Cross-Cultural Research: Ethics, Methods, and Relationships Canoes Overview: ‘Ax Exotanarion oF Our Wermns Merton Cute sed seoraphy—our thins Saped by were we coast {ind espns fo Boston at at a might lyst. Out the Wonder of en allowes ut explae sone terhatves We decldee ‘Moves oF Ceoss-CutturAt ENGAGEMENT: CoLoMIAL, PosT- ‘oLonIAL, DecoLonizng, ano INCLUSIONARY RESEARCH Richi: Con we at ou conversion by talking about the itrut psee In which we might think abo ‘rose cuura tsar? Conventional fel ork seen athe her of geogapy” (Stevens 200, 8), bt the ha en Jot of dicusion abu jr wht we team by the ln "work (oe or xample, speci ses of Profesional Gegaphr (994) ad the Geapicl ‘eve (2001, incloxg Bake 201; Deter an Sarr 201; Gade 2001 Kate 7 Kebayash 1e; Nst 954 Zelnky 200) andthe mail esons Const the rosa i toecultral eee “As et mest aman geographic esearch ie crse-cularal, case wea reach projets wit Aboriginal people, no formal proces of eth review as reglredalthough Mary Hall, my honour supervisory reed deta ‘earch protec apd esa engagement ith paripatng er afc omen ‘yr sbou thie cener la may way she tics the eit oy ‘hom an asuption that academic scarce ve ight to research ao the ‘ncrened account for ema ebical overalght of sevatch, The eg ‘nation requirements fr ethiesl oversight an the support for ele! en {npsment tom formal instonlquarers fas bern queen potas ‘he pas 10 yer tn tht time most atton hae aceaingy pt poset ‘nplic tht require eearchers tena tong hil una or con altar wok, partly with vulnerable rope abe tha allowing them "sume a ph research non-Western hes Fr example een goes forresenrchers woking wih Aboriginal an Tt Stat sande groupe n A vai svete" of robust reatanship as the bas for chic engage ‘ert with opi checlst to ensure conformity (SMRC 203, 3. ‘Stan: fe foand university human sje proc fal staring point for ‘pursuing cloning researc, Forces worse an ny sit nignous popes, however ink forma ot nen! sami based euch aiernens acral o resting pce ia which noel seers ‘sro accountbletoloeah call esearch protocols beth ang specie. Inte pretocl my goa beyond he wl waiver research pote wile “eformed consent conde, end song hm fo those wth whom we wot, eying sppropente ech goals andguetons appropri ys seek knovele etry pci appropierebedsoges) and eprops ays forresarch findings ad knowledge eshare. Ther iru 0 place {ov thisintheother kinds earch eric that may beregie fr fldwork. The poses of bain research erm rom the ovement | ‘epsland rom the Department of Nana aeand Wide Conservation, or example, patimote cating eerch roots dla strngersens ‘0 mest theaters of aio goverment senses a ntti nde ures 0 corslaton with he communities where escarch would te earn 2, 9 consderation of euluraly spropriae researc metbds and na concer with he esearch being co-ordinated wih ll resident or with Kaew ter esearch prods beng stared with thn, Howere repels of whether ‘not ane, governmental lca earch west ies cal protocols I woul uggs that as resechrs we ba an ei rpenaey {to ean about and rspect them. How well we wrk within them. mteoe ‘ten grey shape th reception were, the Kinds and uli ofiformaon ‘snd insight we bai, ad ined wheter we an any ou teach tal Richie: es. That ethical esponialty cane focused the proces of comply sng with onal insttiona ei reaiemeat very construe ve fue, or example in superiing gaat enti hip othe te dent ‘Grouph my university apple frm fore dearance and ent thatthey have considered the etic an clteral dimensions of various method opel soe a well the impations of philcopieal praia a l= {ip viewpoitsin there or conte of hi eset interests er example, "wit 00 How ace Peason 203)" Dorms Tae Wor The Seale Poles of Cross Caltural Research Projects Richie One ofthe things hate been drawntoore the yassthe wayne {plc of seas ipl inte construction of osu yacht ‘Stamp, Hawt 192; 1997 2G; 200 200) Ta the indigenous dies do ‘hain there isa assumption —efen rooted inthe waye hat power lations are Constrcted betwee adigenous anc on indigenes domains Astral ‘he coc eatry point foreroseeltural esearch ofany sot throagh Yc ‘oregon’ Aborgiaal gation or hough ‘cama Tndeed any {thicalrevw procdaresate protien the aed for esarchers woking with ‘pigeons Atlan to demote thei scout tlc comm+ ty interests This, bowere alte nae conception of ale Icons peopl working in ess lions fen depend on tina ay fppova san ety pct three top at ae faced o conceptualize ‘hasnt conor othe window of opportuni feed by sch inks "Working on the soil impacts of wansatoal mining company states ‘orimjor developmen projet mining ours, consereton, an transfor Sherine yn Howes nade posible forme o ati Ws OHNE tive loca. Maltocatonl Geldwock poets inked by various aspects [hihe mining preducion yl (ep, common ownership dowastenm proces imepation competion goverment pole) meant tat the local icky ‘egedaeofprtlar Kinds of elton hat ike toa much wider Svof cal estionshp her than a singular focused op abounded toms ny ocala lays atid inesapbly contexte or meby range ‘feencaly portant power eons hit were contacted at eer] ae: 9 1 oaton that dni it indigenes population a ght os gwercent Cr ‘a-dteminstion), in nde harcteried by corporate states of inter {sion cetloston, and nape innoraten ‘ister s number of rethlogal gueiony, bth latin 0 how we night concep he les with we ate ounce an rosea ‘Ecard elton f bw we concepts te range ftps sabe or feench in cotta etigy Indeed ny wk thas even red serous ‘eine boat wat we tae by each’ and how we mightbe Belt ‘tly esposhie or our work a euch’ How dos one eng esearch {atcpun in “med const fr tie involvement fr xa = PHD dy wn at sng pean fam th lange gro ae compe gh ol ‘Std oct nen os nies! Wate ote ptt maf he ge ‘ion offered comet? And even fone onde tat em rt of ome cat ‘be constrain sh ccumstanas, hows one rely el acu or one Jmol or subsequent stain ition othe elmira ‘Sonsofterlvestndcalures adoneinterpretionel hem fr aa siencs? ‘San, youve raised some important questions tht also seem to ave imp avons nts of ele an the ele ple of reearch im orp eng, ‘ether theyarean utr prt ofoueShometowa ora lean onthe cher "27 mind, immedi deewing in some erica important wale nes nd Te just had dcuson with ome young calexgus abou the was in which slopennt ste apd ndigenos stds ene the Fld via que diferent (sealed) windows of "government (or NGOWnon-governmeat organization) spd community respi. You ln identi many of he hy Uses of Iaborstion and acounaily Stan: The sel ue you've raed, Richie, ar gute fase They ar ike to face researchers carrying ot pois clog work with indigenous peoples snywhere. This often invae research with—andabout—multiple actors nd Process in oder to alae ptr of inal and we sd envionment {ane Typical, this eles at only eldwerk with indigenous comm ies bali with government agen sd ten wth repos ronal nd ‘casnatina! NOOs and atonal enrprencars reaps corporis (Biake and Brooke 1967; Bryant aod Badey 197; Zimmere and Beet, 203). When my Sharwamentors co-eenthersan{ begen fo eae fest issn Khumbu in 194 andin the PharakandKatuthangs repo in 1994, for tample,they ne clea rm he eet that # wo be nee Ik fre sad mnagament yan frp (Sar ila Shura timber mercanty Nepl reer snd matin pack tf andi ‘son wu) end tose win he compe pelts of comes rectal of rey ad themanagement of fret common that we Being ‘raged within sn betwen village and between villas and te central goer Inent atic fvestoee and department of aators park Lach ations {he research st’ becomes nat only ingens stent bust lio of ond vin repionl cetes national cals, an abou. This aso ote re ‘eledcandting more than ene kindof croseculralresearh, Bose in, ‘Nepal asin many counties were indigenous peoples vein states cealled by ‘other people trying anderstnd loa economic and envionmentl angeinvited work wth nomindigenous goverment fi, NGO sath and ente- reneus Stevens 193; 1997, 20; Stevens and Sbetp 198). ‘rae ctrl sent often ao oy eles work make seis bt aso teques negating elton at those ele Tieton pce at he ana Teel (and with central goverment fale tatoned atthe aleve, mores, ‘within whigh-harged content beens many domesicnd foreign eldork “Huns tse sutornton proves are often contd ysl agencies that soso niece the dition of rere, bnetrom and prescribe o> ‘cedure tobe eseecheresecounable 1 ts tte. Often reach funding Sends and niente expect resrcher 0 aber o these researh autos {enon eyulement In pact, however, chee fen agent range a Yah ‘lo nthe doe to which secre contol bow mich open {nd ceondinato i npr, nd Bow el potential award expectations Cn be defuse, Researchers wh am octet dclonisng woe ay ‘ined to focus thetic of thereon hey develop wth indigenous ‘enmunite and may well od goverment requirements nimi Neoing Teel and practical iene may bec tour werkand can deal ‘poor nat ein Sach suo com be prt imiting when ane lke aarity th he ternal pss saonal clr, and bear ined can ht sekaviseomotherresearhets with cet experince. Rchie: tn thee setingy ts montane to contents a work re onze tha th tate alts pecs ave agus ettonshipe ei any Iinigenous and eal enor nd thier, tat hea see ple {isin the development discourse is ad that reser i eal ra nt that cle pole away hat ar not ebous ome eseutehers ina ren, ‘Thereiea sobrantal test on the ways inhi ation stats een mare emo ations rerpond Yo detlopmenaist imperatives to develop ‘emote corer eh? tories nd the people whose homelands they have bec sinc ine immemorial (efor example, Berger 199; Clare 201; Howitt 20; Wal 1982; a6, more general, Tully 1995). Yet there are ss lenis of esountbliy, ele and esponsibility grapple with in woking with tate ences, tramcatioal corporis and enrnmentl NGOS La any Ways ‘here isa ey ieent sorte esponssy end asountbity in being a rnc rin sch complex stuntons aber than an gaoeat rte! Soci Catal eansmision ane Creation of Krowledae ihe We fee in ho we conspiring the creation kort ego ie and nepitevariospurposes In some situations reseach oie {ln is twandedomonetron of they oan +l age ay it (fr example Singer n Woodhead 1988). Buta many stations the sor of researc eal perl hnehes praise concerned eprint poe he of thine dim or explana of the ter ideo te cae lr satis they experince, For many of ny esearch ers tis ‘spac empl ho the nsitonsvuhes and practices of on-Abiia viet work tht thr reste vale fr Aboriginal people hi expertise incrosearal mats Inde is ofr our nf ty in ten tnd [euning oes el research patcpants and claboratrsthat ints eu easy to nme knoe tod wadetuling of our ctr ad i Operon ‘ways that ar secs and menial local peeps seni oad eo ‘ng were sou the concepts undepianing the olde we rete ‘hate mle sere often iota! ealiaaton set arma Forecrpe inwerken Abodginal certrbutiens tothe cet Australian eanomy inthe te 185 (Hovit, ough, and Prichard 190) we found that Wari inerpcer svete trating the cance wea withthe Warp tenor money. Osean {vrarseckng to exporethe contin of nmonetry neko Aboiga farurer—incsding care, dren ath a omen we needed de ‘ets inhi theses were eig coneyedin workshop duos with ‘Wasp speaker More cealy in South Atle wk (Agi How isos Apa et al 204), Antari terres and speakers pet hla dy “duing he conepanl deences betwen ses tgrement an ngeian! ‘Mer te ead we eres words tha werebeig trated che {ame Anarinaterm Thisiution fhe iret mpiaon ofa er, one Sonifings proces and anther ddresang a ote, was cara exploration ‘ftw meaning conaraced andthe imleations rang making cs “utr tings es tMouph sch coneratons wih the ost ect ers our ‘oeac hat ole fd ot inprationalcaluboro so ee ‘Although proscing materi thes groupis important, thereat ote times ‘whe racing more conventional scales ableton important Emig ‘hecrelty four woe trough pe evew procedures for example caneasre that wok that oa or indigenous clr ae eng oni tm fle ‘ochangetbei cecomstances as ced wi governments snd eters Ande aves espe to contest thors cade cores that ear ‘he eaning ade psi by the work we d non ines engages. ‘Those oc scan papers can provide trnsrmatinal oppress Wall be yd he confines we might have previ imagined for or ade enw our Collaborative and participatory research ‘Stan: Yes, wee bee aking al long bout metndslgy in he sans fap proschestokowing ater thanaseny ase oteserch cigs Asaresctonsit colleen thre ha been iret interest escarch ha i see ctenally senate nd emancipatory ins eriestion and often focued restorative eatarch, local guided earch, an indigenous sear Zoo ingens soi as Smith (1998) descebes fr the Mao ito of ‘Sto rear have ld some pope to demand that oie ease earch ‘Snigeous pops and sate, adn such cases ome have lle instead os ‘heco pwertaly doo) for indigenous seach and research methodlope. ‘Bitneouhresuch by ier? and coer sete by oud are {porn ano the bof my own experience hve cme tobe that Taber? cue aloe decloiengwlatinsipe and ends with ouside re safe conider outsides croseeularl perspectives ard insights ito Chir [is and station useful usm rentoe end wock with ute research ‘Seat ntret inthe research and been signa, and view outside ‘icfteeawetl advocates a ale, While Sh 0979) let of [Sith soeinigenusresncher be andoter Mor researches ane reer legal eee inde ome vento cesar research tht ee ‘och tne and concerned with vires tht beet indigeous peop and (hat wuldbe quay valabein ober cose-cuturalresach, fer View sh (ids ogi wh ical aware of Roe esearch is shaped by reason, once anlethcs Resercheralio cn make anefet to wera maeclarly “ee ys propre or rear yang the clang ntact ith ‘ert on tho es inher vn soilplical community enue become ‘Siva sbut neal ances kal sport and consent fo reves and ovour fet ult earch protocol and negotied eee agree IN ey can change te ntare heiresarh by making el prtipatin ‘Rint to Thscan be nen geval way o raha Smith ia Linda Ti- ‘nS 1993) has sogetd fr research ith nigenos peoples Resch Weean eck under he gidanceoflocl mentor. They an Gece adored 3s ‘Sette emmy, with lhe dog obligations ad esponsities ‘Doves They canes powersarng approach in which they sek Stun support for research, Ath can aoptan‘empoweriag outom' ‘Syrah in which esearch becomes vehi rough which ote cao ‘Mfr hey sek and wb hy can Ose the benef To these Lind ‘Da Sh 2s moe delete “bialaral or partes approach Shieh cl and out rveachere den apd cary ut a poet together ‘ee tat egies negation a agreement 0 any import spect of Fesnch methodology deg, and we re aplosing the Me of rel ov partnership research Gl hat ‘wor epeing diincion betwen the tudes ad ations embodied. Turcaueytverch in general od what | woud call uly elborative eh fo prttipetry reench an flr made to creates pace for more Involvement other aan iter pat ofthe esearch prose. articaton ite doe oot, of cure, neces reeset a bea fom clei research, fine ian asus to nothing moet elting acl cooperation in = {euch poet hat commune driven otereearchersdentions of ‘purports etd, and ue, Partcptory research can io be aed oat with {agenda of ativiam ad enpowetent by aren eal van sue, ‘porting el-derinaion, human rights apd inignoes ight, providing Sev noel thet oF sto subordinated peopl, grup 2d iva, {nditansering esearch li that hey sm eepoy inthe future onthe ova ‘ell Bren in this case bower, there may ti be tudes of elect ance, paternal, andevangein (Bishop 194; Smith 1999). Who iti ‘feasted, blag gion the opportanity to purtcpe in whos projct™ Richi: tan, tis is important in vo many ating, where young, welbiate ined svar el hater uierty cede giethem an expetsn Stanton they ow rain aboot. Theiss allowing his samp tio to ae the clabonstion.Inaatveide research in Antal for example, Wweoften find Aborigine! groupe aving tell an expert who they ae howe hit {ocety wort and wa thr historcal nd geograpoia ting beau ony {aceite ‘pet can ge evdenceon these topics toa cour. The claim fo thensehe ate nt tuted o represent tee societies adequate (or er bhp tet, and the intervention fell) expe maraory—an Crtmordnaiyaiogantmisrnding ofthe nate ad source of suc awed Eihough isthe evatiny syste that drives this tution, many of the ‘eaters cpt the misreading wou challenging i Stan: Collaborative reearch—twlyclabrsine rexerch—eeecs sharper ‘rah fom nse clit esearch baud on diferent ster toads ‘th and diferent aonsipy mong revearer. Calboratrs wrk equals ‘Seamus projec, Thi deaanizationo the elaonchips within the research {amc git an ntact, coor cluralsythssa ole an sls Theoubh which esearch contd wih comma apd eter local utoran- tio a wthin al elaral protncls canbe seo des omtmaniy com {as ocd anol erchers cone and degntheresentch oe, incudig aking the fy dione on defining esearch gols and questions, ‘eres bow to seck funding, afSton, and atherzaton who shoo be Sth ssc ean whit thodsogy sould be used how cara research fotos shoul be noire, hw the dyto-day conduct of elder shoal etal hands of ales sould be stempel and bow sear find= tgs shouldbe shared aod ua Thisrqaies non idigenous searchers Be tp conte evet aroma freed oon te dfsi zd to ak together tarde shared gol. Thi snot easy odo ad ad ‘only rely take place all raeecer can mone beyond fen Gut ng a supsives and behaviours coditione by ter tte ie ther on societies dy arpmetcal rose ctrl pe Ytoneip, On thes ay owe ‘xpericeof working within calboratv sete ratonshipe with sve “rent Shrwacoreseincher would aise nt to underoath ns, ‘arsenal comment sleet, ening, nd te itcan etalon cverones art “Collaborative research approche sod loll guided ones ar bud on on tng research that works within what aie considered cultural approp be wiys of eking and wansiting hese. Thre ate several importat Sinensoas to his One ofthe mos ai, and ete alo the mos diel fr roca to accep hatin many vce, ooledge and infra te et csr hated openly within commaniin much ls with cade “heey thos be particular es and level of knw thet ae conse propio sate with wild fom ouside ecarcer (Steven 2001)” Keowledge may abo be consleredeaic,geoder age cass, eligior, subcuure specie Researches shold al be sae tat thee maybe ‘Phnom that maybe bared with side recacers wit the unerstang ing tht they ze net be oherwize hared with outs, Outside researches sould accept that honouring thse concerns may grey aft he design and Cenduct of raeazchand the publishing ofrsear figs “Clara roto bout equiing kong seo may acede an andes ing tat node uel by working within tralynctione mt ofeops: This ply ono cerainkindsoflmowlee andy oot pree (be use of tke cutrallpenstive and sthorie resech thos olen shout oa conditions an practi metbods tha may pode new koa, insight and community enpowermene. Bu the nportance of woking with rising cal systems of tension f knowledge oad ot be gored. Tit ‘ay mean, for example, tht one mt be fod worthy of being meted ‘hen undertake «pos lng ed of nstaction Researchers woe projets hoc have the documentation or tandtion os particulate of specs nove gpl mayb inlined to den iverement in auch acces (and knoalge speciale may ave heir own reson fod ok oe ‘onasastnden But ema fe bethecase ht pet dl filormatin sas Importat othe pejectcan ay be obtained rough och clay nce spas Resch mathe weigh wheter Take hese he ‘Sonsiphe pres andthe project. Thoth persevere ty id ret pees ‘nd vesach reward fo a Kind oct cultural comet od easing "hadi steriewing (mache roy meting aed rap eth) aot srprch Ctrl protocols also may ve considerate ramifications forthe we of ptulr research technique: The ese of questonnale oe formah structed Interviews. for example, maybe considered intuit and ext by ‘one peoples. Informa, sem-structre nerves, onthe ther bend may 0% cont with les eciqute abot soil aeration and communication bes ‘use they canbe iter dlcson or conversions in whith th ak he sexproci exchanges ef information. Iatrvienes thay indeed vale sch Inerviews veil ecsons tat provide an opportunity to ge to know the ‘esearch inguite about earch Badngs. ad ira aout te ote mel Researches may fn tha eles and kaowiedge speciale de not wis be lntervewed, oma think that equ for asitance ee appropriate oly fcr «proces of suatnce and cetionsip or myn speak ony in ener sles. Yt ia eter eases if eopery approached they maybe wiling to set s6 ‘menor People may be uncomfortable wih group distur cms thee ‘sunt Mapping maybe bight spect fone eet wel Known anceps, ‘whl other contexts it may be ivted nd weleored Cll protec nd negotiate local esearch greements a lo nlc research dep ines ‘of whom tis appropriate to ntrvie, whit pie ae consdeed stable and he interviews are and ar not propriate auch ot beg appropri ut ing fntival times when peo ae buy with subcicene acre Local -tiqste may loin fuenecanversion in ey specie ways ich when there are taboos agains sng he mames fhe dead ‘Anatieaspect ef honousng loa earl protacl tht can sgn af ‘ecw ares in cans in which sce dcoures nd paces promt Taoshie and imerctins of mest and domination betwen resend Ime or between peopl of fren tay asc elon geo ther ‘esi defined aeoriesand groups Sch cultura potesesan pose erm, thi lemma for oui reseeeber who who esto comers et oct ‘othe charcerftheineratios ed elonshlp etd by octal douse: andasymmetries of power nd do ni wish to ngage oto lacy acep ha, ‘oe socitalattdes towards diene may ao complicate the nations snd elationshps oftaim members and aft the degree to whch i reset {uy color. And culate ta hone containtacon ‘bree wornan and ane or betwen peopl dle nice ses castes ‘cote soil goupscan make esetchacrossoil-defined boon of ference er inpssble or both acl ander researcher" Constructing Leghimacy ‘Stan: The ception tat we and our rescarch poets tine depends in parton local perception ofthe project leitimacy ners of wether a they ass‘nel concerns ee and interes pay am ow the poets te conde ‘oe hts they meet ral profes ad partly os ocalpereptin of our ‘Shon sd thon of or co-tearhere The importance fhe pereptio of far character ehold not be underesonte. Ofte wil be bated primarily nour pera quale the evlation of whic xn vary considerably among ‘lure but nye ielade wheter we ze coasezed to ave a ood ear ot Spit beter wecan be tasted how we tet an interc its pepl bow wl ‘eet, aod what lla an esate me Bring othe comms Gee Sith 199m Wie oor acaeristiveents ad tats ma ter tle we sould “mts tha awe we te prev an be wry mich faced by the compas ‘ekeepor are perceived to kep Rewarh tam wil eels bejadged yt Character spitation, ad aesoas ofall af ther members, ncding el ones ‘ee lorem Beran 1972) An we may eed to wok hard coun 8 costae ae get te cnt goverment ansatomal orperatin, (alc unpeplar #0 andes pope that secre dogs el 2 Eder way ato och ands However, ft with oa ena national terrain NGOs or wih stl overmer progromreanaloeahanee oe! icy when hy wel repped aly ndhiscan sometimes beh Smooth ihe proces of again for seach tortion fom government ‘ences and eve an eny ote it comments The problem Bata Te iicalttoknow ho agencies, opniaons and progam ae locally per Ceied ufilone hse ie nan sua oper ene wall enough 0 be ‘andi. Ths sone of aay renee wy ir ofen cto carryout an een ‘eeennlsance of potent reaerch te Defre tbleog a ahns a {euch authori, In any cr, ened be cee eth cee ne ‘eer aboat our aon ian) wit government ances and NGOS 21> ‘peer rethinks elton based community concerns. Riche: Of course his mens that nny sees veto elon he ety {nd experience of superior, That can open doors, bat a my expences Uitnatly the tant? own ety and tis that cary them though into mothe working elsonship with peor Because thse reaonships teva dependent on personality ester than on at becomes impr ufo stolen and yee eeachr fo think show wha hing ght Inca inthe esting hey ope to workin Bot alo meas tha the time aes trv in eotitng there mater canbe ncosset with te bureatcaic ‘pecans wound tide candigatare “Stan; Lgitimacy ilo ccd hcogh cll elatonship, Working places {nd withincommunies fosters the ceveopment felons, and tes rea Tioosipsbring withthe expectations oftecprsiy and diverse responsible, ‘Mesting thee oblgtons overtime can grey enhance oar aceplance in community and ats towards our woth. And ver ime We abo esblih ‘ror of ends dali ho wil vouch frou eharacter and intentions ‘Marans Sense, Reacins Conciusions Richie: One ofthe ely importantes hat wee bar touched fi th ronment, eae net ifuenced by the publication ere of oii tions. Our ows eitimay sinless costcted in oor ‘pube work. Bat {i many cvarcaltral stingy the play adiece fr our workisnlber so ‘emcee each by aeademic publications ‘Publishing to comma se adie soften the most important clement of rouble. Bis the pinta which we bacoresceurtabe oon paripants and collaborators forthe ideas and kooledge oo werk produces. Adit fen inves excepton- allyeeoroutscratiny vith lingual doco carfle)entextaiaton of eas nd infortion, ceding of ft nd lnterpetations, challenges, ed ‘bt Whi this esome othe mst demanding per eeving ae experiences ‘sanseademi ss ot schaowedgedas shy the instil cade cn "munity. Many ofthe poicaton formats it inves for example, commit evr, core boks, rs rode long dates emu et, Jae submissions inuiry process, meiestos and comm sateen) fd promotion Yeti we atin the busines of producing eas tht change te sort can be oor mot elecie asf wee, ad its poe ‘tedin commune fost actually change heir own areumtancs! (Orcourse, we canso escape the equtenent to pubs more academe ad Profan sctingy, but het alo raises important quo about bow one "pest the inteeutral domain fr other sudences sexs tobe casts ‘ele aran sper? on another altro however limited or pai of OF nae ‘ment with tat culture in als comply In some cases ange of outputs rift ype and formats for pubintions cn reframe que opined ‘adem ouput formal naenes Coombs es [98] and Rose 1998) fer impranive ple, Stan: es. Theres espns fr escarchero share fndng wih hep Pl Gey wok wi Tho more than he courte of emerng ht copie fot ‘bsaquent seademic pletion ate wy salable inthe rearh fx We [eed ek out curly speopiat ad etetve ways of thing owe. ‘cade pba i cfen no ery eetve wy of og eM ny coecolar tation, end non-academic weing petal produced for lela inces may have limited pt in sods whet tracy irae. nse: where knondge shared aeto-fie end oa maybe ecient {he reece ings ingroup imertings comunity eng, o wodabops wean lta be ory effete abd rewarding t cus Sndings dnc wi Alvida although hs taker cnadrsble ime co do wey. These methods lon have the moor ene tht they ae terete and provide opportanies for fedoac that may correc msimpeesins and overgeerlatins prove slkenatienfrmacon and analyse caf cancetas withthe commana tf some Information ot pariaer portals tothe outde world al pve cpportiniis to cue how Bing from terse can be wed yin ‘Hse ad cmsovntes in thine nd ction. Co-searhee ale play {tao olen demining research ding since hey become pace ig ponte f tat knowledge aed thes ad experiences through which it ‘rected and they can se them det inthe ova ives and on coz {Runt discunonr nl acon Tiscan be mich more powecal han anything ‘moutide rsnrher would Beto contribute ally; fr me, anther importa aspect of making sense ofthe reeech i coming to ens with hom that experince reshapes er ves al the tes of ‘hose ith whom we work Crt cultral reeech can ed to angen tee ‘ose bawoe earch and oes nd wih hem cone oblptons 2nd ‘eepomitie tat can fa tanecend te sphere a the eee el end the ‘eave biti tht rst esearcer devote to ving in plcesad carying (ut kek The closeness that we develop with oer, mentor and fends can lad to eonining, hong affection and interact, abl in tee ‘slaconaips thee canbe song eultralexpecatone of geneonty and ae teal sed tht end to ech the lt, che, ae acne, Forme researchers as Barney Nitchinan and I both found), eld experiences and ‘eonsip ean rea rtng seme of commitment 03 poole, parcel “ommunite, ad s repo tat lads ort eps 1 he oe the peopleend farther ounds of esearch and tis, ichie: Yes, what might be concptuaied academy as roar it Simkaneout interpencnal nd ha profound implatons fr just what ‘ort ofhunan being we maine tees tbe or 0 Be apbl of cong ‘Tove ett on it ro ns more etivinol abvoeatel than aay anc coleages and even it faming our academe lesa "eacer tad ‘eserche’ some difee [have long considered teks betwen 7 ‘en ntact southern teatch a txching athe cosracon ‘fries engagements wn aes ad the wider ocetes of which a totbee conta cement of ny esponslty a» polenta That art of cngageretis ot miedo the caso, happens in wide range of places Veh oe eee to make ew sors of ene that ight divup the certain of Coli and deep slnsing) practices. For many eich, ding the ble Posrscrir, January 2009 ‘Stan: Richie resuing our distogoe forthe reved en ofthe beak, thee ate 2 few points would et underscore fa support of poston, colons Ing andincsonar research is iaigeaus people andoekermarinlizok {nd eppesed people, communi, ad groups cote to role ase ‘onal research in my pars ofthe wo Coli research atin despite Increased atetion in some academic ele adi ome cous fo each ‘hi, including codes of condut and sesereh prota een ape: ‘meme by unr apd funders lel apd Hay 2008). Some peoples and Communities are reipeding by ceeding thelr un reser euthrienton ‘nd concuet protocol and eqirements Theo fr example developed Such procedre for research in Nasa tetey, Canada (he Nunavat Re seach Institute weds, bpillmweari snc, ner research suthorction fermeanda number of other uel mattis an have prada booklet Ne ining Rear Relations wt tC hide fr Reser (unavur Researh Insitute and laut Tape Kanata) tat weal fo seseaches and communities more gneilly and inde sale noeited ‘esearch elaonshi agreement. Yet many popes and commutes lack the plies sel-gvernance and od determination oD abe toll eit eather obtain the peo ffir content fer esearch oth Hes, lands and eters, much ess to ensue tat research ie colaboratie respects ‘cultura protec ands decloitng The hata ofthe Mount Everest ‘imareane ofthe any peoples who ad themherinthis coma, Un {eran oplaght of reentry anne esc condted without hls ener, coloration, or respect, Share lenders have atenpted to conor andrea with nodes se) eyrepous reach programs and eentiyhave been derloping en infor vlntry eacarehaatoraton a on po ‘eel Share ender hope tat mort researchers wl nls wosking opt? ‘oth them once arena tht procedures vin ae, Richie‘ That femiarssory—butitofen thease thatthe demands andes {atons of esarchers excend the eapacies of nd opportuni local reaps ‘ointervee informally States such ste Nagel websted ispnary ‘mentoring can so ga long wy in arsine cloning consequences ofcherie welLntndedresurch, But opportunistic apd explaative esearch fnuch hae o adds, The perennial imperasines of possesion, sre and deni elon by many fe dlment of expoation tht te ‘damed an lobule and ses toy nthe face ofthe power Mex of be ‘kines ot plac, which makes thove rons of governance, count Ahly andere wt the lea sae ha we emphastaed preiosy vo importa Tercminds me of ust how importa Nader iden of 'adying pis neo Caltutl mach (Mager 197), We often nocd wo ai the ous of our ee Sn the srctre of pile, power, ad marginalization to vel get at the {eton ef wana groups ca can oT many cass, isthe kf ty among the govenitent agencies an corporates actualy wrk [nike ground wih pope th community group sd organotins tht frases people prfoundy-—andthatcan be nvesigned by seca recarch- tte inmany ofthe Buena retems tht dominate lel peopl Ties. there ‘Se geminly wile complet tht develo ro the fragmented contin, {nd compete estes of oeney which communi wi each other ti by inposiog contradictory requement on indigenous ool groupe un ety enough reeve funding spore fom multiple agencies. Stan: nseconing yor ll fo ‘ying 9p Richie, woo otha exec fon the varied intrclturlreationships and dynamics bees marinalacd ‘Ges aod nations andintenationst NGOrcan ioe contain Miho hat you've ose abot th elton between communities an corpo Tater or garerniment gen anal apo ineractions with ose [NGOs Ingenou people and he commaniies snd arcups ay id ling Up though lances with ston 8nd ierantins! NOOs a bef statepy inthis struggle for engin, spel abs terminaion. Bit in other {se NGO irene ca reste sigan rblems a indcod perpetate ‘or cenuntesbjation, dipomeason, and assimlation. and flected com ‘unis ny vale search tha minster thee dams ad eons to candfoming exiting relsionships ad interaction. Researcher should nok {ssume tat ailiaon with NGOs ira seaghforward way of fain os) ‘uthoreaton gina and calborton fore ws concn ou alg alo want gli that hough ingen cous pepls ate not well epeeated in academe is many courte, some Snigenous geographers are atively engaging wit ses of esearch methods including bat indigenous methodologies andthe methoclogil and etal ‘Buc ed rural sells tare wold ie tcl ate tion oy ohio, Rene Poa Lous an Albers Pramooo (208) seus Sion nd Renee Pusan Louis paper (2007). These ses are aio Being ch ‘ducused within pessonal stot, cadag the Indigenous Peoples Speci Group of te Asociton of American Geographer the Canadian Acai of Geng Nate Canaan Sey Gp he dip aes ‘uy Gop otelraetaapelanGopapie arden ops! oie so Rs Commision ofthe nero Gagged Usk petit thoes wl aren iene more wi gph ‘Richie The pope Rene Palani Lois 2007) trie pee hk hat {he dewopment ofindigeoesmethodokegie is moving api athe moment ‘Weareseting the deeopmen of collabora networks, eat manages! Seamevoes and ethical oeight an accoumabliyarengemens ht lr ie deed chapter on this oi inthe nex edition ths Bok! Kev Teams a spt creo eon ch oreratoy Ingo raga cose nny so cals ach sereechaeton commie penn ae coe peste eah caval ross sextant scone enh sony epsoing ste Renew Quesnons SBE gee 1, What ar some ey difrences eee onl ad post eonial rach a sumptions atts eatonshis and metodo? 2. Moweanrecarcher go bout tempting cary ot dessonzing earch tdinclasonay recht 5. How an rarazc bemade more rly colsoratveinll ape rjc, no might iste the tie energy and ops ioe a at Stent popes towards her or his degree 4 Whymighcenersy seach prosoas te ned tobe supplemented by Teeleaturl protools! | How mipht ae about racarch th indigenous peop aed in thie ‘Spier evant a coeur each nyu own station?66 Put un antares rama emaphy Irn M, 198,‘ this and parton mtiedsingy in cose tech san srg Ser 2 teats Can oa hn et aces magn inns tdalogisie gore evar. Cepepie Resch 30 Mare plo Setar i, Teed ay Ctra Counc ad Tele ates Meclan 199 Nie iar Te Sgt ace aye Land Suter (iene CA- Nord tn ea Maing 3199 iso ute bt nee Some eames fievewng Inco ara ating Cv: 8-30 ‘suns Reh ii seat pe atm gating ech ‘Maca corsa Aue escape ‘esiplne aobscuTaSLONRROSDboMe Sih i 199 Destotig Mode: Rear and igen Pes Dc Banyo ago Pre Landon: Ze Ba Notes: {Tore Riche How) a yan US gore seen of ‘eure nil noone in tsa hes Chin bt [Sev andthe pues preted tin amply eg Meow 1 rhe) The te eh ee ‘ourocndocite npeatin a sslniog fr ep Hows and lacs 30, 2. One canes sir pron cose tome Hern nd tng (998) ‘irene cp sto retin celoate ony fee ‘enon tip ches spn tough oman aca lo (Sita today inte work inca caltoraly der eho ‘Sebi cate alo se Caper te 199¢ Kobaas 848 Ns 6, {toes cnsily other line sd een ent ‘chin the ern see ting los Een nro cara ‘ett ateotapenpsy hrc nthe thc iSeries eC ae 430 Aion pa wok Chasey eg 7097: 71) a Terni 7h ut So Roe 20) dete dehy weed poate pend wis redness pre Reals 998) ‘tes cesarean sot Tn ener ‘opine epee omnes aniston tense ‘eeuline hung thea tester apa spore ‘Shinty inh te fetes (998 0 Gee e180 180) ‘Scat thows Seraph on eon elt fata alta en 5 any oft tims cll exec canal bapa rach ronal ‘oan ith borin né magi peopl an poop nnn se ‘Sheath some posal ls wl pers ee be ter ne seria Seshnan' (20) 1) read a Who usando eis ‘Soted ets pss emma tan ie clr 9 eh 1ST‘ inrerence We Oe acknowl cr {Sigjatichrreninscontrae hh anced ten any (Sim ithewa od per pre! mpge ihe Yes fd tht ob he isoetig portant in sowig hat te Iban ol pene ite omhing pale seu toe pes ‘rib pittopae Levin petted singly of male ‘tbe? ‘Mets cometing ery Senn eltianpe ees ote ‘tay evn 808 9b me othnloter ran heart ‘Stteitighe smegma ee ems Teves pectin lf ade cide on phe ew ae aglarty| ‘em todo mlb today hee (oranetia power ainsi ene ‘Toenes We eno ynetlacd inayat mig exompes “dices he rst nsdn thang be is oft eof foment lngnp at scar Wes got einer eh elo protien naan lo felon ecg my specie hein consocteo Inhatcinthe wend ‘tne cnc ofS st hi bainchaed recrdhyplosrngthople Cee yon Pre Slnenn (06, sr B88), Sey Ore (9785 {5} and ema Fer 950, 9: uit a) ws ech vie o'er pce tence Ges lnton thence andra aes howg tbe cet Chie evenped lar [spun ce enand might eget that ch tac Wey ey int Sofie ‘erence rater ‘Mtn ole met wrk ca tints beeancere with ch a ‘Chscompltigenes deze atalnigenue 1 Toe nee pil eons ound fr deopig et ens ‘how eimaken ae speatin leas thogh formed staal eis ‘Stucnente Thoopproch shite sctton ths oe om a [Shcocs bce inns cnstrac = memo gh ‘oracocnsaiy othe pepuing mrad Ie rech nwt Scones ce cin teins be {a Tas mtr ed to pj ae area eer ahi blo [ide owt esite psn uo. 1S Renee cnuaged com Chapter recompense dca prsichunry prior Tea parry sor? ae nd eo est iki haat enpomeng sac ie Pa 5enero seo santo 0 wieorer obemenbesofs rach ‘Seer tcaranonnc yoeentrpcie ty SSeS pa chooldpinglol poe namke cobs and ee, 1 Oneal eer eB 193) Hety ad Rep (9), ané the por tit Burney Nac and ely raphy sta wong Serra apace near rorniy ist cal ‘problem for shorter sch and frteereer who a ea alipllecs ofepanton sn ansesesing 1k for eeicnsanthe ines rey Dee tins eh 0 elf be ‘aR on Dein ie’ spline te Poa Gree one tas elon te Qualitative Research Design ri and Rigour st ado nd laine Seto (Carter Ovexview rue andi fing ato ot stan op fo Sry. TOWN Inrrooucron ta this chapter we focus om ome ater of eign and rigour hat uaiatve embers ned o cone hroaghoat the hf of peje o ensure ha the otk sats ts sims aca sadences, We cine varios pane of {ealatie earch design a well asomespecc mars by whic pour ean be {thieved in oor weak "The chapters onanied oto hee main etn: it we ica nance muses tsar swells the eff eve onthe condct oftseazch- This ‘Treason makes line beeen the inespctve commana wich we wk nd the sorte fates that cae when we epi a resench project Second ‘redebrete on how sel oul hos nl partipats rst. 1n ual {ievercarch tember pope weintrvnwscomnanier we cbere oF texts ed san importa conleraionbutecondey wo the quai ef ho (orate tale nou each and secondary abot how we cond that fetch Thin we culine ome wap of enezing rigour in quale research to prods wook hat is dependable. Garforth design ea impetat pet fesarng rigour in gulaine resench and wil ter and tpi on esearch methods and design often implyQUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS a HUMAN GEOGRAPHY Two Eorrion. lain Hay OXFORD