • Neural Folds
separate from the
• Neural Tube neural tube & form a
- closes first in the major portion of the
middle of the
PNS
embryo
• Neuropores
Somites
- aggregation of
mesodermal cells
- bone & muscle arise
• Spinal cord
- formed from the remaining caudal end of the neural tube
• The subdivisions of the neural tube are the Major Stages of Development and the Corresponding
precursors of 3 of the 4 major anatomical levels in Developmental Disorders • The neuroectodermal derivatives of the neural tube
the adult: & neural crest give rise to the sensory, motor,
1. supratentorial (telencephalon, diencephalon) internal regulation, and consciousness systems
2. posterior fossa (mesencephalon, metencephalon, • Mesodermal tissues surround the neural tube and
myelencephalon) form the meninges, which in conjunction with the
ventricular system form the cerebrospinal fluid
3. spinal (spinal cord)
system
4. peripheral level consists of a combination of
• Mesoderm that surrounds and grows into the neural
efferent fibers that grow out from the posterior
tube forms the vascular system
fossa & spinal levels & neural crest derivatives that
include somatic and visceral afferent neurons &
postganglionic autonomic neurons
Cell Proliferation, Differentiation, Migration, and • The primitive neural tube consists of ventricular,
subventricular, and marginal zones
Maturation Cell Proliferation
1. Ventricular Zone
- primary germinative zone and contains pluripotent
• Through 4 processes that occur in concert, the cells • The wall of the primitive neural tube initially neuroepithelial stem cells
that make up the mature nervous system: consists of a single layer of neuroepithelial cells that - neuroepithelial cells of the ventricular zone are stem
1. accumulate in sufficient number are derived from the ectoderm and form a cells that give rise to progenitors of neurons and glial
2. develop into the appropriate type of cells pseudostratified epithelium cells that accumulate in the subventricular zone
• These cells have an apical-basal polarity, with the 2. Marginal Zone
3. move to specific sites
apical portion in contact with the central cavity and - consists of the radially extended cytoplasmic
4. make specific connections with other cells the basal portion in contact with the outer surface processes of cells of the ventricular and subventricular
zones
of the tube
- radial glia, derived from neuroepithelial cells, may
generate neurons during embryogenesis and then
differentiate into mature astrocytes
Transverse differentiation
Transverse differentiation Transverse differentiation
• Alar plates give rise to afferent sensory structures in the
brainstem and spinal cord, including dorsal horns
• As the neural tube enlarges and rostrocaudal • The differential proliferation of cells in the dorsal
- neurons receive peripheral sensory information from
patterning occurs, the neural tube undergoes and ventral regions on each side results in the derivatives of the somites (i.e., skin,muscle, joints, and
anatomic and functional differentiation in the formation of a longitudinal groove, the sulcus bone) or the endoderm (i.e., internal organs) and relay
transverse plane limitans this information to higher levels of the CNS
• In a transverse section, the region of the neural tube • The sulcus limitans divides the neural tube into a • AFFERENT is used to describe nerve fibers that conduct
nearest the thoracic and abdominal cavities is dorsal region, or alar plate, and a ventral region, or information from the periphery toward the CNS
described as ventral and the region farthest from basal plate • These neurons & pathways constitute the SENSORY
them, as dorsal SYSTEM
Transverse differentiation Transverse differentiation
• The growth of the alar plate of the prosencephalon • The basal plate gives rise to the motor neurons of
results in large cerebral hemispheres,which almost the BS and spinal cord
completely surround the derivatives of the • These neurons are EFFERENT - they conduct
diencephalon impulses away from the CNS
• The cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and thalamus are • Motor neurons and pathways concerned with the
all derived from the alar plate control of striated skeletal muscle constitute the
• The cerebellum arises from the proliferation of cells somatic motor system
of the alar plate, called the rhombic lip, in the • Those concerned with the control of internal organs
metencephalon and eventually covers the dorsal form the visceral motor system
surface of the entire rhombencephalon
• The basal plate of the diencephalon gives rise to the Transverse differentiation of the Neural Tube
hypothalamus, posterior pituitary, & optic nerve
Spina Bifida
Myelomeningocele (spina bifida cystica)
- is herniation of the spinal cord and meninges
through a congenital defect in the vertebral arch. It
is covered with skin.