Weeds

Common/Scientific name: Chickweed (Stellaria media)

Type: Annual

Family/Characteristics: Caryophyllaceae (carnation), tiny white star flowers

Soil: Fertile and nutrient rich

Crops Found in: Shade of oak trees

Control Difficult: Self seeds and produces five generations in one season

Other Notable Characteristics: The common name refers to its appeal to birds

Resources:

- http://www.encyclopedia.com/plants-and-animals/plants/plants/chickweed

- https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weedinfo.ca%2Fmedia%2Fjpg%2Fsteme_drawing_thumb_260.jpg

&imgrefurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weedinfo.ca%2Fen%2Fweed-

index%2Fview%2Fid%2FSTEME&docid=G_ddbhhQIyt84M&tbnid=R6sJkjnkIphURM%3A&vet=10ahUKEwi1uMytsOHWAhXp5

YMKHRXXAvEQMwgnKAAwAA..i&w=260&h=253&bih=642&biw=843&q=life%20cycle%20of%20chickweed&ved=0ahUKEwi

1uMytsOHWAhXp5YMKHRXXAvEQMwgnKAAwAA&iact=mrc&uact=8

Common/Scientific name: Milkweed (Asclepias)

Type: Perennial

Family/Characteristics: Asclepiadaceae - milky sap, tuft of silky hairs on the seed, and

climbing habit

Soil: Moist

Crops Found in: Field crops

Control Difficult: Hardy and spread quickly

Other Notable Characteristics: Poisonous to livestock

Resources:

- http://www.encyclopedia.com/plants-and-animals/plants/plants/milkweed
 - https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjdlL_QtuHWAhXj24

MKHcQVAFQQjRwIBw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fgrownative.org%2Fnative-plant-info%2Fseedling-identification%2Fbutterfly-

milkweed%2F&psig=AOvVaw3LghakkDBCeCIizi9JUxmw&ust=1507565850041617

- https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minnesotawildflowers.info%2Fudata%2Fr9ndp23q%2Fpink%2Fco

mmon-milkweed_0627_160458.jpg&imgrefurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minnesotawildflowers.info%2Fflower%2Fcommon-

milkweed&docid=a9o4Lbj5NRjfFM&tbnid=JOzJ5iVmrilnRM%3A&vet=10ahUKEwibmpnqtuHWAhWh2YMKHcF9BxAQMwhH

KAEwAQ..i&w=600&h=450&bih=642&biw=843&q=milkweed%20leaves&ved=0ahUKEwibmpnqtuHWAhWh2YMKHcF9BxAQ

MwhHKAEwAQ&iact=mrc&uact=8

- https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.friendsofthewildflowergarden.org%2Fgeneraljpegs%2FSeasons%2F

earlysummer%2Fcommonmilkweed2vert.jpg&imgrefurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.friendsofthewildflowergarden.org%2Fpages%2Fpla

nts%2Fcommonmilkweed.html&docid=zLRzOnv5Y7umzM&tbnid=xUf2d1CmRq8kOM%3A&vet=10ahUKEwj546WLt-

HWAhUM74MKHZSrB4kQMwhrKDowOg..i&w=235&h=370&bih=642&biw=843&q=milkweed%20structure&ved=0ahUKEwj54

6WLt-HWAhUM74MKHZSrB4kQMwhrKDowOg&iact=mrc&uact=8

- https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http%3A%2F%2Feverynewleaf.com%2Fwp-

content%2Fuploads%2F2015%2F10%2Fmilkweed_0003.jpg&imgrefurl=http%3A%2F%2Feverynewleaf.com%2F%3Fcat%3D36&d

ocid=3R_TsmOYZYgJvM&tbnid=MT-6rSOyNMSd5M%3A&vet=10ahUKEwiWuf2wt-

HWAhUF44MKHY5BCMQQMwhOKAMwAw..i&w=917&h=611&bih=642&biw=843&q=milkweed%20seed%20head&ved=0ahU

KEwiWuf2wt-HWAhUF44MKHY5BCMQQMwhOKAMwAw&iact=mrc&uact=8

- https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ediblewildfood.com%2Fimages%2Fmilkweed-

pictures%2Fmilkweed-

pods.jpg&imgrefurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ediblewildfood.com%2Fmilkweed.aspx&docid=C0dmmhth9_OATM&tbnid=FgbHEM

YQGkQMQM%3A&vet=10ahUKEwjR8ePIt-

HWAhWW8oMKHWEsChMQMwg8KAMwAw..i&w=285&h=380&bih=642&biw=843&q=milkweed%20identification&ved=0ahU

KEwjR8ePIt-HWAhWW8oMKHWEsChMQMwg8KAMwAw&iact=mrc&uact=8

Common/Scientific name: Ragweed (Ambrosia)

Type: Annual and perennial

Family/Characteristics: Asteraceae (aster family) coarse, weedy herbs

Soil: low grade

Crops Found in: Field crops

Control Difficult: Hardy herds

Other Notable Characteristics: Greenish flowers and soft subdivided leaves

Resources:

- http://www.encyclopedia.com/plants-and-animals/plants/plants/ragweed

- https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weedinfo.ca%2Fmedia%2Fjpg%2Fambtr_drawing_thumb_

260.jpg&imgrefurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weedinfo.ca%2Fen%2Fweed-

index%2Fview%2Fid%2FAMBTR&docid=6wBpANUd9eWj-

M&tbnid=Gwtz3hSVvSfAZM%3A&vet=10ahUKEwi8x4uWhOLWAhWJ5oMKHRaDBdUQMwgoKAEwAQ..i&w=260&h=

350&bih=642&biw=843&q=ragweed%20life%20cycle&ved=0ahUKEwi8x4uWhOLWAhWJ5oMKHRaDBdUQMwgoKAEw

AQ&iact=mrc&uact=8

- https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjvlbOyhOLWA

hWRwYMKHaogAt8QjRwIBw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weedinfo.ca%2Fen%2Fweed-

index%2Fview%2Fid%2FAMBEL&psig=AOvVaw2GN-IesQd_tVPmtc7tboJg&ust=1507586681782588

Common/Scientific Name: Mares-Tail (Hippuris)

Type: Perennial

Family/Characteristics: Hippurideceae; erect stems bearing whorls of small leaves

Soil: Aquatic

Crops Found in: Bog gardens

Control Difficult: Thick roots

Other Notable Characteristics: Flowers in the leaf axils

Resources:

- http://www.encyclopedia.com/plants-and-animals/plants/plants/mares-tail

- https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.no-

tillfarmer.com%2Fext%2Fresources%2Fimages%2Fwebarticles%2F2013%2Fnov%2F02-

marestailseed.jpeg&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.striptillfarmer.com%2Farticles%2F803-tips-for-identifying-fall-emerging-

weeds&docid=G0GJej29tKUaIM&tbnid=4uhLKe4sOP5-

EM%3A&vet=10ahUKEwifkZeWiOLWAhWDz4MKHWZACOUQMwhSKAQwBA..i&w=325&h=244&bih=642&biw=843&q=ma

restail%20seedling&ved=0ahUKEwifkZeWiOLWAhWDz4MKHWZACOUQMwhSKAQwBA&iact=mrc&uact=8

- https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http%3A%2F%2Flawncaredr.com%2Fresources%2FMarestail%2520horseweed%2520leave

s.gif&imgrefurl=http%3A%2F%2Flawncaredr.com%2Fbroadleaf-

weeds.php&docid=bQIhZChuNWVQbM&tbnid=leh9rpY4ZsQZuM%3A&vet=10ahUKEwiPl-
 CtiOLWAhWK5oMKHfEEDrQQMwgoKAEwAQ..i&w=848&h=782&bih=642&biw=843&q=marestail%20leaves&ved=0ahUKEwi

Pl-CtiOLWAhWK5oMKHfEEDrQQMwgoKAEwAQ&iact=mrc&uact=8

- http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-

G715A8IU_bc/VE54GYDG3gI/AAAAAAAABZ0/C41ryCvykCs/s1600/Marestail%2B9%2B27%2B2014%2B(640x614)%2B(2).jpg

- https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fbygl.osu.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Finline-

images%2FCanadian%2520Horseweed%25202014%25204.jpg&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fbygl.osu.edu%2Fnode%2F534&docid

=ydGb-

I8uyX0VeM&tbnid=y05lYc4uWVk4WM%3A&vet=10ahUKEwjvhbaXieLWAhUs0oMKHYPWAKgQMwgrKAQwBA..i&w=800&

h=533&bih=642&biw=843&q=marestail%20seed%20head&ved=0ahUKEwjvhbaXieLWAhUs0oMKHYPWAKgQMwgrKAQwBA

&iact=mrc&uact=8

Common/Scientific name: Burdock (Arctium)

Type: Perennial

Family/Characteristics: Asteraceae (aster family) purple flowers that become round many

seeded bur

Soil: alkaline

Crops Found in: Field crops

Control Difficult: Thick roots

Other Notable Characteristics: Thick stalk

Resources:

- http://www.encyclopedia.com/plants-and-animals/plants/plants/burdock

- https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fi.pinimg.com%2F736x%2F73%2Fc7%2Fb3%2F73c7b36a721914d8770c

cd3cff760af9--herbal-magic-plant-identification.jpg&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pinterest.co.uk%2Falicetowe%2Fnative-

plants%2F&docid=rA8Oq5rXNqoP2M&tbnid=aThzN6Bq-

oxB6M%3A&vet=10ahUKEwi50u3WjOLWAhWD0YMKHc3VD44QMwgnKAAwAA..i&w=736&h=956&bih=642&biw=843&q=

burdock%20life%20cycle&ved=0ahUKEwi50u3WjOLWAhWD0YMKHc3VD44QMwgnKAAwAA&iact=mrc&uact=8

Insects

Common/Scientific Name: European Corn Borer (Ostrinia nubilalis)

Order/Characteristics: Lepidoptera; adults are light yellow/tan with soft wings that span 3/4in

to 1in

Life Cycle/Time of Year: Eggs are laid; mid-may to mid-june and hatch 3-4 days later, Larvae

emerg; spring and pupate from late April to early June, Adult; early May

Commonly Found: Corn

Difficult to Control: They used surrounding grass and residue to hid/hibernate

Other Notable Characteristics: The eggs look like white fish scales, larvae are a dirty white

with a pinkish ting

Resources:

- http://ento.psu.edu/extension/factsheets/european-corn-borer-in-field-corn

Common/Scientific Name: Western Corn Rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera)

Order/Characteristics: Coleoptera: Hard outer shell

Life Cycle/Time of Year: Eggs; laid in soil for winter August to september, hatch in May,

Larvae; pupate June, Emerge as Adults; July to August

Commonly Found: Corn

Difficult to Control: Population builds rapidly

Other Notable Characteristics: Beetle in striped black and yellow

Resources:

- http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/18637

- https://www.pioneer.com/home/site/us/agronomy/crop-management/corn-insect-disease/corn-rootworm/

Common/Scientific Name: Lygus (Lygus pratensis)

Order/Characteristics: Hemiptera, “true” bug

Life Cycle/Time of Year: Eggs; hatch end of june then end of each month until early september,

Nymphs; Middle June every month until mid september, Adult; all winter early July every month

until early september

Commonly Found: Fruit trees

Difficult to Control: At least three generations a year

Other Notable Characteristics: Adults are brown with yellow triangle pattern
Resources:

- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lygus

- http://jenny.tfrec.wsu.edu/opm/displaySpecies.php?pn=180

- https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http%3A%2F%2Fucanr.edu%2Fblogs%2Fsalinasvalleyagriculture%2Fblogfiles%2F38401_

original.jpg&imgrefurl=http%3A%2F%2Fucanr.edu%2Fblogs%2Fblogcore%2Fpostdetail.cfm%3Fpostnum%3D21916&docid=gwIa

2oCAaEBwGM&tbnid=uo7JTkTKESInKM%3A&vet=10ahUKEwj65ta5k-

TWAhVIWhoKHeY9C5kQMwhQKB8wHw..i&w=1135&h=756&bih=662&biw=1366&q=lygus%20egg&ved=0ahUKEwj65ta5k-

TWAhVIWhoKHeY9C5kQMwhQKB8wHw&iact=mrc&uact=8

- https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fimage.slidesharecdn.com%2F4eedf9ea-d488-40c2-ad39-edf901e6501f-

151120201032-lva1-app6892%2F95%2Flygus-bug-6-

638.jpg%3Fcb%3D1448050338&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.slideshare.net%2FNicoleGray6%2Flygus-

bug&docid=nr1mSnvLvfY_yM&tbnid=X0M7_oai38s81M%3A&vet=10ahUKEwj65ta5k-

TWAhVIWhoKHeY9C5kQMwgtKAYwBg..i&w=638&h=479&bih=662&biw=1366&q=lygus%20egg&ved=0ahUKEwj65ta5k-

TWAhVIWhoKHeY9C5kQMwgtKAYwBg&iact=mrc&uact=8

Common/Scientific Name: Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda)

Order/Characteristics: Lepidopteras, hairy has wings

Life Cycle/Time of Year: Eggs; laid July to early Aug., Larvae; Mid July to early Oct., Pupate;

late Sept. to Oct.,

Commonly Found: Corn

Difficult to Control: Insects migrate

Other Notable Characteristics:

Resources:

- https://projects.ncsu.edu/cals/course/ent425/library/compendium/lepidoptera.html
 - https://extension.entm.purdue.edu/fieldcropsipm/insects/fall-armyworm.php

- https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http%3A%2F%2F3.bp.blogspot.com%2F-

fIe2KnS_Ws4%2FVZ0vrgzg_YI%2FAAAAAAAACKQ%2Fjrlt6-

0iKjY%2Fs1600%2FFAW_hatching_egg_mass_p.Porter.jpg&imgrefurl=http%3A%2F%2Ffocusonagriculture.blogspot.com%2F201

5%2F07%2Ffall-armyworms-up-grasshoppers-

abundant.html&docid=OL0e4YNmwrdmjM&tbnid=JZBY3_yFRtTGHM%3A&vet=10ahUKEwjTkP2et-

TWAhVMBBoKHfFaDp4QMwg4KAIwAg..i&w=994&h=768&bih=662&biw=1366&q=fall%20armyworm%20eggs&ved=0ahUKE

wjTkP2et-TWAhVMBBoKHfFaDp4QMwg4KAIwAg&iact=mrc&uact=8

- https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwi30Lu8t-

TWAhWBIVAKHSn4BRIQjRwIBw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.soilcropandmore.info%2Fcrops%2FInsects%2FInsect-

Pictures%2FFall_Armyworm%2FFall-Armyworm-Text.html&psig=AOvVaw3MTeNsb3o2MjHb6_n6Z37I&ust=1507669110070483

Common/Scientific Name: Pink Bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella)

Order/Characteristics: Lepidoptera, Hairy and with wings

Life Cycle/Time of Year: Eggs laid; Mid- June to July, Larvae; late Aug. to early Sept., Adult;

peek in May

Commonly Found: Cotten

Difficult to Control: Once population increases

Other Notable Characteristics:

Resources:

- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_bollworm
- https://academic.oup.com/jee/article-abstract/81/3/808/803814/Pink-Boll-worm-Lepidoptera-Gelechiidae-

Oviposition?redirectedFrom=PDF

- https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eagri.org%2Feagri50%2FENTO331%2Flecture11%2Fimages%2FA

merican%2520boll%2520worm%2FLife%2520cycle.jpg&imgrefurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eagri.org%2Feagri50%2FENTO331%2

Flecture11%2F002.html&docid=oU2tSUW_Bm1O1M&tbnid=iXyUHhXqnQqUgM%3A&vet=10ahUKEwjYv-bku-

TWAhWMExoKHU4RB5YQMwhbKAgwCA..i&w=666&h=580&bih=642&biw=843&q=pink%20bollworm%20eggs&ved=0ahUK

EwjYv-bku-TWAhWMExoKHU4RB5YQMwhbKAgwCA&iact=mrc&uact=8

- https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjkjsOfvOTWAhUBZ1

AKHXZkAw8QjRwIBw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.krishisewa.com%2Farticles%2Fdisease-management%2F323-cotton-

ipm.html&psig=AOvVaw09sDOHd_wU3zPupcGl2NSL&ust=1507670431056272

Pathogens

● Common and scientific name: Powdery mildew, Blumeria graminis

● Type: Fungal

● Vector: Wind and infected stubble

● Lifecycle, including when: Summer and autumn

● Crop(s) were most common: Wheat (grain)

● Aspects that might make control difficult: Seasonal, can regenerate from infected

soil/stubble

● Conditions that promote the spread of the disease: Mild temp. and high humidity
 Recourses:

- https://www.agric.wa.gov.au/spring/managing-powdery-mildew-wheat?page=0%2C0#smartpaging_toc_p0_s4_h2

- https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fohioline.osu.edu%2Fsites%2Fohioline%2Ffiles%2Fimce%2FPla

nt_Pathology%2FPLPTH-CER-

11_Powdery_Cycle.png&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fohioline.osu.edu%2Ffactsheet%2Fplpath-cer-

11&docid=c7hdjn_LnMvMNM&tbnid=FTzU58RVUydXqM%3A&vet=10ahUKEwjir8ym3_jWAhXK34MKHTJ9Af4QMwg

nKAAwAA..i&w=1081&h=808&bih=642&biw=843&q=powdery%20wheat%20mildew%20stages&ved=0ahUKEwjir8ym3_j

WAhXK34MKHTJ9Af4QMwgnKAAwAA&iact=mrc&uact=8

- https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http%3A%2F%2Fc8.alamy.com%2Fcomp%2FAJWKP4%2Fpowdery-mildew-

erysiphe-graminis-old-infection-on-wheat-ear-flagleaf-

AJWKP4.jpg&imgrefurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alamy.com%2Fstock-photo-powdery-mildew-erysiphe-graminis-old-

infection-on-wheat-ear-flagleaf-

8467363.html&docid=YWB9CK3tl3kn_M&tbnid=pNSwS96SL_Pk_M%3A&vet=10ahUKEwi6tY_f3_jWAhUT84MKHc-

tA9IQMwgoKAEwAQ..i&w=1127&h=1390&bih=642&biw=843&q=powdery%20wheat%20mildew%20vectors&ved=0ahUK

Ewi6tY_f3_jWAhUT84MKHc-tA9IQMwgoKAEwAQ&iact=mrc&uact=8

● Common and scientific name: Leaf rust, Puccinia triticina

● Type: Fungal

● Vector: Wind

● Lifecycle, including when: Flowering stage

● Crop(s) were most common: Wheat

● Aspects that might make control difficult: Previously infected crops

● Conditions that promote the spread of the disease: Mild days

Recourses:

- https://www.ars.usda.gov/midwest-area/stpaul/cereal-disease-lab/docs/cereal-rusts/wheat-leaf-rust/

- https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fohioline.osu.edu%2Fsites%2Fohioline%2Ffiles%2Fimce%2FPla

nt_Pathology%2FPLPTH-CER-

12_Cycle_Page_3.png&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fohioline.osu.edu%2Ffactsheet%2Fplpath-cer-

12&docid=rT0Seq4eEuoCsM&tbnid=2VlK8fTtR80hiM%3A&vet=10ahUKEwiih4Wh4vjWAhWI2YMKHYdKDRwQMwgp

KAIwAg..i&w=1117&h=713&bih=642&biw=843&q=leaf%20rust%20stages&ved=0ahUKEwiih4Wh4vjWAhWI2YMKHYd

KDRwQMwgpKAIwAg&iact=mrc&uact=8

- https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http%3A%2F%2Fthumb101.shutterstock.com%2Fdisplay_pic_with_logo%2F60035

%2F60035%2C1164939636%2C3%2Fstock-photo-the-plant-disease-rust-

2254272.jpg&imgrefurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shutterstock.com%2Fs%2Fleaf%2Brust%2Fsearch.html&docid=MGXuGu

gDwY_28M&tbnid=piDWCs2cmjwmiM%3A&vet=10ahUKEwjUmf-

44vjWAhUi5YMKHQuTBTsQMwg2KA8wDw..i&w=450&h=358&itg=1&bih=642&biw=843&q=leaf%20rust%20vectors&ve

d=0ahUKEwjUmf-44vjWAhUi5YMKHQuTBTsQMwg2KA8wDw&iact=mrc&uact=8