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What are Recombinant Proteins?

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Image Credit:
chem.monash.edu.au

A group of organic molecules are called Proteins. Proteins are very essential of all the materials that make up all

living organisms. Proteins are chains of amino acids, programmed by DNA. Proteins are copious in different types

and are present in every single living cell of all organisms. The uniqueness of the organisms are found out by protein
activity for instance, eye color, immune system operation, etc,. Recombinant protein is a protein that whose code is
carried by a recombinant DNA. The term recombinant DNA means that two segments of DNA in a plasmid.
Plasmids are those which generally occur in bacteria. Once a recombinant DNA is inserted into bacteria, these
bacteria will make protein based on this recombinant DNA. This protein is known as "Recombinant protein". Now-a-

days, the utilization of bacteria for producing recombinant protein is very advanced. Recombinant DNA (rDNA)

molecules are DNA sequences that is a consequence of molecular cloning (used to assemble recombinant DNA

molecules) to assemble the genetic material from various sources, making sequences that cannot be predicted

in biological organisms. This technique is often used to produce human growth hormone and insulin.
Occasionally, Recombinant DNA molecules are known as “chimeric DNA”, as they are made of material from two

species.
Content
What is the History of Recombinant protein?
Where do the DNA sequences for recombinant method come from?
What is known as Over expression?
How to produce recombinant protein?
What is the method of cloning?
What are the Applications of Recombinant proteins?

What is the History of Recombinant protein?

The method of recombinant DNA was initially planned by a graduate student, Peter Lobban, along with a

biochemist, A. Dale Kaiser at the Stanford University. During then years,1972–74, the method was then

acknowledged by Stanley Norman Cohen, an American geneticist Chang, Herbert Boyer, a addressee of the 1990

National Medal of Science. In 1973, they published their predictions in journal "Enzymatic end-to-end joining of DNA

molecules" which explained the methods to separate and intensify genes or DNA segments and introduce them into
an additional cell with accuracy. In 1977, an advance in the field of recombinant DNA technology took place when

Herbert Boyer created the biosynthetic "human" insulin, a group of biosynthetic human insulin products.

Where do the DNA sequences for recombinant method come from?

The DNA sequences that are utilized in the recombinant DNA molecules building can initiate from any species. For

instance, plant DNA may be combined to bacterial DNA, or human DNA may be associated with fungal DNA. Also,

DNA sequences that may not transpire anywhere in environment may be produced by the chemical synthesis of

DNA, and built-in into recombinant molecules. Any DNA sequence may be created and introduced into any of a very

wide range of living organisms, with the help of artificial DNA and recombinant DNA
method. Recombinant proteinsare those which is an outcome of the expression of recombinant DNA inside living

cells. Once the recombinant DNA encoding a protein is set up into a host organism, the creation

of recombinant protein is not required.

What is known as Over expression?

 The genes that code for the proteins are put into special vectors, or units of DNA. Vectors are selected that will create

huge quantities of the preferred protein. This is known as “over expression”. Over expression is performed in unique

host cells. Occasionally, the hosts are bacteria or yeast. The hosts are frequently insect or mammalian cell lines, in

cases where the proteins are from mammals. Various kits are commercially present to assist both the cloning of the
gene, and the following recombinant protein fabrication.

How to produce recombinant protein?

There are basically two methods for producing recombinant protein.

• One is the molecular cloning, a laboratory method used to make recombinant DNA.

• The other method is the polymerase chain reaction (a method in molecular biology to intensify a single or a few

copies of a piece of DNA) used to proceed the replication of any specific DNA sequence selected by the scientist.

The basic difference between the two methods is that molecular cloning incorporates the replication of the DNA within

a living cell, whereas PCR replicates DNA in the test tube, without living cells. DNA replication is the process of

making an identical copy of a section of duplex (double-stranded) DNA, using existing DNA. Configuration
of recombinant DNA needs a cloning vector, a DNA molecule that will replicate inside a living cell. Generally, vectors

are a consequent of plasmids or viruses, and stand for fairly small segments of DNA that contain necessary genetic

signals for replication. The option of vector for molecular cloning relies on the option of host organism, the size of the

DNA to be cloned, and the way in which the foreign DNA is to be expressed.

What is the method of cloning?

The typical cloning etiquette any DNA fragment fundamentally involves seven steps:
 Preference of host organism and cloning vector,
 Preparation of vector DNA,
 Preparation of DNA to be cloned,
 Formation of recombinant DNA,
 Foreword of recombinant DNA into the host organism,
 Selection of organisms having recombinant DNA,
 Screening for clones with preferred DNA inserts and biological characteristics.

What are the Applications of Recombinant proteins?

 Several proteins are created from recombinant DNA (recombinant proteins) and are used in medical applications,
particularly as medications and vaccines.
 On the other hand, various proteins can also be got from biological sources made from animal extracts or man-
made, for instance, the human growth hormone, a protein-based peptide hormone which stimulates growth, cell
reproduction, etc.
 Recombinant DNA is used to recognize, map and sequence genes, when scientists are learning separate genes or
the entire genomes.
 Recombinant proteins are extensively used as reagents in laboratory experiments and to make antibody probes for
investigative protein synthesis within cells and organisms.
 Recombinant DNA is extensively used in biotechnology, medicine and research. Currently, recombinant
proteins are found fundamentally in every western pharmacy, doctor's or veterinarian's office, medical testing
laboratory, and biological research laboratory.
 On top of that, organisms that have been maneuvered with the help of recombinant DNA technology, and
products which are got from those organisms are found in many farms, supermarkets, home medicine cabinetsand
even pet stores.
External References
Recombinant protein - Biochem.uiowa.edu
Recombinant Protein A and Conjugates - piercenet.com
Recombinant protein - Recombinant-antibody
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