[IR 8.

1 (2005) 64-78] Implicit Religion (print) ISSN 1463-9955

Implicit Religion (online) ISSN 1743-1697

Implicit Religion in the Psychology of Religion:

What the (Psychology) Papers Say
CHRISTOPHER ALAN LEWIS
School of Psychology, University of Ulster at Magee College, Londonderry,
Northern Ireland, BT48 7JL, UK
ca.lewis@ulster.ac.uk

To gauge the use of the term ‘implicit religion’ within the psychology of reli-
gion, the present study examined the prevalence of the term within published
articles covered by the main bibliographic database in psychology, PsycINFO.
For purposes of comparison, the prevalence of the term ‘implicit religion’ was
also examined within leading social science, religion and sociology bibliographic
databases. The number of citations of ‘implicit religion’ demonstrated that the
term is currently almost non-existent in usage within psychology journals ab-
stracted by PsycINFO (n=1), or among social science journals abstracted by
ASSIA: Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts (n=7). However, it is
more widely used in religion journals abstracted by ATLAReligion (n=22),
and sociology journals abstracted by Sociological Abstracts (n=59). These
findings provide further empirical evidence to support the conclusion drawn by
Gollnick (2002) that the term ‘implicit religion’ has not gained the widespread
attention of psychologists of religion.

Bailey (1997a, 1998a) refers to ‘implicit religion’ as those aspects of

ordinary life, which seem to contain an inherently religious element
within them, whether or not they are expressed in ways that are tradi-
tionally described as ‘religious’. Bailey defines it in three ways, as ‘com-
mitment’; ‘integrating foci’; and ‘intensive concerns with extensive
effects’. Gollnick (2002) has recently provided an empirical examination
of the application of the term ‘implicit religion’ in the psychology of
religion. His initial methodological approach was precise and unam-
biguous:

© Equinox Publishing Ltd 2005, Unit 6, The Village, 101 Amies Street, London
SW11 2JW.
Implicit Religion in the Psychology of Religion 65
To gauge the application of implicit religion in the psychology of reli-
gion this essay reviews the major textbooks in the discipline. There
are five major English-language texts in the psychology of religion
which have gone to a second edition since 1993: David Wulff ’s
Psychology of Religion: Classic and Contemporary Views (1997); Beit-
Hallahmi and Argyle’s Religious Behaviour and Belief [sic] (1997);
Raymond Paloutzian’s Invitation to the Psychology of Religion (1996);
Hood, Spilka, Hunsberger and Gorsuch’s The Psychology of Religion:
an Empirical Approach (1996); Batson, Schoenrade and Ventis’ Religion
and the Individual (1993). Inspecting the subject of each volume shows
no mention of implicit religion. From this first glance it would appear
that implicit religion has not yet made inroads in the psychology of
religion… (Gollnick 2002: 82-83).
However, Gollnick is unsure of the validity of this conclusion:
‘… but my experience in research and teaching over the last thirty
years indicates that such a cursory text review is misleading’ (Gollnick
2002: 83).
Gollnick continues his search for the application of implicit religion
in the psychology of religion with arguably less precision.
As I surveyed classic and contemporary research in this field I recog-
nized the value of the concept implicit religion for getting at the inner
processes so central to the psychological understanding of religion…
If invisible religion, civil religion, quasi-religion, and para-religion
are other terms for implicit religion in the sociological context, then
worldview, meaning, values and identity are certainly closely related
terms in the psychological context (Gollnick 2002: 83).
This change in semantics is in line with the foundation work of
Bailey (1976) who provides no precise definition of what ‘implicit reli-
gion’ is, and instead lists an extensive list of synonyms. Lupton (1986),
among others, discusses the challenge to researchers of this type of
approach to operationalization. Using this revision in terminology
Gollnick (2002) returns to his search:
If we return to our survey of the psychology of religion texts with
these terms in mind, we gain a different impression of the impor-
tance of implicit religion in this field. I shall merely indicate here the
main findings of this extended review utilizing the related terms.
Three of the texts included only one of these terms in the index:
Beit-Hallahmi and Argyle (1997) only list identity; Batson et al. (1993)

© Equinox Publishing Ltd 2005.

66 Christopher Alan Lewis
and Hood et al. (1996) only list meaning. Wulff and Paloutzian had the
most extensive listings and follow-up discussion’ (Gollnick 2002: 83).
A discussion about the validity of this extended search is unfortunately
beyond the remit of the present paper. However, Gollnick (2002: 90) in
his conclusion reverted back to the focus on the term ‘implicit religion’
and noted, ‘…judging from our review of prominent texts and areas in
the psychology of religion it appears that implicit religion has not yet
found the visibility it enjoys in the sociology of religion’.
The present study had two aims: the first aim was to further ‘…gauge
the application of implicit religion in the psychology of religion’
(Gollnick 2002: 82) using a biblio-metric analysis. However, unlike
(Gollnick 2002: 83) it was decided to restrict the term of reference of the
search and focus solely on the term ‘implicit religion’ and not include
searches of any the proposed synonyms. The present study examined
the number of citations found for the term ‘implicit religion’ within
a widely used database of psychology books and journals, namely
PsycINFO. The second aim was to examine if the number of citations
obtained for ‘implicit religion’ using PsycINFO was comparable to
those obtained from databases from ‘neighbouring’ disciplines, namely
religion, social sciences and sociology.

Method
Procedure
In order to examine the application of implicit religion within the psy-
chology of religion, the search term ‘implicit religion’ was entered into
a number of leading databases and automatically searched for within
the titles, abstracts and keywords contained within them. The data-
bases chosen covered journals in psychology (PsycINFO), social sci-
ences (ASSIA:Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts), religion
(ATLAReligion), and sociology (Sociological Abstracts). Data were
obtained on 13th October 2003.

Results
The results of the search of ‘implicit religion’ in the four databases are
contained within Table 1. The data demonstrates that PsycINFO had
only one citation, while ASSIA had seven citations, ATLAReligion had
22 citations, and Sociological Abstracts had 59 citations. In total there

© Equinox Publishing Ltd 2005.

Implicit Religion in the Psychology of Religion 67

were 89 citations recorded of which 77 were unique sources with 12

citations being recorded in more than one of the databases.

Source of citations
Overall the 77 unique citations were largely derived from journal articles,
n=64 (83%), with a small number of books, n=5 (6%), a special issue of
a journal, n=1 (1%), book chapters, n=2 (3%), conference abstracts,
n=4 (5%), and book reviews, n=3 (4%). PsycINFO had only one cita-
tion, which was a book chapter. ASSIA had seven citations all of which
were articles. ATLAReligion had 22 citations, which comprised of three
books, one special issue of a journal (Social Compass: International Review
of Sociology of Religion), one book chapter, 15 articles, and two book
reviews. Sociological Abstracts had 59 citations, of which 54 were arti-
cles, four were conference abstracts, and one was a book review.

Popular—Journal
Of the material published in journals (special issue, articles, conference
abstracts, and book reviews: n=68) Implicit Religion was the most popu-
lar source of citations with 29 (43%), while Social Compass: International
Review of Sociology of Religion was the second most popular source with
nine (13%). The latter is not surprising given the dedication of an entire
issue to implicit religion in 1990 (Nesti, 1990a), from which there are
eight citations. In combination, these two journals account for 38 out of
the 68 (59%) unique journal citations.

Popular—Author
The most prominent author was Bailey, whose work was cited 12 times
(two books, one book chapter, seven articles, and two conference ab-
stracts). Only two other authors are cited on more than two occasions:
Nesti with six (one special issue and five articles) and Borg with five
(two articles, one conference abstract, and two book reviews). In
combination these three authors account for 23 of the 77 (30%) unique
citations.

Popular—Year
As can be seen from Table 2, the earliest citation was 1983. The highest
levels of citation (10 and over) were for the years of 1990 (14), 2001 (14),

© Equinox Publishing Ltd 2005.

 Table 1: List of sources of citations for the term ‘implicit religion’ among four databases
Database
Author Medium PsycINFO (n=1) ASSIA (n=7) ATLAReligion Sociological
(n=22) Abstracts (n=59)
Allcock (1988) Article - - - X
Anon (1993) Book review - - - X
Ashley ((2000) Article - - - X
Badertscher (2000) Article - - - X
Bailey (1983) Article - - X -
Bailey (1990a) Article - - X X
Bailey (1990b) Article - X - X
Bailey (1990c) Article - - X X
Bailey (1994) Conf abstract - - - X
Bailey (1995) Article - X - -
Bailey (1996) Article - - - X
Bailey (1997a) Book - - X -
Bailey (1997b) Article - - X -
Bailey (1998a) Book - - X -
Bailey (1998b) Article - - - X
Bailey (1998c) Conf abstract - - - X
Barker (2001) Book chapter X - - X
Bartkowski & Swearingen (1997) Article - X X X
Bellamy, Black & Hughes (1999) Article - - - X
Belzen & van der Lans (1986) Book - - X -
Borg (1994) Conf abstract - - - X
Borg (1998) Article - - - X
Borg (1999a) Book review - - X -
Borg (1999b) Book review - - X -
Borg (2002) Article - - - X
Campbell (2001) Article - - - X
Carr (1999) Article - - X -
Castle (1999) Article - - X -
Cavalcanti & Chalfant (1994) Article - X X X
 Database
Author Medium PsycINFO (n=1) ASSIA (n=7) ATLAReligion Sociological
(n=22) Abstracts (n=59)
Chalfant (1992) Article - - - X
Craig & Braybrooke (1999) Article - - - X
Davie (1990) Article - - - X
Davies (1999) Article - - - X
De Groot (1998) Article - - - X
Dianich & Nesti (1993) Article - - - X
Dupre (1998) Article - - - X
Dupre (2001) Article - - - X
Fowler (1995) Article - - X -
Francis, Littler & Thomas (2000) Article - - - X
French (1998) Article - - - X
Gollnick (2002) Article - - - X
Grainger (1990) Article - X - -
Grainger (2001) Article - - - X
Hamilton (2000) Article - - - X
Hamilton (2001) Article - - - X
Homan (2000) Article - - - X
Howes (2001) Article - - - X
Kemp (2001) Article - - - X
Kubiak (1998) Conf abstract - - - X
Lam (2001) Article - X X X
Lamb (1998) Article - - - X
Lupton (1986) * Book chapter - - X -
Menard (2001) Article - - - X
Nathanson (1999) Article - - - X
Nesti (1990a) Journal Special Issue - - X -
Nesti (1990b) Article - - X -
Nesti (1990c) Article - - X X
Nesti (1998) Article - - - X
Nesti (2002) Article - X - X
Nesti & Cipriani (1992) ** Article - - - X
 Database
Author Medium PsycINFO (n=1) ASSIA (n=7) ATLAReligion Sociological
(n=22) Abstracts (n=59)
O’Toole (1995) Article - - - X
Oommen (1990) Article - - - X
Pomi (1990) Article - - - X
Pye (1999) ** Article - - - X
Riis (2002) Article - - - X
Schmied (2000) Article - - - X
Schnell (2000) Article - - - X
Sharpe & Bryant (1999) Article - - - X
Smart (1998) Article - - - X
Stahl (2002) Article - - - X
Swatos (1996) Article - - X -
Swatos (2001) Article - - - X
Sweetman (2002) Article - - - X
Thomas (2001) Article - - - X
Ustorf (1998) Article - - - X
Weber (1999) Article - - X -
Wiebe (1989) Article - - X -

* cited as Heimbrock, H.G. in database.

** cited as Anon in database
 Table 2: List of sources of citation hit for the term ‘implicit religion’ among four databases

Database
Author PsycINFO (n=1) ASSIA (n=7) ATLAReligion Sociological Total
(n=22) Abstracts (n=59) (n=89)
1980 0 0 0 0 0
1981 0 0 0 0 0
1982 0 0 0 0 0
1983 0 0 1 0 1
1984 0 0 0 0 0
1985 0 0 0 0 0
1986 0 0 2 0 2
1987 0 0 0 0 0
1988 0 0 0 1 1
1989 0 0 1 0 1
1990 0 2 5 7 14
1991 0 0 0 0 0
1992 0 0 0 2 2
1993 0 0 0 2 2
1994 0 1 1 3 5
1995 0 1 1 1 3
1996 0 0 1 1 2
1997 0 1 3 1 5
1998 0 0 1 11 12
1999 0 0 5 6 11
2000 0 0 0 7 7
2001 1 1 1 11 14
2002 0 1 0 6 7
72 Christopher Alan Lewis

1998 (12), and 1999 (11). More generally, around 66% of all citations
occurred in the last five years (51 out of 77). It would seem therefore that
the use of the term ‘implicit religion’ is becoming more widely cited in
the literature. However, this is outside of psychology, and within the
disciplines of social science, sociology and theology, respectively.

Discussion
To examine the application of implicit religion in the psychology of
religion, the present study examined the number of citations found for
the term ‘implicit religion’ within a widely used database of psychology
books and journals, namely PsycINFO. The results of the citation
count revealed only one citation, a book chapter (Barker, 2001). This
data could be interpreted as evidence that the term ‘implicit religion’
has not gained the attention of either psychologists or psychologists of
religion in particular.
To put this finding within a wider context, the number of citations
found for the term ‘implicit religion’ within a number of pertinent data-
bases that index Social Science (ASSIA: Applied Social Sciences Index
and Abstracts), Theology (ATLAReligion), and Sociology (Sociological
Abstracts) books and journals, respectively was explored. The results of
the citation count revealed only a modest number of citations in these
relevant databases: ASSIA: Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts
(n=7), ATLAReligion (n=22), and Sociological Abstracts (n=59). This
work has been, perhaps not surprisingly, disseminated largely in the
journal Implicit Religion (43%) and over 66% of citations have occurred
over the last five years. These data could be interpreted as possible evi-
dence that the term implicit religion has gained little prominence in
the disciplines of religion, social science, and sociology. However, there
does seem to be some evidence that the term ‘implicit religion’ has
gained the attention of some sociologists and sociologists of religion in
particular. Of note are the contributions of the authors Bailey, Borg,
and Nesti.
These conclusions, based on citation counts of the term ‘implicit reli-
gion’ undertaken with four databases, are open to four main criticisms.
First, the present analysis does not take into account the frequency of
citations of the unique sources. An examination of such information
may demonstrate that the literature, although small, is dominated by a
number of highly cited, and by extension highly influential, materials.

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Implicit Religion in the Psychology of Religion 73

This was not undertaken, as it is somewhat tangential to the present

discussion of the use of the term ‘implicit religion’ within psychology.
Second, it is possible that the method employed in this study could
have been unreliable and biased, as all psychology journals are not
indexed in the selected database (PsycINFO). Therefore it could be that
those journals not indexed could have a significant number of citations
of the term ‘implicit religion’. However, this explanation is unlikely,
given that PsycINFO covers a large number of journals in psychology,
and any non-inclusion is likely to be random and not systematic in
omissions. Moreover, research discussing implicit religion within a
psychology context is very likely to have been published in a pertinent
journal in the psychology of religion such as International Journal for the
Psychology of Religion, Journal for Scientific Study of Religion, Mental
Health, Religion and Culture, and Pastoral Psychology. All of these jour-
nals are indexed to PsycINFO.
Third, within the databases employed, the term ‘implicit religion’ is
automatically searched for within the titles, abstracts and keywords
compiled from the journals indexed to the particular databases. This
procedure does have a hypothetical weakness in that the articles them-
selves are not actually searched. Therefore it is possible that within an
article the term ‘implicit religion’ might be used, even extensively, but
the term is not actually included in the title, abstract or keywords. In
such a case, this would produce a ‘false negative’ result, in that the
article will not register a citation for the term ‘implicit religion’ within
the databases. At present such full-text searches of articles are not in-
cluded in any of the databases, and as such this remains a weakness of
the present study.
Fourth, the term ‘implicit religion’ could be a term that is used little
within psychology, and hence not found in the citation count, as there
could be an equivalent expression more commonly used in psychology.
Such theorizing is central to Gollnick’s (2002) demonstration of the
utility of related terms widely used within psychology, and the psy-
chology of religion, namely worldview, meaning, values, and identity.
However, if, as Gollnick, among others claims, the term ‘implicit reli-
gion’ has come of age, then it could be argued that the term itself
should primarily appear either independently of, or at least alongside
the proposed possible synonyms.
The present findings suggest two related conclusions: first, that the
term ‘implicit religion’ has yet to gain the widespread attention of

© Equinox Publishing Ltd 2005.

74 Christopher Alan Lewis

psychologists of religion, and second, that ‘in the psychology of religion

it appears that implicit religion has not yet found the visibility it enjoys
in the sociology of religion’ (Gollnick 2002: 90). In combination these
conclusions confirm that implicit religion is a concept whose time has
not yet come in psychology.

References
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sity of Bristol, England.
Bailey, E. I. (1997a) Implicit Religion in Contemporary Society, Kampen, Netherlands:
Kok Pharos.
Bailey, E. I. (1998a) Implicit Religion: An Introduction, London: Middlesex University
Press.
Barker, E. (2001) A Comparative Exploration of Dress and the Presentation of Self as
Implicit Religion, in William J. F. Keenan (ed), Dressed to Impress: Looking the Part,
(pp. 51-67). New York: Berg.
Batson, C. D., Schoenrade, P. and Ventis, W. L. (1993) Religion and the Individual, New
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Beit-Hallahmi, B. and Argyle, M. (1997) The Psychology of Religious Behaviour, Belief and
Experience, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
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Hood, R. W. Jr., Spilka, B., Hunsberger, B. and Gorsuch, R. (1996) The Psychology of
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Nesti, A. (1990a) Implicit Religion, Social Compass: International Review of Sociology of
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Paloutzian, R. (1996) Invitation to the Psychology of Religion, Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Wulff, D. W. (1997) Psychology of Religion: Classic and Contemporary Views, New York:
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References cited in Table 1

Allcock, J. B. (1988) ‘Tourism as a Sacred Journey’, Loisir and Societe / Society and Leisure
11: 33-48. (Sociological Abstracts).
Anon (1993) ‘Implicit Religion: Sociology and Theology in Confrontation’ [La
Religione Implicita: Sociologi e Teologi a Confronto], Religioni e Societa 8: 48-57.
(Sociological Abstracts).
Anon (1999) ‘Implicit Religion in Inter-Faith Perspective: Focusing the Issues’, Implicit
Religion 2: 109-14. (Sociological Abstracts).
Ashley, M. (2000) ‘Secular Spirituality and Implicit Religion: The Realisation of
Human Potential’, Implicit Religion 3: 31-49. (Sociological Abstracts).
Badertscher, J. (2000) ‘Northern Lights: Canadian Studies in Implicit Religion’, Implicit
Religion 3: 15-29. (Sociological Abstracts).
Bailey, E. I. (1983) ‘The Implicit Religion of Contemporary Society: An Orientation
and Plea for its Study’, Religion 13: 69-83. (ATLAReligion).

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Implicit Religion in the Psychology of Religion 75
Bailey, E. I. (1990a) ‘Implicit Religion: A Bibliographical Introduction’, Social Compass:
International Review of Sociology of Religion 37: 499-509. (ATLAReligion)/ (Socio-
logical Abstracts).
Bailey, E. I. (1990b) ‘The “Implicit Religion” Concept as a Tool for Ministry’, Sociolog-
ical Focus 23: 203-217. (ASSIA) / (Sociological Abstracts).
Bailey, E. I. (1990c) ‘The Implicit Religion of Contemporary Society: Some Studies and
Reflections’, Social Compass: International Review of Sociology of Religion 37: 483-497.
(ATLAReligion) / (Sociological Abstracts).
Bailey, E. I. (1994) ‘Implicit Religion: A Fin-de-Siecle Concept’, International Sociological
Association (ISA). (Sociological Abstracts).
Bailey, E. I. (1995) ‘ “Implicit Religion”? A Follow-up to David Martin’, Crucible Jan–
Mar: 19-25. (ASSIA).
Bailey, E. I. (1996) ‘Belief in Self and in “Christianity”: The Ultimate Reality and
Meaning of the “Implicit Religion” of an English Suburb’, Ultimate Reality and
Meaning 19: 132-39. (Sociological Abstracts).
Bailey, E. I. (1997a) Implicit Religion in Contemporary Society, Kampen, Netherlands:
Kok Pharos. (ATLAReligion).
Bailey, E. I. (1997b) ‘Religion and Implicit Religion: Which Is the Analogy?’, Modern
Believing 38: 30-36. (ATLAReligion).
Bailey, E. I. (1998a) Implicit Religion: An Introduction, London: Middlesex University
Press. (ATLAReligion).
Bailey, E. I. (1998b) ‘ “Implicit Religion”: What Might That Be?’, Implicit Religion 1: 9-
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Barker, E. (2001) ‘A Comparative Exploration of Dress and the Presentation of Self as
Implicit Religion’, in William J. F. Keenan (ed.), Dressed to Impress: Looking the
Part, (pp. 51-67). New York: Berg. (PsycINFO).
Bartkowski, J. P. and Swearingen, W. S. (1997) ‘God Meets Gaia in Austin, Texas: A
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38: 308-324. (ASSIA) / (ATLAReligion) / (Sociological Abstracts).
Bellamy, J., Black, A. and Hughes, P. (1999) ‘Responses Among Australians to the
Death and Funeral of Princess Diana: The Spiritual Dimension’, Implicit Religion 2:
89-100. (Sociological Abstracts).
Belzen, J. A. and Van der Lans, J. M. (1986). Current Issues in the Psychology of Religion,
Amsterdam: Rodopi. (ATLAReligion).
Borg, M. B. ter (1994) ‘Implicit Religion and Death in Modern Society’, International
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Borg, M. B. ter (1998) ‘Implicit Religion and Inter-Faith Dialogue: An Empirical
Perspective’, Implicit Religion 1: 47-54. (Sociological Abstracts).
Borg, M. B. ter (1999a) ‘Implicit Religion: An Introduction’, Nederlands Theologisch
Tijdschrift 53: 262-263. (ATLAReligion).
Borg, M. B. ter (1999b) ‘Implicit Religion in Contemporary Society’, Nederlands
Theologisch Tijdschrift 53: 262-63. (ATLAReligion).
Borg, M. B. ter (2002) ‘Implicit Religion and Power’, Implicit Religion 5: 5-10.
(Sociological Abstracts).
Campbell, R. A. (2001) ‘When Implicit Religion Becomes Explicit: The Case of the Boy
Scouts in Canada’, Implicit Religion 4: 15-25. (Sociological Abstracts).
Carr, W. (1999) ‘Implicit Religion: An Introduction’, Theology 102: 300-301.
(ATLAReligion).

© Equinox Publishing Ltd 2005.

76 Christopher Alan Lewis
Castle, B. O. (1999) ‘Implicit Religion: An Introduction’, Modern Believing 40: 97-98.
(ATLAReligion).
Cavalcanti, H. B. and Chalfant, H. P. (1994) ‘Collective Life as the Ground of Implicit
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Chalfant, H. P. (1992) ‘Stepping to Redemption: Twelve Step Groups as Implicit
Religion’, Free Inquiry in Creative Sociology 20: 115-120. (Sociological Abstracts).
Craig, D. and Braybrooke, M. (1999) ‘Implicit Religion’, Implicit Religion 2: 25-31.
(Sociological Abstracts).
Davie, G. (1990) ‘Believing Without Belonging: Is this the Future of Religion in
Britain?’, Social Compass: International Review of Sociology of Religion 37: 455-69.
(Sociological Abstracts).
Davies, D. J. (1999) ‘Implicit Religion and Inter-Faith Dialogue in Human Perspec-
tive’, Implicit Religion 2: 17-24. (Sociological Abstracts).
De Groot, C. N. (1998) ‘Sociology of Religion Looks at Psychotherapy’, Recherches
Sociologiques 29: 3-17. (Sociological Abstracts).
Dianich, S. and Nesti, A. (1993) ‘A Debate On What Is “Implicitly Religious” in
Sociology and Theology’ [Confronto sul ‘Religioso Implicito’ della Sociologia e dell
teologia], Religioni e Societa 8: 48-57. (Sociological Abstracts).
Dupre, W. (1998) ‘Implicit Religion and Inter-Faith Dialogue: A Philosophical
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Dupre, W. (2001) ‘Difficulties in Discerning Religious Phenomena’, Implicit Religion 4:
73-85. (Sociological Abstracts).
Fowler, N. B. Jr. (1995) ‘The Religious Culture of Southern Appalachia’, Lexington
Theological Quarterly 30: 103-114. (ATLAReligion)
Francis, L. J., Littler, K. and Thomas, T. H. (2000) ‘Fenced Fonts or Open Doors? An
Empirical Survey of Baptismal Policy Among Clergy in the Church of Wales’,
Implicit Religion 3: 73-86. (Sociological Abstracts).
French, H. W. (1998) ‘The Victorian Broad Church, Seedbed of Twentieth-Century
Religious Pluralism and Implicit Religion: An Historical Perspective’, Implicit
Religion 1: 55-67. (Sociological Abstracts).
Gollnick, J. (2002) ‘Implicit Religion in the Psychology of Religion’, Implicit Religion 5:
81-92. (Sociological Abstracts).
Grainger, R. (1990) ‘The Search for Health as Implicit Religion’, Contact 101: 2-7.
(ASSIA).
Grainger, R. (2001) ‘Madness and Theology,’ Implicit Religion 4: 107-11. (Sociological
Abstracts).
Hamilton, M. (2000) ‘Eating Ethically: “Spiritual” and “Quasi-Religious” Aspects of
Vegetarianism’, Journal of Contemporary Religion 15: 65-83. (Sociological Abstracts)
Hamilton, M. (2001) ‘Implicit Religion and Related Concepts: Seeking Precision’, in
Implicit Religion 4: 5-13. (Sociological Abstracts).
Homan, R. (2000) ‘The Marginality of the Implicit’, Implicit Religion 3: 101-109.
(Sociological Abstracts).
Howes, G. (2001) ‘Implicit Religion: Some Sociological Reflections on Denton
2000’, Implicit Religion 4: 125-28. (Sociological Abstracts)
Kemp, D. (2001) ‘Christaquarianism: A New Socio-Religious Movement of Post-
modern Society?’, Implicit Religion 4: 27-40. (Sociological Abstracts).
Kubiak, A. (1998) ‘New Spiritualities In Late Modernity’, International Sociological
Association (ISA). (conference abstract) (Sociological Abstracts).
Lam, P-Y. (2001) ‘May The Force Of the Operating System Be With You: Macintosh

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Implicit Religion in the Psychology of Religion 77
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