Print PDF

ASSOSA UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING
DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF VOLTAGE FLUCTUATION INDICATOR
Name of Student ID No
YAREGAL HAILE ETR/475/04
KEFFALE ASRIE ETR/178/04
Adviser’s name signature

ZELALEM BAYISSA………………………………………………….
JUNE, 2016/2008 E.C

ASOSSA UNIVERSITY
i
Design and simulation of voltage fluctuation indicator/2008E.C
DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF VOLTAGE FLUCTUATION INDICATOR
Name of Student ID No
A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIRE-

MENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF BSC.
IN ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING (POWER STREAM).
Thesis advisor’s Name Designation and Department
ZELALEM BAYESSA……………………………………………………
Examiner’s name Signature

1)………………………………………………………………………………
2)………………………………………………………………………………
Thesis advisor’s name signature

ZELALEM BAYESSA……………………………………………………….
JUNE, 2016/2008 E.C

ASOSSA UNIVERSITY
ii
ABSTRACT
Now a day voltage fluctuation is a series problem in Ethiopia; especially in Assosa
University. In order to avoiding this voltage fluctuation problem throughout the coun-
try; we want to design this project. The power authority needs to be regulating from
the production section to the utilization point in order to achieve smooth running of
electrical appliances. In power production the target is to achieve better efficiency to
both producers and the users of electrical energy.
The equipment shall be protecting from over voltage, under voltage, surges to avoid
frequent tripping of its circuit. The main function of the design device is to monitor
the load voltage constantly for any over voltage or under voltage conditions. When
the AC voltage increases beyond greater than 240v the system is not control through-
out the system is damaged. But when the AC voltage increases through greater than
or equal to 231v, the system operate over voltage condition. For under voltage condi-
tion, when the system voltage is less than 210v, the system to operate or under vol-
tage condition. The quality of power associated problems is voltage sag, surge, flick-
er, voltage imbalance, interruptions and harmonic problems. The quality of power is-
sues may cause problems to the industries ranging from malfunctioning of equip-
ment’s to complete plant shut downs. Electric power quality problem has become an
important problem in modern society, which effects industrial production and product
quality, etc. So, we urgently need monitor and analyze electric power parameter to
solve electric power quality problem. So our project is tried to avoid all the above
problems.
KEYWORD:
IDENTIFY THE PROBLEM OF VOLTAGE FLUCTUATION
i
DECLARATIONS
I certify that research work titled “design and simulation of voltage fluctuation in-
dicator” is my own work. The work has not been presented elsewhere for assess-
ment. Where material has been used from other sources it has been properly acknowl-
edged. We hereby declare that we have works this project and in our opinion this
project is sufficient in terms of scope and quality for the first degree or BSC thesis.
NAME OF STUDENT ID NO
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all we want to acknowledge Almighty God for giving His blessings, protec-
tion, support, strength, knowledge, and discipline for our to be able to accomplish the
project. Secondly, we would like to thanks our deepest project advisor Zelalem Bayis-
sa, for giving his guidance from starting to ending of our project. And also, we would
like to thanks our co-advisor Instructor Mebratu Allow for giving relevant support.
Finally, we would like to thanks and Electrical and Computer Engineering Depart-
ment (ECE) to give chance to do this BSC thesis or final project, and also all ECE
staff to support our project for finishing successfully. We would like to express our
gratitude to all those who gave us the possibility to complete this BSC thesis or final
project.
iii
Table of Contents
ABSTRACT................................................................................................................... i
DECLARATIONS ........................................................................................................ ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................................... iii
LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................... vi
LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................... vii
ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................... viii
CHAPTER ONE:INTRODUCTION ............................................................................ 1
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY ........................................................................................ 2
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM ............................................................................... 3
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY .................................................................................... 3
1.3.1 GENERAL OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT............................................. 3
1.3.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT .............................................. 3
1.4 SCOPE OF STUDY OF THE PROJECT ........................................................................ 3
1.5 LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT.................................................................................. 4
1.6 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY ................................................................................ 4
CHAPTER TWO:LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................ 5
2.1 THEORETICAL CONCEPT OF THE PROJECT .......................................................... 7
2.2 EFFECTS OF UNDER VOLTAGE TO HOME APPLIANCES................................... 16
2.3 POWER QUALITY ...................................................................................................... 16
2.3.1 EFFECTS OF POOR POWER QUALITY ................................................ 17
CHAPTER THREE:METHODOLOGY .................................................................... 18
3.1 SYSTEM COMPONENTS AND OPERATIONS ........................................................ 18
3.1.1 Block diagram of the circuit ....................................................................... 19
3.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION .......................................................................... 20
3.3 SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT ................................................................................... 22
3.3.1 ALLOVER CIRCUIT DESIGN ................................................................. 22
3.4. COMPONENT ANALYSIS ......................................................................................... 23
3.4.1 THE RELAY BLOCK ................................................................................ 23
3.4.2 THE POWER SUPPLY .............................................................................. 24
3.5 TRANSFORMER SELECTION ................................................................................... 26
3.6 DIODE SELECTION .................................................................................................... 26
CHAPTER FOUR:RESULT AND DISCUTION ....................................................... 27
iv
4.1 CONDITIONS FOR VOLTAGE FLUCTUATION ...................................................... 29

4.2 COST ANALYSIS ......................................................................................................... 34
CHAPTER FIVE:CONCLUSION AND RECORMENDATION .............................. 35
5.1. CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................ 35
5.2. RECOMMENDATION ................................................................................................ 36
REFERENCE.............................................................................................................. 37
APPENDIX ................................................................................................................. 38
v
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 3.1: overall block diagram…………………………………………...............19
Figure 3.2: overall circuit design…............................................................................22
Figures 3.3: relay block circuit diagram….................................................................23
Figure 3.4: power supply circuit diagram…………………………….......................24
Figure 4.1: voltage division rule voltage drop...……………………………….........28
Figure 4.2: normal voltage condition………………………......................................29
Figure 4.3: over voltage conditions……………………..…………………………...30
Figure 4.4: under voltage condition ...................................................................…....31
vi
LIST OF TABLES
Table 4.1: material cost analysis……………………………………….………...34
vii
ABBREVIATIONS
VR - Voltage Regulator
IEE - Institute of Electrical Engineers
IEEE - Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers
T.V. - Television
VCR - Video Cassette Recorder
AC - Alternating Current
VMAX - Maximum Voltage
N/C - Normally close contact
N/O - Normal Open contact
RL - Relay Load
Q (NPN) – Negative (electron)-Positive (hole)-Negative (electron)
PMAX - Maximum Power
VP - Primary Voltage
VS - Secondary Voltage
NS - Secondary Number of turns
VCT - Volt Centre Tapped
DC - Direct Current
EMF-electromotive force
LED-light emitted diode
LCD-liquid crystal diode
viii
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
In Ethiopia, voltage fluctuation is a common phenomenon as well as “on and off” of
power supply to domestic consumers. In voltage fluctuation every electrical equip-
ment will operate within a range of voltage level, however not necessarily with op-
timal performance when the voltage level falls outside of its operational range. For
example a device may be unable to start or operate. It may malfunction or may dam-
age the device. The width of the voltage level range within which a device will oper-
ate is a measure of its sensitivity to the voltage level. A device that operates properly
only when the voltage level is within ± 5% (or less) of nominal voltage would be con-
sidered to be sensitive to voltage level or fluctuations. The effect on the equipment as
experienced by electrical devices are due basically to two main conditions of wide
voltage fluctuations, These are over voltage, under voltage which comes as a result of
rapid switching which can be solvent by implementing an auto cut off circuit fabri-
cated using transistors and other discrete components. It can be used to protect loads
such as refrigerator, Television (T.V), and Video Cassette Recorder (VCR) from un-
desirable over and under line voltages, as well as surges caused due to sudden failure
of main power supply. This circuit can be use directly as a standalone circuit between
the mains supply and the load, or it may be inserting between an existing automatic
and manual stabilizer and the load. The over and under voltage cut-off with ON-Time,
delay provides various types of protection, which include:
Protection to load from frequent turning ON & OFF by providing time delay.
Over-voltage protection.
Under-voltage protection.
Protection against transients
Protection from lightning surge.
1
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY

Electrical energy has become a very useful source in our homes and industries which
we cannot do away with, sometimes life become intolerable, production ceases and a
lot of revenue goes down the drain to both the users of electricity and the power pro-
ducers. Statistics clearly shows that electrical distribution system encounters a lot of
problems like that of voltage drops within distribution lines, therefore the inefficient
distribution of electrical energy, loses, short circuit, over voltage and under voltage
among others. For effective utilization of electrical energy, some basic requirement of
distribution should be ensured which is total balancing of distribution during distribu-
tion process for the maintenance of stable frequency and continuity in energy supply
is reality available for consumers at all times. Improper transformer tapping changing
and activities that will lower the consumer terminal voltage either beyond the ± 5% of
the nominal voltage of electrical engineers Regulations should be strictly adhere.
Constant voltage will be within the consumer’s installation.[1]
2
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Many industries and domestic consumers have suffered severally on over voltage,
under voltage and lightning surges. This problem is as a result of the power authority
inability to provide a better protection to their equipment and consumers also not hav-
ing a level device of measurement to monitor their system against under voltage, over
voltage, and lightning surges. The only protection some of them have, checked only
against under voltage. This project would be designed to give more accurate monitor-
ing or controlling against the problems mentioned. The design therefore using detec-
tors will detect any abnormality in the supply voltage and respond accordingly.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1.3.1 GENERAL OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
The objective of this project works to come out with a simple economical that will
offer the voltage fluctuation indicates and relief to consumers of electricity.
1.3.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
 To design a circuit for indicating device from Over voltage

 To simulates a circuit for indicating device from Under voltage
 To simulates relay block circuit by using proteus software
1.4 SCOPE OF STUDY OF THE PROJECT

The scope of this project work seeks to look at how rapid switching, over voltage,
under voltage affects the users of electricity (consumers or client) and how to come
out with a simple device to protect consumers from these effects. Overly high voltage
levels can be harmful to electrical devices, particularly electronics. However, voltages
that are slightly above nominal may improve the efficiency of some devices like mo-
tors and power supplies. Problems with high voltage levels usually occur when they
are unexpected or uncontrolled. This projects looks at causes, symptoms, and solu-
tions for chronic high voltage problems.
3
1.5 LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT

In our project controlling voltage fluctuation the system is control less than or equal
to 240V. Our project does not have automatic push button why because whether the
software or during the expressing of the situation for the fluctuation is not match. So
that we use single external switch. And also Lack of material to implement the project
throughout controlling voltage fluctuation; as stated before in case of short circuit,
surge, voltage sag, voltage imbalance; interruption and harmonic problem the line
cannot give constant voltage. Then it can change voltage level rapidly which call fluc-
tuation. As we call knows; voltage fluctuation is always a treat to any electrical de-
vice; but there is no such way define here to solve such type of problem in this de-
sign.
1.6 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

Every piece of electrical equipment will operate with a range of voltage levels, how-
ever When the voltage level falls outside of its operational range, this device may be
unable to start or operate. The device will operate fairly well within a range of ±5%
of nominal voltage. It is a fact that every piece of electrical equipment will operate
fairly well within a range of voltage levels, Hence, the motivation for the project
comes out with a simple and economical device, which has the characteristics to indi-
cate and protects device against over voltage, under voltage, lightening surges, fluctu-
ations etc. With the development of power electric system, especially introduced of
power electronic equipment, power system harmonic harm is serious increasing. We
need detect voltage, current, and their state of power network, etc in real time. Design
a kind of convenient and simple detection style has very important significance. With
the increasing of electric component precision, speed, and reliability, it provides base
to realize high character method and in real-time control. This problem is as a result
of the power authority inability to provide a better protection to their equipment and
consumers also not having a level device of measurement to monitor their system
against under voltage, over voltage. The design therefore using detectors will detect
any abnormality in the supply voltage and respond accordingly.
4
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
One must released that utility voltage levels are very dynamic and will most surely
change over time for better or for worse; instantly or over a long period. The problem
is often that there is no advance warning about when, how much or in which direction
they will change. An electrical utility is required to provide electricity to all customers
who demand it, and the utility attempt to provide the best voltage levels possible to
the greatest number of customers. However, the utility usually has little control over
the amount of electricity demanded by any customer at any given time. Add to this
the fact that increasing use of relatively sensitive electronics in nearly all aspects of
business and industry and the growing need for voltage regulation becomes clearer.
When the voltage in a circuit or part of it is raised above 5% of its upper design limit,
the conditions may be hazardous, depending upon it variation. The over voltage event
can be transient, by voltage spike or permanent, leading to power surge. Electronics
and electrical devices are design to operate at a certain maximum supply voltage, and
considerable damage can be caused by the voltage that is higher than that for which
the devices are. Over voltage devices such as Arching horns, avalanche diode and
many others can be used to reduce the harmful effect of over voltage.
Under voltage is a decrease in voltage below +5% of its nominal value. The symp-
toms of under voltage can range from daily equipment malfunction or equipment fail-
ure. Under voltage may go unnoticed sometimes to consumers. Electrical utilities try
to maintain voltage levels delivered to customers at +5%. However, factors like
weather, high demand and others can cause the utility to fall within a + 5% range.
When lightening surges produced by a cloud with voltages in over of hundred and
offices which is feeding with 220 volts. Lightning flash select the best conductive
path and closet object in the location for this purpose. For this reason, it is obvious
that the tallest structure in a location is most vulnerable to lightning. In the course of
technical development, man has introduced a number of metallic, conductive mate-
5
rials, devices, and objects On the part of supply authorities, electrical overhead
cables, telephone cables, antennas etc, are very efficient attractor of lightning flashes.
Distribution system characteristics can also contribute to chronically low voltage situ-
ations, for example, customers at the end of a long line may be subject to a permanent
voltage drop due to line losses on top of the utility voltage variations.
It is know that the ground wire run over the towers provides an adequate protec-
tion against lightning and also reduces the induce electrostatic or electro-magnetic
voltage, but such a shield is inadequate to protect any traveling wave which reaches
the terminals of the electrical equipment and such wave can cause the following dam-
ages;
 The high peak voltage of the surge may cause flash over in the internal
winding.
 The steep wave front of the surge may cause internal flash over be-
tween inter turns of the transformer.
 The high peak voltage of the surge may cause external flash over be-
tween the terminals of the electrical equipment which may result in
damaging of the insulator.
 The steep wave front resulting into resonance and high voltage may
cause internal or external flash over causing building up of the oscilla-
tion in the electrical apparatus.
Hence it is absolute necessary to provide protection against these traveling surges
cause by lightning. Such protective devices are call as lightning arresters or surge di-
verters. In the designing circuit they are converted between the line and earth. The
action of the surge diverter can be studied in reference to fig7.Below. When the trav-
eling surges reach the diverter and attain the prefixed voltage a spark is formed across
the gap as shown by point P. The diverter then provides a low impedance path to
earth. The surge impedance of the line limits the amplitude of current flowing to
earth, this is necessary in order to protect the insulation of the equipments.[2]
6
2.1 THEORETICAL CONCEPT OF THE PROJECT

TRANSFORMER
A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another
through inductively coupled conductors - the transformer's coils. A varying current in
the primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core, and
thus a varying magnetic field through the secondary winding. This varying magnetic
field induces a varying electromotive force (EMF) or in the secondary winding. This
effect is called mutual induction. If a load is connected to the secondary, an electric
current will flow in the secondary winding and electrical energy will be transferred
from the primary circuit through the transformer to the load. In an ideal transformer,
the induced voltage in the secondary winding (VS) is in proportion to the primary
voltage (VP), and is given by the ratio of the number of turns in the secondary (NS) to
the number of turns in the primary (NP) as follows. By appropriate selection of the
ratio of turns, a transformer thus allows an alternating current (AC) voltage to be
"stepped up" by making NS greater than NP, or "stepped down" by making NS less
than NP. In the vast majority of transformers, the coils are wound around a ferromag-
netic core, air-core transformers being a notable exception. Transformers come in a
range of sizes from a thumbnail-sized coupling transformer hidden inside a stage mi-
crophone to huge units weighing hundreds of tons used to interconnect portions of
national power grids. All operate with the same basic principles, although the range
of designs is wide. While new technologies have eliminated the need for transformers
in some electronic circuits, transformers are still found in nearly all electronic devices
designed for household voltage. Transformers are essential for high voltage power
transmission, which makes long distance transmission economically practical.[3]
7
DIODES (BRIDGE RECTIFIER)

In electronics a diode is a two-terminal electronic component that conducts electric
current in only one direction. The term usually refers to a semiconductor diode, the
most common type today, which is a crystal of semiconductor connected to two elec-
trical terminals, a P-N junction. A vacuum tube diode, now little used, is a vacuum
tube with two electrodes; a plate and a cathode. The most common function of a di-
ode is to allow an electric current in one direction (called the forward direction) while
blocking current in the opposite direction (the reverse direction). Thus, the diode can
be thought of as an electronic version of a check valve. This unidirectional behavior
is call rectification, and is used to convert alternating current to direct current, and
remove modulation from radio signals in radio receivers. A bridge rectifier is an ar-
rangement of four or more diodes in a bridge circuit configuration which provides the
same output polarity for either input polarity. It is used for converting an alternating
current (AC) input into a direct current (DC) output.[12]
Full wave bridge rectifier
A Full wave rectifier is circuit arrangements which makes use of both half cycles of
input alternating current (AC) and convert them to direct current (DC). Thus a full
wave rectifier is much more efficient (double) than a half wave rectifier. This process
of converting both half cycles of the input supply (alternating current) to direct cur-
rent (DC) is termed full wave rectification. Full wave rectifier can be constructed in
two ways. The first method makes use of a center tapped transformer and two diodes.
This arrangement is known as Center Tapped Full Wave Rectifier. The second me-
thod uses a normal transformer with four diodes arranged as a bridge. This arrange-
ment is known as a Bridge Rectifier.
8
VOLTAGE REGULATOR
A voltage regulator (VR) is at the heart of devices often calling power conditioners or
stabilizers. The typical power conditioner is a voltage regulator combined with one or
more other power qualities such as.
 Surge suppression
 Short circuit protection
 Line noise reduction
 Phase – to – phase voltage balancing
Since there is no official definition of a power conditioner, there are some devices
marketed as power conditioners that do not provide voltage regulations. This fact and
the wide variation in capability between products make its vital and the buyer does
his or her home work to much products functionality and application needs.[4]
POTENTIOMETER
A potentiometer is a three-terminal resistor with a sliding contact that forms an ad-
justable voltage divider. If only two terminals are used (one side and the wiper), it
acts as a variable resistor. Potentiometers are commonly used to control electrical de-
vices such as volume controls on audio equipment. Potentiometers operated by a me-
chanism can be used as position transducers, for example, in a joystick. Potentiome-
ters are rarely used to directly control significant power (more than a watt). Instead
they are used to adjust the level of analog signals (e.g. volume controls on audio
equipment), and as control inputs for electronic circuits. For example, a light dimmer
uses a potentiometer to control the switching of a TRIAC and so indirectly control the
brightness of lamps. Potentiometers are sometimes provided with one or more
switches mounted on the same shaft. For instance, when attached to a volume control,
the knob can also function as an on/off switch at the lowest volume.
9
TRANSISTOR
A transistor is a semiconductor device commonly used to amplify or switch electronic

signals. A transistor is made of a solid piece of a semiconductor material, with at least
three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to
one pair of the transistor's terminals changes the current flowing through another pair
of terminals. Because the controlled (output) power can be much more than the con-
trolling (input) power, the transistor provides amplification of a signal. Some transis-
tors are packaged individually but Most are found in integrated circuits. The essential
usefulness of a transistor comes from its ability to use a small signal applied between
one pair of its terminals to control a much larger signal at another pair of terminals.
This property is called gain. A transistor can control its output in proportion to the
input signal, that is, can act as an amplifier. Or, the transistor can be used to turn cur-
rent ON or OFF in a circuit as an electrically controlled switch, where the amount of
current is determined by other circuit elements. The two types of transistors have
slight differences in how they are used in a circuit. A bipolar transistor has terminals
labeled base, collector, and emitter. A small current at the base terminal (that is, flow-
ing from the base to the emitter) can control or switch a much larger current between
the collector and emitter terminals. For a field-effect transistor, the terminals are la-
beled gate, source, and drain, and a Voltage at the gate can control a current between
source and drain. The image to the right represents a typical bipolar transistor in a cir-
cuit. Charge will flow between emitter and collector terminals depending on the cur-
rent in the base. Since internally the base and emitter connections behave like a semi-
conductor. The transistor is then said to be saturated. Hence, values of input voltage
can be chosen such that the output is either completely off or completely on. The
transistor is acting as a switch, and this type of operation is common in digital circuits
where only "on" and "off" values are relevant.[5]
10
ADVANTAGES OF TRANSISTOR
The key advantages that have allowed transistors to replace their vacuum tube prede-
cessors in most applications are:
 Small size and minimal weight, allowing the development of miniaturized
electronic devices.
 Highly automated manufacturing processes, resulting in low per-unit cost.
 Lower possible operating voltages, making transistors suitable for small, bat-
tery- powered applications.
 No warm-up period for cathode heaters required after power application.
 Lower power dissipation and generally greater energy efficiency
 Higher reliability and greater physical ruggedness
 Extremely long life. Some transistorized devices have been in service for
many years
 Complementary devices available, facilitating the design of complementary-
symmetry circuits, something not possible with vacuum tubes.
 Insensitivity to mechanical shock and vibration, thus avoiding the problem of
micro phonics in audio applications.[6]
RESISTOR
A resistor is a two-terminal electronic component that produces a voltage across its

terminals that is proportional to the electric current through it. Resistors are elements
of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous in most electronic
equipment. Practical resistors can be made of various compounds and films, as well
as resistance wire .The primary characteristics of a resistor are the resistance, the to-
lerance, maximum working voltage and the power rating. Other characteristics in-
clude temperature coefficient, noise, and inductance. Less well-known is critical re-
sistance, the value below which power dissipation limits the maximum permitted cur-
rent flow, and above which the limit is applied voltage.
11
Critical resistance depends upon the materials constituting the resistor as well as its
physical dimensions.
Ohm’s law:
= (2.1)
Ohm's law states that the voltage (V) across a resistor is proportional to the current (I)
through it where the constant of proportionality is the resistance.
CAPACITOR
A capacitor or condenser is a passive electronic component consisting of a pair of

conductors separated by a dielectric. When a potential difference exists across the
conductors, an electric field is present in the dielectric. This field stores energy and
produces a mechanical force between the conductors. The effect is greatest when
there is a narrow separation between large areas of conductor; hence, capacitor con-
ductors are often called plates. An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant
value, capacitance, which is measured in farads. This is the ratio of the electric charge
on each conductor to the potential difference between them. In practice, the dielectric
between the plates passes a small amount of leakage current. The conductors and
leads introduce an equivalent series resistance and the dielectric has an electric field
strength limit resulting in a breakdown voltage. Capacitors are widely used in elec-
tronic circuits to block the flow of direct current while allowing alternating current to
pass, to filter out interference, to smooth the output of power supplies, and for many
other purposes. They are used in resonant circuits in radio frequency equipment to
select particular frequencies from a signal with many frequencies.
DC Motor
The device that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy is called as a motor.
The motor that utilizes a DC supply to produce mechanical output is DC Motor. The
advantages of using these types of motors over conventionally used AC motors are
stated below. DC motors have higher controller efficiency, 98% efficiency, better
overload and peak voltage characteristics and the main advantage of using these DC
motors is that the speed- torque characteristics can be varied to almost any useful
12
form. As a result of all these advantages these motors have a wide range of applica-
tions in places where constant speed is to be maintained at varying loads
Microcontroller
A microcontroller (or MCU, short for microcontroller unit) is a small computer (soc)
on a single integrated circuit containing a processor core, memory, and programmable
input/output peripheral.
Microcontroller PIC16F877A
The microcontroller acts like the brain of the DC motor speed control system. The
microcontroller chip that has been selected for the purpose of controlling the speed
of DC motor is PIC16F877A manufactured by Microchip. This chip is selected
based on several reasons:
 Its size is small and equipped with sufficient output ports without having to
use a decoder or multiplexer.
 It is a very simple but powerful microcontroller.
 Its portability and low current consumption.
The simplest computer processor is used as the “brain” of the future system. De-
pending on the taste of the manufacturer, a bit of memory, a few A/D converters,
input/output lines etc. are added. Simple software able to control it all and which
everyone can easily learn about has been developed. On the basis of these rules,
numerous types of microcontrollers were designed and they quickly became man’s
invisible companion. Their incredible simplicity and flexibility conquered us a
long time ago and if you try to invent something about them, you should know that
you are probably late; someone before you has either done it or at least has tried to
do it. Powerful and carefully chosen electronics embedded in the microcontrollers
can independently or via input/output devices (switches, push buttons, sensors,
LCD displays, relays etc.), control various processes and devices such as industrial
automation, electric current, temperature, engine performance etc.. It is sufficient
to have a PC (software in use is not demanding at all and is easy to learn) and a
13
simple device (called the programmer) used for “loading” ready-to-use programs
into the microcontroller. So, if you are infected with a virus called electronics,
there is nothing left for you to do but to learn how to use and control power. Even
though there are a large number of different types of microcontrollers and even
more programs created for their use only, all of them have many things in com-
mon. Thus, if you learn to handle one of them you will be able to handle them all.
A typical scenario on the basis of which it all functions is as follows:
Power supply is turned off and everything is still…the program is loaded into the mi-
crocontroller, nothing indicates what is about to come…Power supply is turned on
and everything starts to happen at high speed! The control logic unit keeps everything
under control. It disables all other circuits except quartz crystal to operate. While the
preparations are in progress, the first milliseconds go by. Power supply voltage reach-
es its maximum and oscillator frequency becomes stable. SFRs are being filled with
bits reflecting the state of all circuits within the microcontroller. All pins are confi-
gured as inputs. [7]
RELAY
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to oper-
ate a switching mechanism, but other operating principles are also used. Electrical
relay - electrical device such that current flowing through it in one circuit can switch
on and off a current in a second circuit. Relays find applications where it is necessary
to control a circuit by a low-power signal, or where several circuits must be con-
trolled by one signal. The first relays were used in long distance telegraph circuits,
repeating the signal coming in from one circuit and re-transmitting it to another. Re-
lays found extensive use in telephone exchanges and early computers to perform logi-
cal operations. A type of relay that can handle the high power required to directly
drive an electric motor is called a contractor. Solid-state relays control power circuits
with no moving parts, instead using a semiconductor device triggered by light to per-
form switching. [8]
14
Liquid crystal display (LCD)
LCD (liquid crystal display) is the technology used for displays in notebook and other
smaller computers. Like light-emitting diode (LED) and gas-plasma technologies,
LCDs allow displays to be much thinner than cathode ray tube (CRT) technology.
LCDs consume much less power than LED and gas-display displays because they
work on the principle of blocking light rather than emitting it.
Switch (control bush button)
A device for making and breaking the connection in an electric circuit. An act of
switching: as
 A device made usually of two movable rails and necessary connections

and designed to turn a locomotive or train from one track to another.
 A device for breaking, or changing the connections in electrical circuit.
 a change from the usual <that outfit is a switch>
 a shift from one to another
Simple Definition of switch
 a small device that starts or stops the flow of electricity to something
(such as a lamp or a machine) when it is pressed or moved up and
down
 a sudden change from one thing to another
 a device for moving the rails of a track so that a train may be turned
from one track to another
 Electrical switch - control consisting of a mechanical or electrical or
electronic device for making or breaking or changing the connections.
15
2.2 EFFECTS OF UNDER VOLTAGE TO HOME APPLIANCES

Any electrical appliance is design to run at a specified voltage. The vast majority of
time, the voltage that the electrical utility delivers to our houses is constant, but it can
vary under certain usual conditions.
EFFECTS OF LOW VOLTAGE
Low voltage is not a problem for most appliances. Older appliances that use motors,
such as refrigerators and dryers, may be in danger of haven their motors over heat.
Newer appliances that use electrical motors have circuit that sense the motors temper-
ature and shut down the appliances when it’s over heat.
ENSURING PROPER VOLTAGE
If you have an appliances that absolutely must received the proper voltage all times
(such as sensitive electronics) then you should obtained a “dedicated” power supply,
which will feed the same voltage to those appliances regardless of fluctuations in the
voltage delivered to the house.
2.3 POWER QUALITY

The Power Quality equals to Voltage Quality; that means these two words are equiva-
lent word. There can be completely different definitions for power quality, depending
on one’s frame of reference. For example, a utility may define power quality as relia-
bility and show statistics demonstrating that its system is 99.98 percent reliable. Crite-
ria established by regulatory agencies are usually in this vein. A manufacturer of load
equipment may define power quality as those characteristics of the power supply that
enable the equipment to work properly. These characteristics can be very different for
different criteria.Power quality is ultimately a consumer-driven issue, and the end us-
er’s point of reference takes precedence. Therefore, the following definition of a
power quality problem is any power problem manifested in voltage, current, or fre-
quency deviations those results in failure or disoperation of customer equipment.
There are many misunderstandings regarding the causes of power quality problems.
16
Characteristics of Power quality
Stable AC voltages at near nominal values and at near rated frequency subject to ac-
ceptable minor variations, free from annoying voltage flicker, voltage sags and fre-
quency fluctuations.Near sinusoidal current and voltage wave forms free from higher
order harmonics.All electrical equipments are rated to operate at near rated voltage
and rated frequency.
2.3.1 EFFECTS OF POOR POWER QUALITY

 Maloperation of control devices relays etc.
 Extra losses in capacitors, transformers and rotating machines
 Fast ageing of equipments
 Loss of production due to service interruptions
 Electro-magnetic interference due to transients
 power fluctuation not tolerated by power electronic parts
The equipment ratings will also be addressed to account for harmonic current flows
and consequent overheating.
17
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
3.1 SYSTEM COMPONENTS AND OPERATIONS
The power line fluctuations and cut-offs because damages to electrical appliances
connected to the line. It is more serious in the case of domestic appliances like fridge
(refrigerator) and air conditioners. If a fridge is operated on low voltage, excessive
current flows through the motor, which heats up, and get damaged.
The under/over voltage protection circuit with time delay presented here is a low cost
and reliable circuit for protecting such equipments from damages. Whenever the
power line is switched on it gets connected to the appliance only after a delay of a
fixed time. If there is high/low fluctuations beyond sets limits the appliance get dis-
connected. The system tries to connect the power back after the specific time delay,
the delay being counted from the time of disconnection. If the power down time (time
for which the voltage is beyond limits) is less than the delay time, the power resumes
after the delay: If it is equal or more, then the power resumes directly.
The unregulated power supply is connected to the series combination of resistors R1
and R2 and a port meter VR. The same supply is also connected to 4.8 volts through
resistor R2. Preset VR is adjusted such that for the normal supply of 211 to 231 volts.
Hence the output of the system is zero and transistor T, also remains de-energized. As
the AC supply to the electrical appliances is given through the normally closed (N/C)
terminal of the relay. The supply is not disconnected during normal operation. When
the AC voltage increase beyond 231V, the voltage at 4.8 volts increases. The voltage
at the inverting terminals is still 4.8V. Thus the appliances are protected against over
voltage. Now let’s consider the under voltage condition. The AC supply is discon-
nected and electrical appliances turn off. Thus the appliances are protected against
under voltage. ICI is wired for a regulated 12V supply. Thus the relay energizes in
two conditions: first, if the voltage at pin three of IC 2 is below 4.8V. Over voltage
and under voltage levels can be adjusted using presets VR respectively.
18
3.1.1Block diagram of the circuit
Step-down Bridge rec- 5v Dc volt

transformer tifier/diode regulator
Potentio-
meter
Transistor Microcontroller
(PIC16F877A)
LCD
Relay
Load
Figure 3.1: Block diagram of the circuit

.
19
3.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION

This project consists of the following components: The block consist of the relay and
the switching transistor, this causes the tripping of the relay to isolate the equipment.
 Step-down Transformer
 Diode/bridge rectifier
 5 Dc volts
 Potentiometer
 Microcontroller (PIC16F877A)
 LCD(liquid crystal display)
 Transistor
 Relay
STEP DOWN TRANFORMER
Step down transformers are used to step down high voltages. i.e. from 110v to 220v
or 110v and from 220v or 110v to 10, 12, 20 or 24 volts etc. Because the same mag-
netic flux lines cut both coils of a transformer, the induced EMF in the secondary
winding, is proportional to the number of turns on both the primary and secondary
windings. If the number of turns on the secondary winding is less than the number of
turns on the primary winding, then the secondary output voltage will be less than the
primary input voltage. In our design 220V step down in to 12V.
DIODES (BRIDGE RECTIFIER)
In electronics a diode is a two-terminal electronic component that conducts electric

current in only one direction. The term usually refers to a semiconductor diode, the
most common type today, which is a crystal of semiconductor connected to two elec-
trical terminals, a P-N junction.
20
A microcontroller (PIC16F877A)
The microcontroller acts like the brain of the DC motor speed control system. The
microcontroller chip that has been selected for the purpose of controlling the speed
of DC motor is PIC16F877A manufactured by Microchip.
Liquid crystal display (LCD)
RELAY
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to oper-

ate a switching mechanism, but other operating principles are also used. Electrical
relay - electrical device such that current flowing through it in one circuit can switch
on and off a current in a second circuit.
21
3.3 SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT

STEPS FOR DESIGN THE CIRCUIT USING SOFTWARE
Using proteus and MikroC code software we did simulation. Here the figure3.2 shows
the connection of the device in the proteus software.
Steps to follow making the proteus and MikroC in doing software implementation
are;
Step 1: design the all over circuit using proteus
Step 2: adjust the equipment whether the system is successful or not and also adjust
the system control over, under and normal condition from the schematic diagram.
Step 3: depends up on the schematic diagram; write the Ccode in MikroC and build
Step 4: Now it is time to simulate Run proteus 8 with the help of Ccode.
3.3.1 ALLOVER CIRCUIT DESIGN

D1
DIODE
R3
100k
RL1
R2 12V
100k
R1 Q1
NPN
100k
C2
LCD1
HDM32GS12-B
22p U2
X1 13
OSC1/CLKIN RB0/INT
33
CRYSTAL 14 34
C3 OSC2/CLKOUT RB1
35
RB2
2 36
RA0/AN0 RB3/PGM
3 37
RA1/AN1 RB4 12v
22p 4 38
RA2/AN2/VREF-/CVREF RB5
5 39
RA3/AN3/VREF+ RB6/PGC
VDD
RES
VSS
VEE
R/W
BL+
6 40
BL-
D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
A0
E1
E2
RA4/T0CKI/C1OUT RB7/PGD
7
RA5/AN4/SS/C2OUT
15
RC0/T1OSO/T1CKI
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
8 16
RE0/AN5/RD RC1/T1OSI/CCP2
9 17
RE1/AN6/WR RC2/CCP1
10 18
RE2/AN7/CS RC3/SCK/SCL
23
RV1 1
RC4/SDI/SDA
24
MCLR/Vpp/THV RC5/SDO
25
RC6/TX/CK
26
RC7/RX/DT
19
RD0/PSP0
20
RD1/PSP1
21
RD2/PSP2
100 22
U1 RD3/PSP3
27
7905 RD4/PSP4
28
RD5/PSP5
29
RD6/PSP6
2 3 30
TR1 VI VO RD7/PSP7 +12v
GND
BR1 PIC16F877A
1
+220 SW1
C1
1nF
SW-SPST-MOM
2W06G
TRAN-2P2S
10KR4
100k
figure 3.2: Overall circuit design on proteus software
22
3.4. COMPONENT ANALYSIS

3.4.1 THE RELAY BLOCK
The output from the voltage level detectors cannot directly drive the relay and hence
the relay driver is used. In this a relay (12V, <500 ohms) is connected from the NPN
transistor. The output voltage to the PIC controller is applied to the base of NPN tran-
sistor through a resistance R1. When the output from the comparator is low the tran-
sistor is in OFF state and the relay is in de-energized state. Similarly when the output
from the collector goes high the transistor switches ON and the flow of current from
the collector to emitter of transistor energizes the relay. Generally in a relay driver
circuit, parallel to the relay coil, a diode or a capacitor is used. This is to eliminate the
back emf generated by the relay coil when currents are suddenly broken. Capacitor
C1 is connected in parallel to the coil, which filters out the back EMF but it, slows
down the working of relay.[9]
+12v
D1 R3
10k
DIODE
R2 RL1
10k 12V
R1 Q1
2N2222
10k
Figures 3.3: Relay block circuit diagram
23
3.4.2 THE POWER SUPPLY

Most electronics equipment requires the use of dc voltage to operate properly, since
most equipment are connected to the 220Vac power line, this ac voltage must some-
how be converted to the required dc value. A circuit that converts the ac power line
voltage to the required dc value is called power supply. The most important compo-
nents in power supplies are the rectifier diodes, which converts the ac line voltage
into a dc voltage. Diodes are able to produce a dc output voltage because they are un-
idirectional devices. For the circuits that follows assume all diodes is silicon. The un-
filtered output from a half-wave or full-wave rectifier is a pulsating dc voltage. For
most applications, this dc voltage must be smothered or filtered if it is to be useful.
One way is to connect a capacitor at the output of the rectifier.[10]
TR1
BR1
+220
C1
1nF
2W06G
TRAN-2P2S
Figure 3.4: Power supply circuit diagram

The design should be full wave bridge rectifier to give maximum output of 12V to a
16.2Ω resistance load having ripple factor better than 0.05,
Ripple factor,
r<0.05,r < 0.05, R1 = 16.2Ω
V dc = 12V
12
= = = 0.741 (3.1)
16.2
24
a. Secondary voltage Vs
b. Output voltage produced when diodes D2 and D3 conduct.
c. Output voltage produced when diodes D1 and D4 conduct
d. Combined output voltage after filtering (represented by the solid tine).

Rippled factor,
√2 √2 1
= = (3.2)
3 3
Ω = ripple frequency = 4πƒ (for full wave i.e. 2f).
ω = 2 *2πƒ = 4πƒ
f = 50Hz
√2 1 1
=
3 (4 50)
= 2.925 10
>
3
Therefore, L is taken to be 100
From equation (3.2), we have
C = 2.925*10-5 = 292.5μƒ
Therefore ripple factor for L = 100 and C = 100 is
√2 √2 1
= =
3 3
√2 1
=
3 (4 50) 100 10 100 10
R=0.1195 Which is better than the required value of 0.05 the value of the inductance,
L is 0.1H (100mH) and current rating 0.8 (load current). We assume its resistance to
be 1KΩ
25
3.5 TRANSFORMER SELECTION

Voltage drop across the choke
= 0.741 1 = 0.741
max ( ) = 12
At the input of the LC filter

= 12 + 0.741 = 12.741 ≈ 13
The maximum value of ac voltage at the secondary terminals required is
2
= (. = )
= *13= 20.4 ≈ 20
20
= = = 14.14 ≈ 14
√2 √2
We select a transformer of turn’s ratio 220: 12
Current rating; 1.2A
VA rating of the transformer = 16.2x 1.2 = 19.44A
3.6 DIODE SELECTION

PIV required = Vm (maximum secondary transformer voltage)
= √2 16.2 = 22.910 ≈ 23
Current rating = 1A
Peak current required;
2 2 12
= + = {0.741 + }
3 3 4 50 0.1
= 0.868
We select IN4002 ~ PIV = 100v
Average forward current = 10A
Repetitive peak forward current = 10A
26
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULT AND DISCUTION

The objective of this project was to come out with a simple and economical timer re-
lay that will control power supplied to any electronics or domestic equipment to en-
sure their safety from the fluctuations that occur in the supply voltage. This has been
achieved by a design, which has been simulated by using proteus software (Isis pro-
fessional) and found to work to expectation. The final design was arrived at after con-
sidering many others and simulating it to be the one that can effectively do the trap.
The design is suitable for all applications for domestic and small office use and also
industries. Lighting which is also a major source of surges and sparks with potentially
disastrous effects, easily controlled with this design. The design reconnects the mains
to the equipment automatically after the mains has returned within acceptable set lim-
its and remain therefore a defined period of time, this eliminates the danger of re-
peated ‘on-and-off’ switching. Therefore the use of this less costly design equipment
to supply power to electronics or any domestic equipment can ensure their safety of
operation. With the detectors in place, whatever normally checked? This makes it
more efficient and offer better reliability.
27
In voltage ratio
1 1
=
2 2
Primary voltage v1 is 220v
Secondary voltage v2 is 12v; Then
1 220 1
= = 18.333 =
2 12 2
; the maximum voltage control in our project is 240 v
Depends up on voltage ratio equation we can calculate V2 and V1
240
= 18.3333 = 13.090911 ≈ 13.1
2
R1
10k
13.1V
R2
Figure 4.1: voltage division rule in R1 voltage drop
In voltage division rule voltage drop in R1
1 10
= = 13.1 = 16.2
1+ 2 10 + 2
28
4.1 CONDITIONS FOR VOLTAGE FLUCTUATION

CONDITION 1: NORMAL CONDITIONS
This circuit protects electrical equipment from over and under voltage conditions.
Micro controller PIC16F877A IC is used here as a comparator. PIC16F877A consist
of analog digital converter and sensor is used in the circuit. The unregulated power
supply is connected to the series combination of resistors. And variable resistance or
potentiometer the same supply is also connected to 4.8 volts. Preset VR is adjusted
such that for the normal supply of 210 to 231 volts, hence, the output is zero and tran-
sistor also remains de- energized.
In normal operating condition input voltage 210v-230v;

V1=230v;V2=? Where v1; input voltage
Vs=ratio of input voltage and voltage ratio:
= 18.333 VS= = 12.57306 ≈ 12.6

.
In voltage division rule
.
VP= ( ) VS= 12.6 = 4.8
.
+12v
C2 R3
10r
RL1 +24v
R2 12V
22pF 10k
X1
CRYSTAL
C3
22pF U2 R1 Q1
13 33 BC548
+13.1v OSC1/CLKIN RB0/INT
14 34
OSC2/CLKOUT RB1 1k
35
2
RB2
36 LCD1
RA0/AN0 RB3/PGM LM016L
3 37
RA1/AN1 RB4
4 38
5 39
RA3/AN3/VREF+ RB6/PGC +5v
6 40
R4 7
RA5/AN4/SS/C2OUT
16k2 15
RC0/T1OSO/T1CKI
8 16
+5v RE0/AN5/RD RC1/T1OSI/CCP2
9 17
RE1/AN6/WR RC2/CCP1
VDD
VSS
VEE
RW
10 18
RS
D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
RV1 RE2/AN7/CS RC3/SCK/SCL

E
23
RC4/SDI/SDA
1 24
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
25
RC6/TX/CK
26
93%
RC7/RX/DT
19
RD0/PSP0
20
RD1/PSP1
10k 21
RD2/PSP2
22
RD3/PSP3
27
RD4/PSP4
28
RD5/PSP5
29
RD6/PSP6 +5v
30
RD7/PSP7
PIC16F877A
SW1 START BUTTON
Figure 4.2: NORMALVOLTAGE CONDITION
29
CONDITION 2: OVER VOLTAGE CONDITION
As the AC supply to the electrical appliances given through the normally closed
(N/C) terminal of the relay. The supply is not disconnected during normal operation.
When the A voltage increase beyond 231-240V. Thus now if the voltage at pin 3 is
higher than 6.8V, the output of the operational amplifier goes high to drive transistor
T and hence energies relay (RL). Consequently, the AC supply is disconnected and
electrical appliances turn off. Thus, the appliances are protected against over voltage.
In voltage ratio
1 1
=
2 2
Primary voltage v1 is 220v
Secondary voltage v2 is 12v; Then
1 220 1
= = 18.333 =
2 12 2
; The maximum voltage control in our project is 240 v
Depends up on voltage ratio equation we can calculate V2 and V1
240
= 18.3333 = 13.090911 ≈ 13.1
2
C2 R3
10r
RL1 +24v
R2 12V
22pF 10k
X1
CRYSTAL
C3
22pF U2 R1 Q1
13 33 BC548
+13.1v OSC1/CLKIN RB0/INT
14 34
OSC2/CLKOUT RB1 1k
35
2
RB2
36 LCD1
3 37
RA1/AN1 RB4
4 38
5 39
6 40
R4 7
RA5/AN4/SS/C2OUT
16k2 15
RC0/T1OSO/T1CKI
8 16
9 17
RE1/AN6/WR RC2/CCP1
VDD
VSS
VEE
RW
10 18
RS
D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7

E
23
RC4/SDI/SDA
1 24
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
25
RC6/TX/CK
26
100%
RC7/RX/DT
19
RD0/PSP0
20
RD1/PSP1
10k 21
RD2/PSP2
22
RD3/PSP3
27
RD4/PSP4
28
RD5/PSP5
29
RD6/PSP6 +5v
30
RD7/PSP7
PIC16F877A
SW1 START BUTTON
SW-SPST-MOM
FIGURE 4.3: OVER VOLTAGE CONDITIONS
30
CONDITION 3: UNDER VOLTAGE CONDITION
Now let’s consider the under voltage condition. When the line voltage is below 210V,
thus the output of N2 goes high and it energizes the relay through transistor T. The
AC supply is disconnected and electrical appliances turn off. Thus the appliances are
protected against under voltage. ICI is wired for a unregulated 12V supply.
Thus the relay energizes in two conditions: first, if the voltage at pin 3 of IC 2 is be-
low 4.4V. Over voltage and under voltage levels can be adjusted using presets VR
respectively.
C2 R3
10r
RL1 +24v
R2 12V
22pF 10k
X1
CRYSTAL
C3
22pF U2 Q1
13 33
R1
+13.1v OSC1/CLKIN RB0/INT BC548
14 34
OSC2/CLKOUT RB1 1k
35
2
RB2
36 LCD1
3 37
RA1/AN1 RB4
4 38
5 39
6 40
R4 7
RA5/AN4/SS/C2OUT
16k2 15
RC0/T1OSO/T1CKI
8 16
9 17
RE1/AN6/WR RC2/CCP1
VDD
VSS
VEE
RW
10 18
RS
D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
E
23
RC4/SDI/SDA
1 24
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
25
RC6/TX/CK
26
75%
RC7/RX/DT
19
RD0/PSP0
20
RD1/PSP1
10k 21
RD2/PSP2
22
RD3/PSP3
27
RD4/PSP4
28
RD5/PSP5
29
RD6/PSP6 +5v
30
RD7/PSP7
PIC16F877A
SW1 START BUTTON
SW-SPST-MOM
FIGURE 4.4: UNDER VOLTAGE CONDITION
In under voltage operating condition input voltage less than or equal to 210v
Source voltage vs. is ratio of input voltage
Voltage ratio;
1 1
= = 18.3333
2 2
V1=210v
VS= .
= 11.47541 ≈ 11.5
31
In voltage division rule
VP= = 11.5 = 4.4

.
All voltage value changes in percentage’s we get
In my pic micro controller gives 5 Dc voltages and max voltage control is 240v
Assume 240 input voltages equal to 5 volts
In normal operating condition Vp value is 4.8v
5v=100%
4.8v=? Substituting and we get 480/5=96%
In under voltage condition Vp value is 4.4v
5v=100%
4.4v=? Substituting and we get 440/5=88%
In over voltage condition Vp value is 5v;in our project assumption 5 Dc voltage equal
to 240 v. then 5 Dc voltage is 100%.
Our micro controller is their Analog Digital converter. Analog to digital conversion
calculation are
We give input voltage in our micro controller; micro controller output port b value
give assign those sign are Red and blue color; Red color is one while blue color is
zero.
We give 5 Dc volt our micro controller port b gives all red sign. Digital to analog
conversion
1111111100=1023
In 4.8 Dc volt
1111010100=982
32
In 4.4 Dc volt
1110000100=898
240v↔5v=100% of 10k voltage level =1023
230v↔4.8v=96% of 10k voltage level =982
210v↔4.4v=88% of 10k voltage level =898
33
4.2 COST ANALYSIS

The design is a highly precise voltage detector to monitor power supply level in both
domestic and industrial installations. It provides applications with benefit of circuit
reliability a better efficiency by introducing sensitive component which makes an ef-
ficient for ideal portable equipments. The various components can be obtained from
the local market and the cost is reasonable cheaper as compare to others. The design
also incorporated the possibility of fine tuning- it can be adjusted from the present
value to any other tolerance without affecting the accuracy of the monitoring. The
selector switches allow for any voltage valuation either over –voltage or under – vol-
tage condition to suite specific conditions. The price is affordable for average con-
sumer and gives more savings. The cost analysis each component in this project listed
in table 4.1 below.
34
Table 4.1: Material cost analysis

Component Description Quantity Unit price Total price
(Birr)
100μf 2 200.00 400.00
Capacitor 50μf 2 80.00 160.00
Ceramic ca- 22p 2 100.00 200.00
pacitor
Resistor 10k Ω 3 20.00 60.00
100k Ω 2 50.00 100.00

IN4002 4 152.00 608.00
Bridge rec- Red LED 1 50.00 50.00
tifier
Forward di- 2W06G 1 660.00 660.00
ode
Transistor NPN 1 15.00 15.00
Transformer 220:12 1 11,000.00 11,000.00
potentiometer 10k 1 100.00 100.00
PIC control- PIC16F877A 1 140.00 140.00
ler
crystal XTAL18 1 100.00 100.00
LCD CONN- 1 2,000.00 2,000.00
DIL20
Regulator 7950 1 150.00 150.00
Relay 1 200.00 200.00
Motor AC 1 7,000.00 7,000.00
Switch (bush Single 1 14.00 14.00
button ) switch
Total 27 12,31.00 13,057
[11]
35
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECORMENDATION
5.1. CONCLUSION
The Circuit protects electrical equipment from over voltage and under voltage conditions.
All the circuit simulated by using proteus (ISIS professional) software. Micro controller
PIC16F877A is used here as a comparator. This consists of Analog digital converter and
sensor which are used for this design. The unregulated power supply is connected to the
series combination of regulator and a potentiometer VR, the same voltage is connected to
the terminal of micro controller for over and under voltage action to be performed. When
the system voltage is increase beyond the pre-set value, goes high for its protection. The
design can be modified to performed on specific application be it domestic or commercial
purposes. With fine-tuning of this circuit, it used in place of a regulator since it provides
various types of protection.
35
5.2. RECOMMENDATION
This project has been achieved by a design and simulation, which has been simulated and
found to work to expectation. The availability of the components can be obtained from
any electronic store. The design is suitable for all application for domestic and small of-
fice use. The design reconnects the mains to the equipment after the mains have returned
within acceptable set limits. Therefore the use of these less costly design equipments to
supply power to electronics or any domestic equipment can ensure their safety of opera-
tion. The over or under voltage cut-off with ON – Time delay can be modified by in-
creasing the rating of the transformer and various components and can be made to used
for industrial purposes. With fine- tuning of this circuit, it can be used in place of a regu-
lator.
36
REFERENCE
[1] www.IEEE.com
[2] Roger C.Dugan/Mark F.McGranaghan: Electrical Power Systems Quality, Second
Edition page 7-20
[3] B. Jayant baliga, modern power devices john miley and sons, Nov. Yonk, 1987 page
7-9
[4] Rakshit P. C Foundation of Electronics 2nd Edition Macmillan India Ltd Bangolone
page 402 – 409. (1985)
[5] Sonde B. S. Introduction to System Design using Integral Circuits 2nd Edition.
Longman Publishers page 49 – 52 (London) (1972)
[6] Robert L. Boylested, Introductory to Circuit Analysis Edition Upper Saddle River
N. J. Page 321 – 325
nd
[7] Lawrence A. Duarte. The Microcontroller Beginner’s Handbook. 2 Edition. United
States of America: Prompt Publication. 3-5; 1998.
[8] Victor A. K temple “Mos – controlled thermistors A new class of power device Page
1609 – 1618
[9] NED Moham; Power Electronics Converters Applications and design John wiley and
Sons Inc page 2003 – 2 013
[10] Normam Balabamiman, Engineering Circuit Macmillan India Ltd Bengalore page
[11] www.amazon.com
[12] www.diode.com
37
APPENDIX
///////program in voltage fluctuation indicator using PIC microcontroller software////
===============================================================
sbit LCD_RS at RD0_bit;
sbit LCD_EN at RD1_bit;
sbit LCD_D4 at RD2_bit;
sbit LCD_RS_Direction at TRISD0_bit;
sbit LCD_EN_Direction at TRISD1_bit;
sbit LCD_D4_Direction at TRISD2_bit;
int vlevel;
void main() {
porta=0;
portb=0;
portc=0;
portd=0;
38
trisa=1;
trisb=0;
trisd=0;
trisc=1;
lcd_init();
lcd_cmd(_lcd_clear);
lcd_out(1,1,"welcome to");
lcd_out(2,1,"v contrler");
//delay_ms(2500);
while(1){
if (portc==1){
vlevel=adc_read(0);
if(vlevel>=982){ //for over voltage indication
portb=0;
lcd_out(1,1,"over voltage");
delay_ms(250);
else if(vlevel<=898){ //for under voltage indication
portb=0;
lcd_out(1,1,"under voltage");
delay_ms(250);
39
else if(898<vlevel<982){ // indication for normal condition
portb=1;
lcd_out(1,1,"normal cndn");
delay_ms(250);
else{
portb=0;
/*if(portc==0){
portb=0;
portc=0;
portd=0;
}*/
//////////////////////// END THE PROGRAM////////////////////////////
40

Print PDF

Enviado por

Dados do documento

Título original

Direitos autorais

Formatos disponíveis

Compartilhar este documento

Compartilhar ou incorporar documento

Opções de compartilhamento

Você considera este documento útil?

Este conteúdo é inapropriado?

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

Print PDF

Enviado por

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

ASSOSA UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF VOLTAGE FLUCTUATION INDICATOR

Adviser’s name signature

JUNE, 2016/2008 E.C

DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF VOLTAGE FLUCTUATION INDICATOR

A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIRE-

IN ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING (POWER STREAM).

Thesis advisor’s Name Designation and Department

Examiner’s name Signature

Thesis advisor’s name signature

JUNE, 2016/2008 E.C

IDENTIFY THE PROBLEM OF VOLTAGE FLUCTUATION

4.1 CONDITIONS FOR VOLTAGE FLUCTUATION ...................................................... 29

LED-light emitted diode

LCD-liquid crystal diode

1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1.3.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

 To design a circuit for indicating device from Over voltage

1.4 SCOPE OF STUDY OF THE PROJECT

1.5 LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT

1.6 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

2.1 THEORETICAL CONCEPT OF THE PROJECT

DIODES (BRIDGE RECTIFIER)

Full wave bridge rectifier

A transistor is a semiconductor device commonly used to amplify or switch electronic

A resistor is a two-terminal electronic component that produces a voltage across its

A capacitor or condenser is a passive electronic component consisting of a pair of

Liquid crystal display (LCD)

Switch (control bush button)

 A device made usually of two movable rails and necessary connections

2.2 EFFECTS OF UNDER VOLTAGE TO HOME APPLIANCES

EFFECTS OF LOW VOLTAGE

ENSURING PROPER VOLTAGE

2.3 POWER QUALITY

Characteristics of Power quality

2.3.1 EFFECTS OF POOR POWER QUALITY

3.1.1Block diagram of the circuit

Step-down Bridge rec- 5v Dc volt

Figure 3.1: Block diagram of the circuit

3.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION

STEP DOWN TRANFORMER

DIODES (BRIDGE RECTIFIER)

In electronics a diode is a two-terminal electronic component that conducts electric

Liquid crystal display (LCD)

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to oper-

3.3 SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT

3.3.1 ALLOVER CIRCUIT DESIGN

figure 3.2: Overall circuit design on proteus software

3.4. COMPONENT ANALYSIS

Figures 3.3: Relay block circuit diagram

3.4.2 THE POWER SUPPLY

Figure 3.4: Power supply circuit diagram

b. Output voltage produced when diodes D2 and D3 conduct.

c. Output voltage produced when diodes D1 and D4 conduct

d. Combined output voltage after filtering (represented by the solid tine).

3.5 TRANSFORMER SELECTION

At the input of the LC filter

3.6 DIODE SELECTION

RESULT AND DISCUTION

Secondary voltage v2 is 12v; Then